ENERGY CONSERVING BUILDING DESIGN

A.SET GOAL
. Set an energy performance goal . Review case studies that demonstrate enhanced energy performance
. Allocate sufficient funds for an integrated design process

B.ORGANIZE DESIGN TEAM

. Select a multi-disciplinary team

. Adopt an integrated design approach . Educate the project team on goals, costs, and benefits

C.PRE-DESIGN
. Conduct a comprehensive evaluation that addresses architecture, energy, and environmental issues
. Identify synergies between design concepts and energy use

. Develop scope of work, project budget, and schedule

D.SCHEMATIC DESIGN
. Analyze the site and building orientation with energy performance in mind . Use natural shading features to reduce cooling load . Consider daylighting to reduce electrical lighting requirement and the airconditioning load

. Review energy strategies with an energy expert . Begin energy analysis of design concepts

. Right-size mechanical systems based on anticipated performance and loads

. Compare estimated energy use to design target . Make adjustments and integrate energy performance strategies

Basic Design Considerations

Insulation Ventilation Zoning Lighting

Use GUIDELINES ON ENERGY CONSERVING DESIGNS 0F BUILDING manual published by DOE and IIEE as follows :

BRIEF OVERVIEW
GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY CONSERVING DESIGN OF BUILDINGS

Sets out the minimum requirements and standards for achieving energy efficiency in building sectors

1992: The Guidelines was approved by DPWH as a referral code of the National Building Code; published by DOE in 1993

Referral Codes - the applicable provisions of the various agency and technical professional codes that are supplementary to the Code (NBC).

2006: Under DOE-PELMATP Project, IIEE leads the review/updating; participated by ASHRAE, PSME, PSVARE, ENMAP, MERALCO, DTI, DPWH & DOE APRIL 15, 2008 DOE, DILG & DPWH SIGNED THE MOA

CONTENTS

Section 1. Section 2. Section 3. Section 4 Section 5. Section 6.

Section 7.

Purpose Scope Lighting Electric Power & Distribution Building Envelope Air Conditioning & Ventilating Systems Steam & Hot Water Systems

SECTION 1

- PURPOSE

To encourage and promote energy conserving design of buildings and their services to reduce the use of energy with due regard to the cost effectiveness, building function, and comfort, health, safety and productivity of the occupants.

To prescribe guidelines and minimum requirements for the energy conserving design of new buildings and provide methods for determining compliance with the same to make them always energy-efficient.

SECTION 2

APPLICATION AND
EXEMPTION

These guidelines are applicable to the design of new buildings and their systems; and any expansion and/or modification of buildings/systems.

These guidelines shall not be used to circumvent any applicable safety, health or environmental requirements. Exemptions: Residential dwelling units; and Areas with industrial/manufacturing processes.

SECTION 3
SCOPE

- LIGHTING

Interior spaces of building

Exterior areas of buildings (entrances, exits, loading docks, parking areas, etc.) Roads grounds and other exterior areas where lighting is required and is energized through the buildings electrical service

Section 3 Lighting

EXEMPTIONS
The following are exempted but are encouraged to use energy-efficient lighting whenever applicable:

Areas for theatrical productions, tv broadcasting, audiovisual presentation Specialized luminaires for medical or dental purposes Outdoor athletic facilities Display lighting for art exhibits or in galleries, museums and monuments

Special lighting for research lab Emergency lighting High-risk security areas Rooms for elderly/disable

Section 3 Lighting

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

In the course of selecting an appropriate indoor illumination for a space, energy efficiency should be taken into consideration in addition to other lighting requirements.
This Guideline sets out the minimum requirements for achieving energy efficient lighting installations in which measure is generally expressed in terms of :

illumination level luminous efficacy lighting power density

Section 3 Lighting

OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

Lighting Controls Task- oriented lighting Integrated lighting and air conditioning systems for heat removal capabilities

Reference to lamps coloring rendering indices

Recommended room surface reflectances

Efficacy Ranges and Color Rendering Indices of Various Lamps

Lamp Type Rated Power Efficacy Ranges Ranges (lumens per (watts) watt) Minimum Color Rendering Index (CRI)
100 80

Incandescent Lamp Compact Fluorescent Lamp

10 - 100 3 - 125

10 25 41 - 65

Linear Fluorescent Lamp halophosphate triphosphor

Mercury Vapor Lamp

10 40 14 - 65

55 - 70 60 - 83

70 80

50 -2000

40 - 63 75 - 95 100 - 180 80 - 130

20

Metal Halide Lamp

Low Pressure Sodium Lamp High Pressure Sodium Lamp

Up to 1000
20 -200 50 - 250

65
0 21

Color Rendering

The general expression for the effect of the light source on the color appearance of objects in conscious or subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a reference light source.

Color Rendering Index (CRI) The measure of the degree of color shift, which objects undergo when illuminated by the light source, as compared with color of those same objects when illuminated by a reference source of comparable temperature

Lighting Controls

Area > 10 sqm & connected load > 10 W/sqm: The whole area shall be controlled so that the load for the lights may be reduced by at least 50% while maintaining a reasonably uniform level of illuminance throughout the area. This may be done with the use of dimmers, by dual switching of alternate lamps, or by switching each luminaire or each lamp. The number of control points required shall be at least one for every 1,500 W of connected lighting load

Control Types and Equivalent Number of Control Points

Type of Control Manually operated on-off switch Occupancy Sensor Timer programmable from the space being controlled 3 Level step-control (including off) or pre-set dimming Equivalent Number of Control Points 1 2 2

4 Level step-control (including off) or pre-set dimming

Continuous (Automatic) dimming

Room Surface Reflectances

The highest practical room surface reflectance should be considered in the lighting design. The use of light finishes will attain the best overall efficiency of the entire lighting system. Dark surfaces should be avoided because these absorb light. The recommended room surface reflectances :
Surface
Ceilings Walls Furnitures

% Reflectance
80-92 40-60 26-44

Floors

21-39

Section 3 Lighting

Table 3.1 RECOMMENDED DESIGN ILLUMINANCE LEVELS

______________________________________________________________ Task Min. & Max. Applications (Lux) ______________________________________________________________ Lighting for 50 - 150 Circulation areas and corridors infrequently used 100 - 200 Stairs, escalators areas 100 - 200 Hotel bedrooms, lavatories Lighting for working interiors 200 - 300 300 - 750 300 - 750 500 - 1000 500 - 1000 Localized lighting 500 - 1000 for exacting tasks 750 - 1500 1000 - 2000 Infrequent reading and writing General offices, typing and computing Conference rooms Deep-plan general offices Drawing offices Proofreading Designing, architecture and machine engineering Detailed and precise work

*for additional area lighting, please refer to Appendix C of the IIEE-ELI Manual of Practice for Energy Efficien

MAXIMUM LIGHTING POWER DENSITY FOR BUILDING INTERIORS

____________________________________________________________________ Lighting Power Density Area/Activity (W/m2) ____________________________________________________________________
Auditoriums, Churches Food Service Snack Bars and Cafeteria Leisure/Dining Bar Offices and Banks Retail Stores (*) Type A (**) Type B (***) Shopping Centers/Malls/Arcades Clubs/Basements/Warehouses/ General Storage Areas Commercial Storage Areas/Halls Corridors/Closets Schools Preparatory/Elementary High School Technical/Universities Hospitals/Nursing Homes Hotels/Motels Lodging rooms/Guest rooms Public Areas Banquet/Exhibit 8 14 10 21 23 22 15 2 4 17 18 18 16 12 17 20

Maximum Values for Lighting Power for Building Exteriors Building Area/Space Lighting Power
Exits (w/ or w/o canopy) 60 W/Lm of door opening Entrance (w/o canopy) 90 W/Lm of door opening Entrance (w/ canopy) High traffic (e.g., retail,hotel, airport, theater, etc.) 100 W/m2 of area w/ canopy Light traffic (e.g.,hospital, office, school, etc.) 10 W/m2 of area w/ canopy Loading area 3 W/m2 Loading door 50 W/Lm of door opening Total power allowance for the exterior (inclusive of above allowances) of building perimeter for buildings of up to 5 storey (above ground) plus 6W/Lm of building perimeter for each additional storey

100 W/Lm

Section 3 Lighting

COMPILATION OF INFORMATION

Data of lamps and luminaires Projected illumination per area/application Lighting power density Relevant drawings and plans

SECTION 4 ELECTRIC POWER & DISTRIBUTION

SCOPE Applies to the energy conservation requirements of electric motors, transformers and distribution systems of buildings except those required for emergency purposes.

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

ELECTRIC MOTORS

This section shall apply to all permanently wired squirrel-cage induction type motors of 0.8 kW size and larger serving the building.

All Motors shall have full load efficiencies not less than the values specified in the guidelines (Table 4.1)
Motors operating more than 750 hours a year should be of high-efficiency type. (High efficiency motors are basically high flux density, low core loss and low current density motors which should be employed whenever applicable)

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

The nameplates of these motors shall include not only all the informations required by the Philippine Electrical Code, Part 1, but also the rated full load efficiency and full load power factor as determined by Philippine National Standard [PNS IEC 61972:2005 (IEC published 2002) Methods for Determining Losses and Efficiency of Three Phase Cage Induction Motors].

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

Table 4.1 MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE FULL LOAD EFFICIENCY

Efficiency (%) Motor Size 0.8 kW (1HP) 4.0 kW (5HP) 8.0 kW (10HP) 20.0 kW (25 HP) 40.0 kW (50 H) 60.0 kW (75HP) 80.0 kW (100HP) 120.0 kW (150HP) Standard 82.5 87.5 89.5 92.0 93.0 94.1 94.5 95.0 High -Efficiency 85.5 89.5 91.7 93.6 94.5 95.0 95.4 95.8

Notes: 1. Source: NEMA Standard MG1-1993 & 1998, Table 12-10

Motor Size
0.8 kW (1HP) 1.2 kW (1.5HP) 1.6 kW (2 HP) 2.4 kW (3 HP) 4.0 kW (5HP) 6.0 kW (7.5 HP) 8.0 kW (10 HP) 12.0 kW (15 HP) 16.0 kW (20 HP)

Open Drip-Proof Motors RPMs 1200 74.0 84.0 85.5 86.5 87.5 88.5 90.2 90.2 91.0 1800 80.0 84.0 84.0 86.5 87.5 88.5 89.5 91.0 91.0 3600 82.5 82.5 84.0 84.0 85.5 87.5 88.5 89.5 90.2

Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled Motors RPMs 1200 74.0 85.5 86.5 87.5 87.5 89.5 89.5 90.2 90.2 1800 80.0 84.0 84.0 87.5 87.5 89.5 89.5 91.0 91.0 3600 82.5 82.5 84.0 85.5 87.5 88.5 89.5 90.2 90.2

20.0 kW (25 HP) 24.0 kW (30 HP)

32.0 kW (40 HP) 40.0 kW (50 HP) 48 kW (60 HP) 60 kW (75 HP)

91.7 92.4
93.0 93.0 93.6 93.6

91.7 92.4
93.0 93.0 93.6 9.41

91.0 91.0
91.7 92.4 93.0 93.0

91.7 91.7
93.0 93.0 93.6 93.6

92.4 92.4
93.0 93.0 93.6 94.1

91.0 91.0
91.7 92.4 93.0 93.0

80 kW (100 HP)
100 kW (125 HP) 120 kW (150 HP) 160 kW (200 HP)

94.1
94.1 94.5 94.5

94.1
94.5 95.0 95.0

93.0
93.6 93.6 94.5

94.1
94.1 95.0 95.0

94.5
94.5 95.0 95.0

93.6
94.5 94.5 95.0

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

TRANSFORMERS
All owner-supplied transformers that are part of the building electrical system shall have efficiencies not lower than 98%. The transformer should be tested in accordance with relevant Philippine National Standards (PNS) at the test conditions of full load, free of harmonics and at unity power factor. Disconnect switches or breakers shall be provided at the primary (supply) side of transformers to allow electrical disconnection during no load period. Transformers located inside a building should have sufficient ventilation and should have a direct access from the passageway for ease of maintenance.

TRANSFORMERS
The average power factor of the loads being served by the transformers at any time should not be less than 85%. In cases where load power factors are below this value, capacitors or power factor improving devices shall be provided so that automatic or manual correction can be made.

Transformer load grouping schemes shall be so designed such that the transformers is loaded to not less than 75% of its full load ratings and that no-load circuits or partially loaded circuit combinations should be minimized as much as possible

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

POWER DISTRIBUTION
In the calculation of the wire sizes to be used, the Philippine Electrical Code, Part I has specified the procedure and the factors to be considered in order to arrive at the minimum acceptable wire size. The sum of the operating cost over the economic life of distribution system should be minimized rather than the initial cost only. Operating cost shall include but not limited to maintenance and energy losses.

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

METERING FOR ENERGY AUDIT Buildings whose demand designed connected electrical load is 750 kVA and above shall have the distribution system designed to include sub-metering facilities. Below 750kVA may adopt this for better energy monitoring system. The electrical power feeders/ branch circuits for each facility of the building for which sub-metering is required should be subdivided but not limited to the following categories: Lighting Load Chillers Air Handling Units, Unitary Air Conditioning Systems, etc. Other Motor Loads (Exhaust Fan, Pumps, etc.)

OTHER GOOD PRACTICES

Power quality considerations (Harmonics, unbalance currents, etc.) Office Equipment with power management or energy saving features Electrical Appliances Consumers should be encouraged to select and purchase energy efficient electrical appliances such as refrigerators, airconditioners, etc., which are under the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency Program

Demand Side Management (DSM)

SECTION 5 BUILDING ENVELOPE

SCOPE
This section applies to air-conditioned buildings with a total cooling load of 175 kW or greater. The requirements and guidelines of this section cover external walls, roofs and air leakage through the building envelope.

Section 5 Building Envelope

Design Criterion for Building Envelope:

Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)

The requirement which shall apply only to airconditioned buildings is aimed at achieving the energy conserving design for building envelopes so as to minimize external heat gain and thereby reduce the cooling load of the air conditioning system

Section 5 Building Envelope

Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)

The concept takes into consideration the three basic elements of heat gain through the external walls of a building: heat conduction through opaque walls; heat conduction through glass windows; solar radiation through the glass windows.

Maximum permissible OTTV : 45 W/m2.

Section 5 Building Envelope

OTTV Formula :
OTTV = (Aw x Uw x TDeq) + (Af x Uf x T) + (Af x SC x SF) /
Ao Where, OTTV : overall thermal transfer value (W/m2) Aw : opaque wall area (m2) Uw : thermal transmittance of opaque wall (W/m2 oK) TDeq : equivalent temperature difference (oK) Af : fenestration area (m2) Uf : thermal transmittance of fenestration (W/m2 oK) T : temperature difference between exterior and interior SC : shading coefficient of fenestration SF : solar factor (W/m2) Ao : gross area of exterior wall (m2) = Aw + Af

Section 5 Building Envelope

Solar Factor
The Solar Factor for vertical surfaces has been experimentally determined to be at 130 W/m2. This figure has to be modified by a correction factor when applied to a particular orientation and also if the fenestration component is sloped at an angle skyward. For the purpose of the building regulations, any construction having a slope angle of more than 70o with respect to the horizontal shall be treated as a wall. For a given orientation and angle of slope, the Solar Factor is to be calculated from the following formula:
SF = 130 x CF (W/m2)

Section 5 Building Envelope

CORRECTION FACTORS
Slope Angle
Orient ation

N
1.32 1.17 1.03 0.87 .72

NE

ES

SW W

NW

700 750 800 850 900

1.63 1.89 1.65 1.32 1.65 1.89 1.63 1.48 1.75 1.50 1.18 1.50 1.75 1.48 1.33 1.59 1.35 1.04 1.35 1.59 1.33 1.17 1.42 1.19 0.89 1.19 1.42 1.17 1.00 1.25 1.02 0.74 1.02 1.25 1.00

The correction factors for other orientations and other pitch angles can be found by interpolation.

Section 5 Building Envelope

OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS
Weatherstripping of Windows and Doors Enclosed doorways and entrances; self-closing doors where heavy traffic of people is anticipated Windows: Max. infiltration rate of 2.8 m3/hr per linear meter of sash crack tested at 75 Pa. pressure differential Swinging, revolving or sliding doors: Max. infiltration rate of 61.2 m3/hr per linear meter of door crack tested at 75 Pa. pressure differential; if inappropriate, use of air curtains

Section 5 Building Envelope

Units Located at the Perimeter of the

Building Envelope

Air-conditioned building where shops are located along the perimeter of the building envelope, the door openings shall be located in the interior of the building. However, where the door opening of the shop is designed to open to the exterior of the building, then that shop or unit shall have its own separate air conditioning system independent from the main or central system

Section 5 Building Envelope

5.4 Roof Insulation and Roof OTTV

Maximum Thermal Transmittance (W/m2 0K) Weight Group Light Medium Heavy Weight Range (kg/m2) Under 50 50 230 Over 230 Air Con Non AirCon 0.8 1.1 1.5

0.5 0.8 1.2

Section 5 Building Envelope

SUBMISSION PROCEDURE
At the time of submission of building plans, the architect or professional engineer should provide the following information on building envelope:

Drawings showing the cross sections of typical parts of the walls, windows & roof construction, details of the type and thickness of basic construction materials, insulation and air space; Calculation of the U-values of the walls & roof assembly Calculation of OTTVs

SECTION 6 AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATING SYSTEMS

SCOPE The requirements in this Section represent minimum design criteria. The designer should evaluate other energy conservation measures which may be applicable to the proposed building.

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems

SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

Load Calculation Calculation Procedures Cooling system design loads for the purpose of sizing system and equipment should be determined in accordance with the procedures in the latest edition of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals or other equivalent publications.

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems

SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

Indoor Design Conditions

The indoor conditions in an air-conditioned space shall conform to the following:

1. Design Dry Bulb Temperature 2. Design Relative Humidity 3. Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature 4. Minimum Dry Bulb Temperature 5. Maximum Relative Humidity 6. Minimum Relative Humidity

25C 55% 27C 23C 60 % 50 %

Note: Indoor design conditions may differ from those presented above because of special occupancy or process requirement,source control, air contamination or local regulations.

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems

SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

Outdoor

Design Conditions

The outdoor conditions shall be taken as follows: 1. Design Dry Bulb Temperature 35C 2. Design Wet Bulb Temperature 27C

Sizing Fan Systems Design Criteria Pumping System Design Criteria Air Distribution Criteria Ventilation Controls Insulation Piping Air Handling System Design

Minimum Performance Rating of Various Air Conditioning System

Air Conditioning Equipment Unitary A/C units Up to 20 kWr capacity 21 to 60 kWr capacity 61 to 120 kWr capacity Over 120 kWr capacity

EER

kWe/TR

10.3 9.8 9.7 9.5

Scroll chillers (up to 175 kWr) Air cooledWater cooledScrew chillers (above 245 kWr) Air cooledWater cooledCentrifugal chillers (up to 14 kWr) Water cooledNotes:
EER = kJ/kWh

1.0 0.8 0.8 0.65 0.58

kWe/TR = kilowatt electricity per ton of refrigeration 1TR = 3.51685 kWr

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems

6.3 System Design and Sizing

Air conditioning system and equipment shall be sized as close as possible to the space and system loads calculated in accordance with Section 6.2. The design of the system and the associated equipment and controls should take into account important factors such as nature of application, type of building construction, indoor and outdoor conditions, internal load patterns, control methods for efficient energy utilization and economic factors.

Centralized monitoring & controls Multiple units/incremental capacity

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems Multiple Units/Incremental Capacity For Chilled Systems 700 KW (200 TR) or less minimum of 2 chiller units. Above 700 KW to 4218 KW (1200 TR) minimum of 3 chiller units. Above 4218 KW to 8787 KW (2500 TR) minimum of 4 chiller units. Above 8787 KW depends on the good judgment of the design engineer. Water

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems

Mechanical Ventilation (Non- A/C Buildings)

Where site conditions dictate that the normal requirements for natural lighting and ventilation cannot be met, the building regulations may allow the use of mechanical ventilation as substitute.
According to the regulations, the quantity of fresh air supply for mechanical ventilation of any room or space in a building shall be in accordance with the specified rates

SECTION 7- STEAM AND HOT WATER SYSTEMS

SCOPE
This section applies to the energy conserving design of steam and hot water services in buildings that include but not limited to hotels, restaurants, hospitals, laundry. The purpose of this section is to provide the criteria and minimum standards for energy efficiency in the design and equipment selection that will provide energy savings when applied to steam and hot water systems.

Section 7 Steam and Hot water Systems

System Design and Sizing Minimum Equipment Efficiency Minimum performance ratings of steam and hot water systems equipment Table 7.1.

Hot water temperature The maximum hot water supply temperatures shall be as follows: For washing, etc. 450C For hot baths 450C For kitchen use 600C

Controls Piping Insulation

Table 7.1 Minimum Performance Ratings of Steam and Hot Water Systems Equipment

Equipment Shell Boiler (light oil fired) @ Rated Capacity @ Part Load Capacity Shell Boiler (heavy oil fired) @ Rated Capacity @ Part Load Capacity

Minimum Criteria 85% boiler eff. 80% boiler eff.

85% boiler eff. 80% boiler eff.

Unfired Storage Tanks (all volumes)

Surface Heat Loss (max) 43 W/m2

PART II

GUIDE/CHECKLISTS TO ENERGY EFFICIENT BULDING DESIGN

This guide is aimed at Project Managers, Architects, Design Engineers and the other members of the team involved in the design and planning of building projects.

PART 1 - DESIGN FACTORS

Integrated Approach 1.1 The successful introduction of energy efficient measures in a building requires close co-operation between the members of the design team and the client, with a coherent approach to the design. Maintenance Engineers must be involved at the pre-planning stage. This integrated approach to design should ensure that sufficient resources are allocated to realize the design intention. The cost effectiveness and environmental benefits of the proposed energy measures should be demonstrated.

1.2 The design process should bring together the following elements in an integrated package: ventilation; daylight and sunlight; flexibility; occupants needs; heating; domestic hot water; solar gains; existing premises. Too often energy efficiency measures are top of the list for economies. As a result, the building will not perform adequately. Value for money and common-sense energy efficiency measures should not be sacrificed.

Occupants and operators

1.3 The design team should always bear in mind that ultimately it will be up to the users whether the building performs well in energy terms. The design team should ensure that only equipment and controls which are robust, easy to understand and operate, are specified. If controls are too complicated they will be ignored or overridden, with adverse consequences for energy efficiency.

1.4 The design team should prepare a User Manual which provides operational instructions, maintenance details (including a schematic diagram of the heating system and a record of the correct settings for the controls) and details of the commissioning carried out. Clear operating instructions must be given for the Building/Energy Management System, windows, light switches, thermostats, ventilation grilles, thermostat radiator valves (TRVs) and any other equipment the occupants have to use.

Site Features
1.5 Site features can contribute to an energy efficient building. Existing site characteristics should be utilized and where necessary, the buildings immediate environment should be enhanced. The solar features of the site should be examined. This will help to identify opportunities for solar gains to the proposed development. Shelter belts can be introduced to provide protection from the prevailing wind. Ground finishes can be selected to control or enhance reflection.

Orientation
1.7 A south-easterly orientation has traditionally been favoured because it can maximize preheating and reduce summer overheating. The general rule is that the rooms used most frequently should face within 30 degrees of due south to take advantage of solar gains for both heating and lighting.

Passive Solar Energy

1.8 Careful consideration should be given to the design and orientation of the building to take advantage of solar gains and natural illumination, since solar energy, if properly utilized, can make a significant contribution towards reducing a buildings energy consumption.

1.9 The aim should be to make the maximum use of daylight and to optimize solar heat gain while reducing any adverse effects to a minimum. Obtaining a positive energy balance for the windows whilst avoiding overheating is one of the most important design issues. The heating system must be responsive enough to adjust to solar gains.

Location of Services
1.11 The location of boiler houses, plant rooms and other services should be considered in the early design stage, taking account of energy usage, health & safety and possible future developments.

PART 2 STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

Construction
2.1 Occupancy patterns can vary and the structural mass of the building should be matched to the intended use. Usually thermally light-weight buildings are specified for intermittent use and heavy-weight buildings for continuous use. If in doubt, traditional medium-weight construction should be used. Excessive thermal mass is not appropriate in intermittently occupied zones. The fixing of pinboards/display boards to wall surfaces will reduce the available thermal mass.

Insulation
2.2 Thermal insulation of the building fabric is a key element to energy efficiency. The standards of thermal insulation required by the DOE MANUAL should be regarded as the absolute minimum and insulation levels in excess of these should be readily achievable with conventional building methods. Attention to detail here will result in lower running costs and less capital expenditure on heating plant. It is essential that the workmanship is of a high standard and that the insulation is correctly installed, otherwise the thermal performance of the building envelope will be compromised.

2.3 OTTV values should be calculated using the DOE Manual Thermal Properties of Building Structures As standards of thermal insulation are improved, greater care should be taken to check that the structure is not susceptible to harmful interstitial condensation.

Ventilation
2.4 Designing for natural ventilation must be considered from the beginning. While the standards of ventilation referred to the Manual. While maximum use should be made of natural ventilation, supplementary mechanical ventilation may be required in spaces with high functional heat gains or areas having a high risk of condensation. Where mechanical ventilation is necessary, the benefit of the use of heat recovery should be considered. This can reduce heat losses by up to 50%.

2.5 The main method of controlling ventilation in most buildings is by the opening and closing of windows. Controls should be robust and easy to operate. Trickle vents can be a very effective way of providing controlled natural ventilation. Care should be taken in the design of the ventilation system to ensure that air movement at the occupants level does not result in discomfort

2.6 In a well insulated building, ventilation heat losses account for a major part of the energy consumed, so it is important to minimize air infiltration through joints in the external envelope, around door and window openings and service penetrations. Window and door seals should be adequate for the degree of exposure. Appropriately sized draught lobbies should be provided wherever possible.

Daylight
2.7 The standards for daylighting as recommended in the Manual, should be complied with (ie daylight factors, daylight uniformity ratios, daylight illumination levels). Natural light should be the prime means of lighting, with electric light to supplement it. Windows should be of a size to provide adequate daylighting. They should not be oversized as this increases heat losses in cold season and solar gains in summer. Vertical glazed areas should be between 20% and 40% of the internal elevation of the exterior wall. Reasonable daylighting can be achieved 6-7 meters from a window.

2.8 Where necessary, overhanging eaves, external shading or recessed windows on the south facade should be provided to avoid excessive solar gains in the summer (overhanging eaves can, however, significantly reduce the level of daylight within the building). The use of light shelves on larger windows can reduce contrast and improve daylight distribution. Roof-lights, particularly in circulation areas, can reduce electric lighting requirements but can result in increased heat losses. Appropriate glazing can reduce these heat losses to acceptable levels. The security implications of roof-lights should be evaluated.

Finishes
2.9 Light coloured internal finishes will make a significant contribution to reflecting daylight throughout the building, thus avoiding the unnecessary use of artificial lighting.

PART 3 - ENERGY TARGET

Values and Standards
3.1 Only energy consumption values and standards set out in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Building Design published by DOE will be accepted.

Design Energy Targets 3.2 Design energy targeting should be considered and set at an early stage to assist in producing an energy efficient design and to minimize the running costs of the building. Energy targets should be used as initial design aids in situations where the effects of changes in basic building design concept are being investigated. They should provide clear objectives for the designer, to enable emphasis to be given to the needs of energy conservation and the best method by which this can be achieved. The targets should not be considered as substitutes for detailed cost in appraisals of the building design

3.3 The Design team must be able to demonstrate that the agreed energy and environmental performance targets will be achievable, while providing evidence that the services are correctly commissioned. They should evaluate and state the estimated annual energy performance target (Kwh/m2/annum) and CO2 emissions target (KgCO2/m2/annum) for each primary energy. The Project Manager should verify that the values quoted are in keeping with Building Specifications and arrange for independent confirmation of their accuracy after the building has been commissioned.

PART 4 - MECHANICAL SERVICES

Thermal Environment
4.1 Temperatures should be in accordance with Guidelines for Energy Conserving Building Design, measured at a height of 0.5m above floor level during occupation when the external temperature is colder.

Boilers and Boiler Efficiency

4.2 Fuel selection and flue gas temperatures must be considered when specifying boiler type. High level inlet combustion air louvers in the boilerhouse take advantage of the warm air trapped at ceiling height.

4.3 Chimney design is an important factor in boiler efficiency and in limiting and controlling emissions into the atmosphere. Proper drainage from the base of the chimney with local isolation for periodic removal of rain water should be incorporated. Annual maintenance and cleaning of the chimney assists boiler efficiency.

4.4 A stainless steel double skin multi-section flue, matched to the boiler smoke box diameter, is considered the most effective method of flue gas dispersal. It can be free standing self supporting, free standing structurally supporting, wall supported or internally supported in an existing brick chimney. A minimum boiler flue angle (rake) of 45o from boiler to vertical stack should be provided. Test points are required for flue gas sampling, balancing and establishing correct smoke test/CO2/SO2 percentages. Excess air (cold flame) burning leads to unnecessary heating and further reduces heat transfer time. This contributes to poor efficiency.

4.5 Sectional boilers in cast iron or mild steel are generally the accepted form of construction. Oil fired condensing boilers are acceptable but are more suitable when firing natural gas or LPG fuels. Condensing Economisers or heat exchangers are more widely accepted in stainless steel, as they are smaller. Pre-heated return water going to the boiler from the heat exchanger can achieve up to 10% overall improvement on efficiency. On large boiler installations, the secondary heat exchanger should be positioned after a flue gas desulphurisation process.

4.6 The installation of a single large boiler may not always be the best solution, especially when operating at low demand without a shunt pump. Where space is available, modular boilers have the advantage of multiple turn-down stages, allowing individual units to operate close to their maximum efficiency at all times. Cascade sequencing, a short circuit prevention valve system, reduces heat loss potential in a well designed system. A full financial assessment is required to determine the ideal modular boiler set for a particular installation.

Chemical Treatment 4.7 Chemical treatment in Low Pressure Hot Water (LPHW) heating systems is mandatory . Chemical agents such as Inhibitors to help control corrosion scale and microbiological growth, Non-acid Descaler for elimination of lime scale, Cleansing Agent for removal of excess flux residues, grease oily contaminants and sludge, all contribute to the efficiency of boiler and plant. All pipework and shower heads should be sterilised by chlorination in order to minimise the risk of legionella.

Heating Design
4.8 LPHW heating systems, with feed and expansion tank, are preferred. The use of other systems, for example pressurised heating systems, can be an option but should be justified. A combination of condensing and conventional boilers is a recognised possibility in plant room arrangements

4.9 The two pipe reverse return system provides common resistance when balancing equal index circuits. Fan assisted convectors have a high maintenance cost, due to clogged finned coils and noisy fan units. This should be costed in the Appraisal when deciding on the type of system to be used.

4.10 The system should be zoned and controlled appropriately to take account of differing functions, different operating hours for different departments and orientation.

4.15 When detailing the specification for automatic control systems, the following should be taken into account: i. the output to the system is provided from two or more plant items, sequence selection facilities should be provided to alter lead/lag functions and to even out plant wear; ii. turn down burner facilities, whether high/low on/off, or modulating by variable speed using frequency inverters, are desirable;

iii. multiple motor starter control panels having duty and standby motor starters should be sectionalised, with duty starters in a separate compartment from standby starters and each section provided with a compartment isolator; iv. all control valves should be capable of being locally isolated for maintenance purposes; v. control panels should incorporate run and trip indicator lights with manual, auto and off, switches for plant motors;

vi. control functions should be in accordance with the requirements of individual sections (eg optimum start/stop, flow temperature weather compensation, flow interlocks, run-on timers etc); vii. optimum Start/Stop controls should be incorporated on a central basis. Controls should be programmable and enable day extension, day(s) omit (holidays and weekend) night set-back and frost protection override facilities; and viii. all control panels should be coded and a suitable description should be provided for use/information of maintenance/premises staff.

Building/Energy Management Systems (BMS/EMS) 4.16 An Energy Management System (EMS), or in some circumstances, a Building Management System (BMS), should be included in all designs.

4.17 The Clients agreement to and understanding of the BMS/EMS should be obtained prior to incorporation into the works. A BMS should be installed where it is economically viable and practicable to have all services within a building monitored and controlled. It should be arranged to undertake all controls, status and condition monitoring, alarm signaling and reporting, plant operating and switching functions and should include maintenance and inventory scheduling and life safety/security monitoring.

4.18 The BMS should comprise one or more intelligent stand alone type outstations, located in positions to suit the layout of the services to which they are connected. The outstations should be linked to a central processor unit. A colour monitor and printer should be included.

4.19 When detailing the specification for the BMS/EMS, the following should be implemented: i. it should have some spare capacity both in the out stations and in the central processor to allow subsequent enhancements; ii. it should be capable of stand alone and remote monitoring/control operation;

iii. the design must ensure electromagnetic compatibility with other electronic systems or devices in the building; iv. it should not prevent manual overriding control of any item of plant or equipment; v. it should be capable of logging performance data; vi. all safety devices and interlocks should be hardwired;

viii. it must be fully commissioned and left in complete working order without the need for further software input; and ix. the supplier should provide, as part of the contract, a minimum training period to enable users to become familiar with the operation of the system prior to hand-over.

Ventilation
4.20 A naturally ventilated building is preferred to one relying on mechanical ventilation. In mechanically ventilated areas, design should not attempt to achieve conditions significantly better than those which would have resulted had natural ventilation been an accepted solution.

4.21 Consideration should be given to the installation of mixed mode systems, whereby natural ventilation is relied upon for the majority of the year, reverting to the operation of mechanical systems only when internal or external temperatures reach a predetermined maximum. The infiltration (natural ventilation) rate should be assessed, assuming windows will be closed in the unoccupied period.

Smoking Policy
4.22 The Consultant should seek advice from the client regarding the policy to be adopted on smoking, since this will influence a number of design parameters.

PART 5 - ELECTRICAL SERVICES

General
5.1 Electricity usage represents about 95% of all energy consumption in a building, it may account for up to 5% of the expenditure on all energy fuels. It is important, therefore, to fine tune the load to the building to meet known demand and to consider in some detail the electric consuming equipment within the building.

Lighting 5.2 The lighting installation should be designed using levels of intensity and glare as specified in the manual. Each room should be carefully designed on its own merits for lighting layout with luminaries parallel to windows. The most advantageous local switching arrangements with separate controls should be considered and the control range should be from 100% to 5%. The range of different sizes and types of lamps should be limited to reduce replacement and maintenance costs.

5.3 The following types of luminaries and controls should be installed: i. luminaries with electronic ballast high frequency or low loss gear with automatic daylight sensors for dimming, if appropriate; ii. movement or sound presence/absence detectors with time delay facilities. Detectors should dim luminaries to 5% where rooms are not occupied for short periods; iii. CFL and T5 fluorescent luminaries, instead of spotlights and tungsten wall washer type fittings; and

iv. low energy discharge flood lights for outside and for security lighting. Outside and security lighting should be controlled by photocells and time switches with hand/off/auto facilities.

ix. low power consuming equipment should be specified where practicable. Automatic shutdown facilities should be incorporated into items such as computers and photopcopiers.

PART 6 - WATER USAGE 6.1 The control of water consumption can be achieved by installing push-button taps on showers, economisers on urinals, restrictors on hot/cold taps and by ensuring that the water supply to the site is appropriately sized. Water meters with a capability for remote monitoring should be installed for each facility.

DESIGN CHECKLIST

PART 1 - DESIGN FACTORS

1. Windows shaded, where necessary to reduce solar gains. 2. Glazed area optimized for natural daylighting and solar gain. 3. Landscaping.

PART 2 STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

1. Structural mass of the building matched to the intended use. 2. Thermal bridges taken account of in OTTV value calculations. 3. Thermal insulation standards exceed Building Regulations requirements. 4. Design checked for avoidance of harmful condensation. 5. Structural air leakage (air infiltration) minimized. 6. Window and door seals are suitable for the degree of exposure. 7. Maximum use made of natural daylighting. 8. Double glazed units specified. 9. Light coloured internal finishes are specified.

PART 3 - ENERGY TARGETS

- Values and Standards - Design Energy Targets

PART 4 - MECHANICAL SERVICES Heating and Hot Water

1. Cost effective heating plant selected to meet the design heating load and working near peak output. 2. Time, temperature and zone controls specified to effectively meet user needs 3. Separate heating installations are provided to meet seasonal loads. 4. Length of service runs minimized.

Energy Management Controls

1. Utility meters are specified on the oil, electricity and water supplies. 2. Power factor correction equipment is specified on the electrical services. 3. Electricity meters specified are capable of registering 30 min demands. 4. For control, monitoring and maintenance purposes a Building Management Systems (BMS)/Energy Management Systems (EMS) has been specified.

Ventilation
1. Maximum use made of natural ventilation. 2. Ventilation levels complied with. 3. Plan layout takes account of the movement of moist air. 4. Robust and finely controllable window furniture specified. 5. Free cooling is used to minimise the need for air conditioning. 6. Minimum use made of mechanical ventilation and/or air conditioning. 7. Heat recovery or cool air recovery specified.

PART 5 - ELECTRICAL SERVICES Lighting

1. High efficiency lamps are specified for all suitable areas. 2. Lighting is switched to minimize use and provide flexibility of use. 3. Daylighting controls are specified for suitable areas. 4. Occupancy sensing controls are specified for intermittently used areas. 5. Feature lighting and inefficient lamp types are not specified.

Power
1. Load balanced over 3 phases. 2. High efficiency, variable speed, 2 speed motors and pumps are specified 3. Automatic controls for electrical heating are specified and time controls can be programmed. 4. Shutdown facilities provided in areas where large numbers of Equipment provided.

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