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PSYCHOLOGY

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(8thEdition,inModules)
DavidMyers

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PowerPointSlides
AneeqAhmad
HendersonStateUniversity

WorthPublishers,2007

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1

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ClassicalConditioning

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Module21

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2

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ClassicalConditioning

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HowDoWeLearn?

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ClassicalConditioning
PavlovsExperiments

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ExtendingPavlovs
Understanding

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PavlovsLegacy

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Definition

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Learningisa relativelypermanentchangeinan
organismsbehaviorduetoexperience.

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Learningthusismoreflexible,unlikegenetically
programmedbehaviorsofsay,Chinooks.

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OBJECTIVE211|Definelearning,and

HowDoWeLearn?

identifytwoformsoflearning.

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Welearnbyassociation.Ourmindsnaturally
connecteventsthatoccurinsequence.

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Aristotle,2000yearsago,suggestedthislawof
association.Then200yearsagoLockeandHume
reiteratedthislaw.

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StimulusStimulusLearning

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Learningtoassociateonestimulus
withanother.

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StimulusStimulusLearning

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Learningtoassociateonestimulus
withanother.

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ResponseConsequenceLearning

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Learningtoassociatearesponse
withaconsequence.

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ResponseConsequenceLearning

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Learningtoassociatearesponse
withaconsequence.

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ClassicalConditioning

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Ideasaofclassicalconditioningoriginatefrom
oldphilosophicaltheories,howeveritwasa
RussianphysiologistIvanPavlov whoelucidated
classicalconditioning.Hisworkbecameseminal
forlaterbehavioristslikeJohnWatson andB.F.
Skinner.

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Sovfoto

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IvanPavlov(18491936)

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OBJECTIVE212|Explainhowan

PavlovsExperiments

unconditionedstimulus(US).

Beforeconditioningfood(Unconditioned
Stimulus,US)producessalivation
(UnconditionedResponse,UR).Thetone(neutral
stimulus)doesnot.

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UnconditionedStimulus(UCS):Astimulus

PavlovsExperiments

thatautomaticallyandnaturallytriggersa

Duringconditioning,neutralstimulus(tone)and
US(food)arepairedresultinginsalivation(UR).
Afterconditioningneutralstimulus(now
ConditionedStimulus,CS)elicitssalivation(now
ConditionedResponse,CR)

response.UnconditionedResponse(UCR):A
unlearned,naturallyoccurringresponsetothe
unconditionedstimulus,likesalivationinthe
dogwhenfoodisinthemouth.

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OBJECTIVE213|Describethetiming

Acquisition

requirementsfortheinitiallearningofa
stimulusresponserelationship.

Theinitialstageinclassicalconditioning.
duringwhichassociationbetweenaneutral
stimulusandaUStakesplace.

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1. Neutralstimulusneedstocomebeforethe
USforconditioningtooccur(mostcases).

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2. Thetimebetweenthetwostimulishouldbe
abouthalfasecond.

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Acquisition

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TheCSneedstocomehalfasecondbefore
theUStocauseacquisition.

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OBJECTIVE214|Summarizetheprocessesof

Extinction

extinction,spontaneousrecovery,
generalization,anddiscrimination.

WhenaUS(food)doesnotfollowaCS(tone)
CR(salivation)startstodecreaseandatsome
pointgoesextinct.

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SpontaneousRecovery

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AfterarestperiodanextinguishedCR
(salivation)spontaneouslyrecoversandifCS
(tone)persistsalonebecomesextinctagain.

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StimulusGeneralization

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Tendencytorespondto
stimulisimilartoCSis
calledgeneralization.Pavlov
conditionedthedogs
salivation(CR)byusing
miniaturevibrators(CS)to
thethigh.Whenhe
subsequentlystimulated
otherpartsofthedogs
body,salivationdropped.

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OBJECTIVE215|Discussthesurvivalvalue

StimulusDiscrimination

ofextinction,spontaneousrecovery,
generalizationanddiscrimination.

Discrimination isthelearnedabilityto
distinguishbetweenaCSandotherstimuli
thatdonotsignalaUS.

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ExtendingPavlovsUnderstanding

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PavlovandWatsonconsideredconsciousness
ormindnotfitforscientificstudyof
psychology.However,theyunderestimated
theimportancecognitiveprocesses and
biologicalconstraints.

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OBJECTIVE216|Discusstheimportanceof

CognitiveProcesses

cognitiveprocessesinclassicalconditioning.

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Earlybehavioristsbelievedthatlearnt
behaviorsofvariousanimalscouldbereduced
tomindlessmechanisms.

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However,laterbehavioristssuggestedthat
animalslearnpredictabilityofastimulus,thus
learnexpectancy orawareness ofastimulus
(Rescorla,1988).

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OBJECTIVE217|Describesomeoftheways

BiologicalPredispositions

thatbiologicalpredispositioncanaffect
learningbyclassicalconditioning.

PavlovandWatsonbelievedthatlawsof
learningweresimilaracrossallanimals.
Learninginapigeonandapersonwasnot
different.

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However,laterbehavioristssuggestedthat
learningwasconstrainedbyanimalsbiology.

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BiologicalPredispositions

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Courtesy of John Garcia

Garciashowedthatduration
betweenCSandUScanbelong
(hours)andyetresultin
conditioning.Biologicallyadaptive
CS(taste)ledtoconditioningandnot
others(lightorsound).

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JohnGarcia

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BiologicalPredispositions

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Evenhumansdevelop classicallyconditioned
nausea.

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OBJECTIVE218|SummarizePavlovs

PavlovsLegacy

contributiontoourunderstandingoflearning.

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Pavlovsgreatestcontribution
topsychologyisisolating
elementarybehaviorsfrom
morecomplexonesthrough
objectivescientific
procedures.

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IvanPavlov
(1849-1936)
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OBJECTIVE219|Describesomeusesof

ApplicationsofClassical
Conditioning

classicalconditioningtoimprovehuman
healthandwellbeing.

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Watsonusedclassical
conditioningproceduresto
developadvertising
campaignsforanumberof
organizationsincluding
MaxwellHouse,making
coffeebreakanAmerican
custom.

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Brown Brothers

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JohnB.Watson
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ApplicationsofClassical
Conditioning

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1. Alcoholicscanbeconditioned(aversively)
partlyreversingtheirpositiveassociations
withalcohol.
2. Adrug(plusitstaste)thataffectsthe
immuneresponse,canleadthetasteto
invoketheimmuneresponsethrough
classicalconditioning.

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