O LO Z O O

OSI was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and introduced in 1984. It is a layered architecture (consists of seven layers). Each layer defines a set of functions which takes part in data communication.

OSI Model

N
2

G
1

IE S
1

OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Layer - 6 Layer - 5 Layer - 4 Layer - 3 Layer - 2 Layer - 1

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Core layer of the OSI

O LO

Network support Layers or Hardware Layers

Application Application

O O

Presentation Session

Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application Layer

Application Layer is responsible for providing an interface for the users to interact with application services or Networking Services . Ex: Web browser etc. Identification of Services is done using Port Numbers (Service Point Addresses). Port is a logical communication Channel Port number is a 16 bit identifier. Total No. Ports 0 65535 Server Ports 1 - 1023 Client Ports 1024 65535

N
4

G
3

IE S
2

User support Layers or Software Layers

Examples of Networking Services Service Port No.

HTTP
FTP SMTP TELNET TFTP

80
21 25 23 69

O LO N
Data
53 67 69

O O

Data flow from Application Layer

80 21 25

Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

6

Application

G
5

IE S
3

Presentation Layer

Application Presentation Presentation Session Transport

Data Link Physical

O LO
Data
Data

O O

Data flow from Presentation Layer

Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application

N
8

G
7

Network

Presentation Layer It is responsible for defining a standard format to the data. It deals with data presentation. The major functions described at this layer are.. Encoding Decoding Ex: ASCII, EBCDIC (Text) JPEG,GIF,TIFF (Graphics) MIDI,WAV (Voice) MPEG,DAT,AVI (Video) Encryption Decryption Compression Decompression

IE S
4

Session Layer

Application

Presentation
Session Session Transport

Session Layer It is responsible for establishing, maintaining and terminating the sessions. Session ID is used to identify a session or interaction.

Data Link Physical

O LO
Data
Data Data

O O

Data flow from Session Layer

Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application

N
10

G
9

Network

Examples : RPC Remote Procedural Call SQL Structured Query Language ASP AppleTalk Session protocol

IE S
5

Transport Layer

Application

Presentation
Session Transport Transport

Identifying Service Segmentation Error Correction Flow Control

Data Link Physical

O LO
UDP
User Datagram Protocol Connection Less No support for Acks Unreliable communication Faster data Transportation Protocol No is 17 Eg: DNS, DHCP, TFTP

Sequencing & Reassembling

Services are identified at this layer with the help of Port Nos. The major protocols which takes care of Data Transportation at Transport layer areTCP,UDP

O O

Transmission Control Protocol Connection Oriented Supports Acks Reliable communication Slower data Transportation Protocol No is 6 Eg: HTTP, FTP, SMTP

Identifying a Service

TCP

N

12

G
11

Network

Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

IE S
6

Transport Layer It provides data delivery mechanism between the applications in the network. The major functions described at the Transport Layer are..

Connection Establishment

O LO T M O O E
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Presentation Session
80 21 25 53 67 69

TCP - 6

Application

Transport
UDP - 17

Network Data Link Physical

14

G
13

IE S
7

Segmentation

Hello! How Are

You

O LO
How You You Hello! ? Are Hello! ? How Are

O O

Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! HowHow are ? you ? You Hello! Are

N
B
16

G
15

IE S
8

Hello! How are you ?

Flow Control

Window Size = 1 Send 1 Send 2 Window Size = 3 Send 1 Send 2 Send 3 Send 4 Receive 1 Receive 2 Receive 3 Ack 4 Receive 1 Ack 2 Receive 2 Ack 3

O LO
B

Error Correction

N
B

O O

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Send 1 Send 2 Send 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ack 4 Send 4 Send 5 Send 6 Ack 5 Send 5 Ack 7

18

G
17

IE S
9

Data flow from Transport Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical TH

Data Data Data Data

Segment

O LO
Network Layer Routed Protocols:
IP, IPX, AppleTalk.. Etc Routed protocols used to carry user data between hosts.

Application

Presentation Session

O O

Transport Network Network

Data Link Physical

Network Layer

It provides Logical addressing & Path determination (Routing) in this layer. The protocols that work in this layer are:

Routing Protocols:
RIP, OSPF.. Etc Routing protocols performs Path determination (Routing).

N
20

G
19

IE S
10

Routing Protocols

O LO E C H
Data
Data Data Segment NH Segment

Data flow from Network Layer

O O

Application

Presentation Session

Transport Network Data Link Physical

N
=
Packet
Devices that work at Network Layer are Router, Multilayer switch etc.. 22

G
21

IE S
11

Datalink Layer Datalink Layer Application

It has 2 sub layers MAC (Media Access Control) It provides reliable transit of data across a physical link.

Presentation
Session Transport

Data Data Link Link Physical

O LO
D-L Head
B

Negotiates with Network Layer using SAP & SNAP protocols

O O

algorithm is executed and device will calculate a FCS for data including L2 header. On receiving a frame on other end device will run same algorithm for data + L2 header If receiving value calculated value is same accepts the frame or else drop

FCS
A

Error Detection CRC Check

192.168.1.1 00-20-18-C0-07-71

DATA

N
192.168.1.2 00-20-18-C0-07-72
24

Network

LLC (Logical Link Control)

It provides communication with Network layer.

IE S
23

It also provides ERROR DETECTION using CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and ordered delivery of Frames. Ex: Ethernet, Token ringetc

12

Data flow from Data Link Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Data Data Data Segment Packet

DH Packet DT

Application

Presentation Session

O O

Transport Network Data Link Physical Physical

Physical Layer

Physical Layer
It defines the electrical, Mechanical & functional specifications for communication between the Network devices. The functions described at this layer are.. Encoding/decoding:
It is the process of converting the binary data into signals based on the type of the media.

H
Copper media : Electrical signals of different
voltages

Fiber media
wavelengths

Wireless media: Radio frequency waves Mode of transmision of signals:

Signal Communication happens in three different modes Simplex, Half-duplex, Full-duplex Protocols works at physical layer: 10BaseT, 100BaseT, 26 V.35, RS-232..etc

N
: Light pulses of different

O LO

Frame

Devices that work at Data link layer are Switch, Bridge etc.. 25

G
13

IE S

Physical Transmission of data Example:

Frame

O LO
Data
Data Data Segment Packet Frame Bits

0101011010101010101010101 1010101101010101010101010 0101011010101010101010101

O O

Devices that work at physical layer are .. Hub, Repeater.. Etc

Data flow from Physical Layer

Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application

N
28

G
27

IE S
14

Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Data Data

B
Application

Data

Data Segment Packet

Session

TH Data Segment
Packet Segment NH Packet Frame DH DT Bits

Transport Network

O LO
Frame Bits

OSI Layers

Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

O O

Application Application

Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

N
TCP/IP Layers Host-to-Host Internet Network Access
30

G
Data Link Physical
29

IE S
15

Data

Data

Presentation