OLEH : YUNI KILAWATI S.PI.,M.

SI

DESCRIPTION
Integumentary system or skin is body skin

and derivates.

All of the fish body covered by skin except

eyes (tranparently skin)

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM FINS

Fins are supported by rays which are

connected to the musculoskeletal system. There are two types of rays: Soft: flexible rays made of dermal bone segments arranged end to end in a line Spines: stiff, unjointed, mineralized rays. These are found on dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins of higher fish

Unpaired Fins:
Dorsal: 1 or more. In higher fish the anterior

portion (or first fin) is supported by spines. The dorsal fin(s) are used for rapid changes of direction Caudal: Primary fin used for locomation; shape varies with motion type used by species Anal

Paired Fins:
Pectorals: soft rayed only. They are attached

to the pectoral girdle at the posterior border of the gill cavity. They are used to stabilize and change direction Pelvic: variable location thoracic or abdominal. Higher fish have thoracic pelvic fins. They are used to stabilize and brake

Skin
Epidermis: Simple stratified squamous, but nonkeratinized surface layer Mucous glands: unicellular, produce mucin for cuticle Alarm (club) cells: produce pheromones which cause other fish to flee; no connection to skin surface, so pheromones only released when tissues damaged

 Cuticle: a protective substance which coats

the skin. It consists of mucin, immunoglobulins, etc, and is anti-pathogenic. Handling of fish should be gentle and minimalwear wet latex-like gloves.

Dermis
CT, vessles, nerves Scales: protective calcified plates which originate in the dermis; usually covered with epidermis Placoid scales: a plate beneath the skin with a raised, exposed portion; includes a pulp cavity and dentin (sharks) Ganoid scales: rhomboid shape, overlapping (gar) Cycloid scales: ovoid, smooth edges (lower teleosts) Ctenoid scales: comblike with minute spikes on caudal edge (higher teleosts) Absent in some species (agnatha, catfish)

 Lateral line: A sensory mechanism which

consists of a series of pores running along both sides of the body. The pores lead to mechanoreceptors which transmit information about water pressures, currents, and sound.

Hypodermis: Spongy CT and adipose tisssue; contains melanocytes Skin factors to consider during surgery: Incision should be cranial-caudal, as tension lines run dorsal-ventral Nonabsorbable suture recommended because wet absorbable can pull in bacteria Close with minimal tension and make knots far from incision, because fish tissue breaks easily

COLOR
Specialized skin cells allow amazing variety in fish

coloration. Chromatophores contain pigments (ex. Melanophores contain melanin) and iridophores contain reflective substances (ex crystals). Rapid color change is produced by movemant of pigment within the dendritic chromatophores, while long term changes are produced by changes in the number of cells. Control is hormonal (ex melanocyte stimulating hormone) and neural. Coloration is used for mimicry, species distinction, and sexual dimorphism.

FUNCTION

First body devenses from pathogen Harm environment protections Excretion and osmoregulations Inhalation supporting Poisonous gland productions Colour sources Light sources Odour and mucus secretions

STRUCTURE
Skin is composed of three layers:

1. Epidermis 2. Dermis 3. Stratum spongiosum

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Integument of the head, transverse section (Formalin, H&E, Bar = 34.3 m).
1. epidermis 2. dermis (stratum compactum) 3. hypodermis

(areolar connective tissue) 4. epithelial cells 5. alarm cells 6. wandering leukocytes 7. chromatophores (melanocytes) 8. arteriole and venule.

 Ceratin producing

EPIDERMIS

Wet causing mucus (produced by all part of body) Part of inside always active for cleavage to cell

repairing or growth This layer called GERMINATIVUM

EPIDERMIS

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Caudal peduncle, longitudinal section (Formalin,H&E, Bar = 31.7 m).
1. epidemis 2. scale pocket 3. dermis (stratum compactum) 4. muscle 5. scales

6. squamous epithelial cells

7. undifferentiated basal cells 8. alarm cell

9. mucous cells
10. taste bud.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Scale (Unstained, Bar = 175 m).

1. Radii 2. Circuli 3. Focus 4. lateral line pore (not always present).

CELL PIGMENT

DERMIS
Contain of collagen fiber , the thick cell
For the fish with scale useful to scale

producing (integument derivate)

DERMIS

ORGANS ON SKIN
1. MUCUS
2. SCALE 3. COLOUR 4. LIGHT ORGAN 5. POISONOUS GLAND

MUCUS
Composed primarily of glycoprotein (called mucin)become mucus if elaborate with water Thick mucus found in fish without scales Function : - scratch decrease during swimming

- water flow protection - body devense from bacterial - lesion covering - wet protection - nest maker

skin - mucous cells

Examples:
African fish summer sleep inside the

nest that make from mud and mucus. Tricogaster trichopterus (sepat Jawa)& T. pectoralis (sepat siam) make the nest from mucus to save their egg.

Scales
Called dermis scale
Very hard on primitive fish Pada ikan primitif

constitute outer scale. Modern fish has the thin scale and flexible

Scale types:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. COSMOID GANOID PLACOID CYCLOID CTENOID

Cosmoid scales of the Queensland Lungfish. Photo: C. Bento Australian Museum.

COSMOID :

- Be a fossil - Part of : *virodentin (outer) *cosmine (inner) *isopedine (inner) Comprise bone and & little vessel.

Ganoid scales of the Florida Gar, Lepisosteus

platyrhincus. Photo: C. Bento Australian Museum.

GANOID

- Found in Actinopterigii - The outer layer contain of Organic Citrate ganoine

Placoid scales of the Broadnose Sevengill Shark. Photo: S. Lindsay Australian Museum
PLACOID

- Found in chondrichtyes - Shape like a spine (same as teeth composer) - enamel as a outer layer that cover dentin layer, have canaliculi inside dentin ( have blood vessel and peak nerve dermis)

Cycloid scales of Jungle Perch, Kuhlia rupestris. Photo: C. Bento Australian Museum.
CYCLOID found in

osteichtyes - cycloid scale in malacopterygii

Ctenoid scales of the Paradise Fish, Macropodus opercularis. Photo: S. Lindsay Australian

Museum
CTENOID

- Found in Acantopterygii - Shape : very thin , transparently, without dentin and enamel

Scale attitude
Primarily on all of body : operculum until pre

caudalis Polyodon only below operculum Mas Kaca only in LL Tongkol Pre Dorsal and hind head Half part of scale in dermis sac like roof tile The outside look more dark because of the pigment.

circulus

Garis lingkaran pada sisik cycloid & ctenoid Selalu ber + sepanjang musim, pd musim

dingin pertumbuhan lambat. Berdempetan/ bertumpuk dsbt annulus (jmk: annuli) utk menghitung umur ikan Sisik LL & sisik palsu tdk dpt utk menentukan umuryg dpt menentukan adalah yg tertanam dlm tubuh & grs annulinya jelas

Dried scale of a Barramundi showing the growth

rings, or annuli

Scale counting
A. LINEA LATERALIS (LL)

Sisik yg dihitung adalah sisik berpori/ gurat sisi/ linea lateralis (LL). Jumlah tdk sama utk masing-masing spesies. Dihitung dari dpn /dekat kepala kearah ekor. Jika LL tdk lurus (ex. Ikan kuweh) maka dihitung mengikuti arah LL. Jika ada 2 (ex. Ikan buntal) maka yg dekat kepala dihitung lbh dahulu (LL1 & LL2). Jika banyak (ex. Ikan belanak) yg dihitung satu saja yg plg tengah.

B. LINEA TRANSVERSALIS (LTr)

LTr adalah sisik transversal/ sisik yg terletak

antara dorsal dg ventral. Dihitung pangkal terdepan sirip dorsal sampai LL yg kedua dihitung dari pangkal terdepan sirip anal kearah LL

Scale Rudimenter
Sisik ketiak dada (pectoral axilliary scale) tdp

di sekitar dasar sirip pectoral Sisik ketiak perut (pelvic axilliary scale) tdp di sekitar dasar sirip ventral Sisik berduri atau sisik lipat ada dua macam yaitu tdp di depan sirip perut atau pre pelvic scute dan dibelakang sirip perut (post pelvic scutes)

Colours
Disebabkan oleh schemachrome butiran2

pigmen

Warna ikan laut dpt dibagi :

a. Hdp di permukaan: perak b. Hdp di tengah : kemerahan c. Hdp di dlm/ dasar violet s/d hitam

 Biochrome pigmen pembawa warna :

carotenoid : kuning merah chromolipoid : kuning s/d coklat indigoid : biru, merah, hijau melanin : merah & coklat perphyrin (pigmen empedu): merah, kuning, hijau, biru - flavins : kuning dg fluoresensi hijau - purine : putih keperakan - pterine : putih, kuning, merah dan orange

 2 macam sel yang memberi warna

ikan Iridocyte (leucophore & guanophore) sel kaca karena dpt merefleksikan warna di luar tubuh tersusun dr guanin

Untuk mengelabui musuh tawes,

kembung, gabus, bandeng, tembang & kembung bag. Dorsal gelap & anal putih

 Ikan dpt berubah warna krn, menjadi

jelas atau pucat : - secara cepat stimuli chy & stimuli mata - lambat hormon

Mimicri warna menyerupai

lungkungannya.

chromatophore
Tdp dlm dermis tdr dr butir pigmen yg dapat

menyebar dan berkumpul jika berkumpul memberi warna pucat jika menyebar membuat warna jadi jelas Chromatophore dasar ada 4 : a. Erythrophore : merah & orange b. Xantophore : kuning c. Melanophore : hitam d. Guanophore : putih / keperakan (irydococyte)

Light organs

Cahaya yg dikeluarkan organ hidup

bioluminescense (kunang-kunang/insekta, nocticula/ plankton, cacing lamprydae, cumicumi, ikan) Light sources: 1. bacteri yg bersimbiose dg ikan (di kantong klj epidermis) ikan leweri batu(photoblepharon), leweri air (Anomalops) 2. dikeluarkan oleh ikan (photophore/ photocyte)

Head of a scaleless black dragonfish, Melanostomias species C, about 5cm in length. Note chin barbel (to lure prey), yellowish light organ below eye, and bioluminescent tooth bases.

 Malacocephalus kekuatan chy s/d 10 m, glb

chy 410 600

Light Function:

1. Cahaya jg berfungsi pd proses reproduksi ikan jantan membimbing betina ke tempat berpijah 2. Untuk menarik mangsa ikan pemancing

Poisonous Gland
Mucus modification Fungsi : a. mempertahankan diri

b. menyerang musuh c. mencari makan Ikan beracun biasanya hidup di dasar air & gerakannya lamban, contoh : Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae & chimaera Racun segar dpt mematikan : - tikus setelah 11 menit - kodok stlh 41 menit - anjing sembuh kembali stlh 8 hari

The poisonous Fish

Lepu tembaga (Synanoeja sp) hdp di karang/ pasir yg dangkal

racun tdp di lapisan kulit penutup jari- jari keras D & V duri terinjak >kelenjar tertekan>cairan racun akan meresap dlm luka > korban akan demam 3 x 24 jam Baronang (Siganus spp) kelj racun pd sirip keras D & V Ikan Pari pd duri ekor Lele lokal (Indonesia)pd D & P jari-jari keras Ikan buntal di empedu

Danke Sehr