22 2010

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(http://dl.dropbox.com/u/380910/class_notes/electricity.pdf :
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I
1

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2.1

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2.2

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2.2.1

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2.2.2

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2.2.3

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2.2.4

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10

1.1
2

2.3

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11

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12

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13

2.4.1

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14

2.4.2

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15

2.5

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16

2.6

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18

2.6.1

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19

2.6.2

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20

2.6.3

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23

2.6.4

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25

2.6.5

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28

2.6.6

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29

2.6.7

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29

2.6.8

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30

2.6.9

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30

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31

3.1

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34

3.2

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34

3.3

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35

3.4

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35

3.4.1

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35

3.4.2

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36

3.4.3

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36

3.4.4

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36

3.4.5

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38

3.4.6

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38

3.4.7

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39

3.4.8

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40

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45

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45

4.1.1

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45

4.1.2

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46

2.3.1
2.4

4.1

4.2

4.3

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47

4.2.1

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47

4.2.2

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49

50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1

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52

4.3.2

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52

4.3.3

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54

)( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

4.4.1

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54

4.4.2

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55

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55

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55

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56

5.2

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57

5.3

60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.4

60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4

5.1

5.1.1

5.4.1

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60

5.4.2

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61

5.4.3

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62

5.4.4

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64

5.4.5

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64

5.4.6

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66

5.5

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67

5.6

69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.7

5.8

5.6.1

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69

5.6.2

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72

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73

5.7.1

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73

5.7.2

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74

5.7.3

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76

5.7.4

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77

5.7.5

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77

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78

5.8.1

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78

5.8.2

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79

5.8.3

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81

5.8.4

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83

5.8.5

RLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85

5.8.6

RLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

5.8.7

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89

5.9

90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.10

90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.11

5.10.1

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90

5.10.2

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92

5.10.3

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93

5.10.4

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94

96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.11.1

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98

5.11.2

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99

II
6

100

2 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01.03.2010
6.0.3

100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.0.4

100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.0.5

100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.0.6

101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

09.03.2010 3

103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.0.7

103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.0.8

104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.0.9

108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.03.2010 4

108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.03.2010
8.0.10

108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.0.11

111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.0.12

112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.0.13

112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4

10

9.0.14

112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.0.15

113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.04.2010 5
10.1

11

114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.1

115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.1.2

115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.1.3

115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.1.4

115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.1.5

116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.1.6

116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.1.7

117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

10.1.8

117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.04.2010 6
11.1

119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2

120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.1

11.3
12

12.2

14

123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04.05.2010 7
12.1

13

122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.1

125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.1.2

126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.1

127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.2

127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.3

128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.4

128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.05.2010 8
13.1

129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2

131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.05.2010 11
14.1

132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2

134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.1

135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

16

17

136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01.06.2010 12
15.1

137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.2

137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.3

138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08.06.2010 13
16.1

140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLC

16.2

141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.3

141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impedance

16.4

144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.06 14
17.1

145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2

146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: 104
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1.1

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2.1

.
) Discreet ,(Lonely
.
, ) ,(Conserve
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,MKS ) (Coulombs .C :
. e = 1.6 1019 C
,cgs ,esu . e = 4.8 1010 esu :

2.2

2.2.1

.
. F q11 q22

1
|r12 |r

.F

, . v = r12 :
, .

2.2.2

2.2

.1 v :

q1 1 q2 2

|r12 | r

. F~ = k

.2 1 = 2 = 1? ,

, ,1 an + bn = (a + b)n . n > 1
.3 . r = 2
2

.4 , . MKS
k = 9 109 Ncm. k = 1 cgs
2
q1 q2
. F~ = k |r
, 12
2r
| 12

2.1
. q1 q2
2.2.3

:2.1

Q d .
q r . : q
qQ cos
qQr
x
= 2k h
x

2

2 i5/2
r2 + d2
r2 + d

2k

~F

2qQ
r2

~F

2.2

2.2 r >> d . 2Q
Q :
qQ sin
qQd
y

y = k h

i3/2
d 2
2
d 2
r 2
2
r +

2k

qQd
k 3 y
r

~F

r >> d

: .
2.2.4

,
.
:
. dq = dv = (x, y, z) dx dy dz
. dq = (x, y) dx dy = da
. dq = dz = dl
dv
) d3 r :( dV

= dq = Q

X
qi
~r ~ri
qi

= kq
) (~r ~ri
2
| |~r ~ri | |~r ~ri
~|
r

~ri |3
i

(~r0 )(~r ~r0 ) 3 0

d r
|~r ~r0 |3

= kq

F~q

= kq

: r q .
dq
dl
= dl = rd
=

:
dq

, , z ,
, xy.
2

cos
2rcos
rd = kq 2
2 + r2
z
z + r2
0
2rz
kq 2
(z + r2 )3/2

kq

F~z

, d
) .( Q = r
10

2.3

2.3

)~ r
~( E :
)~ r
~(F~ = q E

, , .
:

Nt
c

= ] [E :

X
~r ~ri
qi
qi

) (~r ~ri
=k
2
| |~r ~ri | |~r ~ri
|~r ~ri |3
i

(~r0 )(~r ~r0 ) 3 0

d r
|~r ~r0 |3

= k

~
E

= k

:1 :
dq
da
= dr

) (
:
2rzdr
~
)dE(z
= k 2
z
(z + r2 )3/2

2zrdr
~
)E(z
= k
2 + r 2 )3/2
(z
0

zrdr
=
z
20 0 (z 2 + r2 )3/2



1
z

=
)z(2
2
2
1/2
20
2 (z + r ) 0

=
z
20
, , .
:2 )( , ) ,
, (.
rd

r0

{ |} z }| {z }| {z
2 (r cos )(r sin )rd
z
(r2 sin2 + r2 cos2 )3/2

z
40

/2

/2

= sin 2d
0

11

z
40

E0

2.3

2.3.1

, .

:2.2

, , ,
.
.

:2.3

?
12

2.4

:2.4 ) (

2.4

, , ,
, )
,(. :

~ ~a
=E

:2.5

, ,
:
R2

~ d~a
E
S

13

<<

dai

2.4

:2.6

: , .

1
q
q
q
= S
= k 2 da
= 2 4R2
R
4
R

0
0
S
.
2.4.1

2.3 .
, ) (
.
q
da
r2
q
dda0 = k 2 r0 d~a0
r
 0 2
r
1
r0 = r
da0 = da
r
cos2
 0 2
q
r
1
dq 0 = k 2 da
cos = d
r
r
cos

X
X
X
= ~ d~a
= ~ i d~a
~ i d~a = 1
= S
E
E
E
qi
0 i
S
S i
S
i

1
q
=
= dV
0 V
0
= k

14

: dda

2.4

?
,:

q
0
q
=
0
= 0

S 0

S + S 0 = S+S 0
S

:2.7

, :

~ d~a
E

= dV
V

1
0

= S

.
2.4.2

) (r .
, r ,r
:

qin
1
= dV
= )(r) = 4r2 E(r
)0 V (r
0
1
qin
qin
= )E(r

=k 2
40 r2
r

15

2.5

.1 :
4

r3

=
r
r
2
r
30
4
r3
k 3 20
r
k3

) E(r < r0

) E(r r0

.2 ) ( , z.
, ,
, :
A
0

= 2EA

20

0

= S
 
~
=  E

= . E

, )( ,
:

=
dx
= E dq = E dx dA
= E dx
x0
=
E dx
0

dx
=
0
E2
E 2 E12
= 0
E dE = 0 2
2
E1

dF
dF
dA
F
A
dE
F
A

0

{ |} z
) (E2 E1 )(E2 + E1
= 0
2
Average

{ |} z
) (E1 + E2
>=<E
= 0
0
2

2.5

2.4 )(Divergence .
S = S1 + S2 :

~ d~a
~ =E
~ = lim 1
DivE
E
v0 v S
16

2.5

:2.8

2.5:

~ d~a
E

= ~ dV = S
E

2.6 :

dV
V

~ d~a = 1
E
0
S

= ~ dV = S
E
V

0

= ~
E

, .
:
Ez (z + dz)dxdy E(z)dxdy
)Ez (z + dz) Ez (z
dxdydz
dz
Ez
dV
z

Ex
Ey
Ez
+
+
dV
x
y
z

17

dz

=
=
=

~ = d
divE

2.6

:2.9

:


,
,
x y z


=

:
~ =E
~
divE
, . Q = 34 r03
~ < r0 ) = ~r
...E(r .
30

2.6

:2.10

,
r , :
r12
q1 q2
q1 q2 r12
q1 q2
W12 = W21 =
dr = k
| = k
2
r
r
r12

18

2.6

, , ,
, ) (.
2.6.1

:
r3
r3
= W3
= F~1+2 d~s
(F~13 + F~23 ) d~s = W31 + W32

= W21 + W31 + W32

, ,
:
X
qi qj
1
k
= W
2
rij
i6=j

, ...
: q 2q a .
?

2qq 0
qq 0
+
k
=0
(x2 + y 2 )1/2
((x a)2 + y 2 )1/2

) 4(x2 + y 2
 2
2a
3

(x a)2 + y 2

a 2
+ y2
x+
3

:2.11

: , .

19

2.6

:2.12

) (:

><E

=
0
= 0

=
20

P
Eoutside
Einside
><E

:
2
0
dv = E 2 dv
20
2

= du = P A dr

, 20 E 2
.
2.6.2

, ) (Ir ) :(It

20

2.6

:2.13

1
1

r1
r2

q
dr = kq
r2

r2

{|}z
~
E d~s = Ir + It = k
=0

r1

= I12
1

, , .
.
,I12 , , ,
:
2
~ d~s
E
I12 12 =
1

= q12

W12

:
J
]= V olt[SI
c

= ][

~r1 , . ~r1
:
)12 = (~r1 , ~r2 ) = (~r
) , ( , ,
.
, :
q
r

(~r) = k

: .
21

2.6

E = k 2:
,
r r
r2
r2
dr
~ d~r = kz

E
r
r1
r1
) zk(ln r2 ln r1

12

2.7 ,
, .
) ( ,
? , , ,
.

:2.14

?
Qr
dr
r03

= k

r0
2

Qr r
| + 0
2r03 r0
Q
Qr2
= k
k 3 + 0
2r0
2r0
Qr2
3Q
k 3
= k
2r0
2r0

= k

0 .0 = k rq0

22

)(r

2.6

:2.15

2.6.3

) :( (:

:2.16

23

2.6

:2.17

:2.18

24

2.6

:2.19

2.6.4

f
f
f
x
+
y +
x
y
z


=

f f f
,
,
x y z

= ~
grad(f ) = f

, :
~ d~s
= E

y
=
dx +
dy +
dz = d~s
x
y
z
=

) (:

25

d
d
~
E

2.6

:2.20

.
2.8 x2 + y 2 + z 2

= ) r ( :

df
y df
z df
df
x
+
y +
= z
r
r dr
r dr
dr
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dr
x

0

~ (r) = p
f

~ E
= ~
.

)~ (
~

2.9 = 0
)~ (
~
= ) 2 .(div grad

2.10


2
2
2
. 2 = x
+
2
y 2 + z 2
: .2 = 0
2.11 . , , E

:2.21

26

2.6

: , . 2 = 0
) (
.
: d . r
?

:2.22

1
cos

d
2

r+

"

1
cos

d
2

= kq

qd cos
qd cos
=k
 2
r2
d
r2
cos2
2
|
{z
}

)(r
r>>d

= k

(r>>d)0

p~ r
= k 2
r
:


~ r) = k qd cos
~(
r2


p~ r
k 2
r


p~ ~r
k 3
r


Px x + Py y + Pz z
~
k 2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2


p~ ~r(x
x + y y + z z) Px x
+ Py y + Pz z
k 3 2
2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )5/2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2


~(
p ~r)~r
~p
~(3
)p r
~r p
k 3
3 =k
r5
r
r3

27

=
=
=
=
=
=

)~ r
~(E

2.6.5

2.6

)( :
1 X qi qj
k
2
~|
| ri r~j

=U

i6=j

) (

) (~r)(~r0
1
d3 r d3 r0 k
2
| |~r ~r0
~(
)r

|}
{
1
) (r0
3
3 0
=
d r(~r) d r k
2
| |~r ~r0

1
= )(
(~r)(~r)d3 r
2

0
d3 r(2 )
=
2

2.12 i 6= j
, , r r0 ,
.
:
)~ (
~
~ 2

|= 2 + |

)~ (
~
d3 r

~ 2 0
|d3 r|
2

{
|} z
0
~ 3
2
3
~
d r|E(~r)|
d r
2

0
2

0
2

0
~ r)|2
~(d3 r|E
2

) (
2.13 . 20 |E|2

28

=
=

)(

2.6

2.6.6

~p
=

[(x x0 )2 + (y y 0 )2 + (z z 0 )2
) 1 2(x x0
) x + 2(y y 0 )y + 2(z z 0
z

0
2
2 [[(x x ) + (y y 0 )2 + (z z 0 )2 ]3/2
~r ~r0

|~r ~r0 |3



(~r0 )(~r ~r0 ) d3 r0

1
0
~ ~r
k
=
k
~(
r
)

d3 r 0
|~r ~r0 |3
| |~r ~r0


(~r0 ) 3 0
~ k
)~ r

d
r
~(=
| |~r ~r0

(~r0 ) 3 0
k
d r
| |~r ~r0

1
| |~r ~r0

=
=
=

)~ r
~(E

=
=

)(~r

, .
2.6.7

) !( ?+q

:2.23

=
(s)da = q 0 0

4r02 0

1
(s)da
4r02 S

=
=

q 0
,0 :
29

2.6

2.14 , .
2.15 !
2.16 ,2 = 0
, ) ,(s .
2.17 ) ( .
: ,
) ( , ,
!
2.18 .
2.6.8

, ? ) ,(~r), (~r
. ?
) ,(s ).2(s
) (~r) (~r , ) ,(s
,(s) (s) = (s) (s) = 0 , .
,
, .
2.6.9

curl

~ d~s
E
.I = I1 + I2

= .I ,a1 , a2

curl :2.24

a :

1
~ a
~ d~s
curl E
= lim
E
a0 a a
~ = lim 1
curl E
a0 a
30

~
~ d~s
= curl E d~a
E
a

.
..
dx
dy
, y)dx + Ey (x + dx, y +
)dy
2
2
dy
dx
, y + dy)dx Ey (x, y +
)dy
Ex (x +
2
2
dy
Ey (x + dx, y + dy
) 2 ) Ey (x, y + 2
dxdy
dx
dx
Ex (x + dx
)2 , y + dy) Ex (x + 2 , y

dxdy
dy


Ey
Ex

dxdy
x
y
Ex (x +

dIz

:
Ex
Ey

x
y






Ez
Ey
Ex
Ez
Ey
Ex

x
+

y +

z
y
z
z
x
x
y




x

y
z




~
~

x
y
z

=E
  Ex Ey Ez

= ~ z
curl E
=

~
curl E

~ E
~ = 0
~ E
(~ =
)~
~

)( = 0
.
2.19 .
: ) (

r n t

~ E
t) E (t r ~
= ~
.n = 0, 1, 2

, , ,
. , .
, ,
. . , ,
, , )
(.
, ,
.
31

, , ,
.
da
)(s
= )= E da E(s
0
0

:3.1

3.1 ,
. ,
.

:3.2

: , .
, :
Q1 + Q2
R1
Q2
Q1
= k
+k
R2
R1
k

32

1
2

: Q1 , Q2 .R1 , R2 .
?

:3.3

: :
= Q01 + Q02 = Qr
Q0
Q0
= k 1 =k 2
R1
R2

Q1 + Q2
0

:
QT otal R1
R1 + R2
QT otal
QT otal
= k
=k
R1 + R2
RT otal
=

Q01
0

: . ,
, .
.

:3.4

: , ,
:
q
(r) = k
r
.
33

3.1

3.1

: h .
?

:3.5

: ) , ( ,
,:
h2 + r2

2qh
z
2qh

p
z
= k 3 = k 2
R
(r + h2 )3/2

R2

= p
)~ = 0
E(z

.

) (:
)= 0 E(r

=
= da
2r(R) dr
0

hr dr
h
= q
= q
|
2 + h2 )3/2
2 + h2 0
(r
r
0
= q

)(r
q0

3.2
, , .

3.2

. ) ( ,
. . )
34

3.3

( , ,
, . ,
, .

3.3

?
ER

E
R
. ,
. , R ,
.

3.4

, , ,

Q = C
Coloumb
= F arad
= ][C
V olt
Q
= k
R
R
R
= Q
= CSphere
k
k
cgs k = 1 C .
3.4.1

, Q .Q
) ( 1 .2 , = 2 1
:
|Q| = C

3.3 .
3.4 , ,
, .

35

3.4

3.4.2

A Q ,Q d .

= Ed

=
d

Q
=
d
A

= 0 E = 0
A

d
A
= 0
d

Q
A

+
E

Q = 0

3.4.3

CSlates

) (R1 ,Q ) (R2 ,Q
:
=

= k

Q
Q
k
R2
R1
R2 R1
1

k R2 R1

3.4.4

) (:

:3.6

36

3.4

:3.7

) (.
, , ,
:
Q
Q
+
C1
C2

= = 13 = 12 + 23

1
1
+
C1
C2
X 1
Ci

Q
C
1
C
1
C

=
=

, .
, :

:3.8

, , :

Q1 + Q2 = C1 1 + C2 2 = C

= Q

C1 + C2
X
Ci

37

3.4

3.4.5

:
q
dq = dq
C
Q
qdq
Q2
1
=
=
= C2
C
2C
2
0

dw
W

,
.

0 2
E Ad
2
0 ()2
Ad
2 d2
1 A
0 2
2 d
1
C2
2

E 2 dV

0
2

=
=
=

.
3.4.6

,Q0 ,Q0 = C0 .
) ( ,
. r
.
Q = r Q0 = r C0
= r C0

:3.9

38

3.4.7

3.4

z . z ,
) ( . ,
,
z , :

:3.10

Ez
z
z

= q(Ez+ Ez ) = q

Ez
d cos
z
Ez
= p cos
z
~ z )z p~ E
~ z
= p cos (E
~ E
~
~( =
) p

Fz

= q

~F

. ?
~
= ~r F~ = p~ E
r

~
N

{ |} z}|{ z
rF = qE d sin

= pE sin

3.5 )
(.
? :
~
~Ue = pEcos =
pE

, , ,
,
.
39

3.4

,(~r) , ,
) ~r , ~r0 (:

(~r0 )d3 r0
(~r) = k
| |~r ~r0
:

(~r0 )d3 r0
(r2 + r02 2rr0 cos )1/2

1
(~r0 )d3 r0
k
0
0
r
(1 + ( rr )2 2 rr cos )1/2

=
=

:(1 + )1/2 = 1 12  + 38 2



k
r0
r0 2 3 cos2 1
r0 3
3 0
0
) ( d r (r ) 1 cos +
) ) ((+ O
r
r
r
2
r

2
k
k
3 cos 1
r0
k
(~r0 )d3 r + 2
r0 cos (~r0 )d3 r0 + 3
r02
) (~r0 )d3 r0 + O(( )3
r
r
r
2
r

=
=

~(0 r
~ k
r 0 )d3 r
2 r

|} z r
{
k
0
0 3 0
r ~r (~r )d r
r2
{ |} z
p~ r
+
k 2
r

QT otal
r

= k

,
.
:

~ E
~
~(
) p
~
= p~ E
~
~=
pE
=

~( = ~
)~ p E
~
= u
Quadropole

Dipole

Monopole

~F
~e
N
Ue
~ F

|}
{
z }| { z }| { z
2
QT otal
p~ r k
02 3 cos 1
0 3 0
+k 2 + 3
r
(~r )d r
(~r) = k
r
r
r
2

~ p ) p~ = ~r0 (~r0 )d3 r0 ( ,

.
3.4.8

40

3.4

.1 , , ,
.
.2 ,
, ,
.
. N
, ~ p , ,P~ dV = p~N dV ~ P .
dA ~ .P .
dz , ~r2 ~r1
~r .

{ |} z
P dA dz cos
= k
2
zr2
r2
dz cos
dr
= kP dA
=
kP
da
2
r2
r
z1
r1


1
1
= kP dA

r2
r1

dA
A

.q = P dA
dz ,
, ,
.
,

41

3.4

:3.11

~ >= 1
~
<E
EdV
V V
,
, ,
, ,
. ,

<= ~ > d~s

> ~ d~s
<E
E
S

Si

, > < > ,< P> ,<

.
, , = P
~~ = P
E. = P0 d
0
0
, )
(.
= + 0 = r 0 P

= r 1

~ = 0 e E
(r 1)0 = (r 1)0 E

.Suseptability
3.6 , ~
E ~ .P Pi = 0 ij Ej
Pi Ej .
3.7 , , ,
~ = E~0
.E
r
: .

42

3.4

: , , .

:3.12

, :
)(

= P cos

~ , Q
, p0
, ~s , :
~
P

~ 4 3 z }| { 4 3
= = Q~s
= R N q~s
R P
}|{z
3
3

p~0

p
~

:
~(3
)p0 r
r p~0
r3
p0 cos
k
r2

= k
=

~ outer
E
)outer (~r

:
P
Pz
= )R cos = R (z
30
30

= )R (

,
) ( , ,
) (:
~ Inner = P z
E
30

: ,
. ?

43

3.4

: , ~ P ~
,E

~ = E0 z + E
~p
E

P

|}
{

{ |} z
0 (r 1) Ez,in
P
= E0
= E0
30
30
3
=
E0
r + 2
z

Ez,in
Ez,in

:
)3(r 1
E0 z
P~ = 0
r + 2
:
~p
Eout = E0 z + E
~ p
E ~ P .
: Q ,
~ = k Q 2 r
,E ,S = rQ0
r r
?
, ,
,
, , .
, r E
:

f ree
= ~ d~a
r E
dV
0
S
V
f ree
)~ (r E
~

=
0
f ree ,
blocked ,
, . :
~ E
~ = f + b

0
:
b
=
0


P
= b
=P =
z

)~ ((r 1)E
~

~~ P

~ (0 E
~ + P~ ) = f

~ := 0 E
~~ + P
D
~
~
D = f
44

~
D .
~ D
D ~
3.8 ~
,
~ D
~ 6= 0
, , )
(.

4.1

4.1 , ,.
,
) (
.
, , ,
, .


:
.[I] = Colomb
Sec
, , ,
.
4.2 , , I(t) = C
.C
4.1.1

, ,
.

:4.1

45

4.1

~u , N
,q ,~ut
.
N qaut cos
= N q~u ~a
t

Ia

, ,
:
= Ui + hui

ui

hui i = hui
? , ) ,(
6 1023 106 1.6 1019 106 u
m
u = 105
sec
=

, ,
.
,Ia = N q~u ~a J~ := N q~u ,
,
Ia = J~ ~a

= IS
J~ d~a
S

, , .

, :

~ JdV
~
~

=0
= J d~a
= IS
V

4.1.2

= ~~ J

QS
= Is
J~ d~a =
t
S

46

4.2

dV
t V

~ JdV
~

QS
t

= ~~ J

, .

4.2

, ,

~
J~ = E
, , ,Ji = ij Ej
, , ) .(Pi = 0 ij Ej
4.2.1

, J u
qE
F
=t
t
m
m

= J u = at

, ,
,
1 t/
e
2

= )p(t

, ,
.

) ) p(t (.

= hui
u(t)p(t)dt
0
at t/
qE
=
e
= dt = a

m
0

,
.

47

4.2

:
~ N q2
N q2
= J~ = N q h~ui
=E
m
m
A ,L ,V E
E

:4.2

I V R [R] = ohm ,V = RI )
(
V
I
= E =
A
L
L
L
=IR
A
A

= .

~
J~ = E
, :
, ~ J ~
E .
,x ~ J ,
, , . ~ J ,
E . ~
, E ~
~
E ,
, .
48

4.2

,1 , 2 ) Q
,(

I
= 1 E1 = 2 E2
A
J
J
= , E2
1
2

E1

)(

{|} z
1
1
Q

E2 E1 = J

=
=
2
1
0
A0


1
1
Q = 0 I

1
2
)( .
4.2.2

, ,R ) (:

:4.3

, ,

V1 + V2

IR1 + IR2

IR

R1 + R2

49

4.3

:4.4

, , ,

= I1 + I2
V
V
=
+
R1
R2
1
1
=
+
R1
R2

I
V
R
1
R

:4.5

4.3

.1 ) (.

50

4.3

:4.6

.2 .
: :

:
V

I1 R + I2 3R

I1 R I3 3R + I2 3R

I1

I2 + I3

51

4.3

:
V

= 0
0
3
V
R

9
2
9
1
9

5V
9R
9
R
5

4.3.1

0
I1
3 I2
1
I3

3
3
1

1
1
1

= ~I
=

RT otal

V I
q V
q
W
=
V =I v
t
t

, ,
) .(...
, ) ( ,
V2
R

4.3.2

= P = I 2R

:4.7

 , , ,
,r R

R+r
R
R+r

= = IR

52

4.3

:4.8

: , :R2

:
= I2 + I3

I1

1 I1 R1 I2 R2

3 + I2 R2 I3 R3

1
I1
0
0 I2 = 1
R3
I3
2

1
R2
R2

 = RI
:
R3 1 R1 3
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1

53

= I2

1
R1
0

4.3.3

4.4

)(

, ,
, ) (
 = RI
, ,R2
, .

4.4

)(

4.4.1

, . ,
, , ,
, .
, :
dQ
dt

I=

,
Q
IR = 0
C

Q
dQ
= R
C
dt

dt
RC
t
1
=
dt
RC 0
t
=
RC
=

dQ
Q
t
dQ
0 Q
)Q(t
ln
Q0

:
t

= Q0 e RC = CV0 e RC
V0 t
= )I(t
e RC
R
t
V (t) = V0 e RC
)Q(t

54

4.4.2

, , . ,
) (
dQ
dt

Q
= 0
C
dQ
Q
V
+
=
dt
RC
R
t
) Q(t) = CV (1 e RC
V t
= )I(t
e RC
R


V IR

= V 1 e RC

)VC (t

4.3 , , ,
, = RC . , ,
) ( 1e .
, ,
, . , :

, , ,
.

5.1

~
,B .
, :
~
F~ = q~v B
, ,
. ,
~ + q~v B
~
F~ = q E

N
= T esla = 104 gauss
Am

55

m
sec

F
N
=
qv
Colomb


= ][B

5.1

) ( , ,
.

:5.1

, , ,r

mv 2
r

= = qvB

mv
qB
v
qB
=
r
m

5.1.1

, :
~ = 0 I
B
2 r



r , 0 )( ) = yr , xr , 0 , r = :
.( xr , yr , 0
: ,z q r z .
, ,
0 I
F~ = qv
r
2 r

56

5.2

.z

:5.2

: ,
,l .
,I2 = ql vl , , qll .

0 I1 I2 l
2r

= F2 = ql v2 B2 = B2 I2 l

l .r  l
) ( , ,
. , , .
5.1 , )
(.

5.2

, :

57

5.2

:5.3

,:

dl
dl = B2 L = B1 L1 = B
B
1
2

dl = 0
B

, ,
~ B
= 0
.


x
0 I
~ B
=
~ y

,
,
0
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
2
!
1
1
0 I
2x2
y2
=
0, 0, 2
+ 2

2
2
2
2
x +y
x +y
2
) (x2 + y 2
) (x2 + y 2
= ~0

d~l = 2rB(r) = 0 I
B
C

, :0 I

58

5.2

:5.4

, dl = 0 P Ii
B
i
.
,
) ( , .
C

5.2
, ,
.
, J~ d~a

= IS

~
~
J~ d~a
B dl = 0
S

~ B
~ d~a

= J~ d~a

~0 J

0
S

~ B
~

5.3 .
~ +S
,S curl , ~
B , ~
5.4 ~
B
.
) (:


~ 0 I
y
x
~
~

= B
,
,0
2
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2


0 I
2xy
2xy
=
2
=0
2
2
2 x + y
x + y2
59

5.3

~ B
~ = 0
, , ,
, ,
) (.

5.3

~ B
= ~2
~ B
, B ~~ 1 = 0 J
~ J ~ 1 , B~2

~2
B~1 B

~0
B
~ B~0

~ B
b) B ( , ~ = 0
~(~ 0 = b
B )~ r
~ 0

2
. b = 0 b() = b0 ,
b(~r) = b0
0
0
~2
B

~
b
=
~
= B0
= ~1
B

5.4

5.4.1

J~ d~a

Iin = 0

= ~ ~l
Bd

in

~0 J

0

~ B
~

~ B
~

~ E
~

~ E
~

~
:


~
~

= 0


~
~
~

= 0

~ =E
, ~
,
~=B
~
)( , curl ~
, ,
.
60

5.4

: , ?


= ~
~ A
~ +
~
= ~
~ A
: , ~
B
B
=0

|} z

{
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~ A
~
= A + = A +


:


~
~ A
~ = 0
=



~
~
~ A
~
A
=
y
z
z
y




Ay
Ax
Ax
Az
=

y
x
y z z
z
x y


2 Ax
2 Ax
Ay
Az
=

+
+
2
y
z 2
x y
z


2
2
2
Ax
Ax
Ax
Ax
Ay
Az
=

+
+
+
x2
y 2
z 2
x x
y
z



~ A
~ = 0 Jx
= 2 Ax +

~ B
~

h

i
~
~ A
~

, 2 y .z ,
, .
5.4.2

~
~ A
A ~ = 0
~
A ,


~ A
~ +
~
~
.
, = 0
5.5 , ,
.

2 Ax = 0 Jx

~ ~ 
A
=
x

2 Ax +

, :

0

(~r0 ) 3
1
d r
40
| |~r ~r0

61

)(~r

5.4

,
:

0
Jx (~r0 ) 3 0
= )Ax (~r
d r
4
| |~r ~r0
~ 0
J (~r ) 3 0
~ (~r) = 0
A
d r
4
| |~r ~r0

: , r2 = x2 + y 2:


~ (~r) = 0 I ln r2 z
A
4
:

Az Az
~
~
,
,0
=A
y x


0 I
2y
2x

,
,0
4 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
0 I  y x  0 I
= , ,0

2r
r
r
2r


5.4.3

~
B

=
=

:
I
a

=J

a , I ,
) ( .
,
~ 3 r = J a dl = I dl
Jd
:

I d~l
0 I
d~l
=
0
| |~r ~r
4
| |~r ~r0

0
4

)~ r
~(A

5.6 ,
, ) ( ,
, .

62

5.4

, :
0 I d~l
| 4 |~r ~r0

)~ r
~(dA

, r = x2 + u2:
0 I
dl0 x

p
2
4
) (x + y 2
= )~ (~r
~ dA
~ = (dAx ) z
dB
y
0 Idl
y
z
=
4 (x2 + y 2 )3/2
=

0 I dl y
z
4r2 r
0 I dl sin
z
4r2
0 I d~l r
4 r2
.

)~ (~r
dA

=
=
=

:
~ 0 I
dl r
4r2
~
0 I
) dl (~r ~r0
4 l |~r ~r0 |3

)~ (~r
dB

)~ (~r
B

5.7 ,
) (.
, ) f
(:
~ ~v
f
~ dA
~

d~l0
~ 0 I

4
| |~r ~r0


~ 0 I
1

d~l0
4
| |~r ~r0
!
) 0 I (~r ~r0
d~l0
3
4
| |~r ~r0
) 0 I d~l (~r ~r0

3
4
| |~r ~r0

5.8 .
63

= ) ~ (f (~r)~v

= ~
dB
=
=
=
=

5.4

5.4.4

:
) 0 I d~l (~r ~r0

3
4
| |~r ~r0

= )dB (~r

z :

:5.5


0 I
 0 I d~l r

cos dl
= 
4
 r2
4r2

dB|z

0 I R
dl
=
4 r3
= dBz 2R
z
2
0 IR
0 IR2
=
z

3 z
2r3
2 (z 2 + R2 ) 2
0 I
=
z
2R

5.4.5

~
B

Bz=0

)(
,z . , ) n
(

64

5.4

:5.6

R
sin
di = nIdz
=

= r cos = R cot
d
= R 2
sin
d
0 R2 sin3

nIR 2
=
3
2
R
sin
2
0 nI
sin d
=
2
1
0 nI
=
(cos 1 cos 2 ) z
2

z
dz
dB
B

~ = 0 nI z
.B
5.9 ) (z ~ = 0 nI z
.B
? , ,
,z z .z
z , , .
xy ,
z:
aB0 aB 0 = 0 B 0 = B0

: ?
65

5.4

:
0 naI = aB0

aB0 + aB 00

B 00

: , ,
, , , )
( . ,
, ,xy
. ,
.
, , ,z
xy . ,
, :
5.4.6

5.10 = Jz

Jyz
y

I
y

=j

j .xy
:

:5.7

0 ja
0 j

y
2
0 j

2aB

~
B

Bk

B ~
, ~ +
B ,
,j :
B+ B
2


1
2
2
=
B+
B
20

= Il hBi = Jazb
B+ B
2
66

= J

F
PPressure

5.5

5.5

,xy :

:5.8

(m , zy r  r0 :
~
)

dl0
~ r) = 0 I
~(A
4
| |~r ~r0
q
2
= | |~r ~r0
z 2 + (y y 0 ) + x02
p
=
z 2 + y 2 2yy 0 + y 02 + x02
r
p
2yy 0
2
0
u
r 2yy = r 1 2
r


yy 0
y
u r 1 2 = r y0
r
r
0
= r y sin

x
dx0 + ydy 0
~ r) = 0 I
~(A
4
r y 0 sin
, ,y ,y 0 sin

67

dy 0 ,

5.5

0 I
x
dx0
4
r y 0 sin

0 I
dx0
x

0
4r
1 yr sin



0 I
y0
x

1 + sin dx0
4r
r

)~ (~r
A

=
=
u

0 I sin
=
x
y 0 dx0
4r2

y 0 dx0 ,
~ (~r) = 0 Ia sin x
A

4r2
) m ,
m ~ := I~a
~
(
0 m
~ r
~ (~r) = 0 m sin x
A
=
2
4r
4r2

5.11 .
m .
~ 5.12
, :
~ = 0 m sin
A
4
r2
:
p cos
r2

Spherical

{|}z
=

p~ r
r2

=k

, :
~ A
~
=


1

=
) (sin A
r sin
0 2m cos
=

4
r3

1

=
) (rA
r
r
0 m sin
=

4
r3
= 0
68

~
B
Br

5.6

:
~

2p cos
=
=k
r
r3
1
p sin
=
=k 3
r
r
= 0
=

~
E
Er
E
E

?
: xy a, b I z
:
X
~ =I
Fz = qv B
lB
   
  


  a
a
b
b
= I b Bx
Bx
+ a By
By
2
2
2
2
"







#
b
a
b
a
By 2 By 2
Bx 2 Bx 2
+
= Iab
a
b


Bx
By
Bz
= Iab
+
=m
x
y
z
, :xy
Bz
~ z
=m
~ B
z

Fz = m cos

,
, ,
~ = IbBa sin
= F~ R
~
= mB sin = m
~ B

Nm

:
~
Um = m
~ B

5.6

5.6.1

, ,
) , , , (
)4(.

69

5.6

, ,
.~v
, , , , , :

~
~ 0 d~a0
= E d~a
E
S0

:5.9

,
.
v
1
, = p
c
1 2
ab

=E
0
0
a b
0

= E
0

70

= Eab
a
= E0 b

5.6

:5.10

E , ,
,
= Ek
= E

Ek0
0
E

:5.11

71

5.6

, ,
Pk

Pk0

P0
0

Fk
1
F

Fk0

F0

, , F , F 0
:

5.6.2

= qEk

Fk

= qEk0 = qEk

Fk0

0
= qE
= qE

F0

= qE

,, ,I ) (
v0 ,I = v0 . , ,
, .

:5.12

, . 0 0 ,
, :
2k 0

=
0
2k

r
0
=

72

0
Ey+

0
0
Ey

5.7

v v0
0
1 vcv20
0 0
1 0 0
1
1
p
=r
2

2
1
0 0
1 1
0
0
#1/2

) (1 0 0 ) ( 0 0
2

1/2

vElectrons-Charge

"
=

) (1 0 0

1 2 0 0 + 02 02 02 + 2 0 0 02
(1 0 0 )2
#1/2
"
2
) (1 0 0
) (1 02 ) (1 02


(1 0 0 ) 0 0


2k

2k 0
0
) ( (1 0 0 ) 0

=
r
0
r
2k 0
0 0
r
qEy0
B

=
=
=
=

Ey0

=
=

Fy0

{|}z
{ |} z
2q v0 v 0
2I
2q
0
0
0 = k
= qv k 2 ' qv 0 B
= k
r
rc2
rc
2kI
0 I
=
=
rc2
2r
1
= 0
0 c2
0 0 = c2

Fy
B

,
.

5.7

5.7.1

z ,Bz y .v
, ,
.
.
~
q~v B
~
q E
73

5.7

:5.13

, , , :
= Bz

Bz0

= qvBz = qE 0
~
= ~v B

fx0
0

5.13 ,
, ,
.
5.7.2

) z ( , f~ d~s
:
1
) (qvB1 a + qvB2 a) = va (B2 B1
q

74

=

1
q

=

5.7

:5.14

) :([] = T esla m2 = W eber

~ d~a
B
=:

a v dt B1 a v dt B2

) av (B1 B2

d
d
dt

d
dt

=

, S , dt ,S 0
S ) S (t).S 0 (t + dt

:5.15

75

5.7

,
0

= d

~ d~a
=
B
S

)~ (~v dt d~s
=
B
S

)~ (~v d~s
=
B
S


~ d~s
=
~v B

S 0 (t + dt) S (t) + S
S
d

d
dt

~
f
 d~s =
=
q
d
 =
dt
.
5.7.3

, ,
1
Bz

~
= ~v B
=

d
dt

va (B2 B1 ) =

Bz0
~
E

= 

) ( ,
, .

:5.16

76

5.7

: ,
?
: , ,
.
5.7.4

, , :

d
~
~ d~a = d
=
E d~s =
B
dt
dt
S
S

:



~
dB
~ E
~ d~s = d
~ d~a =

B
d~a
dt S
S
S dt
~
B

dt

= ~ d~s
E
S

~ E
~

~ E
5.14 ~ = 0
, .
5.7.5

5.15 , .
, , ,
, :

:5.17

77

5.8

5.8.1

5.8

, ) (
, 2 .1

~ 1 d~a2 I1
= 21
B
S2

dI1
d21

dt
dt
21 = M21 I1
dI1
21 = M21
dt
) M21 (

21

V
sec = sec = Henry
A

= ] [M

: R2  R1 R2 R1

0 I
2R1

= B0

, .
0 I1
R22
2R1
0 R22
2R1

21

M21

, 1) 2( , ,
, . )
(
0 2m cos

4
r3
0 m sin
=

4
r2

0
R22 I2

=
2rdr
4 R1
r3

0 I2 R22 dr
=
2
2
R1 r
=

0 R22 I2
R1
0 R22
= M21
2R1

78

Br
B
12

=
=

M12

5.8.2

5.8

S ,
~ dS
~
A

Stokes

{|}z
~
~
= A d~a
S

= ~ d~a
B

= S

M12 M21 ) ~ 2
A
:(2

~1
dS
~ 2 = 0 I1
A
| 4 S1 |~r2 ~r1

~ 2 dS
~2
= 21
A
#
"
~1
0 I1
dS
~2
dS
=
4
| |~r2 ~r1
~
~2
0 I1
dS1 dS
=
4
| |~r2 ~r1
~
~2
0
dS1 dS
= M21
= M12
4
| |~r2 ~r1
, M12 = M21 .
: , ,
:
d11
dI1
= L1
dt
dt

11 =

.L1 = M11
, ) ( ,
)  = N d N (.
dt
: ) ( ,


N
0 nI
=n
l
0 nIR2
d
dI
N
= 0 nN R2
dt
dt
0 n2 lR2

= 
= L

? :
Idt
dI
L I dt
dt
L I dI
1 2
LI
2
79

dU

=
=
=

5.8

? ,


2
1
LI 2
B2
0 n2 lR2
B
UEnergy
=
= = 2 2

2
VCylinder
R l
2R l
0 n
20

, ,
, :

:5.18

1 0 I 2
d~s d~s0
1 2
= LI
= U
2
2 4
| |~r ~r0

0
0
) (I d~s) (Id~s
=
8
| |~r ~r0

1
)~ (~r) (Id~s
A
=
2

1
~ Jd
~ 3r
=
A
2



1
~
~ B
~ d3 r
A
= U
20






~ B
~ A
~ =A
~
~ B
~ B
~
~ A
~
:
Gauss

B
z
|}
{
{ |} z



1
1
3
3
~
~
~
~
~
~
B A d r+
BA d r
20
20

1
~ Bd
~ 3r + 1
~ Ad
~ 2r
B
B
20
20

80

=
=

5.8

|B| d3 r

5.8.3

1
=U
20

RL

, , :

:5.19

:
dI
IR = 0
dt

L

:

R
 0
= )I (t
1 e L t
R

81

5.8

:5.20

, , :

:5.21

= I0 e L t

82

dI
+ IR
dt
I

5.8

= P dt
I 2 Rdt
0
0

2R
2
e L t dt
= I0 R
0

 L 2R t
2
L
e
= I0 R

2R
0
=

LI02
2

5.8.4

RLC

, :

:5.22 RLC

83

5.8

CV0

Q0

IR

A1 e1 t + A2 e2 t
q
R2
4
R

L
L2 LC

VC VL
Q
dI
L
IR
C
dt
dQ Q
d2 Q
+
L 2 +R
dt
dt
C
)Q (t

2
R
=:
2L
1
=:
LC
q
=:
02 2
q
= i 02 2

Q00 et eit + eit

1,2

1,2
)Q (t

Q0 et cos t
dQ
I (t) =
dt
= Q0 ( cos t sin t) et


p

= Q0 2 + 2
cos t +
sin t et
2 + 2
2 + 2

=cos :
2 + 2

=tan :

1
= 2 + 2 = 02
LC
1
I (t) = CV0
(cos cos t + sin sin t) et
LC
r
C
cos (t ) et
= V0
L
=

5.16 , ...
, , )(
, :
q
L
R > 2 C .

84

5.8

q
L
R = 2 C

L
C

R < 2 .

) ,( = 0 , ,
, .
1
L
.e2t = 2
=R
, 12 CV 2 , 12 LI 2
1

Q = 2 . e
= L
R

5.8.5

RLC

:5.23 RLC

85

5.8

)I0 i(t+
e
i

0 cos t

0 eit

)I0 ei(t+
dQ

dt

)I(t

)Q (t

0
I0

Idt =

)I0 i(t+
0 eit
e
) I0 Lei(t+) I0 Rei(t+
iC
 


1
i L
+ R ei
C
s

2
1
L
1
R2 + L
)ei(arctan( R RC )+
C
1
L

RC
R
s

2
1
R2 + L
C
0
q


1 2
R2 + L C

)(t

=
= tan
=

0
I0

I0

1
1
= LC I0 = R0
? = 0
L C
, . :

:5.24

RC ,L = 0

1
RC

= tan .

RL ) C (.

86

5.8

, , ,

X
Ii = 0
}i{Intersection

i

}i{Closed circuits

I , , = zI, z C z ),(Impedance
, Y = z 1 .
, , z
.
)zI0 ei(t+
ei

= z0 q

1 2
R2 + L C
s

2
1
2
=
R + L
ei
C

0 eit
0

:
Y = z 1
1
R
i
L

iC

z
R
iL
i
C

) R(L = 0, C
) L (R = 0, C
)C (R = 0, L = 0

:1

, , ,
:
1
1
1
=
+
z
z1
z2
:
z = z1 + z2

5.8.6

RLC

): (

87

5.8


1
1
1
+ i C
R
L
I


zI = 1
1
+
i
C
L
R



1
1
+ i C
0 eit
R
L


{

R
L

|}

= 
=

it+arctan RC

I0

|}


2
1
1
+
C

0 e
R2
L

zs
=

:
= ei
p
=
R2 + I 2
I
=
R

R + iI

tan

?
V2
V2
= 0 cos2 t
R
R

= P

V02
V2
= rms
2R
R
V0

2
I0

hP i

=:

Vrms

=:

Irms

5.17 RMS root mean square

.

)= I = 0 cos (t) I0 cos (t +

= 0 I0 cos2 (t) cos cos t sin t sin
0 I0
= hP i
cos
2
= rms Irms cos

88

5.8.7

5.8

RC J ,
S ,S 0



~
~ B
~ d~a = 0 I
= B d~s

S
 S

= ~ d~s
~ B
~ d~a = 0
B

S 0

S0


~ J~ dV

 t

= ~~ J

= J~ d~a

S+S 0

VS+S 0

= dV
VS+S 0

d
dt

d
QT
dt

=
=

1
~ B
~ d~a

0 S+S 0



1
~
~ B
~ dV = 0

0 VS+S0


= J~ d~a
S+S 0

. ,
:

~ 1
)~ + f~ (r, t
B

dV
t
V

0
t
 ~ ~
0 0
E
t
!
~
~ 1
E
2
c
t

= ~J

~ f~dv

= ~~ f

=
=

1 E
f~ = 2
c t
:
~ B
~ = 0 J~ + 1 E

c2 t

89

5.9

5.9

0

~ E
~

~ B
~

~ E
~

~
B
t



~
1 E
0 J~ + 2
= 0 J~c + J~d
c
t
~
E
:= 0
t
=

~ B
~

J~d

J~d J~c .

5.10

m
~ := aI
~ = m
~
N
~ B
~
m
~ B


~ m
~

~ B

=
=

U
~F

,
, . ,
. , ,
, .
5.10.1

, ) (
.

90

5.10

:5.25

,
v
2r

I=e

,
evr
ev
=
2r
2

m = r2

L = me vr
) (
m
e
=
L
2me
, , :
r2 dB
dB
F 2r
= r2
q
dt
2
2
F dt = me dv
qr
qr
qr
B
2me

= 
=

dB

, , )
( , ,
, :
me v 2
mv 2
=r
r
F0
?
91

F0

)F0 (r

5.10

, ?F0
. ,r0 :
qv 2 B
2F0

r0

(v  v) (qvB  F0 ) r0

)m (v + v
F0 + q (v + v) B




m 2
q
v + 2vv 1
(v + v) B
F0
F0
2mvv
2
F0

{ |} z
2mvv mqv 2 B
mv 2
+

v+...
F0
F0
F02
mv 2
=r
F0

=
=

,
:
er qrB
evr
=
2
2 2me
e2 r2
=
B
4me
=

m
m

 , , )= ~F

~ m
~
( .
~ B
, .
m S , , :h = 6.621034 J sec
~
h
4

m
S

e
ge
2me

,QED ge g-factor
.ge = 2.0023
, .
,
k > 0
= kB
.
5.10.2

k < 0, m = kB :
k > 0 :
92

5.10

: . ,
, , .
, , ,
.
,
.
5.10.3

~
M , ,

~ dV
.m
~ = M
~ M
~
B ,
) (:
1
~
~
m B
M
=
0
, ~
M , .dz
da
M da dz = I da
,
I
=j
dz

=M

dz da .
, , ,
.
, )
, /(.
.M ~
: ~
?M
) ( , S = 0

~
~ d~a
B
= B d~a
S00

S0

B d~a

=
S000

D E
~ d~a
B

s0

hBi a = Ba

1
~ V
~
=hBi :
Bd
V V
=

93

5.10

)(2

)(1

Mz , Mz ,

,z



Mz(2) Mz(1) dz = Jx dydz
Mz
y

)(1

Mz
dy

)(2

Mz

Jx

,y ,



My(2) My(1) dy = Jx dydz
)(1

)(2

My My
dz
My
=
z

Jx

Mz
My

y
z

= Jx

) (bounded
~ M
~
= J~b

5.10.4

, ,
) ( , ,
J .
,
.
,
)
, ( , :
~ m

0 m

B
~

,
) = 0 J~ = 0 (Jf ree + Jbounded


~ M
~
= 0 Jf +

~ B
~

!
= Jf ree

94

~
B
~
M
0

5.10

~
,H , ) H (H
~ 1
~
BM
0

~
H

Jf

~ H
~

H ~
5.18 ~
.D
~
, .E ,
H ~
~
,B .
,


~ H
= ~ d~a

J~f d~a
S

~ d~l = If
=
H
inside

H , , Jf = 0 ,
~ H
~ = 0
, .
m
~ B
~
~ M
~ = m
~ H
~ = 1

f + b
0

,
.
B ~
~
:M
~
m H


~ +M
~ = 0 (1 + m ) H
~
0 H

~
0 H

1 + m

~
M
~
B

= :

:


~ = m 1 B
~ M
~
m H
0


~ +M
~ = 0 (1 + m ) H
~ = 0 H
~
0 H
1 + m
~
~
~
B
~ = B B = 1 1 B
~ = 1 m B
~
H
0
0
0
0

0 m + 1

95

~
M

~
B

= :
=

~
M

5.11

5.11

~ ,P
~
, ~ P , tP
:
!
~
~

E
~ B
~ = 0 J~ + 0
+

t
t
!
~
D
= 0 J~ +
t
) ~
:(H
= f

~ D
~

~ E
~

~
B
t

~
D
= J~f +
t

~ B
~

~ H
~

:
~
B
t

~ E
~

)(

~ E
~

0
~
1 E
=

2
c
t
= 0

~ B
~

~ B
~

? )( :

~2
~
B
~
~ =1 E
=
B
t
t
c2 t2
~2
1 E
= 2
c
t2
~
=



~
~ E
~



~ E
~
~ +
~
2 E
~
1 2E

2
2
c
t

, :
)~ = f~ (z v t
E
. :
0 v = c

)= f~+ (z ct) + f~ (z + ct

96

v 2 00
f
c2
~
E

f 00

~
2 E

5.11

) (z
~ 0 eik(zct) = E
)~ 0 ei(kzt
= E

~
E

= kc

, c 010
c2 = 010 .
, , , ) (
, ) (Ether . ,
, .
) ( ,
,
2
k
2

kc
c
=
=
2
2

)~ 0 ei(~k~rt
E

~
E

~k ~r

~k ~r = c . k , ~k
, .
, ,
:
~

= i (kx E0x + ky E0y + kz E0z ) ei(k~rt) = 0

~
= 0 ~k E
~
0 ~k B

~ E
~

~
~k E
~k B
~

~ E
. ~~ = B
:
t
~
~ 0 ei(~k~rt) = B
i~k E
t
~k
)~ 0 ei(~k~rt
E

~ 1
k E0
c
1
k
c

~ E
~

~
B

~0
B

~0 B
~0
E

E0
c

= .B0

) (:
~ 0 ei(~k~rt) + E
)~ 0 ei(~k~rt
= E
~ 0 ei~k~r cos t
= 2E
97

~
E

5.11

, , .
:
~
)~ 0 ei(~k~r+t
B0 ei(k~rt) B
E0 ~
= 2 ei(k~r 2 ) sin t
c

~
B

0
E .
5.11.1

) , ( ,
, :


1
1 2
= U
0 E 2 +
B
2
0


1
1 E2
2
= 0 E 2
=
0 E +

2
0 c2
, , , )
( , :

U dz

0
= S
=
0
E02 cos2 (kz t) dz
T
2
0

0 2

=
= 0 E 2
kc E0
2r 0 2
2
2
r
0 2
1 0 2
=
= E
E
2 0 0
0 rms
q


S
. Wmatt 00 = 377 .
2
, S ,
~
S
r
~ = 2 1 0 E02 k = 1 E
~0 B
~0
S
2 0
0
~k ~
S .
~ B
~ UE = 1 0 E 2 = 1 0 E
~ E
. ~
UB = 12 10 B
2
2
~
~
~ E + 1 B
~ B
= 0 E
t
0
t

0

~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1
0 E E + 0 B B
2
2

du
=
dt

:
1
0

{|}z




~
~ B
~ 0 J~ 1 B
~
~ E
~
0 c2 E
0


i
~ ~ 1 h
~ B
~
~ E
~ E
~~ J
=
E B
0

~ ~ 1
~ J~ E
~
=
EB
0
=

98

du
dt

5.11

~
B

~ 1
0 E

=~ :
S ) (Poynting
~ ~ du
~
+ S = J~ E
dt

, ~
S .
5.11.2

)(1

~ D
~

~ E
~

~ B
~

~
B
t

)(2
)(3

~
D
J~f +
t
~ 1
B
0
~
0 E

)(4
)(5
)(6

~ H
~

~
H

~
D

)(7
)(8
)(9
)(10

~
D
0 J~f +
t


~
~

B
t
!
~

E
~

0 Jf + 0 0
t
t
J~f
~ 1
f + 0
 0
t

~ B
~



~
~ E
~



~ 2E
~ +
~
~ E
~

~
E
t


c2

~ 2E
~

)(4, 5

)~ (2

)(7 8) , (6

)(6, 1

~2 2
~ 2E
~ n E =0

c2 t2

n =  )( ,v = nc
, ) .

99

2 01.03.2010

II

2 01.03.2010

1 .
6.0.3

http://moodle.huji.ac.il :
: 13:00 , 225.12:00
6586707 :02
:
90 .1 .
10 .2 ) 13( .
20 .3
.4 .
6.0.4

M.K.S :
.
6.0.5

1
40

K = 9109 N tm) C(
=
C2

1
0 0

=C

, ) ( ,
, , ) ( .
, .Velocity of liquid Area vector
, ) ~
n (:
E ,

~ ds n
= ~ d~s
~ s
d = dE
= dE
~dEd
) L (:
2
kq 2
~
r
= E d~s
r2
L
0
0
sin d d = 4kq

~ s = 4kdq
~ dEd , dq = dV

~ s = 4k dq = 4kQtotal
~Ed

100

2 01.03.2010

6.0.6

, .
. . .
A .A ,4kA
, 2kA E A . E = 2k

:6.1

: :
.1 .
: :

:6.2

101

01.03.2010 2

~ =
| E|

kq
r 2 +d2

~ |~s| cos = kq 2r r d
|E|
r2 + d2
r2 + d2

r dr
~ s=
=
Ed~
2kq d 2
(r + d2 )3/2
0



1
dy


= 2kqd

2kqd

3/2
2y
r2 + d2 0
2kqd

=
= 2kq
d2

~ ~s =
E

. .2
: :
4kq = lower base + upper base + surrounding
:
4kq = 2base + surrounding

0

surrounding = |

4dkq
R

:
kq
kq
cos ds 2 2d 2R
R2
R

plain = lim |2kq qsurrounding | = 2kq

R

~ . R = 0
? E

r
r0

n

, n > 3 :2
: , :

4k Qin (r)

40
r2 rn dr
Qin (r) =
r0n
(
rn+3
40 1
=
n
r0 n + 3 Rn+3

r<R
r>R

4r2 E
4k0
Rn+3
E(r) =

, (r > R)
(n + 3)r0n
r2
40 k n+1 r<R
rn+1
E(r) =
r
=
kQ
(n + 3)r0n
Rn+3

102

09.03.2010 3

:3 R R/2 , ~
E ?
: ) ( n = 0 :
(
~kQ
r
r<R
r3
~
= E
~kQ
r
r>R
R3

kQ~r kQ ~r R2 x

R
3
r
8 |~r 2 x
|3

~ out,r>R
E

)
kQ~r kQ(~r R2 x

3
3
R
)8(R/2

~ hollow
E

)
kQ~r kQ(~r R2 x


3
3
R
8 ~r R2 x


~ in
E

:4 ) ( , R1
R2 , . = 2r = R2 ~
E?
1
: , ) h ( ) (.
h . r :

7
7.0.7

E(r) 2 r h

4k [ h h] = 0

E(r > R2 ) = 0

4kh, R1 < r < R2

2k
r
r2
4k 2 , r < R1
R1


2k
r
R12

E(r) 2rh

)E(r

E(r) 2rh

)E(r

09.03.2010 3

Fx
Fy
Fz
= ~ F
+
+
x
y
z

,
,
x y z

F~ ds

= ~ F~ dV

)(:
df
) dx = f (x2 ) f (x1
dx
103

x2

!x

= ~~ F

~~ d
F
s
V

09.03.2010 3

divF~ = limV 0 .

dV

4k

Gaus

~ d~s
E

{|}~ d~s z
E
=

~ EdV
~

4k

~ E
~

:
2

= zx
) x + zy y + (y x
z
= z + z + 0 = 2z
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2
=
1+1+1=3

7.0.8

~F
~~ F

~r
~
~r

~ =
~
E . , r
:
1

~ = r + 1 +

r
r
r sin()

kq
r

:() = 0
)U (~r) = q 0 (~r
1

.1v = 1cj
1ev
.
: .200V )( ?
:
J

17

W = e 200v = 3.52 10

:
2W
0.03c
m

104

r
=v

09.03.2010 3

: q .d

:7.1

.1 ~
E ?
)( ?
)( q , ?
)( ) (1) (2 4 ?q
) : : , (
.1 .
.2 ) = 16 kq3d (.
2

kq
U = q (0) q () = 16
.3 ) (2 ) (0 () = 0:
3d
.

.4 :
q
1
32kq
8k
= z
z
2
)( 3d/2
3
3 3d2
, ,
.
: a, b Q .
?

105

09.03.2010 3

:7.2

2Q
: ,Q = ab
2 = ab : :

X k Q
kdq
kdxdy
p
=

=
r
r
x2 + y 2

b
= x tan
a
a "
= k
dx
= x

=
=
1
cos

=
=
=

sin
cos
+
1 + sin cos

=
=

x tan

dy p

x2 + y 2

:dy = cosx2 dx y = x tan 0

a
1
k
d0
cos

0
0

1
d0
ka
0
cos
0
1 + sin
=
cos + cos sin
cos2 + sin2 + sin
cos + cos sin
cos
sin
+
1 + sin cos


1 + sin
ln |1 + sin | + . . . = ln
cos


1 + sin
ka ln
cos
!
r
2kQ
b
b2
ln
+ 1+ 2
b
a
a

, , :
.
106

09.03.2010 3

: 8 , :
!


1 + 22
a
ka

8k ln
=8
ln 1 + 2
2
2
2
2

, , :

)2k a ln(1 + 2
= 2

)(O
) (O 0

) : , (1 ) |(~r) = :(r = |~r

2
2
.0 er /a
.1
.2
.3
.4

~
E) ~r1 = (0, 0, 0).~r2 = (a, 0, 0
.~r1 , ~r2
q ) ( ~r1 ?~r2
?

:
~ =
.1 ~
E:


1
1
~
=
r +
+

r
r
r sin
2
2
1
2~r
)= 0 2 2~rer /a = 2 (~r
a
a
~
E(0, 0, 0) = 0
2 1
~
E(a,
= )0, 0
e 0 r
a


.2 :

)~ (f A
= ~

(f Ax ) +
(f Ay ) +
) (f Az
x
y
z
f
f
f
Ax Ay Az
=
Ax +
Ay +
( Az + f
,
,
)
x
y
z
x y z


f f f
~A
~
=
,
,
(Ax , Ay , Az ) + f
x y z
~ f )A
~+f
~A
~
( =
:
~ 20
)(~r
a2

~ E
= ~
= 0

~ 20
)( ~r + 3
a2
20 2r2
( 2 + 3)
a2
a
60
0
a2
20 1
0
a2
e
107

)(~r

=
=
=

) (~r1

) (~r2

 8 4

16.03.2010

.3 :


1
W = q[(~r2 ) (~r1 )] = q0 1
e
.4 ~ = 22 ~r 0 er2 a2 :
E
a
r .
)) Q = dV (2
(.

7.0.9

kqi qj
rij

i6=j

1
2

= U

1X
1
(~r)(~r)du
) qi i (~rj
2 i,j
2

1
1
~ 1
2
= ~ 2 dv
dv =
() | +
)(
8k v
8k
8k v

1
~ 2 dv
||E
8k
v
)~
~
( = . 2

16.03.2010 4

8.0.10

F~ d~xx
8.1

1
s

~ F~ |x = lims0

8.2 .
) 8.3( F~ d~l


:

Fx
y

Fy
x

+j

= ~ F~ )d~s
(

Fx
z

Fz
x

+j






Fz
=
i
z
y


Fz
k

Fy
z

8.4 !
: .
+ xb y
E = ay x

108

Fy



i


 x
 Fx

=
=
=

16.03.2010

4 8

:8.1

:
C1 : (x, y)

(x, 0) d~l = dx
x, 0 x a

(a cos, a sin ), 0 45
d(x, y)
d = a( sin , cos )d
d~l =
 d

a s a s
C3 : (x, y) =
2,
2
2
2

2
d(x, y)
~
ds =
(1, 1)ds
dl =
ds
2
C2 : (x, y)

109

16.03.2010

4 8

:

a
0
x
~ d~l =
E
E0
x
+ y) dx
x=0
a
b
C1
0

/4


a
~ d~l =
E0 sin
x + cos
y a (sin
x + cos
y )d
E
b
0
C2
/4 

a
= E0 a
cos2 sin2 d
b
0
cos(2) + 1
= cos2
2

/4

a sin 2 + 2 sin 2 2
(...) = E0 a

b
4
4
C2
0


a
1 a
= E0 a
+ +

4b 4
8b
8



a
a

s
1 as
1
1
~
~
x
+ y (
x + y) ds
E dl = E0
a
b
2
2
2
C3
0


a
sa 1 1
= E0
+
ds
2
a b
0

a
 2
s 2as 1
1
= E0 a
+
4
a2
ab 0


1
a
= E0 a
4 4b

: ,



~ d~l = E0 a a 1
E
8
b
s
:

On this example!

~ E)d~
~ s
(

~ E)z ds
(


1 1
E0

ds
b a


1 1

ds
E0
b a


1 1 a2

E0
b a
8

E0 a  a
1
8
b

z}|{
=
=
=
=
=

110

 8 4
8.0.11

16.03.2010

8.5
.
X qi aj
1 X X qi qj
k
=
k
2 i j
rij
rij
i>j
:

h
i
0
~ 2 (
)~
~
)(
dv
2

0
~ 2 dV
~
||E
ds
2
V

(~r)dv

1
2

=
R2

R12

1
R

{|} z}|{ z}|{ z

~


)! ( , ds
R ,

0
~ 2 dV
||E
2
V
(

2k
r<R
r r
: .
0
r>R
:
!
 R
 R/2
1
2k
2k
=

dV

8k
r
r
0
0
!
2
 R
2k
1
L2
r dr
=
8k
r
R/2
2L 2 2
4k ln r|R
R/2
8k


R
k L2 ln
R/2

)kL2 ln(2

~
) ,E(r
=

=
=
=

). k2 ln(2
: A, B A , B.
.1 ) ( , ?
.2 , ,R A , B .d
?d >> R
: A:B
= UA + UB + USystem

0
0
2
~
~ B |2 dV + USystem
|EA | dV +
|E
=
2
2

1
~A + E
~ B )2 dV
= 0+
(E
8k
V
111

UT otal

UT otal

:2

1
4k

23.03.2010 4

U0

8.6 ... .

23.03.2010 4

9.0.12

~ =0
E .
) , ( .
.
, ) (.
~ = 4k
.E
r
9.0.13

, , ) , ,
, (.
:
) = ci( .i
.2 = 4k

~ s = 4kQi :
~) i Ed (.
.
9.0.14

) ( , . = 0
: 1,2 d , d
. . ) 0
,1 00 .(2

112

23.03.2010 4

: . 0 + 00 = 0
~ = 2k
E :
2k(2 + 00 1 0 )(
)z

0
1 2
2
2 1
2

2 + + 1

00

00

00

: , . R1 .R2
R3.
.1 ~
E .r > R2
.2 ) ( .
.3 Q1,2 .
: .
9.0.15

, ,
, .
: R .a ?
:
.1 q b .
.2 A, B )
(.
kq
kq 0
+
=0
aR Rb
bR
aR
kq
kq 0
+
=0
a+R b+R
b+R

a+R
)(b + r)(a R

)(A

q0
q

)(B

q0
=
q
= ) (b r)(a + r

2R2
R2
= b
b<R
a
R2 /a R qR R a
qR
q0 = q

=
aR
a aR
a
=

113

2ab

10

13.04.2010 5

.3 . ~ d q , ~s
q 0 ~r ) ( ,:
p
p
p
= ~
||d
d~ d~ = (~r ~a)(~r ~a) = R2 + 2ax + a2
r
p
R2
R4
2
2
= ||~s
R 2bx + b = R2 2 x + 2
a
a
Rp 2
~ R
2
=
|a 2ax + R = |d
a
a
kq
kq 0
= )(~r
+
~
||~s
||d
kq
qR a 1

=0
k
~
~
|a R |d
||d

.
.4 . ,
, , q 0 ,
) ( , .

10
10.1

13.04.2010 5

~
x

~ d~l
E

~x .
Q E
1

= = Const
Q
C
C .
: .1 , 2 . ?
:
= C 1 1

Q1

= C 2 2

Q2

= C1 1 + C2 2

Q1 + Q2

= C1

Q01

= C2

Q02
Q02
Q02

) = (C1 + C2
= Q1 + Q2
114

Q01 +
+

Q01

10

10.1

13.04.2010 5

C1 1 + C2 2
C1 + C2

C1  C2 . 1
10.1.1

R ?
kQ
Q
R

=
[C] = F arad
R

1F 1V olt .1Colon
10.1.2

 d

A d A

= 4k = 4k dz = 4kd

Q
A
Q
Q
A
=dC
=
A

4kd

10.1.3

4k

External Internal

{|}z
{|}z
R1 , R2

R2 R1
kQ kQ

=
kQ
R1
R2
R1 R2
R1 R2
1

R1 R2 k

10.1.4

=
=

Q
||

, , .
R2 ,R1

115

10

10.1

13.04.2010 5

r < R2
R2 < r < R1
r > R2

2k
r
r

~
E

2k ln(r) + c

)) 2k(ln(R1 ) ln(R2
R1
=
2k ln
R2
Q
=
L
1
Q
= L1
1

2k ln R
R2
=

10.1.5

Q2
q
= dq
C
2C

= W = U

= V dq
0

Q
 =

Q
C

C 2 2
C
=
2C
2

10.1.6

:10.1

116

10

10.1

13.04.2010 5

 ,
Q1 , C2  = Q2
X
Qi
X

Ci
X
Ci

10.1.7

=  C1
= C
= C
=

, ,
Q = 1 C1
Q = 2 C2
X
X Qi
= 
= i
Ci
X 1
Q
=

Ci

10.1.8

: Vi Qi :

:10.2

117

10.1

10

:
Q3
1
1
+
C1 + C2
C3
V CT otal
V V3
Q3
C3
3
V Q
C3
C1
| | Q3 Q1


 V Q3



C3
 + Q1

 C1

V V3

Q1 + Q2

CT otal

Q3

Q1 C1

V3

Q1

= | |Q2
=
=

V2

: :

:10.3

: :
0

Q4 + Q6 + Q7

Q1 + Q2 + Q4

Q3 + Q6

Q7 + Q5

= V

C1 Q1 + C2 Q2

C4 Q4 + C7 Q7 + C5 Q5 + C2 Q2

C6 Q6 + C4 Q4 + C1 Q1 + C3 Q3

) (.

118

13.04.2010 5

11

: :10.4
.1 ?
.2 ?
.3 ?H
:
.1
1
= C

1
1
+
C1
C2

A
= C1 = C2
4kd

1
8kd
= C
A
Q = VC
AV
=
8kd
.2

AV 2
16kd

CV 2
2

=U

.3 :
A
1
U = CV 2
)4k(3d
2
2
2
Cold U = Uold
3
3

11

27.04.2010 6

11.1

7 03.05.2010
119

27.04.2010 6

11

11.2

27.04.2010 6

8 10.05.2010
9 13.05.2010
.

11.2

, KQ ,
, r
, , .
, .
d z :

:11.1

kq
| |~r0

=
r02

= r2 + d2 2rd cos
kq
=
r2 + d2 2rd cos

120

11.2

27.04.2010 6

1
1x

1


d 2

kq
q
r
1+

d
r

11

 1 d  r

2 dr cos

x 3x2
1+ +
2
8

" 
#2
 3
2

2
kq
d cos
d
d
d
3
d
1 2 +
+ o(
+
+ 2 cos
)
r
2r
r
r
r
8
r




d cos d2 3 cos2 1
d
kq
1
+ 2

+ o( )3
r
r
r
2
2
r
Dipole

=
d cos

z }| {
kq kqd
kqd2
+ 2 cos + 3 (3 cos2 1) + ...
r
r
2r
~
d r
d2

d
2

=2

z , ,

kq d2
kq d~ ~r
cos

=
r2
r3

) ( p~ = q d~
=k

p~ ~r
r3
,

p~ =

qi~ri

(~r)~rdV
V


p~ ~r
k 
kQ
+ k 3 + 5 ~r Q
r
r
r
2r

Q
r

ij

Qij

Qxx Qxy
Qyx Qyy
Qzx Qzy
(
1 i=j
0 i 6= j
X
qa 3rai raj

Qxz
Qyz
Qzz

x
y
z

ij ra2

Qij

(~r)(3ri rj ij r2 )dr

121

11.2

27.04.2010 6

11

:
r1

(0, 0, d)

r2

(0, 0, d)

Qxx

= q(0 d2 ) q(0 d2 ) = 0

Qyy

= q(...) = 0

Qzz

= q(3d2 d2 ) q(3d2 d2 ) = 0

Qij

0
k(q q)
p~ ~r
p~ ~r
+k 3 +0=k 3
r
r
r

z
r  R .(~r) = 0 R
R :

QT otal

=
=
=
Py

Pz

=
=

=
E

z 2
r sin drdd
R
0
0
0

0 2 cos
r
sin drdd
R
r


cos 2 
(...)
 =0
4
0

z 2
0 xr sin drdd
R

cos
0
sin cos drdd = 0
r
... = 0

2
(cos r)
0
r2 sin drdd
R
R4 2
4
2
0 =
0 R 4
5 3
15
R4 z
4
k0 3
15
r


4 k0 R4
3z~r
~
=

~z
15 r3
r2

Px

11.2.1

,
~
N

~
d~
~ d (q E)
~ = p~ E
~
qE
2
2

122

11.3

11

27.04.2010 6

~ d d
qE
2

2
0

)qEd sin = qEd(1 cos

=
0

~
~U () =
pE

11.3

~ = N q ~
~ E
P . ~
,P
~ = 0 E
~
P
) (P ) (p
= P~ r
~~ P
=

P
P

, ,
) ,
(.

~ + P~ = E
~ = 0 (1 + )E
~
:= 0 E
T otal + p = f ree

~
D
~ D
~

: a .b a

:11.2

123

A
r 2

= ).(~r

11

11.3

27.04.2010 6

.1 ?
.2 , ?
.3 ?
.4 ?
: :
A 2
r sin dddr
r2

)q(r

4Ar

4Aa

)q(a

.1 ~
D ) (
~
4r2 D

)= q(r
r
~
D
A
4Ar
=
= r
=

 4r2
r

~
E

) (
~ = k 4Aa
E
r2
.2
r

~ 0 E
~ = 1
= D


A

0
= P~ r = 1
 a

0  A
= 1
 r2

~P

0 A
r

p
p

 0
1 +
4Aa



0
A4a
1



(r)dV

.
.3 , , ,

4aA
A
=
2
4a
a

4aA
Aa
= 2
2
4b
b

124

= b

12

04.05.2010 7

.4

~ 2 r2 sin drdd
E

12

~ Dr
~ 2 sin drdd + 1
E
8k
0
a
2A2 a  0
+
= ...
0

b
1
2

~ DdV
~
E

1
2

04.05.2010 7

2 8
.

1
r 2 2rdr

....

: . ,
. rE2
: E , .

12.1

12.1.1

12.1 ) ,J(~r) := (~r)~v (~r

.
12.2 J~ d~s
. Coulomb

sec

dq
dt

= I : .

: , t = 0 ,Q0
= Q0

dQout
~j d~s
=
=
dt

Qinside + Qout
dQinside
= dV
dt

d
d
= dV
dt
dt

~ JdV
~

d
dV
dt

d
= ~~ J
+
dt

. ,
, , ) (,
.

125

12

04.05.2010 7

12.1.2

12.1

~
J~ E , !

~
J~ = E

: l A ,V

= I
J~ d~s

~
=
Eds
V
VA

l
R

El

EA =

l
l
=
A
A

=:

: ,a c b
a
b
c
= , Rac
= , Rab
bc
ac
ab

= Rbc

: a ,b V
. ? r = a
: ,R dr ,r
,
1 dr
4r2
b
b
 1 1
= dR
4 r a
a


1
1 1

4 a b
ba
4ab

dR

=
=

,
)~ r
~(J
~ 4Rab
=
)J(~r

ba
I
= ~J
4r2
~ = V ab 1
E
b a r2
(
0
r<a
= ~
E
V ab
1

a<r<b
2
ba r
=

126

~
E

12.2

12

1 vab
k ba

04.05.2010 7

= q

Vb
1
q
=

4a2
b a 4ak

) (.
: b ,c .1 V .a, v
?r = b
:
c
1 dr
1 dr
+
2
2
a 4r
b 1 4r


1
1
1
1
1
=

4 a b 1 b 1 c
~(
~(J
)r
I
a<r<b
= 4r 2 r
=
)~ r
~(J
I
b<r<c
1 = 4r 2 1 r
b

b:


12.2

12.2.1

12.2.2

1
I
I

4k 4b1
4b2


I
1
1

16 2 b2 k 1

= IR
= IR

(
V
Ri
IR1 + . . .

=
=

=R

= IR = I1 R1 = I2 R2 = . . .

= I1 + I2 + . . .
X 1
=
Ri
i

I
1
R

127

~
E

12

04.05.2010 7

12.2.3

12.2.4

12.2

dW
) d(qV
dq
V2
=
=V
= = IV = I 2 R
dt
dt
dt
R

= P

.1 .
.2 , , .
: , ): (
I2 + I3

I1

F EBA I1 R 2V + I2 2R + I1 R + V = 0
0

I3 R 2V + I3 R I2 2R + 2V = 0
0
V
6R
V
3R

= I2 + I3

(4I2 + 2I3 )R
DCBE

(2I2 + 2I3 )R

I2 = I3

I1

: t = 0 , .
I

= I1 + I2
dQ
= I2
dt
 Left circuit 0 = Ir + I1 R
Q
 Right circuit 0 = Ir +
C
Q
= I1
RC
Q
 = I1 r + I2 r +
C
dQ
Q
Qr
= 
+
r+
RC
dt
C
,


) + Q (r + R
Qr
RC

=:

RT

rR
r+R
:= RT C

=
r

Q
Q +

128

13

11.05.2010 8

:
dt

t + C

Aet/

dQ
=
Q
= ln Q
= Q

:

r

r

qp

qp

0+


= Qh + qh
+ Aet/
r

 
1 et/
r

13
13.1

)Q(t

= dis

11.05.2010 8

:


~
= q ~v B

~ ~l
=
Bd

F~Lorentz
0 I

~ B
~
= 0~j

) ~v0 = v0 cos
x + v0 sin
: q m t = 0 ~r = 0 z
.(xz
B~ = E z
, ~ = B y
.E )?~r(t
: :


~ + ~v B
= m~a = q E

~F

= m
vx qvz B = q v z B

mv x

mv y

= m
vz q (E + vx B) = q v x B


E
2 2
= q B
+ vx
B

mv z

0y=0

= q 2 B 2 vz
129

m2 vx
m2 vz

13

13.1

11.05.2010 8

= qB
m
(.

1
] [T

) ( = vd

) 2 (vx + vd

vx

2 vZ

vz

E
B

:
)= C cos (t) + D sin (t
sin () vd
= A cos (t) + B

vz
vx

.A, B, C, D :
=

t = 0 v0 sin

= A

t = 0 v0 cos

:~v
q
(E + v0 cos B) = D
m

{|}z
qB

(v0 sin ) = B
=
m
=

)v z (0

)v x (0

,
[cos () cos (t) sin cos (t)] v0 + vd cos (t) + vd

)v0 cos (t + ) + vd (cos (t) 1

)v0 sin (t + ) + vd sin (t

vx
vz

:
z(0) = 0
vd
v0
[sin (t + ) sin ] +
)(sin (t) t

vd
v0
[ cos (t + ) + cos ] +
))(1 cos (t

)x(0

)x(t

)z(t

: .
E = 0 .1 vd = 0
v0
))(sin (t + ) sin , cos cos (t +

v0
~ v0 m
=
, R0 = R ( sin
x, cos
)z

qB

)F (t

)~ 0 = R (sin (t + ) , cos (t) +

~r(t) R
v0 = 0 .2 )(
vd
vd
= )~r(t
(sin (t) , cos t) +
)(t, 1

130

13

11.05.2010 8

13.2

13.2

~ ~l = 0 I
Bd
~ B
~

~= 0 J
1
=
c2

0 0

: a .~j = j0 ar z .
.1 I?
.2 ~
B?
:
a

r
~jd~s =
j0 z d r z dr
a
0
S
a 0
2a2 j0
 r3 j0
=

2
3 a 0
3

, ,
, .B = B(r) r:

~ ~l = B(r) dl = B(r) = 2r
Bd
(
0
r>a
= )0 I(r
2a2 j0
2r 3 j0
+
r<a
3
3a
(
0
r>a
 2

= ~
)~ r
( B
0 j0
r
a2
r<a
3
a r
: 2d xy . .~j = j0 y
) . (
: :
z>0
z<0

)B(z
x
)B(z
x

(
=

~
B

= ~ ~l
Bd

0 + 0 + B(z) l + 0
(
0 lzj0 z < d
= = 0 I
0 ldj0 z > d

z>d
0 dj0 x
~
= ) B(z
0 zj0 x

d < z < d

0 dj0 x
z < d

131

14

25.05.2010 11

14
14.1

25.05.2010 11

1
dV ~r

40
r3

1
) d3 r0 (~r ~r0
3
40
| |~r ~r0

~
dE

~
E

0 ~jdV ~r

4
r3
~
) j (~r) d3 r0 (~r ~r0
~ = 0
B
3
4
| |~r ~r0
 
 
Id~l = ~j  dS d~l

) I d~l (~r ~r0

~ = = 0
B
3
4
| |~r ~r0
=

~
dB

:
.1 ,R :z
R2
~ (z) = 0 I
z
B
2 (z 2 + R2 )3/2
) ( , :

sin
R cos
cos R sin =| R
z
0
z
0
I 2R2

2 (R2 + z 2 )3/2

)~ (~r
B

.2 , , ,




~ R, = 0 I z R
B
2R
.3 15 ,z ,I = 0.5A
) m) C (1m, 0, 0) , D (0, 1m, 0(.

132

14

14.1

25.05.2010 11

.
:C
sin 75

1m cos 15
0 I(
)z
=
2 1m cos 15

R
1m
R
~
) B(C

,C R ,

~ (C) = 2.07 107 T esla (
B
)z
,D ,
, , .
1m/sec ,
~
q~v B

 e
~F
 ~
=
~v B
m
me
3.64 104 m/sec2

~F

~a

max

.4 ) (x, z ) (x, z) = 0 cos (kx .~v = v0 z

)( ?y cos ,x = 0 ).x
(

133

14.2

14

)( ?
~
j (~r ~r0 ) d3 r
0
3
4
| |r r0

25.05.2010 11

~
B
~j

= ~v

0 v0 z
(x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) (~r ~r0 ) 0
=

dx dy 0 dz 0
4
| |~r ~r0

0 v0 z
) dx0 dz 0 (~r ~r0 ) (x0 , y 0
=

3
4
| |~r ~r0

=0
{|}z
0

0
~r = x , y 0 , z 0
)(0, y, 0

~r

) (x0 , y 0 , z 0
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2

~r ~r0

= | |~r ~r0

x0
y
0 cos (kx0 ) z y = 0 cos (kx0 ) x0
0
z 0

y
0
0
0

dx
dz
cos
(kx
)
0 0 0
0
= ~
B
p
3 x
4
2
2
2
0
x +y +z


3/2
z 2 + a2
= 2

,x y:

0 v0 0 y 2 cos (kx) 0
dx
Bx =
2
02
4
y + x
,:
cos kx

dx = eka
a2 + x2
a

a>0

:
|0 v0 0 y k|y
Bx (y) =

e
2
||y
0 v0 0
=
|sgn (y) ek|y
2
k = 0 ,
.

14.2

~ =
~
~ E
, ~ = 0
,E
~ B
~ = 0
.
~
~
~
~ B
~ =0
, .B = A
134

14

14.2

25.05.2010 11

, , ~
A ,
= ~
~ A
A ~ 0
~0 = A
~ +
~
.B
A)~ 2 = (0, B0 x, 0
: )~ 1 = (B0 y, 0, 0
A :




x

y
z


= ~1
~ A
~ 1 =  dx
 = B0 z
du
dz
B



 B0 y 0
0
= ~2
~ A
~ 2 = B0 z
B
?
:
~ A
)~ 1 = (B0 y, 0, 0
(B0 y, V0 x, 0) =

= B0 y
= B0 x
0

)(0, B0 x, 0

)= B0 yx + c (y) = B0 yx + c (x
= B0 xy + C

14.2.1

~2 A
~1
A
d

dx
d
dy
d
dz
~2
A

~ A
A ~ = 6= 0
. ~
~ A
~ = 0
:
~0
A

~ +
~
= A


~ A
= ~0
~ A
~+
~
~
= 0


~
~

= 2 =
, :
dV 0
| |~r ~r0

.
 

: ~ (~r) = A0 z ln r z
A .
r
r0
, :
~ A
~ = A0 ln r

r
r0

135

15

01.06.2010 12

~ A
~ = A0 ln r
2 =
r
r0
:r

A0 ln rr0
d
r
=
dr
r
d
r
= A0 (r ln r ln r) + C
dr
~ 0 = A0 . . .
A

1 d

r dr

14.1 ) ( ,
.

0~j


~
~ A
~



~
~A
~ 2 A
~

=
=

~ B
~

~ B
~



~
~A
~ = 0
:
~ = 0~j
2 A
:
0 jx

2 Ax

0 jz

2 Ay

0 jz

Az

1
0 c2
1 ~j
0 c2

15

2 Ax

01.06.2010 12

12 5 ,z
)~ = 0~j
(2 A .14
136

15.1

15.1

15

~ ~

F dl
d
~ d~s = d
=
=
B
q
dt
dt

~ d~l
=
E


~ ~
F dl
q

~
B
dt

15.2

01.06.2010 12

~ E
~

, , .
: ) m ( 2 a
R.
~
B, , t = 0 ) v0 .(x
.1 ) v (t ?
.2 ?
: ,
eE

= evB

= avB
avB
=
R
,

a B = aBv
avB

=
= || = avB I
R
R
2 2
a
B
v
= m~v = F~ = IaB y z
x

R
v (t) = v0 et/
mR
= :
B 2 a2
=

:
t

I 2 Rdt
0

= Idt
t

e2t/ dt
0

0
v02 B 2 a2
R2

=
=


 mv02
=
1 e2t/
2
= mv02 mv 2
137

15.3

15

01.06.2010 12

: a .
?
:

t2
2

= l
alt2
2
q = alt

= al

ql

0 I
0

0 at
z r<a
0
r>a

inside
outside

= ~ ~l
Bd

~
B

~
E z .

4k 2a l

)2rlEradial (r
(
a
r>a
0 r
=
0
r<a

r>a

r>a
r<a
r>a
r<a

15.3

) Er (r

(

dB
2
a

dt
~
= ~ dl


E
ra dB
dt
( 3
a
2r 0
E = ar
2 0

:
dI
dt

 = L

:
dIB
= MAB
dt
~ ~
0
dl1 dl2
=
4
| |~r1 ~r2

138

A
MAB = MBA

15

15.3

01.06.2010 12

: a a v :
 ?
.1 v y
.2 .
.3 L .
:
.1
0 I
z
2r
r+a

~
B

0 O
a dr
2r
r


0 Ia
r+a
=
ln
2
r


 0 Ia
r
 )r (r + a
 =


2 r + a
r2




0 Ia2
= 
 v
)2r (r + a
,
.2


o Ivt
r+a
ln
2
r


r+a
0 Iv
ln
2
r


r+a
0 Iv
ln
2
r

.3 :L
L

|}
z

{
r+a
0 a
ln
=
I
2
r

: L ,l a n:
?

L = a2 0 n2 l
= 0 nI

= n e a2 0 nI

= a2 0 n2 lI

= L
= a2 0 n2 l
I

139

 
 
 || = 

16

08.06.2010 13

: b h
.I L ?h  b
1
0 j
2
I
=
b
0 I
= 2
hz
2b
=

B
j

,
0
hz I =  = LI
b
0 hz
b
0 h
b
b h z
2

1
0 I
bhz
20
b
1 1
1
0 hzI = LI 2
2 b
2

16
16.1

= L
=

L/per distance unit

2
=

dV

0 I
b

1
20

=U

08.06.2010 13
RLC

L I = L Q
IR = I Q
Q
C

VL

VR

: , ) (RLC ) (
+ RQ + Q = 0
LQ
C
:
m
x + x + kx = 0

140

16

16.2

08.06.2010 13

, :
0
1
LC

2

R
2L

s

1
C

R
=

2L
1
=:
LC
R
=:
2L
q

2 02

L2 + R +

1,2
02
2

=:

L
:R2 < 4 C
,

)Q (t) = et A cos (t +

4L
C

> R2

Q (t) = et Aet + Bet

:


Q (t) = et Aeit + Beit

16.2

xy t = 0 ,y . y
~ (S n
= B
) ) = BS cos (t

V0

{ |} d z
)= BS sin (t
 =
dt
n .
S
, ) ,
.Vrms = 230V

16.3

V02
2R

= V 2 dt

1
T

V0

Impedance

))(= V0 cos (t

V = V0 eit

CV = CV0 eit

iCV0 eit = iCV

1
V
=
=:
I
iC
=

141

Q
I = Q
zC

= Vrms

08.06.2010 13

Impedance

16

16.3

V
1
1
it
V0 e =
V
i
i
ZL

LI

LI

:= iL
.ZR := R

,V = V0 cos (t) = Re V0 eit RLC :
:( I)


1
+ iL
V0 eit = I R +
iC
:

I

= Re

R+

1
iC +
V0 eit

iL

1
1

= Re [V0 cos (t) + V0 i sin (t)]




1
1
= Re [V0 cos (t) + V0 i sin (t)] R + i L
C

!
1
R i L C
= Re [V0 cos (t) + V0 i sin (t)]


1 2
R2 + L C


1
R cos (t) + L C
sin (t)
= V0

2
1
R2 + L C
R
q

R2 + L
L

1
C

R2 + L

1 2
C

cos

sin

1 2
C

=
I0
I


1
arctan L
C
V0
q


1 2
R2 + L C

= I0 cos (t + )

: ,V = V0 sin (t) = Im V0 eit :

142

16

08.06.2010 13

Impedance

16.3

:16.1

1
1
1
+
+ iC
R iL


V
1
1
= V0 eit
+
+ iC
z
R iL
 




V
1
1
= V0 cos (t) ]C
)+ sin (t
Im
z
L
R


= I
=

: ):V = V0 cos (t
1
1
1
iC +
+
iL
iC

1
1
1
i L
i
L
L


V0 eit
Re
z


C 1 LC 2
)V0 sin (t
2LC 2 1
1, I
1
2LC

=
=

=
=

2LC 2

: , ,
:
9743
2.78 105 Henry

143

= R
= L

16

16.4

08.06.2010 13

95.5M Hz
r

1
= 2 95.5 106
LC
1013 F

16.4

~ B
~ = 0~j

~
~ B
~ = 0~j + 1 E

2
c t
.0 0 = c2
~ ~j + 1
~ E
~ =0
0
c2 t
~ ~j +
=
t

=
t
=

0
0
~ ~j

~jd = 0 tE


~ B
~ = 0 ~j + ~jd

: a d  a .V0
t0 .R
r .
:

144

17

15.06 14

= B (r)

)~ (r
B

) ~ d~l = 0 (I + ID
B

~ s = 0 Er
2
~0 Ed

Q
a

ID

R2
0
 2 1
 r 2
2 r

QR
= Q
a
  a 
r 2
0 I 1 +
a

  r 2
0 I 1 +
a
V0 t/RC
e
R

= 0

17
17.1

= ~ d~l
B
=

2rB

15.06 14

~
1 E
0~j + 2
c t
~
B

~ B
~

~ E
~

) 0 (I + ID

~
1 E

ds
2
c
t

1
0

= ~ d~l
B
=

ID

: a ,d d  a
r .r  a
, ~
E
, , .

145

17

17.2

15.06 14

,
~ 1 2
r E
c2
)r2 (t
c2 0
Q
0 r2 2
a
 r 2
0
I
a
0 r
I
2 a2
V0 t
e RC
R
0

17.2

)2rB (r

=
=
=
=

) B (r

~
M
M n

~ M
~

=
=

() ~j
~j
~
H

~
~
1
0 B+M

= :
1 z0
~ = 1 B
~
H
~
m
~ = zB
=

z > 0 > 0
z < 0 < 0 .
: :
r<R
r>R

I1
2r
I2
2r

I
(

2rH

~
B

: , 1 , 2
, , ,1
a ,I 0
I (x a) y y
x I 0 (x + a) y y
x
+
2 |~r a
|x
2 |~r + a
|x
, I 00
I 00 (x a) y y
x
2 |~r a
|x
146

= H2

= H1

17.2

17

15.06 14

, :
1 H2x

0 H1x

I 00 1

) 0 (I + I 00

H2y

H1y

I I0
0
I
+ 0
20
I
+ 0

00

I0

I 00

: , .
.
I1 ) N1( I2 ) N2( ,
? .
:
~ =0
B
N2 I 2
N2 I2
0
2r
N1 I 1 + N2 I 2
0
2r

r >R+a

2rH

B1

B2

?
~ M
~
0 B

147

~
H