Number/Version Checked by Approved by Page

NTCD / mm.yy Adam Author mm.yy Bertil Boss 1(40)

Power Budget Calculations
Work Instruction
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
CONTENTS
1. PURPOSE......................................................................................................3
2. SCOPE............................................................................................................3
3. POWER BUDGET CALCULATION.........................................................3
3.1. Radio Link Power Budget..............................................................5
3.1.1. General Information......................................................5
3.1.2. Receiving End...............................................................6
3.2. ell !i"e alculation.....................................................................1#
3.2.1. ommon Information..................................................1#
3.2.2. $!%&231&$kumura&'ata .........................................2(
3.2.3. $utdoor ) Indoor overage.........................................25
3.3. !low *ading +argin and Location Pro,a,ilit- .!ingle ell/........32
4. DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY.......................................................38
5. REFERENCES............................................................................................39
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 2(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
1. PURPOSE
%0e 1ur1o2e of t0i2 working i2truction2 i2 to 1rovide t0e radio network
1lanner2 t0e ,a2ic knowledge of t0e 1arameter2 and formula2 u2ed in t0e
1ower ,udget calculation2 E3cel 20eet.
2. SCOPE
%0i2 document can ,e a11lied to t0e network 1lanning 10a2e2 w0ere 1ower
,udget calculation i2 needed.
3. POWER BUDGET CALCULATION
alculating t0e 1ower ,udget i2 a fundamental and ver- im1ortant
1rocedure. %0e calculation i2 1erformed to en2ure t0e ,alance in u1link and
downlink direction2 and to find out t0e re4uired ,a2e 2tation tran2mitter
1ower. 5l2o6 it 1rovide2 an idea of t0e cell 2i"e for a given location
1ro,a,ilit-. 5n E7EL work20eet a11lication i2 u2ed for G!+)8!19:: air
interface 1ower ,udget calculation. alculation2 are done in accordance wit0
t0e E%!I G!+ recommendation :3.3: ver2ion (.2.1 ;Radio <etwork
Planning 521ect2=.
%0e 1ower ,udget calculation give2 t0e following u2eful re2ult2>
BTS transmitter power i2 ad?u2ted to 1rovide a ,alanced radio link .i.e.
u1link and downlink radio link 1erformance i2 t0e 2ame/ for given B%!
and +! receiver 1erformance6 +! tran2mitter 1erformance6 antenna
and feeder ca,le c0aracteri2tic2. %0i2 figure can ,e u2ed a2 t0e B%!
tran2mit 1ower in <P!)7.
Isotropic path loss i2 t0e ma3imum allowed 1at0 lo22 ,etween B%!
and +! according to t0e given radio 2-2tem 1erformance figure2.
Coverage threshold i2 t0e downlink 2ignal 2trengt0 at t0e coverage
area ,order for given location 1ro,a,ilit-. %0i2 t0re20old can ,e u2ed in
t0e coverage 1rediction in <P!)7.
Cell range for indoor and outdoor coverage i2 a roug0 indication a,out
cell range in different area t-1e2 and can ,e u2ed for network
dimen2ioning e.g. wit0 <et8im a11lication. It can al2o ,e u2ed for
2tud-ing t0e effect of different e4ui1ment 21ecification2 and antenna
0eig0t2 u1on t0e cell range.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 3(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
5 radio wave 1ro1agation model i2 one of t0e met0od2 needed to e2timate
t0e cell range and in t0i2 1ower ,udget calculation a11lication two ,a2ic
1ro1agation model2 can ,e u2ed i.e. $!%&231&$kumura&'ata and $!%&
231&@alfi20&Ikegami. $t0er factor2 affecting t0e cell range i2 t0e
tran2mitting 1ower for +! and B%!6 t0e antenna gain for ,ot0 tran2mitter
and receiver and ot0er factor2 2uc0 a2 ca,le lo22e2 and diver2it- gain etc.
%0e 1ower ,udget calculation i2 divided into two calculation 2ection2> Radio
Link Power Budget alculation2 and ell !i"e alculation2. Before defining
t0e location 1ro,a,ilit- for a 2ingle i2olated cell t0e 1arameter2 and formula2
in ,ot0 2ection2 are e31lained in detail in order to give enoug0 ,ackground
information for t0e reader to full- under2tand 0ow t0e ma3imum cell range i2
defined and w0- t0e conce1t of location 1ro,a,ilit- i2 needed.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 4(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.1. Ra!" L!#$ P"%&' B()&*
%o guarantee a good 4ualit- in t0e ,ot0 .u1link and downlink/ direction2 t0e
tran2mit 1ower2 of B%! and +! 20ould ,e in ,alance at t0e cell edge. %0e
main idea2 ,e0ind t0e radio link 1ower ,udget are to calculate t0e ,alanced
B%! tran2mit 1ower and to calculate t0e ma3imum allowed 1at0 lo22
,etween tran2mitter and receiver a2 a function of B%! and +! 2en2itivit-
level26 B%! and +! tran2mit 1ower26 antenna gain .R7 and %7/6 diver2it-
gain6 ca,le lo22e2 and com,iner lo22e2.
%0e radio link 1ower ,udget calculation i2 divided into t0ree 2e1arate
2ection26 general information6 receiving end and tran2mitting end. In1ut and
out1ut 1arameter2 in all of t0e 2ection2 are de2cri,ed in t0e following
1aragra102 a2 well t0e u2ed formula2.
3.1.1. G&#&'a+ I#,"'-a*!"#
In t0e General Information 2ection of t0e radio link 1ower ,udget t0e u2er
defined in1ut2 +! la226 according to t0e E%!I G!+ recommendation
:5.:56 and t0e u2ed !-2tem6 G!+ or 8! 19::6 can ,e 2elected. )1)
*re4uenc- in +'" i2 u1dated according to t0e given 2-2tem. If t0e 2-2tem i2
G!+ t0e fre4uenc- i2 #:: +'" and if t0e 2-2tem i2 8!&19:: t0e
fre4uenc- i2 19:: +'". +a3imum 1o22i,le cell range de1end on t0e
fre4uenc- and it i2 al2o needed w0en 1ower i2 converted to field 2trengt0 or
vice ver2a. )3)
In t0e following dBm to dBA)m conver2ion formula i2 1re2ented>
If A
eff
i2 t0e a,2or1tion cro22 2ection of an i2otro1ic antenna and P
u
i2 t0e
received 1ower den2it-6 t0e received 1ower P
r
i2 given ,-
P dBm P dBm m A
r u eff
. / . ) / log . / +
2
1:
1:
w0ere
A wavelength m
eff

2
(
6 . /.
P dBm m E dB V m
u
. ) / . ) / log . /
2
1:
1: 12: #:
t0u2
P dBm E dB V m
r
. / . ) / log . / log +

_
,

1: 12: #: 1:
(
1: 1:
2
Equation 3!
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 5(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
E4uation 3 &1 can ,e 2im1lified to get t0e con2tant t0at 0a2 to ,e added to
i2otro1ic 1ower to get t0e corre21onding field 2trengt0.
E dB V m P dBm f
P dBm "
r #$%
r
. ) / . / . log . /
. /
+ +
+
BB 2 2:
1:
Equation 3&
w0ere
f
#$%
2tand2 for fre4uenc- in +'". *or e3am1le if t0e fre4uenc- i2
#:: +'" t0e value for C i2
BB 2 2: #:: 136 29
1:
. log . / . +
.

3.1.2. R&.&!/!#) E#
Receiving end include2 t0e 1arameter2 t0at will affect t0e +! and B%!
receiver function. %0i2 include2 1arameter2> R7 R*&In1ut !en2itivit-6
5dditional *a2t *ading +argin 6 a,le and onnector lo22e26 R7 5ntenna
Gain6 8iver2it- Gain6 I2otro1ic Power and *ield !trengt0.
3.1.2.1. BTS a# MS R0 RF1I#2(* S&#3!*!/!*4
!en2itivit- level for t0e +! i2 u1dated according to t0e 2elected +! cla22
,a2ed on t0e E%!I G!+ recommendation2 :5.:5. %0e B%! 2en2itivit- level
i2 al2o ,a2ed on t0e E%!I G!+ recommendation :5.:5 ,ut it mu2t ,e
ad?u2ted according to t0e information from B%! 1roduct line. In t0i2 t0e2i2
t0e u2ed 2en2itivit- level for t0e B%! i2 &1:6 dBm .according to t0e current
information from B%! 1roduct line/ and for t0e +! &1:2 dBm .G!+#::/
and &1:: dBm .G!+19::/. It 20ould ,e noted t0at t0e correct B%!
2en2itivit- value i2 t0e 2ingle ,ranc0 .no diver2it-/ 2en2itivit- in all defined
multi1at0 condition2 .21ecified ,- E%!I> %D5:6 R525: and '%1::/.
%0e receiver 2en2itivit- for t0e +! can ,e calculated from t0e receiver noi2e
figure and t0e minimum needed
E '
( :
. %0e receiver noi2e figure
re4uirement i2 1: dB for t0e +! and t0e minimum
E '
( :
i2 9 dB including
fa2t fading in a t-1ical ur,an area. %0e multi1at0 1rofile for t0e t-1ical ur,an
area i2 %D5:6 a2 defined in E%!I G!+ recommendation :5.:5 wit0 12 ta12
and 5 2 e3ce22 dela-. %0e noi2e figure ) of a receiver wit0 t0e 2en2itivit-
S
i
and in1ut noi2e 1ower
'
i
i2 defined ,- t0e following e4uation. )1)
)
S '
S '
S *T +
E '
' *T +
i i i
(
i

: :
:
:
:
6 6
Equation 33
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 6(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
w0ere
E '
( :
i2 t0e receiver out1ut 2ignal to noi2e ratio6 * i2 t0e Bolt"man
con2tant6
T
:
i2 2#:E6 ) i2 t0e noi2e figure for t0e receiver6 and + i2
,andwidt0 of 2B1 k'" .5( dB/. %0e 2en2itivit- of t0e +! receiver can now
,e calculated
S
E
'
)*T + dB dB dBm dB
S dBm
i
(
idB
+ +

:
:
9 1: 1B( 5(
1:2
%0e 2en2itivit- of t0e B%! can ,e calculated from E4uation 3 &3 ,- ad?u2ting
t0e noi2e figure value. %0e 2en2itivit- level2 of ,ot0 t0e +! and B%! of t0e
G!+#:: and G!+19:: 2-2tem2 are 1re2ented in t0e E%!I G!+
recommendation :5.:56 w0ic0 onl- give2 recommendation2 and t0e u1&to&
date value of t0e B%! 2en2itivit- mu2t ,e c0ecked from t0e manufacturer.
%o calculate t0e R* in1ut 2en2itivit- for B%! w0en a ma2t 0ead am1lifier i2
u2ed6 it i2 nece22ar- to a11l- t0e *rie2F formula for ca2caded network2. %0e
*rie2F formula i2 1re2ented in t0e following e4uation.
) ) ) , ) , ,
A #$A ca(le #$A BTS #$A ca(le
+ + . / . / 1 1
Equation 3-
)
#$A
i2 t0e noi2e factor of t0e ma2t 0ead am1lifier and t0e noi2e figure
')
#$A
of t0e ma2t 0ead am1lifier i2 a22umed to ,e a,out 2 dB.
)
ca(le
i2
t0e noi2e factor of t0e ca,le ,etween ma2t 0ead am1lifier and ,a2e 2tation.
%0e noi2e figure
')
ca(le
for t0e ca,le i2 t0e ca,le lo22 in dB .let2 a22ume it
to ,e 3 dB/.
)
BTS
i2 t0e noi2e factor of t0e ,a2e 2tation and it can ,e
calculated ,- u2ing following e4uation.
)
S '
S '
S *T +
E '
' *T +
i i i
(
i

: :
:
:
:
6 6
Equation 3.
w0ere
E '
( :
i2 t0e receiver out1ut 2ignal to noi2e ratio6 * i2 t0e Bolt"man
con2tant6
T
:
i2 2#:E6 ) i2 t0e noi2e figure for t0e receiver6 and + i2
,andwidt0 of 2B1 k'" .5( dB/.
%0e noi2e figure
')
BTS
in dB can now ,e calculated a2 follow2 .a22uming
t0at t0e 2en2itivit- of t0e ,a2e 2tation in %D5: condition2 i2 &1:6 dBm/>
') dBm dBm dB dB dB
BTS
1:6 1B( 5( 9 6 . /
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 7(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
,
#$A
i2 t0e gain of t0e ma2t 0ead am1lifier and it can ,e a22umed to ,e 1:
dB.
,
ca(le
i2 t0e gain of t0e ca,le ,etween ,a2e 2tation and ma2t 0ead
am1lifier and t0e value i2
')
ca(le
.
%0e noi2e figure in 1oint 5 .in *igure 3 &1/ i2>
( )
)
A
+ +

1: 1: 1 1: 1: 1 1: 1: 2 B(
: 2 : 3 1 : 6 1 : 3 6 6 6 6
. / . / 6

( ) ') dB
A
1: 2 29 359
1:
log 6 6
Equation 3/
%0e R* in1ut 2en2itivit- at t0e antenna 1ort6 1oint 5 in *igure 3 &1 can ,e
calculated from E4uation 3 &B.

BTS R5
MHA
5ntenna 1ort
P"!#* A
')
#$A
,
#$A
Ca6+&
,
ca(le
)igure 3!0 BTS #$A connection0
S ' ')
E
'
dBm dB dB dB dBm
A i A
(
+ + + + +
:
1B( 5( 359 9 1:9 (2 6 6
Equat
ion 31
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 8(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e re2ult of E4uation 3 &B can ,e 2een from %a,le 3 &1 w0en different 2et
of 1arameter2 for
')
#$A
calculation2.
Ta(le 3!0 2) input sensitivit3 calculation results when #$A is used0
Pa'a-&*&
'
')
#$A
')
ca(le
,
#$A
,
ca(le
')
BTS
')
A
S&#3!*!/!*4
Ca3& 1 2 dB 3 dB 1: dB &3 dB 6 dB 3659 dB 1178842 B-
Ca3& 2 263 dB ( dB 15 dB &( dB 6 dB 26#B dB 1179875 B-
'owever t0e a,ove mentioned calculation met0od i2 onl- t0eoretical and
mea2urement re2ult2 20old ,e u2ed if availa,le.
3.1.2.2. A!*!"#a+ Fa3* Fa!#) Ma')!#
B- u2ing t0i2 additional fa2t fading margin t0e B%! 2en2itivit-6 w0ic0 i2
21ecified for %D5:6 R525: and '%1:: multi1at0 1rofile26 can ,e ad?u2ted to
different .t0an 21ecified a,ove/ multi1at0 condition2 e.g. %D3 and %D165.
%0i2 margin i2 u2ed a2 follow2>
*or t0e den2e ur,an area2 t0e value of 2 dB i2 u2ed to guarantee good
coverage and 21eec0 4ualit-.
*or t0e ur,an area2 t0e value of 1 dB i2 u2ed to guarantee good
coverage and 21eec0 4ualit-.
*or t0e ot0er area2 no additional fa2t fading margin i2 u2ed.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 9(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.1.2.3. Ca6+& a# C"##&.*"' L"33&3
%0i2 in1ut 1arameter de2cri,e2 t0e ca,le and connector lo22e2 in dB. %0e
ca,le lo22e2 de1end2 on t0e u2ed ca,le lengt0 and t0ickne22. <ormall-6 t0e
ca,le attenuation i2 given in dB 1er 1:: meter2 for t0e antenna line ca,le2
and dB 1er meter for t0e ?um1er ca,le2. orrect value2 20ould ,e c0ecked
from t0e manufacturer.
Pream1lifier2 .called +a2t 'ead 5m1lifier/ in t0e receiving end at t0e ,a2e
2tation can ,e u2ed to com1en2ate t0e u1 link ca,le lo22e2. In2tallation of t0e
1ream1lifier i2 de1icted in *igure 3 &2.
BTS
MHA
)igure 3&0 Basic principle of #$A0
onnector lo22 a,out :61 dB 1er connector can ,e u2ed a2 a rule of t0um,.
'owever it 20ould ,e noted t0at t0e connector lo22 de1end2 0eavil- on t0e
connector and t0e connector to ca,le mounting.
3.1.2.4. BTS a# MS R0 A#*&##a Ga!#
5t t0e (ase stations different kind2 of antenna2 can ,e u2ed. %-1icall- t0e
omnidirectional antenna2 0ave a gain of 9 dBi & 11 dBi .deci,el2 over an
i2otro1ic antenna/ *or t0e directional antenna2 t0ere are man- c0oice26
t-1ical t0e gain i2 ,etween 12 dBi & 21 dBi de1ending on t0e 3 dB ,eam
widt0 of t0e antenna radiation 1attern.
*or t0e mo(ile station normall- : dBi antenna gain i2 a22umed. %0e antenna
it2elf 0a2 a ,etter gain t0an : dBi ,ut ,od- lo22 will decrea2e t0e gain.
*or ,ot0 +! and B%! t0e R7 antenna gain i2 a u2er defined 1arameter and
e21eciall- in ca2e of B%! u2ed value2 20ould ,e c0o2en wit0 e3tra care. It
20ould al2o ,e noted t0at if t0e R7 antenna gain i2 given u2ing dBd .deci,el2
over a di1ole antenna/ value2 t0e- mu2t ,e converted into dBi value2 ,-
adding e3tra 261 dB into dBd value6 ,ecau2e t0e ma3imum allowed 1at0lo22
i2 e31re22ed u2ing 1arameter i2otro1ic 1at0 lo22.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 10(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.1.2.5. U2+!#$ D!/&'3!*4 Ga!#
In t0i2 1aragra10 t0e range of 21ace diver2it- gain and antenna 2e1aration for
19:: +'" macro cell2 are e3amined and recent re2ult2 of 1olari"ation
diver2it- gain 2tudie2 for 19:: +'" macro cell2 are di2cu22ed.
In a t-1ical mo,ile radio environment6 radio link2 are 2u,?ected to e3treme
varia,ilit- and t0e a22ociated fading c0aracteri2tic2 re2ult in 2evere
1erformance degradation for ,ot0 analog and digital 2-2tem2. !ignal fading i2
cau2ed ,- multi1at0 1ro1agation and it i2 Ra-leig0 di2tri,uted in non&line&of&
2ig0t .<L$!/ 1at0 and Rice di2tri,uted in line&of&2ig0t .L$!/ 1at0. %-1icall-
fading di12 can ,e even 2: dB ,elow t0e 2ignal mean level t0u2 cau2ing
1ro,lem2 e21eciall- near cell ,order. !everal tec0ni4ue2 are availa,le to
com,at t0e2e deleteriou2 effect2 wit0 diver2it- rece1tion ,eing one of t0e
mo2t effective. )()
<ew diver2it- 2c0eme26 ,a2ed mo2tl- on ada1tive antenna26 are under
re2earc0 ,ut traditional one2 wit0 multi1le receiver2 are 2till mo2tl- u2ed in
t0e mo,ile network2. %0e2e new tec0ni4ue26 a2 ?itter .w0ere antenna
radiation 1attern i2 vi,rated/ or 2witc0ed 1attern diver2itie26 are ,a2ed on
different ,eam 20a1ing met0od2. Polari"ation diver2it- i2 al2o ,ecoming more
common ,ecau2e it doe2 not need an- 10-2ical 2e1aration of receiving
antenna2 and t0u2 it i2 a ver- com1act 2olution. It mig0t ,e even 1o22i,le to
im1lement diver2it- rece1tion in to t0e 0and0eld +!2 ,- u2ing 1olari"ation
diver2it-. %0e 1erformance of 1olari"ation diver2it- com1ared to different
21ace diver2it- 2c0eme2 in different environment2 i2 under continuou2 2tud-.
*re4uenc- 0o11ing6 u2ed in t0e modern digital cellular 2-2tem2 can ,e
con2idered a2 a form of fre4uenc- diver2it-.
Im1lementation of a diver2it- 2c0eme and t0e o,taina,le im1rovement in
2ignal 2tati2tic2 relie2 on t0e availa,ilit- of two inde1endentl- fading 2ignal2
w0ic0 0ave com1ara,le mean 2ignal level2. %0e a,ovementioned re4uirement
i2 fulfilled ,e2t in ur,an area2 w0ere ,uilding2 cau2e man- reflecting 2urface2
in t0e radio 1ro1agation 1at0. %0ere are variou2 met0od2 of reali"ing
inde1endent 2ignal2 for a diver2it- 2c0eme a2 mentioned earlier. In t0i2
di2cour2e6 onl- 21ace and 1olari"ation diver2it- are 2tudied in detail. !tudie2
on 21ace diver2it- 0ave focu2ed mainl- on determination of t0e 21acing
re4uired to ac0ieve t0e de2ired inde1endence ,etween t0e 2ignal2.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 11(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e cro22&correlation ,etween t0e envelo1e2 of t0e 2ignal2 i2 often u2edto
mea2ure t0i2 inde1endence and determine2 t0e degree to w0ic0 t0e rate and
de1t0 of fading ma- ,e reduced. It i2 generall- acce1ted t0at rea2ona,le
im1rovement in received 2ignal 2tati2tic2 can ,e ac0ieved wit0 a cro22&
correlation coefficient of :6B .2maller t0e correlation coefficient t0e ,etter t0e
diver2it- gain/. In macro cell26 w0ere antenna2 are in2talled a,ove t0e
average roofto1 level6 1:&2: 2e1aration of receiving antenna2 i2 needed
wit0 0ori"ontal 21ace diver2it- in order to fulfill t0e 2ignal correlation
re4uirement. Even larger 2e1aration i2 needed wit0 vertical 21ace diver2it- to
reac0 low enoug0 2ignal correlation value2. )()
Polari"ation diver2it- i2 e31ected to ,e one of t0e ,e2t diver2it- 2c0eme2 in
t0e future mo,ile 2-2tem2 ,ecau2e it 1rovide2 a mean2 of reali"ing two
inde1endentl- fading 2ignal2 wit0out t0e need for 10-2ical 2e1aration of
antenna2. It relie2 on t0e a,ilit- of 2catterer2 in t0e 1at0 ,etween t0e
tran2mitter and t0e receiver to de1olari"e and decorrelate t0e 2ignal giving
ri2e to 2ome cou1ling of energ- into t0e ort0ogonal 1olari"ation. $ne of t0e
2tronge2t 1oint2 in favor of t0e 1olari"ation diver2it- 2c0eme will ,e found in
2-2tem2 w0ic0 em1lo- 2mall cell2 and antenna 0eig0t2 com1ara,le or lower
t0an t0e 2urrounding2 w0ere it ma- ,e difficult to mount two antenna2 wit0
a11ro1riate 21acing for 21ace diver2it- a2 o11o2ed to a 2ingle com1act
antenna ca1a,le of receiving dual 1olari"ation. Polari"ation diver2it- 0a2 not
received a2 muc0 attention a2 21ace diver2it- owing to t0e a11recia,le
difference in mean 2ignal level ,etween co&1olari"ed and cro22&1olari"ed
,ranc0e2 w0en one 1olari"ation i2 tran2mitted. )()5)
%0e 1rinci1le of t0e underl-ing diver2it- rece1tion tec0ni4ue2 i2 to receive
2ignal2 t0at fade inde1endentl-. @0en com,ining t0e2e different 2ignal2 t0e-
0ave different fade margin2 and t0i2 lead2 to a ,etter 2ignal to noi2e .or
interference/ ratio. %0e t0ree general t-1e2 of com,ining are> +a3imal Ratio
om,ining .+R/6 E4ual Gain om,ining .EG/6 and !election om,ining
.!/. It i2 im1ortant to note t0at t0e com,ining 1roce22 i2 cla22ified a2 1re&
detection or 1o2t&detection. EG and +R 1re&detection com,ining re4uire
t0e im1lementation of a co&10a2ing 1roce22 w0ic0 i2 in mo2t ca2e2 co2tl- to
ac0ieve. 'owever +R i2 u2ed in G!+)8!19:: 2-2tem2 ,ecau2e it i2 t0e
,e2t com,ining 2c0eme. 8iver2it- gain o,tained ,- u2ing +R i2 0ig0e2t on
t0e average out of all t0ree 1o22i,le com,ining 2c0eme2.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 12(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
Space diversit34 %0e 2tudie2 done 20ow t0at in all environment2 mo2t of t0e
correlation value2 are le22 t0an :6B w0ic0 20ow2 t0at t0e u2ed 1:&2:
0ori"ontal 2e1aration would 1rovide 2ufficient decorrelation ,etween t0e
received 2ignal2. %0e correlation value2 for 2: vertical 2e1aration were
found to ,e 0ig0er t0an corre21onding value2 o,tained for 0ori"ontal
2e1aration. %0i2 2ugge2t t0at in general6 lower correlation coefficient2 .and
0ig0er gain/ can ,e o,tained wit0 0ori"ontal 2e1aration t0an wit0 vertical
2e1aration. %0e lowe2t correlation coefficient2 were o,tained in ur,an area2
and 0ig0e2t coefficient2 in rural and o1en area2. 8iver2it- gain wa2 found to
,e for #:G confidence level and taking onl- t0e received field 2trengt0 .not
4ualit-/ into account for 19:: +'" in ur,an area2 from ( to 5 dB and in
rural area2 from 3 to ( dB. *or #:: +'" t0e value2 are a,out 1 dB lower. )
()
Polari%ation diversit3> %0e relativel- few 2tudie2 re1orted in t0e literature
0ave focu2ed mainl- on 4uantif-ing t0e difference ,etween co&1olari"ed and
cro22&1olari"ed mean 2ignal level .al2o known a2 t0e cro22&1olari"ation
di2crimination .7P8// and t0e envelo1e cro22&correlation ,etween t0e
,ranc0e2. *or 1olari"ation diver2it- 2c0eme6 t0e lowe2t correlation value2
were o,tained in ur,an area. In all environment2 mo2t of t0e correlation
value2 are le22 t0an :6B. It i2 intere2ting to note t0at t0e2e re2ult2 are
com1ara,le wit0 t0o2e for 0ori"ontal 2e1aration di2cu22ed a,ove. %0e re2ult2
20ow t0at t-1icall-6 7P8H2 are of t0e order of 1: dB in ur,an and 2u,&ur,an
area2 and 2lig0tl- 0ig0er at 11&12 dB in ot0er area2. %0e re2ult2 al2o 20ow
t0at diver2it- gain i2 a,out :.5 to 1 dB lower t0an or e4ual to t0at of
0ori"ontal 2e1aration. )()5)
3.1.2.9. I3"*'"2!. R&.&!/& P"%&' a# F!&+ S*'&#)*:
I2otro1ic 1ower i2 t0e minimum 1ower .dBm/ level at t0e receiving antenna
t0at guarantee2 t0e link ,alance. %0e i2otro1ic 1ower i2 calculated in t0e
receiving end of ,ot0 +! and B%!. Ba2e 2tation and mo,ile 2tation 0ave a
2en2itivit- 5 .dBm/ w0ic0 i2 im1aired ,- t0e 5dditional *a2t *ading +argin
B .dB/. %0e attenuation of t0e ca,le and connector2 .dB/ increa2e2 t0e
value of t0e minimum needed 1ower level. %0e R7 antenna gain 8 .dBi/ and
t0e diver2it- gain E .dB/ decrea2e2 t0e minimum needed 1ower level. %0e
i2otro1ic 1ower * i2 calculated ,- u2ing following 2im1le add and 2u,tract
formula>
) A B C 5 E + +
Equation 36
*ield 2trengt0 i2 t0e i2otro1ic 1ower converted into dBA)m ,- u2ing
E4uation 3 &2.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 13(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.1.2.;. T'a#3-!**!#) E#
%ran2mitting end include2 t0e 1arameter2> %7 R* $ut1ut Peak Power6
I2olator6 om,iner and *ilter lo22e26 .R*&1eak 1ower/ com,iner out1ut
1ower6 a,le and onnector lo22e26 %7&antenna Gain6 EIRP and I2otro1ic
Pat0 Lo22.
3.1.2.8. T0 RF O(*2(* P&a$ P"%&'
#S Transmit Power> *or t0e +! t0e tran2mitter 1ower i2 2elected according
to given +! cla22.
BTS Transmit Power4 %0e B%! tran2mitter 1ower i2 ad?u2ted to 1rovide an
,alanced radio link .i.e. u1link and downlink radio link 1erformance i2 t0e
2ame/ for given B%! and +! receiver 1erformance6 +! tran2mitter
1erformance6 antenna and feeder ca,le c0aracteri2tic2. %0i2 figure can ,e
u2ed a2 t0e B%! tran2mit 1ower in <P!)7.
%0e B%! R* out1ut 1eak 1ower .@/ i2 calculated 2tarting from t0e I2otro1ic
Pat0 Lo22 .I/ .calculated ,- u2ing value2 in +! 2ide/. %0e downlink EIRP
.P/ i2 calculated ,- 2u,tracting I2otro1ic 1ower .*/6 w0ic0 wa2 calculated in
t0e receiving end 2ection6 from t0e i2otro1ic 1at0 lo22. %0e needed B%!
tran2mit 1ower can ,e calculated from EIRP ,- taking into account t0e effect
of %7&antenna gain .$/6 a,le and connector lo22e2 .</ and I2olator6
com,iner and filter lo22e2 .L/. %0e following formula i2 u2ed to calculate t0e
B%! %7 R* $ut1ut Peak Power .all t0e value2 are dB6 dBi or dBm/ in dBm.
+ 7 ) 8 ' 9 + +
Equation 3:
%0e re2ult in dBm i2 t0en converted into dBA)m u2ing E4uation 3 &2.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 14(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.1.2.9. I3"+a*"'8 C"-6!#&' a# F!+*&'
I2olator6 com,iner .cou1ler/ and filter are 1art2 of a cou1ling unit6 w0o2e
main function in %7 direction i2 to com,ine and feed t0e %R7 out1ut2 to
antenna feeder. In R7 direction t0e cou1ling unit filter2 and am1lifie26 u2ing
L<5 .Low <oi2e 5m1lifier/6 t0e 2ignal received from t0e antenna ,efore it i2
fed to t0e R7 unit2 .main and diver2it- ,ranc0/. In t0e following figure an
e3am1le of cou1ling unit i2 de1icted. *igure con2i2t2 of four %R7 unit2
w0ic0 are connected via two cou1ling unit2 to t0e antenna2 .two 1iece2/.
8u1le3 o1eration and diver2it- are in u2e.
I3"+a*"'
C"(2+&'
D
(
2
+
&
5

,
!
+
*
&
'
R0 F!+*&' LNA
S
2
+
!
*
*
&
'
I3"+a*"'
C"(2+&'
D
(
2
+
&
5

,
!
+
*
&
'
R0 F!+*&' LNA
S
2
+
!
*
*
&
'
T0
T0
T0
T0
R0 -a!#
R0 !/
R0 -a!#
R0 !/
R0 -a!#
R0 !/
R0 -a!#
R0 !/
MHA
MHA
C"(2+!#) U#!* 1
C"(2+!#) U#!* 2
T
R
0

1
T
R
0

2
T
R
0

3
T
R
0

4
)igure 330 5efinition of coupling unit ;dual duple< operation=0
Isolator 1revent2 t0e tran2mitted 2ignal .from %7/ ,eing reflected .from i.e.
cou1ler/ ,ack to t0e %7 and di21er2ing it.
Coupler com,ine2 t0e %7 out1ut2 after t0e i2olator to one antenna feeder
ca,le. Large2t individual amount of lo22e2 i2 cau2ed ,- t0e cou1ler.
5uple< filter i2 u2ed to com,ine t0e tran2mit and received 2ignal2 into a
common antenna feeder. @it0 receive diver2it- in u2e6 t0e du1le3 filter
reduce2 t0e num,er of needed antenna connection2 from 3 to 2. 8u1le3 or
non&du1le3 o1eration i2 determined ,- t0e ca,le connection2 during t0e B%!
in2tallation.
I2olator6 com,iner and filter lo22 i2 a few dB de1ending on t0e u2ed cou1ling
unit. %0e e3act lo22 value for t0e w0ole cou1ling unit and eac0 individual
device .if needed/ mu2t ,e c0ecked from t0e manufacturer.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 15(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.1.2.17. MS a# BTS RF P&a$ P"%&'8 C"-6!#&'
O(*2(*
om,iner out1ut i2 t0e 1ower t0at i2 tran2mitted to t0e B%!)+! antenna
connector. !ince t0ere i2 no com,iner in +! t0e com,iner out1ut i2 e3actl-
t0e 2ame a2 t0e %7 R* out1ut 1eak 1ower in dBm2 .mean 1ower over R*
c-cle/. In B%! it i2 nece22ar- to u2e com,iner2 and t0erefore t0e 1ower at
t0e antenna connector i2 t0e mean 1ower over R* c-cle 2u,tracted ,- t0e
com,iner6 i2olator and filter lo22e2.
3.1.2.11. Ca6+& a# C"##&.*"' L"33&3 a# T0 A#*&##a
Ga!#
a,le and connector lo22e2 and %7 antenna gain value2 are t0e 2ame a2 for
receiving end.
3.1.2.12. P&a$ EIRP
%0ere i2 a 2tandard wa- of 21ecif-ing t0e 1ower radiated wit0in a geogra10ic
are. %0e radiated 1ower t0at can ,e tran2mitted 20ould ,e e31re22ed a2 t0e
1ower radiated from an i2otro1ic antenna6 EIRP .Effective I2otro1ic
Radiated Power/6 if t0e antenna gain i2 e31re22ed in deci,el2 over an
i2otro1ic antenna .dBi/. %0ere i2 al2o a term called Effective Radiated Power
.ERP/. ERP i2 referenced to an omnidirectional .1articularl- a di1ole
antenna/ 1oint 2ource6 w0ic0 20ould ,e u2ed if t0e antenna gain i2 e31re22ed
a2 deci,el2 over a di1ole antenna .dBd/. %0e ERP value2 can ,e c0anged to
EIRP .or vice ver2a/ value2 ,- u2ing 2im1le formula
EI2P E2P dB +2 1 6
.
%0e 1eak EIRP can ,e u2ed in <P!)7 a2 t0e 1eak out1ut EIRP of t0e B%!.
>plin* pea* EI2P> !ince t0ere are no e3tra lo22e2 or gain2 ,etween t0e %7
and t0e tran2mitting antenna of +!6 t0e u1link 1eak EIRP i2 t0e 2ame a2 t0e
+! %7 out1ut 1ower. But if 2ome lo22e2 or gain2 e3i2t t0e- mu2t ,e taken
into account ,- u2ing t0e following formula.
P ? 9 ' 8 +
Equation 3!@
w0ere E i2 t0e +! %7 out1ut 1eak 1ower in dBm2 .mean 1ower over R*
c-cle/6 L i2 t0e i2olator6 com,iner and filter lo22e26 < i2 t0e ca,le and
connector lo22e2 and $ i2 t0e %7 antenna gain.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 16(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
5ownlin* pea* EI2P4 *or t0e B%! t0e 1eak EIRP calculation 2tart2 from t0e
i2otro1ic 1at0 lo22 .I/6 w0ic0 i2 t0e 2ame for u1link and downlink. *rom t0e
i2otro1ic 1at0 lo22 t0e +! i2otro1ic 1ower .*/ .,ecau2e u1link i2otro1ic
1at0lo22 determine2 t0e radio 1at0 1erformance/ i2 2u,tracted to get t0e
EIRP .dBm/. %0en t0e EIRP i2 converted to watt2 to get t0e 1eak EIRP.
P 7 )
Equation 3!!
3.1.2.13. Ma5!-(- A++"%& I3"*'"2!. Pa*: L"33
%0e i2otro1ic 1at0 lo22 i2 t0e ma3imum allowed 1at0 lo22 ,etween B%! and
+! according to t0e given radio 2-2tem 1erformance figure2. It take2 into
account t0e 1erformance of eac0 a,ove mentioned 1arameter2. !ince u1link
determine2 t0e cell range6 t0e ma3imum allowed i2otro1ic 1at0lo22 i2
calculated for u1link fir2t.
In uplin* direction t0e mo,ile i2 tran2mitting wit0 1 @ .3: dBm/ out1ut
1ower. Becau2e t0ere i2 no lo22 ,etween t0e %7 and t0e tran2mitting antenna
and t0e gain of t0e antenna i2 : dBi t0e EIRP i2 3:.: dBm. %0e 2ignal
tran2mitted ,- mo,ile 2tation i2 received ,- t0e ,a2e 2tation. *ir2t6 com1ared
to i2otro1ic antenna t0ere i2 16 dBi gain ,ecau2e of t0e u2ed 2ectori"ed
medium gain antenna. !ince diver2it- rece1tion i2 u2ed t0e diver2it- gain 0a2
to ,e taken into account a2 well6 w0ic0 in t0i2 ca2e i2 ( dB.
!econd6 t0e 2ignal will attenuate due to ca,le and connector lo22e2 ,- 3 dB.
5l2o6 an additional fa2t fading margin of 2 dB i2 a22umed ,ecau2e of den2e
ur,an environment. *inall-6 t0e 2ignal arrive2 to t0e ,a2e 2tation receiver.
%0e 2en2itivit- of t0e ,a2e 2tation in t0i2 e3am1le i2 &1:6 dBm. 5ccording to
t0e2e 1arameter2 t0e 1ower 2ent ,- t0e mo,ile .3: dBm/ can ,e attenuated
2o t0at at t0e ,a2e 2tation receiver t0e 1ower level i2 &1:( dBm.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 17(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
@0en all 1art2 t0at cau2e lo22e2 and all 1art2 t0at can 1rovide 2ome gain are
taken into account t0e 2ignal can ,e attenuated ,etween t0e tran2mitting and
receiving antenna ,- 151 dB .3: dBm & .&1:6 dBm J 2 dB J3 dB & 16 dB & (
dB//. In t0e following figure t0e calculation of t0e u1link i2otro1ic 1at0 lo22
i2 de1icted.
1at0 lo22 K 151 dB *eeder
Lo22 K 3 dB
%3 Power
3: dBm .1@/
5ntenna
Gain K 16
8iver2it-
Gain K (
3: dBm
& 121 dBm
& 1:1 dBm
& 1:( dBm
R3 !en2itivit-
&1:6 dB
additional fa2t fading
margin K 2 dB
)igure 3-0 >plin* path loss calculation parameters0
5ownlin* i2 ,alanced 2o t0at i2otro1ic 1at0 lo22 in u1link e4ual2 t0e 1at0 lo22
in downlink. %0i2 i2 done ,- ad?u2ting t0e out1ut 1ower of t0e ,a2e 2tation.
!tarting from t0e mo,ile6 t0e 1ower level at t0e receiver mu2t ,e6 in t0i2 ca2e
&#9 dBm. Becau2e of additional fa2t fading margin t0e 1ower level mu2t ,e 2
dB 0ig0er t0an t0e 2en2itivit- level of +!. D1link define2 cell range and
,ecau2e u1link and downlink mu2t ,e ,alanced6 t0e 2ignal 2ent ,- t0e ,a2e
2tation can ,e attenuated al2o ,- 151 dB ,etween tran2mitting antenna and
receiving +! antenna. %0i2 mean2 t0at EIRP at t0e ,a2e 2tation mu2t ,e 53
dB .&1:: dBm J 2 dB J 151 dBm/. In order to get t0i2 1ower from t0e
antenna6 t0e out1ut 1ower of %R7 unit mu2t ,e calculated .B! %7 R* 1eak
out1ut 1ower/. 5ntenna gain will reduce t0e 1ower needed from t0e %R7
unit ,ut all t0e lo22e2 like com,iner lo22 and ca,le lo22 will increa2e t0e
needed 1ower. In t0e following figure t0e calculation of t0e u1link i2otro1ic
1at0 lo22 i2 de1icted.
1at0 lo22 K 151 dB
com,iner
lo22 K ( dB
*eeder
Lo22 K 3 dB
R3 !en2itivit-
& 1:: dBm
%3 Power
(( dBm .25@/
5ntenna
Gain K 16
& #9 dBm
53 dBm
3B dBm
(: dBm
additional fa2t fading
margin K 2 dB
)igure 3.0 5ownlin* path loss calculation parameters0
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 18(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
In t0i2 e3am1le t0e %7 1ower will ,e (( dBm ,ecau2e of t0e antenna gain of
16 dB6 com,iner lo22 of ( dB and ca,le and connector lo22e2 of 3 dB. %0e
gain from t0e %R7 unit to t0e antenna i2 16 dB & ( dB & 3 dB K # dB. %0i2
mean2 t0at t0e out1ut 1ower of %R7 unit can ,e # dB le22 t0an EIRP .53 dB
& # dB K (( dB/.
3.2. C&++ S!<& Ca+.(+a*!"#
%0e cell 2i"e .radiu2/ calculation2 are ,a2ed on 1ower ,udget calculation2.
%0e main 1arameter2 affecting t0e cell 2i"e2 are> B%! and +! antenna
0eig0t26 location 1ro,a,ilit- indoor)outdoor and ,uilding 1enetration lo22. If
indoor coverage i2 one of t0e mo2t im1ortant 1lanning target2 t0e ,uilding
1enetration lo226 w0ic0 decrea2e2 t0e cell range 2ignificantl-6 mu2t ,e taken
into account in t0e cell 2i"e calculation2. 5l2o6 t0e location 1ro,a,ilit- i.e.
1ro,a,ilit- of getting 2ervice can ,e a ver- im1ortant 1lanning varia,le and
t0erefore it 20ould ,e noted t0at if t0e location 1ro,a,ilit- i2 0ig0 t0e num,er
of ,a2e 2tation2 and co2t of network i2 0ig0. %0erefore t0e location
1ro,a,ilit- for 2ingle i2olated cell mu2t ,e ke1t in rea2ona,le limit2.
!im1le 1ro1agation model2 2uc0 a2 $!%&231&$kumura&'ata and $!%&
231&@alfi20&Ikegami .cit- area2/ model2 are u2ed to calculate t0e cell radii
for different area2. <ormall- t0e 2ervice area i2 divided into 2maller6
0omogenou2 area2 according to t0e terrain t-1e2 or ,uilding 0eig0t2. In t0e2e
2maller area2 even more 2im1le 1ro1agation formula2 can give accurate
re2ult2.
%0e cell 2i"e calculation i2 divided into four different 2ection2 w0ic0 are
e31lained in t0e following 1aragra102 a2 well t0e in1ut and out1ut
1arameter2.
3.2.1. C"--"# I#,"'-a*!"#
In ommon Information 2ection all t0e 1arameter2 t0at are common for ,ot0
$!%&231&$kumura&'ata and $!%&231&@alfi20&Ikegami 1ro1agation
model2 are 1re2ented. %0e2e 1arameter2 are> B%! and +! antenna 0eig0t
.meter2/6 ,uilding 1enetration lo22 .dB/6 BPL deviation .dB/ and 2tandard
deviation .dB/.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 19(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.2.1.1. MS a# BTS A#*&##a H&!):*3
52 a ,a2ic 1rinci1le it can ,e 2aid t0at t0e 0ig0er t0e antenna2 are in2talled
t0e larger cell range2 can ,e ac0ieved. %0e correct value for t0i2 in1ut 20ould
,e 2elected wit0 e3tra care taking into account all t0e re2triction2 cau2ed ,-
t0e 2elected 1ro1agation model.
In t0eor- t0e B%! antenna 0eig0t can ,e from 3: meter2 to 2:: meter2 w0en
u2ing $!%&231&$kumura&'ata and for $!%&231&@alfi20&Ikegami t0e
minimum antenna 0eig0t i2 ( meter2 and t0e ma3imum 5: meter2. 'owever
t0e u2ed fre4uenc- and feeder ca,le can cau2e 2ome limitation2 to t0e
ma3imum B%! antenna 0eig0t.
In mo,ile network2 t0e +! antenna 0eig0t 1.5 meter2 i2 u2ed a2 a default
value.
3.2.1.2. L")1N"'-a+ =S+"%> Fa!#) a# S*a#a'
D&/!a*!"#
+a?or 1ro,lem2 in ,uilt&u1 area2 are cau2ed ,- t0e fact t0at t0e mo,ile
antenna i2 well ,elow t0e 2urrounding ,uilding26 2o t0at t0ere i2 no line of
2ig0t 1at0 from t0e tran2mitter to t0e receiver. %0erefore 1ro1agation i2
mainl- ,- wa- of 2cattering reflection2 from t0e 2urface2 of t0e ,uilding2 and
,- diffraction over and)or around t0em. *igure 3 &6 illu2trate2 2ome 1o22i,le
mec0ani2m2 ,- w0ic0 t0e energ- can arrive at a ve0icle&,orne antenna.
6>
a>
6> ? a>
)igure 3/0 Illustration of the two (asic t3pes of fading in the mo(ile environment0 a=
)ast fading caused (3 the reception of multiple signals with different
phases0 (= slow fading caused (3 amplitude variations due to diffractions
or AshadowingB0
In 1ractice energ- arrive2 via 2everal different 1at02 2imultaneou2l- and a 2o
called multi1at0 2ituation i2 2aid to e3i2t in w0ic0 t0e variou2 incoming
radiowave2 arrive from different direction2 wit0 different dela-2. %0e2e
radiowave2 com,ine vectoricall- at t0e receiver antenna to give a re2ultant
2ignal w0ic0 can ,e 2mall or large de1ending on t0e di2tri,ution of t0e 10a2e2
of t0e different incoming com1onent wave2. It i2 o,viou2 t0at a receiver at a
given location can e31erience a 2ignal t0at i2 2everal ten2 of dB different
from t0at at anot0er location 20ort di2tance awa- w0ere t0e 10a2e
relation20i1 ,etween t0e incoming wave2 0a2 c0anged. %0erefore large 2cale
variation2 in 2ignal am1litude occur.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 20(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e 2ignal fluctuation2 are known a2 fading. %0e 20ort&term fluctuation
cau2ed ,- t0e local multi1at0 i2 known a2 fa2t fading to di2tingui20 it from
t0e muc0 longer&term variation in mean 2ignal level6 known a2 2low fading.
!low fading effect i2 cau2ed ,- movement over di2tance2 large enoug0 to
1roduce gro22 variation2 in overall 1at0 ,etween t0e tran2mitter and receiver.
8ue to t0at 2low fading i2 cau2ed ,- t0e mo,ile moving into t0e 20adow of
0ill2 or ,uilding26 and t0erefore 2low fading i2 often called 20adowing. %0ere
i2 no 2ati2factor- model for t0e 2low fading6 0owever mea2urement2 indicate
t0at t0e mean 1at0 lo22 clo2el- fit2 a log&normal di2tri,ution wit0 2tandard
deviation t0at de1end2 on t0e fre4uenc- and t0e environment. *or t0i2 rea2on
t0e term log&normal fading i2 al2o u2ed. )3)6)
%0e t-1ical e31erimental record of received 2ignal envelo1e a2 a function of
di2tance 20own in *igure 3 &B illu2trate2 t0e difference ,etween 2low and
fa2t fading. %0e fa2t fading .t0e ,lack t0in line/ i2 o,2erved over di2tance2 of
a,out 0alf a wavelengt0. *ade2 wit0 de1t0 le22 t0an 1: dB are fre4uent and
fade2 dee1er t0an 1: dB are le22 fre4uent ,ut not uncommon. %0e dotted
,lack line de2cri,e2 t0e 2low variation2 .2low fading/ in mean 2ignal value
w0ic0 occur over muc0 larger di2tance2.
)igure 310 E<perimental record of received signal envelope in an ur(an area0
%0e moving receiver can 1a22 t0roug0 2everal fade2 in a 2econd and it i2
1o22i,le for a ve0icle to 2to1 wit0 t0e antenna in a 2: dB fade. In t0eor-
communication t0en ,ecome2 ver- difficult ,ut in 1ractice6 1a22ing ve0icle2
often di2tur, t0e field 1attern6 ea2ing t0e 1ro,lem 2ignificantl-. *a2t fading
0a2 ,een taken into account in receiver 2en2itivit- figure. %0e multi1at0
1rofile for t-1ical area i2 %D5:6 a2 defined in t0e E%!I G!+
recommendation :5.:5 wit0 12 ta12 and 5 2 e3ce22 dela-. *or t0at
definition t0e minimum E
(
C'
@
6 w0ic0 i2 t0e receiver out1ut 2ignal to noi2e
1ower6 i2 9 dB including fa2t fading. !o onl- fading com1onent t0at 0a2 to ,e
taken into account in 1ower ,udget calculation2 i2 2low fading. )1)2)6)B)
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 21(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e 2low fading de2cri,e2 t0e variation2 of t0e average 2ignal 2trengt0 due to
2ignal diffraction6 cau2ed ,- t0e o,2tacle2 on t0e 2ignal 1at0. %0e 2low fading
.log&normal fading/ i2 normall- di2tri,uted wit0 t0e di2tri,ution function )
6)B)9)#)
p r e
r r
m
. /
. /

1
2
2
2
2
2

Equation 3!&
w0ere
r
m
i2 t0e mean value of t0e random varia,le r and i2 t0e 2tandard
deviation. %0e value of de1end2 on t0e 2urrounding2 and i2 generall-
,etween 5 and 1: dB6 wit0 a tendenc- to larger value2 in 0eav- ,uilt area26
due to 0ig0&ri2e ,uilding2. %0e 2tandard deviation for t0e log&normal fading
in ur,an area2 i2 2tated to ,e B&9 dB.
@0en mea2uring t0e 2ignal 2trengt0 at t0e given radio 1at0 di2tance6 t0e
value2 are concentrated clo2e to t0e mean value m6 w0ic0 follow2 log&normal
di2tri,ution6 and 0ave ,ell&20a1ed .normal/ di2tri,ution. %0e 2tandard
deviation of t0e local mean curve i2 a reflection of 0ow muc0 variation t0ere
i2 in t0e received 2ignal 2trengt0 and t0erefore it i2 1o22i,le to e2timate 0ow
often t0e local mean .average 1ower of t0e 2ignal/6 fall2 wit0in given limit2
.m < mD / ,- u2ing following e4uation2. )6)B)
P m < m e d<
e d3
< r
r
r
3
m
m
m
. /
. /
+

1
2
1
2
69G
2
2
2
2
1
1
Equation 3!3
E4uation 3 &13 indicate2 t0at 69G of t0e 2ignal 2trengt0 2am1le2 fall in t0e
range ,etween and D around t0e mean value m. %0erefore t0e 2tandard
deviation can ,e determined ,- mea2uring t0e field 2trengt0 at t0e di2tance of
2 around t0e ,a2e 2tation .like de1icted in t0e following figure/.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 22(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
*rom all t0e mea2urement2 2am1le2 t0e mean value m i2 determined and t0en
69G 1ercent of data mu2t fall in t0e range ,etween and D around t0i2
mean value.
.
R
)igure 360 #easuring the field strength for determining the standard deviation0
If t0e 2tandard deviation i2 known a 2low fading margin outdoor2 can ,e
calculated and it can ,e u2ed to calculate t0e coverage t0re20old for outdoor
coverage a2 e31lained later.)6)B)
3.2.1.3. BPL A/&'a)& a# S*a#a' D&/!a*!"# I#""'3
%0e 1ower ,udget 1arameter ,uilding 1enetration lo22 deviation i2 in fact t0e
2tandard deviation indoor2 .t0e conce1t of 2tandard deviation wa2 e31lained
in t0e 1reviou2 1aragra10/ including ,ot0 t0e outdoor field 2trengt0 deviation
and t0e deviation of ,uilding lo22e2.
Building 1enetration lo22 varie2 according to ,uilding t-1e. If indoor
coverage i2 im1ortant6 t0e average ,uilding 1enetration lo22 and 2tandard
deviation indoor2 20ould ,e mea2ured. If mea2urement re2ult2 are not
availa,le t0e value2 can ,e e2timated according to t0e E%!I G!+
recommendation :3.:3 in w0ic0 t0e ,uilding 1enetration lo22 in ur,an area2
i2 e2timated to ,e 15&19 dB and in rural area2 1: dB de1ending on t0e u2ed
fre4uenc-. *or 2tandard deviation indoor2 default value2 of #&11 dB can ,e
u2ed. It 20ould ,e noted t0at 2ome 2tudie2 0a2 20own t0at t0e average
,uilding 1enetration lo22 for 2ome ,uilding t-1e2 decrea2e2 w0en t0e
fre4uenc- i2 increa2ed e.g. from #:: +'" to 19:: +'". %0i2 can ,e
e31lained ,- t0e fact t0at t0e ,uilding wall2 .for e3am1le reinforced
concrete/ are 2omew0at fre4uenc- 2elective. %0i2 mu2t ,e verified ,-
conducting variou2 2et2 of mea2urement2. )1)2)1:)11)12)13)
%0e average ,uilding 1enetration lo22 and 2tandard deviation indoor2 are
u2ed w0en calculating cell range and coverage t0re20old for indoor coverage
a2 e31lained later.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 23(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.2.2. COST12311O$(-('a1Ha*a
$!%&231&$kumura&'ata model i2 t0e 2tandard $kumura&'ata model
w0o2e u2a,ilit- i2 e3tended to 2::: +'". In t0i2 2ection t0e u2er defined
1arameter2 t0at are 21ecific onl- for t0e $!%&231&$kumura&'ata
1rediction model are e31lained. %0e formula it2elf i2 1re2ented later.
3.2.2.1. A'&a T42& C"''&.*!"# Fa.*"'3
In different area2 t0e 2ignal 1ro1agate2 differentl- and t0erefore t0e area t-1e
correction factor2 are u2ed to tune t0e $kumura&'ata model to different
environment2. %0e ,a2ic model i2 derived from mea2urement2 done in t-1ical
La1an ur,an cit- environment 2o t0e correction factor2 are needed to fit t0e
model to rural6 o1en and fore2t etc. environment2. %0e correction factor2 can
,e o,tained from <P!)7 after model tuning 1roce22 w0ere t0e 1ro1agation
model i2 tuned 2o t0at it 1redict2 t0e 1at0lo22 a2 accurate a2 1o22i,le
com1ared to t0e mea2ured data. If t0e re2ult2 from <P!)7 model tuning are
not availa,le a 2et of default factor2 mu2t ,e u2ed. 'owever it 20ould ,e
noted t0at w0en u2ing default factor2 t0e re2ult .cell range/ i2 not entirel-
correct.
%0e correction factor value .dB/ i2 added to t0e 1at0 lo22 value calculated
u2ing t0e 1ro1agation formula. In 1ower ,udget calculation five different
area t-1e2 are u2ed> den2e ur,an .8D/6 ur,an .D/6 2u,ur,an .!D/6 fore2t .*/6
o1en .$/. B- u2ing t0e tuned correction factor2 t0e u2e of 'ataF2 2tandard
correction formula2 for different environment2 can ,e avoided.
3.2.2.2. COST12311Wa+,!3: 1 I$&)a-!
In t0i2 2ection of cell 2i"e calculation2 t0e 1arameter2 t0at are 21ecific onl-
for $!%&231&@alfi20 & Ikegami 1rediction model are 1re2ented. %0e
formula it2elf i2 e31lained later. %0e 1arameter2 are u2er defined 1arameter2>
,uilding 2e1aration in meter26 ,uilding average 0eig0t in meter26 road2 widt0
in meter2 and road orientation angle in degree2.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 24(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.2.2.3. B(!+!#) 3&2a'a*!"#8 6(!+!#) a/&'a)& :&!):*8
'"a3 %!*: a# '"a "'!&#*a*!"# a#)+&
Building 2e1aration .in meter2/ i2 t0e di2tance ,etween t0e center2 of two
,uilding2 ., in *igure 3 &#/ and t0e ,uilding average 0eig0t i2 t0e average
0eig0t of all t0e ,uilding2 in2ide t0e coverage area of t0e cell .0
roof
/. Road2
widt0 .w/ i2 given in meter2 and t0e road orientation angle ./ i2 given in
degree2. %0e2e 1arameter2 are u2ed in 1at0lo22 calculation formula2
1re2ented in Paragra10 1.2.(.1.
:
Ba3&
6
:
M"6
:
R"",
:
Ba3&

:
R"",

% %

Incident @ave
)igure 3:0 +alfish I*egami (asic parameters0
3.2.3. O(*""' @ I#""' C"/&'a)&
In t0i2 2ection t0e 1ro1agation model i2 2elected .$!%&231&$kumura&'ata
or $!%&231&@alfi20&Ikegami/6 u2er al2o define2 t0e location 1ro,a,ilit-
.over t0e w0ole cell coverage area/ target for indoor and outdoor coverage
.t0e conce1t of location 1ro,a,ilit- i2 1re2ented in Paragra10 1.3/. !low
fading margin and coverage t0re20old are calculated from t0e2e u2er defined
1arameter2.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 25(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.2.3.1. P'"2a)a*!"# M"&+
%0i2 1arameter .$' or @I/ i2 2elected ,- t0e u2er and according to t0i2 t0e
1at0 lo22 i2 calculated eit0er ,- u2ing $!%&231&$kumura&'ata .$'/ or
$!%&231&@alfi20&Ikegami .@I/ model.
C8ST&3!8*umura$ata ;8$=4 In t0e Power Budget alculation E7EL
20eet a11lication ,a2ic 'ata formula .for ur,an area2/ i2 u2ed wit0 one e3tra
1arameter i.e. correction factor. If t0e area i2 more den2e t0an t0e ,a2ic
model e31ect26 t0e correction factor i2 1o2itive. If t0e area i2 le22 den2e t0an
t0e ,a2ic formula .rural or o1en area/ e31ect2 t0e correction factor i2
negative. B- u2ing t0e2e correction factor2 tuned ,- u2ing <P!)7 and
mea2ured data t0e 'ata formula can ,e tuned to an- environment2 ver-
accuratel-.
%0e 'ata formula u2ed in 1ower ,udget to e2timate t0e average i2otro1ic
1at0lo22 i2> )1)2)3)#)
[ ]
9 A B f $ a $
$ d Corr) dB
c ( m
(
5: 1: 1:
1: 1:
13 92
(( # 6 55
+ +
+
log . / 6 log . / . /
6 6 log . / log . /
Equation 3!-
w0ere
A
f #$%
f #$%
B
f #$%
f #$%
f frequenc3 in #$%
$ (ase station antenna height in meters
d #S distance from BTS in *ilometers
c
(

'

'

6# 55 15: 15::
(63: 15:: 2:::
2616 15: 15::
33#: 15:: 2:::
15: 2:::
3: 2::
1 1:
. 6
. 6
. 6
. 6
. /
. /
. /
5l2o a 2mall 2im1lification i2 made in 1ower ,udget calculation w0en
calculating correction factor for mo,ile antenna 0eig0t6 a;$
m
=6 t0e formula
for medium&2i"ed cit- i2 t0e onl- one u2ed> )3)#)
[ ] [ ]
a $ f $ f
m c m c
. / 6 log. / 6 6 log . / 6 11 : B 156 : 9
1:
Equation 3!.
%0e ot0er mo,ile antenna 0eig0t correction factor i2 for large cit->
[ ]
[ ]
a $
$ f #$%
$ f #$%
m
m c
m c
. /
6 log . 6 / 6 >
6 log . 6 / 6 >

'

9 2# 15( 11 2::
3 2 11 B5 ( #B (::
1:
2
1:
2
Equation 3!/
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 26(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
52 it can ,e 2een from *igure 3 &1: t0ere i2 no ,ig difference ,etween t0e
value2 of two different e4uation2 for a;$
m
= w0en t0e mo,ile antenna 0eig0t i2
around 165 meter2 w0ic0 i2 t0e value mo2t commonl- u2ed. 'owever w0en
t0e mo,ile antenna 0eig0t increa2e2 t0e correct formula mu2t ,e u2ed in
order to get accurate re2ult2.
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mobile antenna height (m)
C
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

v
a
l
u
e

a
(
H
m
)
medium
city
large
city
)igure 3!@0 Comparison of the mo(ile antenna correction factors for medium and large
cit30
@0en u2ing $!%&231&$kumura&'ata 1ro1agation model t0e re2triction2
for di2tance from ,a2e 2tation6 ,a2e 2tation effective antenna 0eig0t6 mo,ile
antenna 0eig0t and fre4uenc- mu2t ,e ke1t in mind to avoid unreali2tic and
wrong re2ult2.
Cost&3!+alfish I*egami ;+I=4 In t0i2 2emi&em1irical model for 1at0 lo22
1rediction in ,uilt&u1 4ua2i&2moot0 area26 a di2tinction i2 made ,etween line&
of&2ig0t .L$!/ and not&line&of&2ig0t .<L$!/ 2ituation2. In t0e L$! 2ituation
1at0 lo22 i2 e31re22ed ,- an e4uation of t0e 2ame form a2 t0at de2cri,ing
free&21ace lo226 ,ut wit0 different coefficient2 w0ic0 0ave ,een
e31erimentall- determined from mea2urement2 in !tock0olm. In t0e <L$!
2ituation t0e e3ce22 1at0 lo22 .dB/ wit0 re21ect to t0e free&21ace lo22 i2 t0e
2um of two term2. %0e fir2t one6 multi2creen lo22 .9
msd
/6 de2cri,e2 t0e e3ce22
lo22 due to 1ro1agation from t0e ,a2e 2tation .B!/ over t0e roof2 of
,uilding2 to t0e roofto1 of t0e ,uilding ,ordering t0e 2treet w0ere t0e
receiver i2 located. %0e 2econd one6 roofto1&to&2treet lo22 .9
rts
/6 give2 t0e
e3ce22 lo22 from t0e roofto1 of t0i2 neare2t ,uilding to t0e receiver. Bot0
L$! and <L$! ca2e2 are de1icted in following figure.)2)#)
<L$! 1/
<L$! 2/
L$!
9
rts
9
msd
)igure 3!!0 +alfish I*egami 98S and '98S calculation method0
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 27(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e formula u2ed in 1ower ,udget i2>
9 d f 98S + + (2 6 26 2:
1: 1:
. log . / log . /6
9 d f 9 9 '98S
rts msd
+ + + + 32 ( 2: 2:
1: 1:
. log . / log . / 6
Equation 3!1
where
L

= path loss (dB)
f = frequency (MHz)
d = distance (km)
L
rts =
root-top-to-street diffraction and scatter loss
(dB)
L
msd
= multi-screen diffraction loss (dB)
%0e roof&to1&to&2treet diffraction and 2catter lo22 i2
9
w
m
f
#$%
h
m
9
rts
#o(
ors

_
,

_
,

_
,

16 # 1: 1: 2:
1: 1: 1:
. log log log

Equation 3!6
w0ere
9
for
for
for
ors

+ <
+

_
,

<

_
,

<

'

1: : 35( : 35
2 5 : :B5 35 35 55
( : :11( 55 55 #:
:
:
:
.
deg
6
. .
deg
6
. .
deg
6

Equation 3!:
and

h h h
h h h
#o( 2oof #o(
Base Base 2oof


Equation 3&@
%0e 1arameter2 u2ed are de1icted in following figure.
:
Ba3&
6
:
M"6
:
R"",
:
Ba3&

:
R"",

% %

Incident @ave
)igure 3!&0 Parameters of the Cost&3!+alfishI*egami model0
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 28(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e multi&2creen diffraction lo22 i2
9 9 * *
d
*m
*
f
#$%
(
m
msd (sh a d f
+ +

_
,

_
,

_
,

log log log

1: 1:
#
Equation 3&!
w0ere
9
h
m
for h h
for h h
(sh
Base
Base 2oof
Base 2oof

_
,

>

'

19 1
:
log 6
6

Equation 3&&
and
*
for h h
h
m
for d *mand h h
h
m
d
*m
for d *mand h h
a
Base 2oof
Base
Base 2oof
Base
Base 2oof

>

<

'

5(
5( :9 :5
5( :9
:5
:5
6
. 6 .
.
.
6 .

Equation 3&3
( )
( )
*
for h h
h
h
for h h
*
f
#$%
f
#$%
d
Base 2oof
Base
2oof
Base 2oof
f

>

'

_
,

_
,

'

19
19 15
(
: B
#25
1 1
15
#25
1 2
6
6
6
. 6
. 6

Equation 3&-
E4uation .1/ i2 u2ed for medium 2i"ed citie2 and 2u,ur,an center2 wit0
moderate tree den2it- and e4uation .2/ i2 u2ed for metro1olitan center2. %0e
term *
a
re1re2ent2 t0e increa2e of t0e 1at0 lo22 for ,a2e 2tation antenna2
,elow t0e roof to1 of t0e ad?acent ,uilding2. %0e term2 *
d
and *
f
control t0e
de1endence of t0e multi&2creen diffraction lo22 ver2u2 di2tance and radio
fre4uenc-6 re21ectivel-.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 29(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
If t0e data on t0e 2tructure of ,uilding2 and road2 are unknown t0e following
default value2 are recommended.
{ }
( m m
w
(
h m num(er of floors roof
roof
m pitched
m flat
roof

'

2: 5:
2
3
3
:
#:
:

%0e o2t&231&@alfi20&Ikegami model i2 re2tricted to>

f E 6@@000&@@@ #$%
h
Base
E -000.@ m
h
#o(ile
E !0003 m
d E @0@&000. *m
%0e o2t&231&@alfi20&Ikegami model i2 good .mean 1rediction error M3 dB6
2tandard deviation M(&9 dB/ for an antenna 0eig0t greater t0an t0e mean
roofto1 level6 ,ut ,ecome2 wor2e for 2mall gra"ing angle2 and w0en t0e
antenna i2 located ,elow t0e roofto1 level. %0e +odel 0a2 ,een te2ted u2ing
#:: +'" and 1.9 G'" ,and2 and di2tance2 from 1:: m to 3 km.
3.2.3.2. C"/&'a)& T:'&3:"+ a# C&++ Ra#)&
overage t0re20old i2 t0e downlink 2ignal 2trengt0 at t0e coverage area
,order for a given location 1ro,a,ilit-. overage t0re20old i2 calculated ,-
adding 2low fading margin .and ,uilding 1enetration lo22 w0en calculating
coverage t0re20old indoor2/ to +! i2otro1ic 1ower. *or e3am1le if t0e +!
i2otro1ic 1ower i2 &## dBm and if t0e location 1ro,a,ilit- outdoor2 i2
re4uired to ,e #:G. If t0e 2tandard deviation i2 B dB and correction factor i2
: dB t0en t0e 2low fading margin i2 calculated to ,e (65 dB. alculated
coverage t0re20old in t0i2 ca2e i2 t0en &## dBm J (65 dB K &#(65 dBm. %0e
coverage t0re20old in dBA)m can ,e calculated u2ing E4uation 3 &2.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 30(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e cell range for indoor and outdoor coverage i2 an roug0 indication a,out
t0e cell range in t0e different area t-1e2 and can ,e u2ed for network
dimen2ioning e.g. wit0 <et8im a11lication. It can al2o ,e u2ed for
com1aring t0e effect of different e4ui1ment 21ecification2 and antenna
0eig0t2. %0e cell range i2 calculated u2ing t0e 2elected 1ro1agation model
.$kumura&'ata or @alfi20&Ikegami/ and t0e calculated i2otro1ic 1at0 lo22
value.
5n e3am1le of t0e 1ower ,udget calculation2 20eet i2 de1icted in t0e
following figure6 w0ere all t0e 1arameter2 affecting cell range and coverage
t0re20old.
)igure 3!30 E<ample of the power (udget calculation EFCE9 sheet0
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 31(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
3.3. S+"% Fa!#) Ma')!# a# L".a*!"# P'"6a6!+!*4 =S!#)+& C&++>
52 it wa2 mentioned in Paragra10 1.2.1.3 t0e 2low fading de2cri,e2 t0e
variation2 of t0e average 2ignal 2trengt0 due to diffraction26 cau2ed ,- t0e
o,2tacle2 on t0e 2ignal 1at06 of t0e 2ignal. %0e 2low fading .log&normal
fading/ i2 normal di2tri,uted wit0 t0e di2tri,ution function )6)B)9)1()
p r e
r r
m
. /
. /

1
2
2
2
2
2

Equation 3&.
w0ere
r
m
i2 t0e mean value of t0e random varia,le r and i2 t0e 2tandard
deviation6 e31re22ed in dB. %0e normal random varia,le r in E4uation 3
&25 re1re2ent2 t0e 2low fading.
%0e 1ro,a,ilit-
p
<
:
t0at r e3ceed2 2ome t0re20old6 <
@
at a given 1oint in2ide
t0e cell i2 called t0e 1oint location 1ro,a,ilit-. %0e 1oint location 1ro,a,ilit-
can ,e written a2 t0e u11er tail 1ro,a,ilit- of E4uation 3 &25. )9)1()
p e dr
erf
< r
<
r r
<
m
m
:
2
2
:
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
2
:

_
,

. /
Equation 3&/
*igure 3 &1( de2cri,e2 t0e relation ,etween 2low fading margin and 1oint
location 1ro,a,ilit- calculated u2ing E4uation 3 &266 w0ere t0e 2low fading
margin i2 t0e 2u,traction
< r
m :

. <
@
i2 t0e t0re20old for received 2ignal
2trengt0 and
r
m
i2 t0e median .and 0ence t0e mean of t0e log&normal/
received 2ignal 2trengt0 at a di2tance of r .km/ from t0e ,a2e 2tation
calculated u2ing $!%&231&$kumura&'ata&formula.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 32(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e u2ed 1arameter2 are> 3*a#a' &/!a*!"# ; B6 -a5!-(- a++"%&
2a*:+"33 15485 B6 BTS &,,&.*!/& a#*&##a :&!):* 37 -&*&'36 MS a#*&##a
:&!):* 1.5 -&*&'36 ."''&.*!"# ,a.*"' 7 B and 6(!+!#) 2&#&*'a*!"# +"33 7
B.
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
7
6
,
5
4
1
,
3
3
1
,
5
2
5
,
6
2
1
,
3
1
8
,
0
1
5
,
2
1
2
,
9
1
0
,
9
9
,
1
7
,
5
6
,
1
4
,
8
3
,
6
2
,
4
1
,
4
0
,
4
-
0
,
5
-
1
,
4
-
2
,
2
-
3
,
0
-
3
,
7
-
4
,
4
-
5
,
1
-
5
,
8
-
6
,
4
-
7
,
0
-
7
,
5
-
8
,
1
Slow Fading Margin (dB)
P
o
i
n
t

L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
)igure 3!-0 Point location pro(a(ilit3 vs0 slow fading margin0
52 it can ,e 2een from t0e figure a,ove t0e 2low fading margin i2 : dB w0en
t0e 1oint location 1ro,a,ilit- i2 5:G. But if ,etter location 1ro,a,ilit- i2
re4ue2ted i.e. ,etter guarantee2 t0at t0e received field 2trengt0 i2 0ig0 enoug0
t0e 1oint location 1ro,a,ilit- mu2t ,e increa2ed w0ic0 mean2 t0at t0e 2low
fading margin increa2e2 and at t0e 2ame time t0e allowed 1at0 lo22 decrea2e2.
%0e onl- wa- to decrea2e t0e calculated 1at0 lo22 .in order to increa2e t0e
1oint location 1ro,a,ilit-/ i2 to decrea2e t0e cell range. %0i2 i2 de2cri,ed in
t0e figure ,elow w0ere t0e dotted circle i2 decrea2ed cell 2i"e wit0 t0e 2low
fading margin of (.5 dB.
P
:
P
:
A 57B
A ;4B
R
A485 B
A7 B < r
m :

< r
m :

)igure 3!.0 5escription of slow fading margin0
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 33(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
If location 1ro,a,ilit- at t0e cell edge6 P
h
6 .1oint location 1ro,a,ilit-/
increa2e2 from 5:G to B(G t0en t0e 2low fading margin increa2e2 from : dB
to (65 dB .w0en i2 B dB/ and t0erefore decrea2e2 t0e cell range. @0en t0e
2low fading margin i2 (65 dB t0e received field 2trengt0 mu2t ,e (65 dB
,etter t0an t0e i2otro1ic 1ower in order to fulfill t0e 1oint location
1ro,a,ilit- re4uirement of B(G.
Coverage location pro(a(ilit3 outdoors i2 a 1arameter t0at de2cri,e2 t0e
1ro,a,ilit- t0at t0e received 2ignal 2trengt0 outdoor2 e3ceed2 t0e minimum
needed 2ignal 2trengt0 at t0e mo,ile receiver in order to make a 2ucce22ful
10one call. *or e3am1le if t0e 2en2itivit- of mo,ile 10one i2 &1:2 dBm and
t0e 5dditional *a2t *ading +argin i2 2 dB t0e I2otro1ic 1ower i2 t0en &#9
dBm. %0e i2otro1ic 1ower i2 t0e minimum needed average 1ower level in
dBm t0at mu2t ,e received ,- t0e +!.
%0e 1oint location 1ro,a,ilit- can ,e converted to area location 1ro,a,ilit-
w0ic0 mean2 1ro,a,ilit- t0at t0e received field 2trengt0 i2 ,etter t0an t0e
minimum needed 2ignal 2trengt0 wit0in t0e cell. )
u
define2 t0e fraction of
u2eful 2ervice area wit0in a circle of radiu2 2 w0ere t0e 2ignal level received
,- t0e mo,ile 2tation e3ceed2 a given t0re20old <
@
. If
p
<
:
i2 t0e 1ro,a,ilit-
t0at t0e received 2ignal6 r 6 e3ceed2 <
@
in an area dA6 t0en )9)
)
2
p dA
u <

1
2
:

Equation 3&1
%0e mean value of t0e received 2ignal 2trengt06
r
m
6 can ,e written a2
r P
d
2

_
,

:
log
Equation 3&6
w0ere P
@
6 e31re22ed in dB6 i2 t0e field 2trengt0 at t0e cell edge and d i2 t0e
di2tance from ,a2e 2tation to 2ome 1oint in2ide t0e cell coverage area6 2 i2
t0e di2tance from t0e ,a2e 2tation to t0e cell edge and de2cri,e2 0ow t0e
average received 2ignal 2trengt0 de1end2 on t0e di2tance from ,a2e 2tation.
%0e value for .2lo1e/ de1end2 on effective ,a2e 2tation antenna 0eig0t .h
(
/
and it can ,e calculated u2ing following em1irical e4uation ,- 'ata )3)9)#)
(( # 655
1:
. . log . / h
(
Equation 3&:
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 34(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e range of value2 for i2 from 2: .free 21ace lo22/ to (: .mo,ile 1at0
lo22/. 'owever t0e mo2t commonl- u2ed value for in mo,ile 1at0 i2 33.9
meaning t0at t0e ,a2e 2tation effective antenna 0eig0t h
(
i2 a,out 5: meter2. )
9)
p erf
< P
r
2
<
:
1
2
1
2 2
: : 1:

+

_
,

_
,

log
Equation 33@
%0en if
a
< P

. /
: :
2
and (
e

_
,

log
1:
2
t0e E4uation 3 &3: can ,e
written a2 )9)
) erf a e erf
a (
(
u
a (
(
+ +
+

_
,

1
]
1

'

_
,

1
2
1 1
1
2 1
2
. /
Equation 33!
D2ing E4uation 3 &31 t0e location 1ro,a,ilit- over w0ole cell coverage area
can ,e calculated. %0e difference ,etween location 1ro,a,ilit- at t0e cell
edge .1oint location 1ro,a,ilit-/ and area location 1ro,a,ilit- can ,e 2een
from figure ,elow.
P"!#* L".a*!"# P'"6a6!+!*4
A'&a L".a*!"# P'"6a6!+!*4
F
(
C&++ E)& L".a*!"# P'"6a6!+!*4
P
:
)igure 3!/0 Parameters needed in location pro(a(ilit3 calculations0
<ow if t0e 2tandard deviation i2 B dB6 i2otro1ic 1at0 lo22 15(65 dBm6
correction factor i2 : dB .ur,an area/ and fre4uenc- i2 19:: +'" t0e 5:G
location 1ro,a,ilit- at t0e cell edge can ,e converted to t0e location
1ro,a,ilit- of B6.9G over t0e w0ole cell area ,- u2ing E4uation 3 &31. If t0e
re4uirement for location 1ro,a,ilit- over t0e cell area i2 2et to ,e #:G t0e
2low fading margin needed to increa2e t0e area location 1ro,a,ilit- from
B6.9G to #:G can ,e derived from t0e E4uation 3 &31. !low fading margin
i2 (.5 dB and location 1ro,a,ilit- at t0e cell edge6 P
h
.u2ing E4uation 3 &26/
i2 B(.:G.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 35(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
*rom t0e 1icture ,elow t0e relation ,etween t0e 1oint location 1ro,a,ilit-
and t0e cell area 1ro,a,ilit-6 outdoor26 can ,e 2een. In t0i2 ca2e t0e BTS
&,,&.*!/& a#*&##a :&!):* !3 37 -&*&'36 '&.&!/&' 3&#3!*!/!*4 !3 1172 B-6
2a*: +"33 3+"2& !3 33.8 B and 3*a#a' &/!a*!"# !3 ; B.
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0
,
0
2
0
,
1
8
0
,
3
4
0
,
5
0
,
6
6
0
,
8
2
0
,
9
8
1
,
1
4
1
,
3
1
,
4
6
1
,
6
2
1
,
7
8
1
,
9
4
2
,
1
2
,
2
6
2
,
4
2
2
,
5
8
2
,
7
4
2
,
9
3
,
0
6
3
,
2
2
3
,
3
8
3
,
5
4
3
,
7
3
,
8
6
4
,
0
2
4
,
1
8
4
,
3
4
4
,
5
4
,
6
6
4
,
8
2
4
,
9
8
Ditance from bae tation (!m)
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

"
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Point
#rea
)igure 3!10 Comparison of cell edge location pro(a(ilit3 and cell area location
pro(a(ilit3 outdoors0
The coverage location pro(a(ilit3 indoors de2cri,e2 t0e 1ro,a,ilit- t0at t0e
received 2ignal 2trengt0 indoor2 e3ceed2 t0e minimum needed 2ignal 2trengt0
at t0e receiver. 5ll t0e calculation formula2 are e3actl- t0e 2ame a2 for t0e
calculation of t0e outdoor coverage location 1ro,a,ilit-. %0e difference2
,etween t0e two location 1ro,a,ilit- calculation2 are> w0en calculating
indoor location 1ro,a,ilit- 2tandard deviation i2 re1laced ,- 2tandard
deviation indoor2 and t0e average ,uilding 1enetration lo22 i2 added to t0e
calculated 2low fading margin. Becau2e t0e 2tandard deviation indoor2 i2
0ig0er t0an 2tandard deviation .outdoor2/ t0e increa2e of indoor location
1ro,a,ilit- decrea2e2 t0e cell range more t0an t0e increa2e of outdoor
location 1ro,a,ilit-. In t0e *igure 3 &19 t0e com1ari2on of 1oint location
1ro,a,ilit- and area location 1ro,a,ilit- indoor2 i2 20own.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 36(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
%0e average 6(!+!#) 2&#&*'a*!"# +"33 !3 14 B and 3*a#a' &/!a*!"#
!#""'3 !3 17 B .re1lacing t0e 2tandard deviation/ ot0erwi2e all t0e
1arameter2 are e3actl- t0e 2ame a2 in *igure 3 &1B.
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0
,
0
2
0
,
1
8
0
,
3
4
0
,
5
0
,
6
6
0
,
8
2
0
,
9
8
1
,
1
4
1
,
3
1
,
4
6
1
,
6
2
1
,
7
8
1
,
9
4
2
,
1
2
,
2
6
2
,
4
2
2
,
5
8
2
,
7
4
2
,
9
3
,
0
6
3
,
2
2
3
,
3
8
3
,
5
4
3
,
7
3
,
8
6
4
,
0
2
4
,
1
8
4
,
3
4
4
,
5
4
,
6
6
4
,
8
2
4
,
9
8
Ditance from bae tation (!m)
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

"
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Point
#rea
)igure 3!60 Comparison of cell edge location pro(a(ilit3 and cell area location
pro(a(ilit3 indoors0
If t0e location 1ro,a,ilit- over t0e w0ole cell coverage area i2 #:G6 t0e
location 1ro,a,ilit- on cell edge6 w0ic0 can ,e calculated ,- u2ing E4uation
3 &266 i2 B#.2G. %0e 2low fading margin i2 t0en 9.#6 dB and t0e cell range
:.#9 km. %0e minimum needed received 2ignal 2trengt0 for indoor2 can not
,e calculated 2traig0t forward ,- adding 2low fading margin to t0e i2otro1ic
1ower ,ut t0e average ,uilding 1enetration lo22 mu2t ,e added to i2otro1ic
1ower a2 well. %0erefore t0e minimum needed received 2ignal 2trengt0 i2 &##
dBm J 9.#6 dB J 1( dB K B6 dBm. %0i2 i2 ,ecau2e t0e 2ignal mu2t 1enetrate
in2ide t0e ,uilding2 and of cour2e all t0e ,uilding wall2 will increa2e t0e 1at0
lo22 and t0e logical cell range i2 muc0 2maller and t0e num,er of ,a2e
2tation2 i2 greater t0an in outdoor coverage 2ituation.
%0e value2 of location 1ro,a,ilit- on E7EL dimen2ioning ta,le2 are 2ingle
cell value2. %0i2 i2 not t0e ca2e in real life. If 1ractical cellular network i2
under 2tud- t0ere are at lea2t two or t0ree ,a2e 2tation almo2t alwa-2
availa,le for t0e mo,ile located clo2e to cell edge2.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 37(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
4. DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY
DATE ISSUE AUTHOR SUMMARY OF CHANGES
30 Sep 1997 10 !"##$ Re"%&%e% 1#' (e)e&#e
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 38(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
5. REFERENCES
1. G!+ :5.:5. 2adio Tarnsmission and 2eception. Euro1ean
%elecommunication2 !tandard2 In2titute6 1##(. (1 1.

2. G!+ :3.:3. 2adio 'etwor* Planning Aspects. Euro1ean
%elecommunication2 !tandard2 In2titute6 1##(. 26 1.
3. 'ata6 +. Empirical )ormula for Propagation 9oss in 9an #o(ile
2adio Services. IEEE %ran2action2 on Ae0icular %ec0nolog- A%&
2#.1#9:/36 11. 31B&325.
(. %urkmani6 5.+.8N 5rowo?olu6 5.5. An E<perimental Evaluation
of the Performance of twoBranch Space and Polari%ation
5iversit3 Schemes at !6@@ #$%. IEEE %ran2action2 on Ae0icular
%ec0nolog- ((.1##5/26 11. 319&326.
5. Lemieu36 L&*N El&%ann- +.!N 'afe"6 '.+. E<perimental
Evaluation of SpaceC)requenc3CPolari%ation 5iversit3 in Indoor
+ireless Channel. IEEE %ran2action2 on Ae0icular %ec0nolog-
(:.1##1/36 11. 56#&5B(.
6. Lee6 @..O. Telecommunications S3stems. D!5 1#9#6 +cGraw&
'ill. ((# 1.
B. Lee6 @..O. #o(ile Communications 5esign )undamentals. D!5
1##36 2nd ed. Lo0n @ile- P !on2. 3B2 1.
9. Lake26 @..Lr. #icrowave #o(ile Communications. D!5 1#B(6
Lo0n @ile- P !on2. (B3 1.
#. @orking Grou1 2 ;D'* Pro1agation=. >r(an Transmission 9oss
#odels for #o(ile 2adio in the :@@ and !6@@ #$% Bands. 'ague
1##16 $!% 231 %8 .#:/ 11# Rev.2. # 1.
1:. Ga0leitner6 RN Bonek6 E. 2adio +ave Penetration into >r(an
Buildings in Small and #icrocells. IEEE ((t0 Ae0icular
%ec0nolog- onfrence6 !tock0olm6 9.&1:.6.1##(. <ew Oork 1##(6
IEEE. 11. 99B&9#1.
11. 0ia6 !. Providing >(iqiuitos Cellular Coverage for a 5ense
>r(an Environment. IEEE ((t0 Ae0icular %ec0nolog-
onfrence6 !tock0olm6 9.&1:.6.1##(. <ew Oork 1##(6 IEEE. 11.
1:(5&1:(#.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 39(40)
POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS
12. %ani26 @.L.6 IIN Pilato6 G.L. Building penetration characteristics of
66@ #$% and !:&& #$% radio waves. Proceeding2 of 1##3 IEEE
Ae0icular %ec0nolog- onference .A%/6 !ecaucu26 D!56 19.&
2:.5.1##3. <ew Oork 1##36 IEEE. 11. 2:6&2:#.
13. 5guirre6 !.N Loew6 L.'.N Oe0 Lo. 2adio propagation into (uildings
at :!&G !:&@G and .::@ #$% using microcells. Proceeding2 of
1##( 3rd IEEE International onference on Dniver2al Per2onal
ommunication26 !an 8iego6 D!56 2B.#&1.1:.1##(. <ew Oork
1##36 IEEE. 11. 12#&13(.
1(. Par2on26 8. The #o(ile 2adio Propagation Channel. Great Britain
1##(6 BP @0eaton2 Ltd. 11. 316.
15. <okia %elecommunication2. 'etwor* Planning 8verview. E21oo
1##(. #9 1.
Number/Version Date Page
NTCD /1.0 09.97 40(40)