Calculus 1 80131

1
" (80131) "1

.20067 ,
- .
. LATEX 2 15- .2008
.http://www.limsoup.net/-,
, .yuvak@gmx.net-
:
20067

20078
R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
2.1
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e
2.5
- 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6
27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7
28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
3.1
32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7
43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
4.1
44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3
46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6
49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7
50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8
51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9
53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
4.10
55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.11
56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.12
57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
5.1
59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3
61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4
62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5
63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1
1.1.1
23.10.2006
1 (F, +, ) . :
x, y F x y = y x, x + y = y + x .1
) (
x, y, z F
(x y) z = x (x y), (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) .2
) (
x, y, z F
x (y + z) = xy + xz .3
2
) (
x + 0 = 0 + x = x .4
0 F : x F
1x=x1=x
1 F : x F
) (
y F : x + y = y + x = 0 .5
x F
) ; , (y = x
0 6= x F
y F : x y = y x = 1 .6
) ; ,
1.1.2
24.10.2006
(y = x
:
x + a = y + a = x = y .1
x, y, a F
. :
)x + a = y + a = (x + a) + (a) = (y + a) + (a
- ,
))= x + (a + (a)) = y + (a + (a
= x = y
.2
)( x x 0 = 0
.
= x 0 = x (0 + 0) = x 0 + x 0
0=0+0
,x 0- ,
)x 0 + (x 0) = x 0 + x 0 + (x 0
0=x0
1 ") + : F F 7 F"( ") : F F 7 F-"(.

2 , ; , .
1.1
)( x x (1) = x
a 6= 0, b, c F !x F : ax + b = c .3
. x .
(ax + b) = a1 c
= ax + b = c
x + a1 b = a1 c
)x + a1 b + (a1 b) = a1 c + (a1 b
)x = a1 c a1 b = a1 (c b
x - . ,
.
) .4( 0 = 0
)( 11 = 1
(x + y) = (x) + (y) .5
(x) = x .6
1
= x1 y 1 .7
)x y 6= 0, (x y
(x1 )1 = x .8
x 6= 0
x 6= 0 y 6= 0
x, y F
(x y) = (x) y = x (y) .9
(x)1 = (x1 ) .10
1.1.3

x 6= 0
. ) (F, +, ) (F, +,
:
.1 ,x, y F x = y ,y < x ,x < y;
.2 )(x > y y > z = x > z :
x, y, z F
.3 +x, y, z F x < y = x + a < y + a :-

a > 0 x < y = a x < a y
R . .
:
x < y, u < v = x + u < y + v .1
.
= x + u < y + u
x<y
= y + u < y + v
u<v
,.x + u < y + v ,
x < y y < x .2
3 - ,.
x, y F
1.2
. x < y )) ,x + ((x + y)) < y + ((x + y .y < x

x 6= 0 = x > 0 x > 0 .3
a < 0 = (x < y ax > ay) .4
x < 0, y < 0 = 0 < x y .5
x 6= 0 = x x > 0 .6
x < 0 = x1 < 0 .7
>0
x > 0 = x
.8 x > y y 1 > x1 ,
) 1 ( : )< (F, +, , , .x < y F z F
.x < z < y
. 2 = 1 + 1 F- . ).z = 21 (x + y
x < z < y :1.1
.
x + x < x + y = 2 21 (x + y) < y + y
(x + y) < y
26.10.2006
x<2
x<y
x
x0
. .x F x -
= |.|x
x x < 0
) 2- (|x + y| |x| + |y| :
x, y F
. x = 0 y = 0 x y- , ) (.
x y- . , .y < 0 < x .x + y 0
|.|x + y| = x + y = |x| + (|y|) < |x| + |y
. )< (F, +, , . .A F a0 A A-
a a0
.a A a1 A A- a a1
.a A
. )< (F, +, , . .a1 < a2 F- I F -

} I = {f F | a1 < f < a2 .F- a1 a2 - )-
( , ) . , ,
(.
, ) . - , ,
} (.I = {f F | a1 > f
4 .5
1.2
1.2

.- I R 1 I x
.x I = x + 1 I
. N R
I I : = .N
N :3 .
I R . = .1 I I I = N , .1 , .x N I
.x I , .x + 1 I , x + 1 I .x + 1 N
1 N ;x N x + 1 N N.
:4 I N .I = N ,
:5 N- :
m, n N m + n N .
m n N .
m, n N
(n > m = n m N) .
m, n N
^ n N
nN : n<n
^ < n + 1 .
. .n N .In = {m N | n + m N} N
.
In :1.5 .
. n N ,n + 1 N .1 In , ;m In
.m + 1 In ,m In - N ;n + m N
.n + (m + 1) N .m + 1 In In N ,
.In = N
. .n N }.Jn = {m N | n m N
Jn :2.5 .
,1 n = n N . .1 Jn , .m Jn ,n m N 5
.n m + n = n(m + 1) N.m + 1 Jn ,
. })(n > m = n m N
n 1 :3.5
.K = {n N | m N
n N
. .I = {n N | n 1} N ,1 1 .1 I
,n 1 ,n + 1 1 .n + 1 I I N ,
.I = N , .n 1 ,n N
8
30.10.2006
1.2
= {m N | m < 1} , , ,n = 1
.1 K
, n K .n + 1 K n m N ,n K-
.m < n
,n + 1- .s < n + 1 n + 1 s N :n + 1 K-
,s = 1 ;n + 1 1 = n N.s > 1 ,
:4.5 .n 1 N ,1 < n N
^{ \ J = N
^ . }n
1 < n n 1 6 N
. ^
^{ \ 5 .n + 1 N
^{ \ n + 1} ,n N
n ;1 J }n
^ 6= 1 :
J = J = N , .
.s 1 N , s < n + 1 , ;s 1 < n - ,
.n (s 1) = n + 1 s N
. N 3 x .n < x < n + 1- ;x < n + 1
.x n < n + 1 n = 1 n < n + 1 , x n ,
1- .3.5
. Z
}Z = {n N} {0} {n N
:6 x R x = n m .n, m N
(=) . , n m ,N 3 m, n . ,n > m- 5
.n m N .n m = 0 Z ,n = m ,m n = (n m) N ,n < m
.n m Z
)=( .x Z n, m N .x = n m- ,x > 0
x = n = (n + 1) 1 . .x = 1 1 ,x = 0 x = n N ,x < 0
).x = 1 (n + 1
:7 .
..
. Q

m
m, n Z
1
=mn
|Q= xR
=x
n 6= 0
n
:8
.(Q, +, , <) (R, +, , <) :
n+1=n
5 n 1- ;J- ,n J n + 1 J , ^
,n .
/ N
1.3
. ) , , (
.R- 1 ,0 .

1.3
1.3.1
) 9 ( : ) P (n ) .(n N ) P (1
n N )) P (n = ) P (n + 1( P (n) , .n
. }) P (n | .I = {n N- 1 I ,.n I = n+1 I-
I . ,I N , .I = N
1.3.2
:10 . 6= A N A- .
. A . A = N ,min A = 1
.A 6= N }a b
.B = {b N | a A
B :1.10 .
,1 B . n 1
a n
n N a 1
.a A N .n B
) .n,
.a A n ,n A A-; / A
- (.
a n + 1 :2.10
) a A(n + 1 B ,
. 5x > n = x n + 1 ,
a > n = a n + 1
.x N
,a A .n + 1 B
B N , = .B = N = 6 ,A .
:11 - .
. . ,n = 1 .
.n B n + 1 .B = {b1 , . . . , bn+1 } :
} .A = {b1 , . . . , bn- , A- .max A = a
:
a < bn+1
a bn+1
bn+1
= max B
a
.n B = n
6 / A ,1.10
7 , = A 6 A- .
10
31.10.2006
1.4
) 12 ( : ) P (n ) .(n N n N
)) P (n = ) P (k P (n) ,(k < n .n
. }) P (b | .B = {b N = .B 6 , B-
.b0 P (k) b0 > k , ) P (b0 ) b0 B-,
) P (b0 (.

1.4
1.4.1
:13 r Q .r2 = 2-
. .r2 = 2 ,r Q
p
q
= .(9 p, q N) r ,
p q- .
q- p
p2 = 2q 2
2
p
=2
= r2
q
p- , ,p = 2m
q
2m2 = q 2
(2m)2 = 2q 2
.
) 14 ( : 6= A, B R a b-
R 3 r a r-
,a A
br
.a A, b B
) .b B , ,
, A (.B

. : ,A = q Q | q > 2 ,

.B = q Q | q < 2 -
1.4.2
. .A R R 3 b A a b
A a c
.a A R 3 c
.a A
. .A R R 3 r (sup A) A r A
b 10 .b r ,A R 3 r (inf A) A r
A b .b r ,A

. } A = {x R | 0 < x < 1 .sup A = 1 B = q Q | q < 2

.sup B = 2 C = 1 n1 | n N .sup C = 1
8 P (1)- ,1- P (k) k < 1.
9 , r.
10 r , - .
11
1.4
:15 A R .
. A R . B - :A
}b a
a r-
.B = {b R | a R = .A, B 6 , r R
.b B
a Ab r-
r :1.15 .A
) . - (.r
:2.15 6= A R .
. r1 ,r2 r2 ,r1 .A .A
r1 = r2
r1 r2 r1 r2
:16 A . r R A
r . ;A
. 0 < a A .r < a-
(=) . r R .A ,- r , .A
0 < .a r a A r , ;
,r < r r- .
)=( r R + . r , - .
u R .u < r ,A .0 = r u a u ,a A
,r 0 a .
. .A, B R
}{a + b | a A b B
A+B
}{a b | a A b B
AB
}{a | a A
a A a 0
A0
:17 A, B R .
;sup(A + B) = sup A + sup B .
;inf(A) = sup A .
. A, B 0 .sup(A B) = sup A sup B
..
12
6.11.2006
1.4.3
2.11.2006
1.4
) 18 (n N : x < n :
x R
. N ; . a R
.N
:1.18 n N < n a-
1
2
.a
. a , N .n N n a n N
<n
1
2
1
2
a ,N <) a-
, < n
1
2
1
2
(a .
n N : a n + 1 N
1
2
11 ,a < a +
a- .N
:19 0 < R n N < -
1
n
. 0 < ,n N
< .0
1
n
. ,n N
.n
, .
1.4.4
:20 R 3 a, b .a < a + 1 < b- z Z .z (a, b)-

. , :a, b 0 ,0 (a, b) ,a < 0 < b
,a < b 0 ) (a, b .(b, a)- .0 a < a + 1 b = A (b, c) 6
Q R :21 .
11 1 .
12 L + 1 1- L" ," L- .1-
13
.b, c R
1.5
. R 3 b, c .c > b- ;c b > 0
1
cb -
1
cb -
0
< .0 n N
0
> ,n . ,ncnb > 1 ,b = nb ,c = nc .c b > 1

0
, , ^ Z 3 z z (b0 , c0 )-
^ . ). nz^ ( bn , cn ) = (b, c
, , nz^ , ).(b, c
:22 .b, c R ,c > b ) (b, c .
. ) (b, c .
a1 , . . . , an ) .(b, c
; .q = max ai b < q < c (q, c) (b, c)- ,
.Q
1.5
:23 r R .r2 = 2-

. U 14 .U = x R | x2 2 ) ,- ,(2 U -
13
. r R .U
r2 = 2 :1.23
. .r2 > 2 ,0 < :(r )2 -
(r )2 = r2 2r + 2 r2 2r
, :r2 2r > 2 ,2r < r2 2
r 2 2
2r
<
.2 < (r )2 < r2 - r ,U .sup U = r-

.r2 < 2 ,(r + )2 - :0 < < r
(r + )2 = r2 + 2r + 2 = r2 + (2r + ) r2 + 3r
2r 2
3r
< 3r < 2r2 .(r+)2 r2 +3r < 2 (r+)2 U
r- .
.an = a , ,a0 = 1 ,a 6= 0
. .n N ,a R }. . a
| .{z
n
= .an
= (an )1
1
an
:24
= an am
n k
) (a
13 , 2-
an+m
kn
, .- ,
) , , (.
14 ; .
14
1.5
. a .n N ,0 < a
= r = a n .rn = a
:25 .0 < x, y R ,n N ,0 < a .xn = y n = a = x = y
15
. .0 < y < x ,y n < xn , .xn = y n
1
:26 0 < n N 0 < r R .(r = a n = n a) rn = a-
. 23 .
:1.26 1 n .xn < x2 ,x > 1

n
R 3 u .x2 < u- .n ,n = 1
1 < x2 1 n N- , 0 0 | xn a ,
.r = sup L
rn = a :2.26
. .rn < a . ran > 1 ,1.26 1 <
a
r n -
< ,1 < n
a
rn
< n .(r)n = rn n < a- ,r L r-
.
> a
rn
a -
< ,1 < n
rn
a
<
.r < 1
( r )n -
rn
n
. ran
,1.26 1 <
< ,a r- .
.rn = a
,0 < a < 1 1 <pa1
m n
a = mn a .
:27
m
m
m
ab = a b .
n
a < n b a < b .
m
a < n a m < n ,1 < a .
..
= ( n a)m .
m
1
a -
q
n
= ;r : r
m def
a n = (a n )m
km
(k, m, n N ,a < 0) a kn = a n :28

..
15 .
n
16 = x2 2 = (x2 )2
17 1 < = r < r
n+1
.x2
15
1
a
= rn.( 1r )n = a-
17
) .18 (an .f : N 7 R
;ai R n=1
) (n an = c R .
) (.
1
n
= an
) (n > 1 an an1 = t .
) (= q .

an+1
an
a1 , q 6= 0
. a R . > 0 ) (a , a + ) (
.a
) (an > 0 n0
. (an )n=1 . b R n=1
.N n > n0 |an b| <

) (an P n n0
. P . n=1
n > n0 .an
:
) (an . b R ) (an 0 <

. n=1
b .n
) (an
. (an )n=1 . n=1
.
0 . ,
1
n )n=1
= .(an
." > 0 n0 N .an 0 < n > n0

. > 0 ) (19 n0 < -
<
.
1
n0
< , n1.
(1)n
n )n=1
1
n0
< .0 n0 < n
= (an .0-
) . ,
1
n
= | 0
n
)(.| (1
n
. q > 1 0- .q < 1
(.q > 1) :1.28 x R n N .q n > x-
.(c > 0) q = 1 + c = q > 1 . ,- - q n = ,19
.(1 + c)n 1 + nc .x R n0 (1 + c)n > n > n0
.(1 + c)n0 1 + n0 c > x
x
c
> .n0
18
} .{an
n=1
19- .(x 1) n N (1 + x)n 1 + nx : .
16
,x R- .n0 n > n0 q n > x , .

(.0 < q < 1) :2.28 0 < n0 N .q n < n > n0
= 0 < q < 1 .
1
q
< .1 , , <
n > n0
.q n < = ( 1q )n
) (an .a = b
:29 (an )n=1 . a b- n=1
. .a 6= b" .a n0 ,
n1 .an (b , b + ) n > n1 ) ,n > max(n0 , n1
) ,an (a , a + ) (b , b + .
) (an
:30 (bn )n=1 ,(an )n=1 . an = bn ,n n=1
) (bn . , .
n=1
n .
. ^ -
) (an , . > 0 n0 n > n0 |an a| < :
> 0 n1 = max(n0 , n
^ ) n > n1 |bn a| = |an a| <
9.11.2006
) (an M R .an M n N
. n=1
) (bn C R .bn C n N
n=1
) (dn .
n=1
) (an .
:31 (an )n=1 . n=1
) (an . . .a- . = 1
. n=1
) (an n0 .|an a| < 1 n > n0
} .C = min {a 1, a1 , . . . , an0 } ,M = max {a + 1, a1 , . . . , an0
n
n ^ < n
) (bn . ^
:32 (an )n=1n=1 -
,bn an .lim bn lim an

. .b = lim bn ,a = lim an .a M an bn cn .lim bn = L
." . > 0 n0 n > n0 |bn L| <
(an ) . (cn )- ,L- n2 ,n1 < |n > n1 |an L
.n > n2 |cn L| < , ) .n0 = max(n1 , n2 , M n > n0 L < an
n
.bn L = |bn L| < = bn cn < L +

. .1 < Q .lim n1 = 0
0) .
1
( n
1
n
.n N (0 )0 .lim n1 = 0 ,
. .0 < < 1 a = 1
. .a an = n a < 1 , a = 1
.lim
.lim
.1- > 0 n
20 . n a < 1 , nk = nk a < 1 -
.a < (1 )nk 0 ) 0 < , (0 < < a k0 k0 < k
,(1 )nk < < a . .1-
n = 1 .
.lim
. .1- > 0
n1 , n2 , . . . . nk nk > 1 + -
nk (1 + )nk < nk
nk
< k 1 +
- :

nk 2
nk (nk 1) 2
=
2
2
nk 2
> + ...
2
(1 + )nk = 1 + nk +
nk (nk 1) 2
nk 1 2
2
= < (1 + )nk < nk
< < 1 0 < 2
2
2
nk 1
1- 0-
) ( nk21 ) .(2
) (an . :
:34 n=1
lim an = a .
20 - , )-
(.
18
2.1
lim(an a) = 0 .
lim |an a| = 0 .
: .
> 0 n0 n > n0 |an a| < = lim an = a .
> 0 n0 n > n0 |(an a) 0| < = lim(an a) = 0 .
> 0 n0 n > n0 ||an a| 0| < = lim |an a| = 0 .
.lim an = a = lim |an | = |a| .( an )
n=1 :35
> 0 n0 n > n0 |an a| < = lim an = a .
||an |a|| , - - . > 0 n0 n > n0 ||an | |a|| < "
.|an a| < = ||an | |a|| < .|an a|

2.1
.( bn )
n=1 ,(an )n=1 :36
lim(an + bn ) = lim an + lim bn
. > 0 n0 n > n0 |(an + bn ) (a + b)| < ".

.n2 n > n2 |bn a| <
n1 n > n1 |an a| <
, -
.n0 = max(n1 , n2 )
n > n0 |(an +bn )(a+b)| = |(an a)+(bn b)| |an a|+|bn n| <

+ =
2 2
.( bn )
n=1 ,(an )n=1 :37
lim(an bn ) = lim an lim bn
. > 0 n0 n > n0 |(an bn ) ab| < ".

, - -| a| < c , ).c = max(|a| + 1, |b| + 1) 1
(.|bn b| < min( 2c

, 1) 1 = |bn | < |b| + 1 c
, 1)(
n2 n > n1 n > n1 |an a| < min( 2c
2c )
, -
.n0 = max(n1 , n2 ) .n2 |bn a| < min( 2c

, 1)
19
2.1
n > n0 |(an bn ) ab| = |(an a)bn + (bn b)a|
|(an a)bn | + |(bn n)a|
<
2c |bn | + 2c |a|
=
2 2c
<
.bn 6= 0 n lim bn 6= 0-() bn ,(an ) :38

lim
an
lim an
=
bn
lim bn
.( > 0 n0 n > n0 | b1n 1b | < ) lim b1n =

n ,- .|b bn | < min(|b|
|b| |b|
2 , 2 )
n > n1 n1 ,bn
, ,|b bn | < |b|

|
1
limbn
|b|
2
< |b||bn | . |b|

2 < |bn | ,
1
b bn
1
1
1
<
|=|
| = |b bn |
bn
b
b bn
|b| |bn |
14.11.2006
.21 r Q ,lim an 6= 0 ,n an > 0 ,( an ) :39

lim arn = (lim an )r
.r N .
lim arn = lim an . . . an = (lim an ) . . . (lim an ) = (lim an )r

| {z }
r
.lim a0n = lim 1 = 1 = (lim an )0 = n a0n = 1 ,r = 0 .r Z .

,r < 0
lim arn
= lim an . . . an
| {z }
(lim
1
an )
. . . (lim
1
an )
= lim1an . . . lim1an = (lim an )r
m
1
m a .lim m a
lim an .(m N) r = m
.
n
n =
m
nk 0 < . lim an -
) m ank m lim an > k .| m ank m lim an | >
ank > ( m lim an + )m > m ank > m lim an + k .(

.|an lim an | < m n > n0 n0 ,an ,lim an +m
. 21
20
2.2
. .(0 < q N) r = pq Q - lim an q = ,

p

p
1
1
= (lim an ) q
,(lim an q )p = (lim an ) q.
Pk
. ) (an . ) bk = k1 n=1 an ( .
:40
) lim bk = lim an (.
22
. ) (an .n an > 0 , a1 . . . ak
= ) ck
( . .lim ck = lim an
. ) (an .n an > 0 ,
an+1
an
= qn . = an
lim
.lim aan+1
n
..
2.2
) (an ) ( +- > M R n0 n
. n=1
+-
) (an ) ( - C
.n0 an > M n=1
.R n0 n > n0 an < C
) (an
n=1
.-
an = log n ,an = 2n ,an = n . )bn = (1)n .(+-
, .
:41 ) ( .
. , ) (an .L R- .
0 < M R ,n N M < an < M -
.-
) (an ) +- ( . > M R n0 n
.n0 an > M , . , ) (an
, .-
:42 ) (an +- ) (bn .
= ) .lim(an + bn
. C R .n N bn > C-
" .M R n0 n > n0 an + bn > an + C > M
) ) (an ( +- = n0 n > n0 an > M C
.n > n0 an + bn > M
22 : , )(
.1, 0, 13 , 0, 15 , . . . 0
21
(1)n
= an
2.3
:43 ) (an +- ) (bn > K

.0 n bn > K = ) .lim(an bn
.M R n0 n > n0 an bn > M . ) (an n0 n > ,
)max(M,0
K
> .n > n0 an bn > an K > max(M, 0) M = n0 an
:44 ) (bn ) ,(an .bn an n

lim an = = lim bn = .
lim bn = = lim an = .
.
M R n0 n > n0 (bn > M = an bn > M ) .
..
:45 ) (an.n an 6= 0 ,
lim a1n = 0 = lim an = .
23
lim |a1n | = = lim an = 0 .

1
.
. .lim an = +-" an < . > 0n0 n > n0 a1n <
1
> | .|an ,lim an = +
= M
= ,n0 n > n0 an > M
.
..
16.11.2006
2.3

. ) (an ;n an an+1
;n an < an+q ;n an an+1
.n an > an+1
) (an.
:46 (an )n=1 . n=1
) (an ) (;
. n=1
.sup{a1 , a2 , . . .} = L .lim an = L
" L . > 0 n0 n > n0 |an L| < ) ,(an >
.0 n0 L < an0.|an L| < = > 0 n > n0 L < an0 an L ,
.
:47 .
23 ) ( a1 .
n
22
2.4
) (an . ) (an ,
. n=1
.
) (an )( . M R n0 .M < an0 -
n=1
) ,n > n0 M < an0 an ,(an.
) (an = q n .0-
. .0 < q < 1 n=1
. , an = q n .0- ,-
, . . .L = lim an = lim q n
lim q n = lim q q n1 = lim q lim q n1 = q L = L = qL
,0 < q < 1- .L = 0
)] (In = [an , bn n N
) 48 ( : n=1
In+1 In .lim |In | = lim(bn an ) = 0- c R n
.c In
.an an+1 bn+1 bn = [an+1 , bn+1 ] = In+1 In = [an , bn ] .,
) (an (bn )- . ) (an (bn )- )- b1,a1 -
( . .c2 = lim bn ,c1 = lim an
c1 = c2 :1.48
. 0 < n0 |an c1 | < n0 < n ;|bn c2 | < - n
.|an bn | < ,:
> 0 |c1 c2 | |c1 an | + |an bn | + |bn c2 | < 3
.c1 = c2
n .an c1 = c2 bn ] .n c1 = c2 [an , bn .
.c1 < c2 n N an :c1 , c2 In n N
,"n=1 In ,
20.11.2006
.0 < c2 c1 bn an = c1 < c2 bn bn an 0 ,0 0-
= ,c2 c1 0 .0 < c2 c1 >-
2.4
.an = (1 + n1 )n
)) (an = (n + n1.
:49 n=1
. (1 + n1 )n )( .
23
2.5
1
!k
Pn
Pn
1
!n
k=0 (nk)!k! nk
(nk+1)...n
k=0
nk
Pn
1
!k=0 Cn,k k
. . . nn
:1.49
1nk

1 k
n
n
k
Pn
k=0

1 n
n
1+
nk+1 nk+2
n
n
Cn,k 1 .
= .Cn,k
Cn+1,k Cn,k .
. ,1- .
.
(n+1)i
. , i < n
n+1
(n+1)k+2
. . . n+1
Cn+1,k = (n+1)k+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
nk+2
n
,Cn,k = nk+1 .
.
.
.
n
n
n -
P
n
1
.
:2.49
!n (n + n1 )n k=0 k
Pn 1
) n k=0 k! < 3 . (
1
) (
)n+1 > (1 + n1 )n .
1.49 P
Pn n (1 +1 n+1
n
1
1 n
.
.
!n (1 + n ) = k=0 Cn,k k! k=0 k
Pn 1
Pn 1
Pn 1
!= 1 + k=1 k! = 1 + 1 + k=2 k
.
!k=0 k
Pn
Pn
1
1
1
) 1 + 1 + k=2 (k1)k = 1 + 1 + k=2 ( k1 k
= 1 + 1 + (1 n1 ) < 3
.
1
!k
1
!k
>
1.49
>
(1 + 1 )n+1
Pn+1 n+1 1
!k=0 Cn+1,k k
Pn
1
1
!k=0 Cn+1,k k
(n+1)! +
def
e) .e = lim (1 + n1 )n . ; e (.24
2.5
(1 + 1 )n
Pn n
k=0 Cn,k
Pn
k=0 Cn,k
>
ni
n
) ( .
) (an , < 1 n1 < n2

. n=1
.. . . < nk < nk+1 < . . .
) (ank
k=1
) .(an
n=1
) 1, 2, 22 , 23 , 24 , . . . .(an = n - .
n=1 .
) (bn .bn = (1)n - - 1, 1, . . . :
. n=1
.1, 1, . . .-

) (ank
. (an )n=1 (ank )k=1- ) .(an - k=1
] [ , ] [
24 .
24
) .(an
n=1
2.5
) (an
:50 (an )n=1 . - k=1
) ( .
. , .R 3 L = lim an
) (ank
k=1
- ) .(an
) k > k0 = n0 |ank L| < = > 0 n0 n > n0 |an L| < k

,k nk .(n0 nk0
= .lim an
k > k0 = n0 ank > M = M R n0 n > n0 an > M
:51 ) (an . ) (an ) ( ,
) (an.
. ) (an .L1 , L2 R , ) (an
) ( ,+- +- - .
) (.
, .an u R ,u 6= L1 , L2 ,L2 ,L1 ,u
n an ,u
) (an .u- u = L1 ,u = L2 , .
25
) (an . L R ) (an"
:52 n=1
L ) .(an
. , L
) (an
n=1
) (ank
k=1
;L- - ) ,(ank L
- , .
, L R ) .(an
1
n
= .n 1 = 1 L ; n1
. n2 n1 - an2 -
1
2
= 2 ,L.
:1.52
) (ank
k=1
L =) L- ) .((an
21.11.2006
:53 ) (an + . ) (an" ) (an

.
+ . ) ;(an - ) (ank +-
. , ) (an .
25 ) (an ;L1 6= L2 ,
,L1 = L2 .
25
2.5
, ) (an . n .as > n ,

- ) ( .+- n1 ;an1 > 1- n2 n2 > n1 -
.an2 > 2- , ,n1 , . . . , nk nk < nk+1 .ank > k-
:1.53- ) (ank .+-
..
) 54-( : ) (an - .
. ) (an . c0 ,b0 .c0 an b0 n
I1R ,I1L ) .(an a1
. I2R ,I2L ) .(an
L
R
.Ik+1
< Ik+1
,Ik
) .(an ank+1 , .nk+1 > nk -

:1.54 ) (ank .
T
. .L = lim ank = k Ik Ik- ,
. .L Ik ,k ) ,(ank .ank Ik k
b0 c0
2k
= | .k |L ank | |Ik
b0 c0
b0 c0
b0 c0
<
<
<
k
k
0
2
2
k0
| > 0 k0 k > k0 |L ank
:55 ) (an - .
) . (.
:56 ) (an " .
(an ) . - ,
.
, ) (
. ) (an . , , ) (an. ,
(an )- (an ) .L , .an 6 L 0 < -
) (ank .|ank L| -- ) (ank , -
L 6= L ^
^ .L
^
L - ) (an
k
L - ) .(ank
) (an . ) (an ,
. ) (an (an ) .
, + . ) (an ,an 6
26
2.6
M R ) (an ,M - -
) (ank .ank < M k- , -
.L L , +- ) .(an
2.6
) .(an
. n=1

def
lim sup an = lim an = inf {M R | n0 n > n0 an M } = inf U
def
lim inf an = lim an = sup {C R | n0 n > n0 an C} = sup L

def
) (an , ;lim an = + ) (an ,

def
.lim an =
.
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, . . .
n
5, 7, 1, 1, 1, 1, . . . )an = (1
1
n
an = 1 +
lim = +
lim =
lim = 1
lim = 1
lim = 1
lim = 1
:57 ) (an . .lim inf an lim sup an

. .C L ,M U n1 N C an1 n > n1 .an1 M
.sup L inf U = L U = C M = C an1 M ,
23.11.2006
:58 .L = lim an L < t n0 N .an < t n > n0

. L < t .t an n N ,t^ < t
^ .t }= U {x R | t x
} / U = {M R | n0 n > n0 an M
L < t inf U.
:59 ) (an . lim an ) (an
lim an - ) .(an
. .lim an
:1.59 t ,lim an < t ) .(an
. , .lim an < t < an -
t , t- .
:2.59 lim an .
27
2.7
. .lim an
0 < (lim an , lim an + )-
) .(an , lim an + .
, (an )- ,lim an < an
.lim an U inf U lim an ,.
:60 ) (an (an ) . " .lim an = lim an
:61 ) (an (bn )- .bn an n N
lim an lim bn .
lim bn lim an .
:62 ) (an (bn )- .
lim an = lim an .
lim an = lim an .
lim(an + bn ) lim an + lim bn .
lim(an + bn ) lim an + lim bn .
. lim(an bn ) lim an lim bn ,bn 0 ,an 0 n
. lim an bn lim an lim bn ,bn 0 ,an 0 n
:63 ) (bn ) (an . , ,
.
2.7

27.11.2006
) (an 0 < n0 m, n n0
. n=1
.|am an | <
:64 ) ( .
. ) (an .L = lim an . .0 < ,
n0 n > n0
< | .|an L ,m, n > n0
< |,|am L
< |.|an L
,- - ,

+ =
2 2
< | |am an | = |(am L) + (L an )| |am L| + |L an
:65 ) (an . ) (an .

28
2.8
. . = 1 n0 .|am an | < 1 n0 < m, n = M

) .C = min(a1 , . . . , an0 , an0 +1 1) ,max(a1 , . . . , an0 , an0 +1 + 1 n C
.an M
:66 ) (an . ) (an " ) (an .
(=) . ) (an (an ) ,.
)=( ) (an . . -,
- .ank L . > 0 k0
k0 < k
n0 < m, n
< | .|ank L ) (an , n0
< | .|am an ) .n1 = max(n0 , nk0 +1 k + 1 k1
.n0 n1 < nk1
< | ,|ank1 L ,nk1 > n1
2 -
< | ,n > n1 |an ank1
.nk1 > n0,

|an L| = |(an ank1 ) (ank1 L)| |an ank1 | + |ank1 L| <
) -
(.

2.8
, .(0 < a R ,q Q) aq -
rn x R ,rn Q ,0 < a R ,ax = lim arn .
:67 x R ) (sn ) ,(rn lim rn =-

.lim sn = x ) (asn ) ,(arn , .lim asn = lim arn
. :1.67 ) (vn ;lim vn = 0 ) (avn,
.lim avn = 1-
.Q 3 vn 0 . .k N ) n(k n(k) < n
1
1
k
< | .|vn
.a k < avn < a k ,0 < k .a k < 1 + - ,n(k) < n

1
.1 < a k < avn < a k < 1 +

, .(asn ) L2 > 0 ,(arn ) L1 > 0 .rn x ,sn x
L1
arn
= lim sn = lim arn sn = 1 = L1 = L2

L2
a
.Q 3 rn x ,1 < a :68 ) (arn.

29
2.8
.rn x . n0 .[x] 2 < rn < [x] + 2 n > n0

,n > n0 a[x]2 < arn < a[x]+2 (arn )- . -,
- ) (arnk .L
lim arn = L :1.68
;rn x .bk = arnk L . ,rnk x .ck = ark L
:69 ,a > 0 ) (xn .lim xn = x- .lim axn = ax
. n rn
1
n
1
n
< | ,|rn xn
< | .|arn axn
lim arn = ax :1.69

(rn ) . .
1
n
x
< rn < xn +
rn
, .rn x= a = lim rn = x ,
1
n
< axn < arn +
1
n
1
n
.xn
.lim a
x
.arn , a
xn
.a
28.11.2006

1 n
n
.2 limn 1 +
= e 3

n
lim 1 + nx = ex :70
. :1.70 ) (bn .bn -

b n
. 1 + b1n
e
.k N n0 n > n0 bn > k .
k
b
1
1 n
1+
1+
<e
k
bn

e
:2.70 ) (an 26 .an -
an
1
an
1+
.e
. ,[an ] an < [an ] + 1-
[an ]+1
an
1
1
1+
1+
an
] [an
] [an
1
[an ] + 1

1+
- , . ) ,
(
e
1
|}
{ z
|}
{
[an ]+1
1
1
1
1+
1+
e
[an ] + 1
[an ] + 1
26 ; -.
30
z

] [an
=
1
[an ] + 1

1+
2.8
:3.70 ,0 < a ,x R ) (an .an a-

.axn ax
. .( aan )x 0 < n0 < 1 + n > n0

x
27 an x
. a
.(1 )[x]+1 aan (1 + )[x]+1 ,x > 0 1
an
a
< .1
n
:4.70 .x > 0 .lim 1 + nx = ex
nx

n
,an a = lim 1 + nx x = lim 1 + n1
. = e
x
= ax = ex
x
x nx
n
1+

= lim
x n
n
lim 1 +
:5.70 n - .nn 0 , .lim (1 + n ) = 1
! 1 nn
n
1
n
.
lim (1 + n ) = lim 1 + 1
n
}
1
) n 3
{z
e
1
1
n
3nn 1 = n0 n > n0 (1 +
1 nn
n
1
1
n
1+

.1
.
n
:6.70 n - .nn 0 , .lim (1 n ) = 1

u 1
.1 u = (1 + 1u , ,
. ) ,0 < u < 1

n
n
n
,1 (1 + n ) 1 + 1n
(1 + 2n )n 1
n 1
=1
n
1 n
:7.70 .x < 0 = ex
2
x
1 n
2
x
1 n

x n
n

1+
lim (1 n ) = lim
.lim 1 +
x
x
(1+ n
)(1 n
)
x
1 n
x
n
.1 + ,
x2
n2
= ,n
.nn 0 ,- ,0 < x
2
(1 nx2 )n
lim(1 nx2 )n
x n
1
lim 1 +
= lim
= x
= x n
(x) n
n
) (1 n
e
) lim(1 + n

27 - : .
31
) (an . ) SN = a1 + . . . + aN (.
def
an = lim SN
N
X
n=1
3.1
P
n=1 an lim SN.
a1 , . . . , an0 , 0, 0, 0, . . . .
.N > n0 SN = Sn0 = a1 + . . . + an0 ,
, .
P
; n=0 q n .
N +1
N +1
q n = lim 1q
1q
q n = 1q
1q
P
PN
n=0
= .(q 6= 1) SN
= 1 ,1 < q < 1
P 1qn
n=0 q = ,q 1 .
N 1
P
n=0 (1)n ,q = 1 :
= SN.
N- 0
P
n=0 q n ,q < 1 (1, |q|, |q|2 , |q|3 , . . .) SN :.
= 1 .
1
) n+1
1
n=1 ( n
1
)n=1 n(n+1
.lim SN .0 < N0 N > N0
< | .an = Sn Sn1 .|SN L ,n > N0 + 1
,- - , =
. an
:1.71 ,k N
.
1
2k
1
) N +1
.(SN = 1
, .lim an = 0
:71 an
P
n=1 an . , = L
n=1
n=0
P
1
2
< | .|an | = |Sn Sn1
.an 0-
1
1
2k , . . . , 2k
1
2k
< | |Sn L.|L Sn1 | < 2 -
1
n -
1
. k+1
+ ... +
1
. k+1
1
2
1
2k
1
2k
1
. k+1
+ ... +
P1
.
n :2.71
P1
, SN SN.
. n
1
10
= . SN , N0 N0 < m, n
.k > N0 .2k > N0
1
10
32
< | |S2k Sk
1
2
1
10
< | .|Sm Sn
3.1
30.11.2006
an :72
n=1
) ( " 0 < N > 0 ,m > N
k > 0 .|am + . . . + am+k | <

P
lim SN
an .
SN . , 0 <
n0 .|Sm1 Sm2 | < n0 < m1 , m2 , ;m2 < m1

.|Sm1 Sm2 | = |am2 +1 + . . . + am1 | <
. an
. an
n=m+1
= rm an
P
:73 ) (an an .
P
28
an . " ;
P
29
an = ." .-
P
. rm = n=m+1 an . rm ,
.
. , ,
.
P
. = . an = .lim SN rm = n=m+1 an
PN
;SN = n=m+1 an .lim SN = -
,SN = SN C C .- ,42 C- SN -
P
SN ,- .-
:74 ) (an (bn )-
P
P
) < | } .(| {n N | an 6= bn an bn.
. an bn - , M ram = ,m > M
P
P
. n=m+1 an = rbm = n=m+1 bn
an :75
.lim rm = 0
(=) . .
P
)=( an
. .lim SN = L n=m+1 an = L Sm
.lim rm = lim(L Sm ) = L lim Sm = 0 ,

4.12.2006
P
P
(bn ) ,(an ) :76; , bn = T , an = S .c R
P
; (an + bn ) = S + T .
P
P
. can = c an = cS .
28 " .
29 .
33
= ;rm,
3.2
an .
PN
n=1
= SN + TN
PN
= n=1 bn ,SN
PN
) n=1 (an + bn
= .T = lim TN ,S = lim SN .TN

= .MN
+ bn ) = lim MN = lim(SN + TN ) = lim SN + lim TN = S + T

PN
. .UN = n=1 can = cSN
P
P
an
n=1 can = lim UN = lim cSN = c lim SN = cS = c
3.2

n=1 (an
. an
an
PN
n=1
.n an > 0
= ,SN .N 1SN SN +1 , SN
)(.
P
P
:77 an . an ,
P
)( an.

P
) 78 ( : bn , an
P
.( an
P
P
bn . = an ) (;
P
P
an . = bn.
PN
P
, SN = n=1 bn ,
bn .
.
PN
TN = n=1 an .- TN , . TN , ,,
P
- an ,.
bn ) n an bn -
) . , , , - (.
P
P
bn , an :79 .
P
P
. 0 < u ,n abnn u- bn an.
P
P
. 0 < v < u ,n v abnn u- an bn.
P
P
. ,
u bn
. bn .n an u bn
.
P
P
u bn = an.
P
P
.n 0 < v abnn u . bn , = an.
P
P
.n v abnn = abnn v1 an , = bn.
P
P
an bn.

. 0 < q < 1 n N
) 80 ( : an
P
n an q < 1 an.
P
P n
= an
.n n an < q = an < q n .- q ,
.
34
3.2
) 3(n
n=1 2(n3 ) .
n
n
= 23n2 = 23n

3 n
34 < 1
2n
= an
(3n )n
(2(n2 ) )n
= < 1
3
4
) 3(n2
) 2(n3
3
2n
q
n
.n 2 -2-
) 3(n
) n=2 2(n3
, .
P
.
:81 an P
lim n an > 1 . an;
P
lim n an < 1 . an.
.
. .lim n an > 1 = (an ) ,lim n an ; ,
P
, an - . , L .L = lim n an > 1
; n .1 < L < n an < L+

, .(L )n < an n ) (an )
P
,-- - ( , an
.
.L = lim n an < 1 .
:1.81 . n an < L + n
.lim n an < L + . , , L + -
. n an
N0 . n an < L + < 1 n > N0 an

P
.L + < 1 , , an.
P
P )(.
) 82 ( : an
. q < 1
n aan+1 an;
n
P
an+1
. n an 1 an.
an
a1 q n1 .
.
an = a1 aa12 . . . an1
q
q
. n an n aq1 q n = n 1q q = 1-
r
n N0 + 1
a1
q
q
n
,lim
a1
q < (1 + )q < 1
q
P
P
n=N0 +1 an . an.
P
P
.n a1 an . n=1 a1 = n=1 an.
n
an :83
an = 1 > lim aan+1

.
n
an
N0 n > N0
an = 1 < lim aan+1

;
n
..
5.12.2006
) 84 ( : ) (an ) .(an 0 j N
P
P
.bj = 2j a2j an bj.
35
3.3
. ) (an .n an > 0 , ,n > m

am = (n m)am
n1
X
ak
n1
X
n1
X
an
k=m
k=m
k=m
= (n m)an
, :m = 2k1 ,n = 2k
as 2k1 a2k1
k
2X
1
a2k 1
k1
a2k 2
k1
s=2k1

as
2j 1
2j1
P
Pk
j=1
= as
P2k 1
s=1
= .S2k 1
,bj = 2j a2j
j
k
k
2X
1
k
k1
X
X
X
1 X
bj
as
bj1 = a1 +
bj
2 j=1
j1
j=1
j=1
j=1
2
. ) (0 < ) (an = n1 . n1 0 , = bj = 2j a2j

P
P
) .2j (2j1) = 2j(1- an , j=1 (21 )j.
q = 21 , " 21 < 1 q < 1
.1 <
:85 ) (an 0- an -
. .limn nan = 0
11.12.2007
) . (.n > 1
n
an 0
2
an -
an
k
X
ak
k=[ n
]2
, ak
k=[ n
]2
n
X
ak
k=[ n
]2
X
k=[ n
]2
;0- ,- 0 ,
nan
2
.nan 0-
) ( . an = n n = k 3 k an = 0 ,
P
P
; n=1 an = n=1 k13 , nan - ) 1,(0-
.
3.3

. ) (an an
. an
.
36
| |an
5.12.2006
3.3
P
P
an :86 = an.
P
P
. an = | |an . , > ,

Pm+k

Pm+k
.0 N0 m > N0 , k 0 n=m |an | < - - | n=m an | ,
P
Pm+k
. n=m |an | < an .
.
P (1)n
n2
1
n2
( , .
P (1)n
, .
.
n
P
P
an . = can ;
:87
P
P
P
(an + bP .
P bn , an .
= ) n
|an | . = | |c||an.
.
P
P
| , |an + bn
.n |an + bn | |an | + |bn | . )| (|an | + |bn
P
P
P
P
, (|an | + |bn |) = |an | + |bn |-|an + bn | ,
.
. ) (an - .lim an = 0-
P
n=1 (1)n+1 an .
:88 .
n+1
P
.
) (0 < ) n=1 (1.
n
. :1.88
PN
n+1
SN ) an
)n=1 (1
= .(SN

S2N . ;
S2N 1 . ;
.j, k N S2j S2k1 .
n+1
)(1
a
=
(a
a
)+.
.
.+(a
.
n
1
2
2N 1 a2N ) .
n=1
P2N
= .S2N
an - .a1 . . . a2N 1 a2N , S2N

- , SN .
an = a1 (a2 a3 ) . . . (a2N 2 a2N 1 ) .
n+1
)(1
P2N 1
n=1
= .S2N 1
.
. .j, k N S2N .t > j, k , .S2j S2t
S2N 1 , .S2t1 S2k1S2t S2t1 = ,
.(1)2t+1 a2t = a2t 0 .S2t S2t1S2j S2t S2t1 ,
.S2k1
S2N , ; S2N 1 . lim S2N
) lim S2N 1 = lim(S2N S2N 1 ) = lim a2N = 0 .(an 0
37
3.3
N S2N +1 S1 = a1 .N S2N a1 - .lim SN a1

P
rm = n=m+1 (1)n+1 an . ,- ,
.|rm | am+1

. an
an
PN
n=1
= SN
.
P
(1)n .
0 .1
) (ai (bi )i=1 - , ) ,( ai bi

i=1
Pn
(ai )- . .(B0 = 0) Bn = i=1 bi
Pm
Pm1
:89 . i=1 ai bi = am Bm + i=1 Bi (ai ai+1 ) ,
Pn
i=1
. .bi = Bi Bi1
ai Bi1
m
X
ai Bi
m
X
= ) (Bi Bi1
= ai bi
i=1
i=1
i=1
i=1
m
X
m
X
- -m- ,
ai+1 Bi
m1
X
ai Bi
i=0
m1
X
ai bi = am Bm +
i=1
m
X
i=1
,B0 = 0
) Bi (ai ai+1
m1
X
ai bi = am Bm +
i=1
m
X
i=1
Pm1
ai bi | = |am Bm +
Pm
Bi (ai ai+1 )| :
Pm1
Pm1
) ) .|am Bm | + | i=1 Bi (ai ai+1 )| i=1 |Bi |(ai ai+1 (ai )-
i=1
i=1
, ai ai+1(.
P
bi T .1 i n |Bi | T - | | i=1 ai bi
Pm1
)| .|am |T + T i=1 (ai ai+1 ) = T (|am | + a1 am ) T (|am | + |a1 | + |am,
Pm1
)| . i=1 ai bi T (2|am | + |a1
Pm1
) 90 ( : ) (an 0- ) (bn
P
P
bn . an bn.
PN
. . T N | | i=1 bi
Pu2
.| i=u ,
.T | = |Su2 Su1 | T + T = 2T ,u1 < u2
1 +1
Pt+m
)| . i=t ai bi 2T (2|at+m | + |at ) (ai ,0- > 0
.N0 : t > N0 2|at+m | + |at | < , > 0 ,
Pt+m
,| i=t an bn | 2T 2T.
=
38
2T
7.12.2006
11.12.2006
3.4
:91 .
P
. ) (an 0- (1)n+1 . , ,
P
(1)n+1 an.
P
.
) 92 ( : ) (an bn
P
an bn.
P
P
P
P
. an L . an bn = ((an L) + L)bn = (an L)bn Lbn
P
P
bn - , Lbn . ) (an L .0-
P
P
, an bn -
bn ;an L & 0-
P
,
. an L % 0 , ;L an & 0 bn
P
P
(L an )(bn ) = (an L)bn.
P
P
n
bn n+1.
bn :93 =
3.4
, .
P
(1)n+1 = 1 + (1) + 1 + (1) + . . . ,
,(1 + (1)) + (1 + (1)) + . . . = 0 + 0 + . . . = 0-
, .1 + ((1) + 1) + ((1) + 1) + . . . = 1 + 0 + 0 + . . . = 1
P
) (nk -
. an
k=1
P
P
Pnk+1 1
.n1 = 1- .bk = n=nk an k=1 bk an-
.n1 , n2 , . . .
P
) (nk
:94 an
. - k=1
P
P
,n1 = 1- bk an -- nk
P
P
,. an = bk -
P
P
. an = L , SN ) lim SN = L ,
. an
PM
P
;TM = k=1 bk = SnM +1 1,
( . bk
) (TM- ) .(SN .lim TM = L
.
P
P
:95 an bk an
.nk k ank , . . . , ank+1 1 - - .

P
P
P
P
bk = an . an = bk -
P
, .lim SNM +1 1 = lim TM = L .N M
bk .
.nM N nM +1 1- SN = TM 1 + anM + . . . + aN|SN TM 1 | =-
| .|anM + . . . + aN | |anM + . . . + aN + aN +1 + . . . + anM +1 1 | = |TM TM 1
39
3.5
.lim SN = L = lim TM :1.95

. M0 M M0
< | .|TM L .N0 = nM0 +1
,N > N0 |SN L| = |SN TM 1 + TM 1 L| |SN TM 1 | +

| .|TM 1 L- ,
<
3.5
< | 30 ,|SN TM 1 | |TM TM 1
< | ,|SN L.
,
P (1)n+1
= L ,
.
n
,.(1 12 ) 14 +( 31 16 ) 81 +. . . = 12 (1 12 + 13 41 +. . .) = 12 L 6= L ,
31
) (nk )(
. k=1
.
P
, (nk )nk=1 .
:96 ) (an an -
P
P
P
k=1 ank . n=1 an = k=1 ank -
P
P
; N0
, | |an
. an . > 0
P
. n=N0 +1 |an | < 2 - :1, . . . , N0 } i {1, . . . , N0 ) k(i
.nk(i) = i- ) ,T = max1iN0 k(i .t > T

+ <
2 2
< | ank
t
X
t
X
|an |+
k=1
nk >N0
n=N0 +1
t
X
| | ank
an
k=1
nk >N0
t
X
| = | ank
n=N0 +1
t
X
an
n=1
k=1
, ) > 0 T : t > T |St Mt | < an

PN
,(MN = k=1 ank -.
PN
n=1
t
X
= SN
.a = max(a, 0) ,a+ = max(a, 0) a R ,a = a+ a

.|a| = a+ + a
an = L-
a
. .lim an = 0 n
P P +
an an - , . ) -,
P
, a
n an > 0- :(an < 0- n
P
P
P
P
a+ , = | |an
an + a
= n
, .M - n = M + L
P
P
P
, a+ - | . |an
an = 2M + L
n +
P
a+
n
= an
30 .|TM TM 1 | |TM L| + |L TM 1 | < 4 + 4

31 - ,
.
40
12.12.2006
3.6
) 97( : ) (an an -
P
) (nk . ank = M
k=1
. .M R
32
P
. .M R ) (nk . k=1 ank = M - .n1 = 1
Pk
n1 , . . . , nk .Tk = m=1 anm
,Tk M - nk+1 ank+1 0
) .nk+1 6= n1 , . . . , nk - (.
,M < Tk - nk+1 ank+1 < 0
.nk+1 6= n1 , . . . , nk -
,
P
P
. a+
an
n -
:1.97 ) (nk .
. , . s ,as 0-
" . , s s ,
. .
P
:2.97 Tk ,. m=1 anm = lim Tk = M -
. Tk M .|Tk M | |ank | , k , k1 k2 -
k- Tk M .|Tk M | max(|ank1 |, |ank2 |) ,
P
an - (nk ) .an 0 , , 33 .limk ank = 0 ,
,|Tk M | 0.
3.6
14.12.2006
P
) 98( : bn = B , an = A
) (ck
, k=1
k ) m(k) ,n(k ) ck = an(k) bm(k

P
m ,n k .ck = an bm - . k=1 ck = AB
P
. = St
. , ck -
P
P
Pt
| k=1 |ck , . | .V = |bm | ,U = |an
Pt
:1.98 . k=1 |ck | V U ,t
. ).M = max(n0 , m0 ) ,m0 = max1kt m(k) ,n0 = max1kt n(k
|bn |) U V
M
X
()| |an
m=1
M
X
( | )|an(k) bm(k
n=1
t
X
k=1
= | |ck
t
X
k=1
P
; .
32 M = ank
33 , .
41
3.6
34
, . :
35
c4 = a2 b1 ,c3 = a2 b2 ,c2 = a1 b2 ,c1 = a1 b1.

Pt
= St , - Sr2 .
k=1 ck
Pr
Pr
P
36
.Sr2 = n=1 an m=1 bm , = ck = lim St = lim Sr2
.lim Ar Br = AB
P
P
= A ,
) 99( : n=1 an
P
P
.dn = i+j=n ai bj ,d1 = 0 . n=1 dn = AB
Pn
Pn
Pn P
Pn
. Dn = l=1 dl = l=1 i+j=l ai bj ,Bn = t=1 bt ,An = s=1 as
n=1 bn
= B .
ai bli = a1 (b1 +. . .+bl1 )+. . .+an1 b1 = a1 Bl1 +. . .+an1 B1
l1
X
= ai bj
i=1
X
i+j=l
;n = Bn B
) as (a1 n1 + . . . + an1 1
n1
X
D = a1 (B n1 ) + . . . + an1 (B 1 ) = B
s=i
.a1 n1 + . . . + an 1 0 ,an 0 , ) (ann 0 ,

) (n; .n |an | < M, |n | < M . > 0
P
P
. s=N0 +1 |as | < 2M

as , N0 = -
2M
= .
= a1 n1 + . . . + an1 1
) (a1 n1 + . . . + aN0 nN0 ) + (aN0 +1 n(N0 +1) + . . . + an1 1
Tn
,aN0 nN0 0 , . . . ,a1 n1 0

| |aN0 +1 ||n(N0 +1) | + . . . + |an1 ||1
| |aN0 +1 n(N0 +1) + . . . + an1 1
)| M (|aN0 +1 | + . . . + |an1
<
2M
.Tn 0
n+1
P
) .A = B = n=1 (1 ,
) ( .
n
P
P
P
(1)i+1 (1)j+1

; = (1)n+2 i+j=n i1j
= ,dn
ai bj = i+j=n
i
j
P
i, j < n . n1 < 1n 1n i1j | |dn ,0- dn -
.
34 -
P
. ck
35 , , n2
- .n-
36 ,r r .
42
18.12.2006
3.7
3.7
.0 ai 9 ,ai Z
an
n=1 10n
1
10n1
= .0.a1 a2 a3 . . . ,
P
an
10
1
.( 10
) n < 10n = 10n1
n=1
:100 ] x [0, 1 ) , ) (1 ai 9) (ai

P an
.(x = n=1 10
n -
. .
.xn = 0.a1 a2 . . . an ) (xn , .
,n
1
10n
| ,|x xn .(xn ) x
= 1) 1.000 . . . = 0.999 . . . :
9
9
1
10
1
1 10
=9
9
10n
P
.( n=1
:101 ] x [0, 1 = 0.a1 a2 a3 . . .

.0.b1 b2 b3 . . . n an = bn n0 ," , n n0 1
.an = 0 ,bn = 9 n > n0 ;an = bn0 + 1 n = n0 ;an = bn
P b 0
P
P
an
bn
= bn0 + n=1 n+n
= n=n0 10n
n=n0 10n .
10n
" ,an0 > bn0 .an0 bn0 1 1
bn+n0 an+n0
10n
an+n0
n=1 10n
n=1
.an0 +
37
,1 an0 bn0
. n 1 ;9 bn+n0 an+n0 9
P
P b
a
;1 = n=1 n+n010n n+n0 n=1 109n = 1 ,bn+n0 an+n0 = 9 ,
bn+n0 = 9.an+n0 = 0-
. ) (an m ,N n >-
.N an = an+m
:102 x Q .0 x < 1" x
.
. x- . = V = 10N 1 x
.U = 10N +m1 = a1 a2 . . . aN +m1 .aN +m . . . ,a1 a2 . . . aN 1 .aN . . . U
) V Z ( . U V = (10N +m1
,10N 1 )x = z Q
,
a2
m
q
p
q
z
10N +m1 10N 1
= .x
= .x .ri = 10ri1 ai ,r0 = x
m
q
= a1
p
q
,r1 = 10
r2 = 10 . ,0 rn < 1 ,n q + 1 ;rn -,
) .(rn = rm+n
37 .10n0 -
43
4.1
. Y ,X . )( f : X Y )(
Y - .X-
f - }.f (X) = {y Y | x X : f (x) = y
f |A : A Y ,A X - ) a A f |A (a) = f (a
f.A-
f : X Y }.{(x, f (x)) | x X
f : X Y .X, Y R
38
f : R R - x R f (x) = c
) c R( , ,(n N {0} ,ai R) f (x) = p(x) = an xn + . . . + a0
(a > 0) f (x) = ax
q(x) 6 0.

-
)p(x
)q(x
= ) f (x ),p(x
39
. f : X R ).x X f (x) = f (x
f - ).x X f (x) = f (x
:103 f : R R
-.
..
f : R R . P R .x R f (x) = f (x + P )-
4.2
. x0 R .r > 0 } {x R | 0 < |x x0 | < r )(

x0 .r )( x0 r }.{x R | |x x0 | < r
. ) f (x . f (x)- limxx0 f (x) = L ,x0 -
)( U L )( V x0 .f (V ) V - ,
> 0 > 0 0 < |x x0 | < = |f (x) L| <
38 f : X R .
39 , q(x) 6 0- q(x)-
. ,
x3 +2
x2 1
= ) ,f (x .1 6 X
44
19.12.2006
4.2
:104 limxx0 f (x) = M ,limxx0 f (x) = L .L = M

. " .L < M
M L
3
= . L M - .
UL x0 x UL |f (x) L| < - UM x0
UL UM .x UM |f (x) M | < - .x0 ,x UL UM
|f (x) L| < |f (x) M | < .
.f (x) = c ,x0 R . .limxx0 f (x) = c , ),p(x
) .limxx0 p(x) = p(x0
.f (x) = x2 + 3 ,x0 = 1 . :limx1 f (x) = 4 . > 0
.|f (x)4| < ,|x1| < .|(1+)2 +34| = |2 + 2 | < 40 :x = 1+
; 2 < || ,|| < 1 .|2 + 2 | < |3| < ,
= .
:105 ;limxx0 f (x) 6= L : )( U L

)( V x0 x V .f (x) 6 U -
. 41 sgn(x)- ) 0- , 1 .(1
1 x Q
= ) .f (x .x0 R f (x)-
. :
0 x
6 Q
,x0 - - .
:106 f g- f (x) = g(x)- x
.x0 ) limxx0 f (x ) limxx0 g(x , , .
. Vx0 f .g- ,limxx0 f (x) = L
U L VU x0 .f (x) U x VU VU Vx0 ,U
x0 ,f |VU Vx0 = g |VU Vx0 - .g(x) = f (x) U x VU Vx0
.limxx0 g(x) = L
. .x0 R x0 r };{x R | x0 < x < x0 +r
x0 r } .{x R | x0 r < x < x0
,1 < x < 1 + |x 1| < 40 f - .x0 = 1 -

, .
x>0
41 ; - x < 0
x=0
8
>
>
>1
<
1
>
>
>
:0
= )sgn(x
45
4.3
. ) f (x . f (x)- limxx+ f (x) = L ,x0 -

0
U L ) V( x0 .f (V ) U -
).(limxx f (x) = L
0
:107 f (x)- x0 -" f (x)- - ,x0 -

.
. .L = limxx+ f (x) = limxx f (x) ,limxx0 f (x) = L
0
U ;L - VL ,VR x0 ,f (VR ) U -
.f (VL ) U r - VL .VR - V
r .x0 V VL VR .f (V ) U - .limxx0 f (x) = L
4.3
. ) f (x . f (x)- x0 - ) .limxx0 f (x) = f (x0

,f (x) = p(x) . p ) . , (.
:108 ) f (x) ,g(x , ) f (x) = g(x Vx0 .x0
) f (x x0 - ) g(x .x0 -
) . (.
f (x) :109 x0 -" . > 0 > 0 |x x0 | < = |f (x) f (x0 )| <
f (x) . x0 - ) f (x) ;limxx+ f (x) = f (x0 x0 -

0
) .limxx f (x) = f (x0

0
. ) f (x .x0 -
-
.1 ) limxx0 f (x , x0 - .
42
.2 ) limxx0 f (x ) limxx+ f (x limxx f (x)- x0 ,

0
- .
-
.3 - ) limxx f (x) ,limxx+ f (x x0 ,

0
- .
42- ) ,f (x0 ) = limxx0 f (x .
46
4.4
4.4
4.4.1
21.12.2006
:110 ) f (x limxx0 f (x) = L ." ) f (x
x0 (xn 6= x0 ) xn x0 .limn f (xn ) = L

() . .limxx0 f (x) = L x0 6= xn x0 ;
.limn f (xn ) = L
. > 0 > 0 0 < |x x0 | < - .|f (x) L| < , > 0
N0 n > N0 ,43 0 < |xn x0 | < ,n > N0 |f (xn ) L| <
.
)( x0 6= xn x0 limn f (xn ) = L
.limxx0 f (x) 6= L , 0 > 0 Vx0 x Vx0
.|f (x) L| 0 - , x0 6= xn x0 .f (xn ) 6 L-

) V
1
n } ,x0
.(x0 ,n Vxn0
< | = {x V | 0 < |x x0
Vxn0
xn .|f (xn ) L| > 0
,x0 6= xn x0 ,limn f (xn ) 6= L.

:111 ) f (x f (x) . x0 -" ) f (x
x0 xn x0 ) .limn f (xn ) = f (x0
. ,- .
limx0 sgn(x) . :
1
2n1
= ,x2n1
1
2n
= .x2n
p(x) = am xm + am1 xm1 + . . . + a0 . ,x0 xn x0

xtn xt0 t )( , ;at xtn at xt0
.
:112 ) f (x limxx0 f (x) = L ." ) f (x
,x0 x0 6= xn x0 ) limn f (x
) .limn f (xn ) = limxx0 f (x) = L (xn
() . limxx0 f (x) = L x0 6= xn x0 = ) limn f (xn
.L
)( x0 6= xn x0 ) limn f (xn .
x0 6= yn x0 ,x0 6= xn x0 .limn f (xn ) 6= limn f (yn )-
43- .xn 6= x0
47
4.5
) (zn - .z2n = yn ,z2n1 = xn xn

yn ,x0 - .zn x0 ) limn f (zn , )) (f (zn
- ,.
4.4.2

44
:113 ) f (x Vx0 .x0 ) limxx0 f (x "

> 0 V x0 .|f (x1 ) f (x2 )| < ,x1 , x2 V
. limxx0 f (x) = L V^ x V^
.|f (x) L| < .|f (x1 ) f (x2 )| = |f (x1 ) L + L f (x2 )| < ,x1 , x2 V^
2
, . .x0 6= xn x0
)) (f (xn .
n=1 :1.113
. . > 0 V x0 x1 , x2 V
.|f (x1 ) f (x2 )| < .x0 6= xn x0 ,N0 : n > N0 xn V
.m1 , m2 > N0 |f (xm1 ) f (xm2 )| < )) (f (xn .
- , )) (f (xn ,- ) limxx0 f (x.

:114 ) f (x f (x) .x0 x0 -" > 0

V x0 .|f (x1 ) f (x2 )| < x1 , x2 V
. .
4.5
. ) f (x .D f - )- (M
f ;f (x) M ,x D )- (C .f (x) C ,x D
:115 ) f (x ,x0 .limxx0 f (x) = L
A, B R .A < L < B- Vx0 x0 x Vx0
.A < f (x) < B
. ) 0 < < min(B L, L A x0 -
.
. ) g(x) ,f (x .D f g D
.f (x) g(x) ,x D
44 " , .
48
25.12.2006
4.6
:116 ) g(x) ,f (x Vx0 ,x0 ),limxx0 f (x

) limxx0 g(x f g . .limxx0 f (x) limxx0 g(x) = Vx0
45
) ) (xn ,
. .x0 6= xn x0" n=1 Vx0
(. .n N f (xn ) g(xn ) , ,
) ,limn f (xn ) limn g(xn- .limxx0 f (x) limxx0 g(x) ,
:117 f ,g ,h Vx0 .x0 f g h
.Vx0 limxx0 f (x) = limxx0 h(x) = L .limxx0 g(x) = L
. .x0 6= xn x0" .(xn ) Vx0 , ,f (xn ) g(xn ) h(xn ) ,n N
;L = limn f (xn ) limn g(xn ) limn h(xn ) = L
.limn g(xn ) = L , , .limxx0 g(x) = L ,
:118 f ,g ,h Vx0 .x0 f g h
f ,h ,Vx0 x0 - f (x0 ) = h(x0 )- g .x0 -
. ) .f (x0 ) = limxx0 f (x) = limxx0 g(x) = limxx0 h(x) = h(x0
f (x0 ) g(x0 ) h(x0 ) , ) .f (x0 ) = g(x0 ) = h(x0 ).g(x0 ) = limxx0 g(x
f, g : D R :119 f g- f ,x0 D-
.limxx0 g(x) = 0- .limxx0 f (x)g(x) = 0
. . .x0 6= xn x0 .|f (xn )| M ,g(xn ) 0
,|g(xn )f (xn )| M |g(xn )| 0 .0 = limxx0 g(x)f (x) ,
4.6
:120 ) f (x .x0 :
.limxx0 |f (x) L| = 0 ;limxx0 (f (x) L) = 0 ;limxx0 f (x) = L
. lim(f (xn ) L) = 0 lim f (xn ) = L ;x0 6= xn x0 :
.lim |f (xn ) L| = 0
f ,g :121 .limxx0 f (x) = L ,limxx0 g(x) = M ,x0
;limxx0 cf (x) = cL .1
;limxx0 (f (x) + g(x)) = L + M .2
;limxx0 f (x) limxx0 g(x) = L M .3
;limxx0 |f (x)| = |L| .4
45 ,f < g - .
49
4.7
.5 M 6= 0
L
M
)f (x
)g(x
.limxx0
. ) . ,5 V^x0
,x V^x M < g(x) < M + - g (.
0
:122 f ,g x0 .x0 - |f | ,f g ,f + g ,cf

.x0 - ,g(x0 ) 6= 0
f
g
.x0 -
)limxx0 f (x)g(x) = limxx0 f (x)limxx0 g(x) = f (x)g(x) = f g(x) .(f g

)- f.(g-
4.7
"
. f : A B - f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = x1 = x2
) , ;(x1 6= x2 = f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 ) , ) (B y B x A

;(Im(f ) = B) f (x) = y-" " .
def
.B C ,f : A B ,g : C D . )).g f (a) = g(f (a

y ,f (x) = x2 + x + 1 .
:123
= ) ;g(y x2 + x + 1
= )).g f (x) = g(f (x
f ,g .1" = g f";
f ,g .2 = g f;
g f .3" = f";
g f .4 = g.
.
.1 )) g .g(f (x1 )) = g(f (x2" , ) f .f (x1 ) = f (x2" ,
,x1 = x2.
f : A B ,g : B D .2 . g .y D , z B f .g(z) = y-,
x A .f (x) = z- ,g(f (x)) = g(z) = y g f -.
.
y = 0 0
x 6= 0 x sin 1
x
= ) f .g(y 0-
= ) f (x-
. -
y 6= 0 1
x = 0 0
) ,limx0 f (x) = 0 sin x g ;(x 0- .(limy0 g(y) = 1) 0-
) limx0 f (x limylimx0 f (x) g(y)- )limx0 (g f )(x
? 0 f - ; gf
1 , , .limylimx0 f (x) g(y) = 1
50
26.12.2006
4.8
:124 f ,g f , x0,limxx0 f (x) = L-

g L .limyL g(y) = M - g(y) (1
(2 ;L- Vx0 x0 f (x) 6= L ,x Vx0 ,
.limxx0 (g f )(x) = M
. , .(g f )(xn ) M ,x0 6= xn x0
, ) g(y .L- ) .yn = f (xn ,limxx0 f (x) = L
g .yn L ,L- .g(f (xn )) = g(yn ) g(L) = M
, .limxx0 (g f )(x) = M ,
46
.2 .x0 6= xn x0" .yn = f (xn ) .(xn ) Vx0

lim yn = lim f (xn ) = L = limxx0 f (x) = LlimyL g(y) = M .L 6= yn L-
) g(yn ) M ;(L 6= yn L , .limxx0 (g f )(x) = M ,
:125 ) f (x x0 g(y)- ) .f (x0 f x0 -
g- ,f (x0 )- ) limxx0 g f (x) = g f (x0 g f , .x0 -
. ) (1 ,g
) g(y) = g(f (x0 )) = g f (x0
lim
= )lim g f (x
) yf (x0
xx0
:126 ) g(x ,x0 ) limxx0 g(x . = )limxx0 g(x

).limh0 g(x0 + h
. .g f (h) = g(x0 + h) .f : h 7 x0 + h .limh0 f (h) = x0
;x0 ) (2 ,
/ {f (h) | h 6= 0} ,0
).limh0 g f (h) = limyx0 g(y
4.8
. ) f (x I I f (1
; (2 / /.
f (x) :127 I- (xn ) I xn x0 I ) .f (xn ) f (x0
. .
. ) f (x ] .[a, b f -
c ) f (a f (b)- a x b .f (x) = c-
46 .L 6= yn L
51
4.8
) 128 ( : ) f (x ] .[a, b f (x)- .

." ) .f (a) f (b ) .f (a) c f (b ) c = f (a ) c = f (b
x = a x = b; ).f (a) < c < f (b
} ;B = {x | a x < b, f (x) c .a x0 = sup B b
f (x0 ) = c :1.128
,x0 = sup B :f (x0 ) c . (xn ) B .xn x0 -
) f (x ] ,[a, b .c f (xn ) f (x0 ) c
:f (x0 ) c ,c < f (b)) .f (x0 ) < c f (.x0 6= b ,x0 -
> 0 x0 x .f (x) < f (x0 ) +
.f (x) < f (x0 ) + < c- x0
x ,f (x) < f (x0 ) + < c x ,x B
.sup B = x0 -
:129 I ) f (x .I- ) f (I .
) .- D R " D d1 , d2 D
] (.[d1 , d2
) .d1 , d2 f (I a, b I .f (a) = d1 ,f (b) = d2 -
, d1 c d2 x ]) [a, b ] ([b, a
.f (x) = c-.[d1 , d2 ] f (I) ,
;p(x) = x3 + 3x + 3 . p(x)- )
.(p(x) = x3 + 3x + 3 = 0 ;p(1) = 13 + 3 + 3 = 7 > 0 ,x = 1
.p(1) = (1)3 3 + 3 = 1 < 0 ,x = 1 ,
] [1, 1 p(x)-
.1 < x0 < 1
. ) p(x -; p(x)- ; p(x) : R R ,
:
a2n
a0
) + . . . + 2n+1
x
x
p(x) = a2n+1 x2n+1 + . . . + a0 = x2n+1 (a2n+1 +
a2n+1 - x .- ,x +
;+- ,x ) - ,x2n+1
a2n+1 -(.
) , - ) p(x
(.
52
28.12.2006
4.9
. )( f (x) = 3x + cos x + 2 sin x :2 < x0 < 2

= 6 + cos 2 + 2 sin 2 6 1 2 3 > 0
= 6 + cos(6) + 2 sin(6) 3 < 0
)f (2
)f (2
) 130( : f : [a, b] R ] .[a, b

] xm , xM [a, b ) f (x .
47
. f : [a, b] R ).M = supaxb f (x

:1.130 f (x) : D R . M = ) sup f (x) = M f
( . (xn ) D .f (xn ) M -
. . x D .f (x ) M -
(xn ) D
1
n
1
n
= n
,M f (xn ) M .f (xn ) M
, ] (xn ) [a, b .f (xn ) M - -,

- ) (xnk x0 -; xnk - ,[a, b]-
f [a, b]- ) .f (xnk ) f (x0 - ) f (xn ,M - ;f (xnk ) M
) .M = f (x0

4.9
4.9.1
1.1.2007
. f : A R
) ;x1 , x2 A x1 < x2 = f (x1 ) f (x2

- ) ;x1 , x2 A x1 < x2 = f (x1 ) < f (x2
) ;x1 , x2 A x1 < x2 = f (x1 ) f (x2
- ) ;x1 , x2 A x1 < x2 = f (x1 ) > f (x2
:131 ) f (x ) ( .x0 R
).limxx f (x) = supx<x0 f (x
0
. ) .L = supx<x0 f (x . > 0 , x
.L < f (x ) L ) f (x , x < x < x0
.L < f (x ) f (x) L x0 x ,,
.0 L f (x) <
:132 ) f (x ) ( .x0 R
).limxx+ f (x) = inf x>x0 f (x
0
47".x [a, b] f (xm ) f (x) f (xM ) :
53
4.9
:133 ) f (x .x0
).limxx f (x) f (x0 ) limxx+ f (x
0
48
x < x0 f (x) f (x0 ) = limxx f (x) = supx<x0 f (x) f (x0 ) .

0
:134 - .
:135 I , f : I R ; ) f (x I-" )f (I
.R-
. ) f (x f (I) ,I- .
) f (x .I- f (x)- - .x0 I x0
f (x) .I- )( f (x) .limxx f (x) f (x0 ) limxx+ f (x) ,
0
,f (x0 )- ) .limxx f (x) < limxx+ f (x .x0 + , x0 I ,

0
) .f (x0 ) limxx f (x) < limxx+ f (x) f (x0 + c

0
) limxx f (x) c limxx+ f (x .c 6= f (x0 )- .x I f (x) 6= c,

0
) .f (x0 ) < c < f (x0 + ) f (I f (I)-

c ; ) f (I .
4.9.2

. f : A B" . f - f 1
.f (a) = b f 1 (b) = a
. < f (x) = x3 , < x y
g(x) = x4 .g 1 (y) = 4 y
= ) .f 1 (y < ,0 x
.f = (f 1 )1 : A B ;idB = f f 1 : B B ;idA = f 1 f : A A .
:136 f : A B A- .B- f 1 : B A
.f
. f . f ," x1 < x2 = f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) :
) .x1 6= x2 = f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 f 1 : B A . .y1 < y2 B
) .x2 = f 1 (y2 ) ,x1 = f 1 (y1
,x1 = x2 - .y1 = f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = y2 .x2 < x1
f , ,y2 = f (x2 ) < f (x1 ) = y1 .y1 < y2 -
.x1 < x2 ) f 1 (y1 ) = x1 < x2 = f 1 (y2 ,y1 < y2 f 1 .
48 ,- ; ,- < ) f (x0
) limxx+ f (x ,.
0
54
2.1.2007
4.10
I R :137 , f : I R . f
,R- ;U f : I U f 1 - ) (.
. f , , . :f : I U -
. f , f 1 - f 1 : U I .
, U " . f 1
,I f 1.
:138 f : I R . f U
f : I U , .
. :1.138 f , .
. f . .i 6= jf (xi ) 6= f (xj ) ,
x1 < x2 < x3 ,",f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) ,
) .f (x2 ) > f (x3 ) ,f (x1 ) < f (x3 x1 < x < x2
) f (x) = f (x3 ".
f : I R , . f f : I U .U,
, .

4.10
.
, ,
.
:139 .
4.10.1
,f (x) = ax ax .a > 0 . f ,a > 1 ; 49 f ,a < 1

.
def
. .0 < a 6= 1 .(ax )1 (y) = loga y

(1 6= a > 0 ,x1 , x2 > 0) :
loga x1 + loga x2 = loga x1 x2 .1
.aloga x1 +loga x2 = aloga x1 aloga x2 = x1 x2 . ,
.f 1 (f (x)) = x-
49 = ax2 x1 ,x1 < x2
ax2
ax1
< ,1 .ax1 < ax2
55
4.11
r loga x = loga xr .2
ar loga x = (aloga x )r = xr .
loga x = loga b logb x .3
a(loga b)(logb x) = (aloga b )logb x = blogb x = x .

4.10.2
] cos(x) : [0, ] [1, 1] ,sin(x) : [ 2 , 2 ] [1, 1" .

.arccos : [1, 1] [0, ] ,arcsin : [1, 1] [ 2 , 2 ] :
;sin(arcsin(x)) = x )) :cos(arcsin(x ;cos2 + sin2 = 1
) = arcsin(x cos2 (arcsin(x))+(sin(arcsin(x)))2 = cos2 (arcsin(x))+x2 = 1
.cos(arcsin(x)) = 1 x2 ,
, ) cotan : (0, ) (, ) ,tan : ( 2 , 2 ) (,
.cotan1 = arccotan ,tan1 = arctan
4.11
50
. .f : [r, ) R limx f (x) = L U L

M R ( > 0 M > r : x > M = |f (x) L| < ) .f (x) U ,x > M

:140 ,f : A R f ) [r, .r R
limx f (x) = L" ,xn ,(xn ) A .limn f (xn ) = L
() . .limx f (x) = L . > 0 M > r ,x > M
.|f (x) L| < .xn ,(xn ) A N0 .xn > M ,n > N0
,n > N0 |f (xn ) L| < - .limn f (xn ) = L
)( .limx f (x) 6= L > 0 M
xM > M .|f (xM ) L| n N xn > n .|f (xn ) L|
= limn xn ,limn f (xn ) 6= L- .
.
1
x2
= ) .limx f (x) = 0 ,f (x g(x) = cos x ,
, " .
. f : A R .x0 = ) limxx0 f (x
M > 0 Vx0 x0 .x Vx0 f (x) > M
50,
sin
cos
= ,tan
cos
sin
= .cotan
56
4.1.2007
4.12
:141 f : A R .x0 = ) limxx0 f (x"
(xn ) A ,x0 6= xn x0 = ) .limn f (xn

:142 f ,g .limxx0 f (x) = ,x0

.1 f g ;limxx0 g(x) = ,x0
.2 ) g(x ;limxx0 (f (x) + g(x)) = ,x0
.3 ) g(x - ;limxx0 (f (x) g(x)) = ,M > 0
.4 ) g(x - ;limxx0 (f (x) g(x)) = ,C < 0
f : A R :143 .x0
.1 ,limxx0 f (x) = + = 0
1
)f (x
;limxx0
.2 limxx0 f (x) = 0 Vx0 x0 ,f (x) > 0

= +
1
)f (x
.limxx0
:144 f ,g ) limyy0 g(y) = L ,limxx0 f (x) = y0 ,

} .(x0 , y0 R { x0 ,f (x) 6= y0
.limxx0 (g f )(x) = L
8.1.2007
:145 ) f (x .x0 R
) ,limxx0 f (x limxx0 f (x) = supx<x0 f (x)- f = )limxx0 f (x
f .
. f - , .
) f (x . , M x < x0 .M < f (x)-
.M < f (x) f (y) ,x < y < x0 , M R
,Vx0 ,x0 .M < f (y) ,y Vx0
4.12
. ) f (x .I f (x)- I
> 0 > 0 x1 , x2 I |x1 x2 | < = |f (x1 ) f (x2 )| <

.-
57
"
4.12
f .0 x < ,f (x) = x2 . . ; > 0 > 0

.|f (x1 ) f (x2 )| < = |x1 x2 | < x1 , x2 > 0

2
4
.x2 = x1 +
f (x2 ) f (x1 ) = (x1 + 2 )2 x21 = x1 + ) .x1 ,
(.x -
:146 ) f (x " .I ) f (x .I-
. . = 1 ) 0 < = (1 .|f (x1 ) f (x2 )| < 1 = |x1 x2 | < -
,a < x1 < . . . < xl < b ,I- ,|a x1 | < ,|xi+1 xi | < -
.|b xl | < .M = max(f (x1 ), . . . , f (xl )) + 1
:1.146 ) .f (x) < M ,x I , (.
. .x I ] x [xi , xi+1 1 i l 1 ] (i = 1) x [a, x1
] .(i = l) x [xl , b ;|f (x) f (xi )| < 1 , .f (x) < M
.
1
x
= ) f (x 0 < x 1 " , ) . ,
g(x) = sin x1 0 < x 1 "(.

) 147( : ".
. ) f (x ] .[a, b ) f (x " .
> 0 > 0 x1 ,x2 |x1 x2 | < - .|f (x1 ) f (x2 )|
1
n
= , n ,n
1
n -
< | .|f (n ) f (n )| ,|n n
) .(n ) ,(n - , - ] .nk x0 [a, b

,nk x0
1
nk
< | f (x) .|nk nk ,[a, b]- ) f (nk ) f (x0
.f (nk ) f (x0 )- , > 0 N ,|f (nk ) f (x0 )| < ,k > N

.|f (nk ) f (x0 )| < . |f (nk ) f (nk )| < 2 ,
.
58
10
= , ,
5
5.1
9.1.2007
. ) f (x ) x0 - .(x0 ) f (x x0 - -
) f (x0 + h) f (x0
) f (x) f (x0
= lim
xx0
h
x x0
f 0 (x0 ) = lim
def
h0
f ,g ; Vx0 x0 f |Vx0 g |Vx0 -

) .f 0 (x0 ) = g 0 (x0
51
. ,x0 R ,f (x) = ax + b
ah
)a(x0 + h) + b (ax0 + b
= lim
=a
h0 h
h
1
x
f 0 (x0 ) = lim
h0
= ),0 6= x0 R ,g(x
)x0 (x0 + h
1
1
= lim
= 2
)h0 x0 (x0 + h
)hx0 (x0 + h
x0
= lim
1
x0
1
x0 +h
h0
g 0 (x0 ) = lim
h0
:148 ) f (x x0 - ) f (x .x0 -
. f (x) , .x0
) hf (x0 +h)f h(x0
h
) (x0
limh0 h limh0 f (x0 +h)f
h
0 f 0 (x0 ) = 0
limh0
) f (x0 +h)f (x0

h
f 0 (x0 ) = limh0.
) limxx0 f (x) f (x0
=
=
. | .f (x) = |x x0 = 0- .
= 1
|h|0
h
limh0 = 1
|h|0
h
;limh0+ ,
, .0-
. f (x) = x sin x1 .f (0) = 0 ,x 6= 0 )limx0 f (x) = 0 = f (0
, = limh0 sin h1
1
0
h sin h
h
limh0
.0-
51 , ; f = g ,
.
59
5.2
5.2

. ) f (x ) f (x) = xf^(x) = o(x ) f^(x

.f^(0) = limx0 f^(x) = 0 ,0-
f (x) :149 " ) f (x 0 = f (0) ,0=-
)f (x
x
limx0
.0
^
)limx0 xfx(x
).limx0 f (x
x
. ) f (x= limx0 f^(x) = 0 .
f (x) x 6= 0
x
,
= ) .f^(x ) ,limx0 f^(x) = 0 = f^(0-
0
x=0
).f (x) = xf^(x
=
f (x) = sin2 x ,f (x) = x2 sin x + x3 cos x ,f (x) = x 2 ,f (x) = x2 .

.
:150 .
^( .g(x) + f (x) = x )h(x
^ .g(x) = x ))g (x) + f^(x
g (x) ,f (x) = xf^(x) .
.h(x)f (x) = x(f^(x)h(x)) ,
:151 ) f (x .x0 f 0 (x0 ) = , ,x0
).f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + h + o(h
. )) f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + h + hu(h ) .(o(h) = hu(h
=
)h+hu(h
h
= limh0
) f (x0 +h)f (x0

h
.f 0 (x0 ) = limh0
.f (x0 ) = .g(h) = f (x0 + h) f (x0 ) hg(0) = 0 ,

= 0-
h
h
limh0
) f (x0 +h)f (x0

h
= limh0
f (x0 +h)f (x0 )h

h
.limh0 )g(h
, ).f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + h + g(h

. a(x x0 ) + l(x0 ) = l(x) = ax + b

. ) f (x .x0 ) l(x f (x)- x0

x0 ).f (x0 + h) = l(x0 + h) + o(h
:152 ) l(x f (x)- x0" ) f (x x0 -l(x) = f 0 (x)(x -
) .x0 ) + f (x0
. , ) l(x) = a(x x0 ) + l(x0 f (x)- x0 , ,
) .f (x0 + h) = l(x0 + h) + o(h) = l(x0 ) + ah + o(h ,
) f (x ) f (x x0 -.f 0 (x0 ) = a-
60
5.3
f (x) , ,x0 - ).f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + hf 0 (x0 ) + o(h

) l(x) = f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ) + f (x0 ) ,f (x0 + h) = l(x0 + h) + o(h ) l(x
f (x)- .x0

5.3
:153 ) f (x) ,g(x .x0 ;(f 0 +g 0 )(x0 ) = f 0 (x0 )+g 0 (x0 ) (1

(2 .(c f )0 (x0 ) = cf 0 (x0 ) ,c R
(1) .
0
)f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + hf (x0 ) + o1 (h

)+ g(x0 + h) = g(x0 ) + hg 0 (x0 ) + o2 (h
) (f + g)(x0 + h) = (f + g)(x0 ) + h(f 0 (x0 ) + g 0 (x0 )) + (o1 + o2 )(x0
,- .(f + g)0 (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ) + g 0 (x0 ) ,
) 154 ( f ,g : .x0 - ) .(f g)0 (x0 ) = f (x0 )g 0 (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )g(x0
.g(x0 + h) = g(x0 ) + hg 0 (x0 ) + o2 (h) ,f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + hf 0 (x0 ) + o1 (h) .
)) (f g)(x0 ) + h(f 0 (x0 )g(x0 ) + g 0 (x0 )f (x0
)(f g)(x0 + h
))+ o1 (h)(g(x0 ) + hg 0 (x0 ) + o2 (h

))+ o2 (h)(f (x0 ) + hf 0 (x0 ) + o1 (h
) + h h f 0 (x0 ) g 0 (x0
) o1 (h g(x0 ) + hg 0 (x0 ) + o2 (h)- , ; ) o2 (h
f (x0 ) + hf 0 (x0 ) + o1 (h)- , ; ) h h f 0 (x0 ) g 0 (x0.
).(f g)(x0 + h) = (f g)(x0 ) + h(f 0 (x0 )g(x0 ) + g 0 (x0 )f (x0 )) + o(h
11.1.2007
) 155 ( : ) f (x g(x) ,x0 - .f (x0 )-

0
) .(g f ) (x0 ) = g (f (x0 )) f (x0

. :1.155 ) g(x ) ,f (x) = cx+ f^(x ^ f
. )) (g f )(x) = g(f (x .
^ .f^(x) = xu(x) ,g(x) = x )) .f (x) = x(c + u(x
. )g (x
^).g(f (x)) = f (x
^))g (f (x)) = x(c + u(x
.limx0 f (x) = 0 g (f (x)) :g f -
^)) t(x) = (c + u(x .limx0 t(x) = 0 ,0-
))g (f (x
^lim t(x) = lim (c + u(x)) lim g^(x(c + u(x))) = c
^g (f (0)) = c
)g (0) = 0 = t(0
x0
) xt(x) = (g f )(x .
61
x0
x0
5.4
) (gf )(x0 +h)(gf )(x0

,
h
0
)f (x0 + h) = f (x0 ) + hf (x0 ) + f^(h
.(g f )0 (x0 ) = limh0

.g(x0 + v) = g(x0 ) + vg 0 (x0 ) + g^(v)-
) .y = f (x0
))= g(f (x0 + h
)(g f )(x0 + h
)])= g(y + [hf 0 (x0 ) + f^(h

))= g(y) + g 0 (y)[hf 0 (x0 ) + f^(h)] + g^(hf 0 (x0 ) + f^(h
) hg 0 (y)f 0 (x0 ; ) g 0 (y)f^(h; - , g^(hf 0 (x0 ) +
)) f^(h . ) (g f )(x0 + h) = (g f )(x0 ) + hf 0 (x0 )g 0 (y) + o(h ,,
) .(g f )0 (x) = g 0 (f (x0 ))f 0 (x0
. u(x) = 1 + x2 ,g(y) = y 2 .f (x) = (g u)(x) = (1 + x2 )2
.f 0 (x) = (g u)0 (x) = g 0 (u(x))u0 (x) = 2(1 + x2 ) 2x
:156 f ,g .g(x0 ) 6= 0 ,x0 -
.
.
1
y
) g 0 (x0
(g(x0 ))2
) f 0 (x0 )g(x0 )g 0 (x0 )f (x0

(g(x0 ))2
= ) .( fg )0 (x0
= ) ,( g1 )0 (x0 -
= ).u(y
1
1
) ( )0 (x0 ) = (u(g(x)))0 (x0 ) = u0 (g(x0 ))g 0 (x0 ) = g 0 (x0
g
(g(x0 ))2
5.4
15.1.2007
:157 ) f (x Vx0 .x0 f 0 (x0 ) 6= 0

1
)f 0 (x
= )).(f 1 )0 (f (x
) .y0 = f (x0
) f 1 (y0 +h)f 1 (y0
limh0
h
1

h
limh0 f 1 (y0 +h)f
) 1 (y
0
1 0
) ) (y0
(f
1
limxx0 x1 = x10 = limxx .x0 6= 0
x
01

h
=
limh0 f 1 (y0 +h)f
) 1 (y
0

1
y0 +hy0
=
) limh0 f 1 (y0 +h)f 1 (y0

1
1
)) (f 1 (y0
=
limh0 f (ff 1(y(y00+h))f
1
) +h)f (y0

1
) f (f 1 (y0 +h))f (x0
=
limh0 f 1 (y0 +h)x0
;limh0 f 1 (y0 + h) = f 1 (y0 ) = x0 ,f 1 .f 1 (y0 + h) = x0 + u

62
1
5.5
) f (x0 +u)f (x0

x0 +ux0
1
0
1
(f (x0 )) = f 0 (x
)0
limu0
=
=
: f (x) = sin3 (x) + x5 + 7 ,

.u5 (t) + 7u(t) + t3 + t = 7 , ) u0 (t .
.(u5 (t))0 + 7u0 (t) + (t3 )0 + t0 = 5u4 (t)u0 (t) + 7u0 (t) + 3t2 + 1 = 0
Pn
..p(x) = k=0 ak xk :
,n .(xn )0 = nxn1 .(x1 )0 = 1 x11 = 1 ,n = 1
.n .(xn+1 )0 = (xn x)0 = (xn )0 x + xn x0 = nxn1 x + xn = (n + 1)xn
Pn
P
Pn
Pn
(p(x))0 = ( k=0 ak xk )0 = k=0n (ak xk )0 = k=0 ak (xk )0 = k=1 kak xk1
) ,k = 0 (.
= ,(ln x)0
1
. x
)0
limh0 ln(x0 +h)ln(x
h
limh0 h1 ln( x0x+h
)
0
1
x
) limh0 h1 ln(1 + 10
h
1
)h
1
x0
1
h
1
x ln a
limh0 ln(1 +
) hn
)an
an
)an
an
1
x0
=
=
1
hn
limn ln(1 +
limn ln(1 +
ln limn (1 +
1
x0
1
x0
ln e
) (ln x)0 (x0
+ ,0 6= hn 0+
1
x0
1
hn
1
x0
= .(loga x)0
= .an = ec
1
)h
1
x0
1
h
c an
) an
.limn (1 +,
limh0 ln(1 +
=
=
) , g ) (.limxx0 g(x) = g(limxx0 x) = g(x0

. ) (an .
;ln x = ln a loga x , x1 = ln a(loga x)0
1
x ln a
= ).(loga x
. .(ax )0 = ax ln a ,(ex )0 (x0 ) = ex0

,(ex )1 = ln x ,f 1 (y) = ey ,f (x) = ln x
= ey0
1
1
ey0
1
) ln0 (ey0
= ) (ey )0 (y0
;ax = eln ax .(ax )0 = (eln ax )0 = eln ax ln a = ax ln a

, :(xn )0 = nxn1 ,x > 0 , R .(x )0
,x = eln x = x1
5.5
1
x
.(x )0 = (e ln x )0 = e ln x
. ) f (x I ) f (x I- .
63
5.5
. x0 x < x0 (2 ;f (x0 ) f (x) = x > x0 (1

= ) ) .f (x) f (x0 , , (.
:158 ) f (x ,x0 .f 0 (x0 ) > 0 ) f (x
.x0
) f 0 (x0
2
) (x0
.limh0+ f (x0 +h)f
.= f 0 (x0 ) ,
= .
h
0
) (x0
)0
f 0 (x0 )| < f (x
,0 < h <
.| f (x0 +h)f ,
h
2
0
) f (x0
) f (x0 +h)f (x0
< .0 < 2 f (x0 + h) f (x0 ) > 0
) < 32 f 0 (x0
h
> 0
0 < h <
. 0 < h <
) h(.

. ) f (x Vx0 .x0 x0 )f (x
)( Ux0 Vx0 x0 ) .f (x) f (x0 ) ,x Ux0
(.
x0 - ) f (x x0 .
) 159( : ) f (x .x0 x0 ) f (x0f (x)-
,x0 - .f 0 (x0 ) = 0
f 0 (0) = 3x2 |x=0 = 0 ,f (x) = x3 . ,x3 > 0 ,x > 0 ,x < 0
.x3 < 0 .
. .f 0 (x0 ) > 0 f (x) , ,x0 - ,x > x0
) ,f (x0 ) < f (x x0 - . ,f (x) < f (x0 ) ,x < x0
x0 - .
) 160( : ) f (x ] ,[a, b ) .f (a) = f (b
a < c < b .f 0 (c) = 0
f (x) . ,[a, b]- f (x)- c1
c2 ] .[a, b c1 ,c2 maxx[a,b] f (x) = f (a) = f (b) = minx[a,b] f (x) ,
f (x) = d , , ) .f 0 (x) = 0 x (a, b ," c1 ;
c1 , .f 0 (c1 ) = 0
. k k . k
, k 1 . . p(x) = ax + b ,k = 1
. p0 (x) ,deg p(x) = k + 1 k
k.
) 161 ( : ) f (x ] .[a, b c
) (a, b
)f (b)f (a
-
ba
= ).f 0 (c
64
16.1.2007
5.5
. ) a) + f (a
)f (b)f (a
(x
ba
= ) 52 l(x .u(x) = f (x) l(x)- )u(x

0
.u(b) = 0 ,u(a) = 0 ,[a, b]- , c (a, b) : u (c) = f (c) l (c) = 0 ,

,
)f (b)f (a
ba
)f (b)f (a
(x
)ba
= a)0 + (f (a))0 |x=c
= ) ,f 0 (c) = l0 (c.
:162 ) f (x .f (x) = d = a < x < b f 0 (x) = 0 .[a, b]-

. .a x1 , x2 b ,
) f (x2 )f (x1
cx1 ,x2 -
x2 x1
= ) 0 = f 0 (cx1 ,x2
= ) .a x1 , x2 b f (x1 ) = f (x2
:163 ) f (x ] ,[a, b ) .a < x < b f 0 (x) = f (x
.f (x) = cex
.
)f (x
ex
= ) .g(x = 0
f 0 (x)ex f (x)(ex )0
(ex )2
= ) ,g 0 (x g(x) = c
.f (x) = cex -
:164 ) f (x f 0 (x) = p(x) ,[a, b]- . ) f (x
.deg p(x) + 1
Pn
= ) .f 0 (x) = p(x ) u(x :u0 (x) = p(x)-
ak xk .
P
n
ak k+1
x
.u(x) = k=0 k+1 .g(x) = f (x) u(x)- ,g 0 (x) = f 0 (x) u0 (x) = 0
k=0
f (x) = u(x) + c .deg p(x) + 1

18.1.2007
) 165 ( : ) f (x) ,g(x [a, b]- .g(b)g(a) 6= 0-

0
a < c < b (2 ;f (c) = g (c) = 0 (1

)f 0 (c
)g 0 (c
)53 f (b)f (a
). g(b)g(a
. )).u(x) = (g(x)g(a))(f (b)f (a))+(f (a)f (x))(g(b)g(a

.u(b) = 0 ,u(a) = 0 , a < c < b
)).0 = u0 (c) = g 0 (c)(f (b) f (a)) f 0 (c)(g(b) g(a
,g 0 (c) = 0 )) ;0 = f 0 (c)(g(b) g(a ,g(b) g(a) 6= 0-
.f 0 (c) = 0
,g 0 (c) 6= 0 )) .g 0 (c)(f (b) f (a)) = f 0 (c)(g(b) g(a
g 0 (c) 6= 0- g(b) g(a) 6= 0-
)f 0 (c
)g 0 (c
)(b)f (a
). fg(b)g(a
=
)f (a+h)f (a
) 166( : ) f (x ,[a, b]-
h
)(b
0
0
0
.f+ (a) < f
.f " )(b
(b) = limh0 f (b+h)f
h
54 0
0
0
[f+ a < c 0 ,v+
(a) = f+
. (a) s < 0 .v(x) = f (x) sx
v ) a a1 > a (v(a1 ) < v(a)-

) b b1 v(b v(x)- .[a, b1 ]- ) ,v(b1 ) < v(b) < v(a
a < d < b1 .v(d) = v(b)- , d < c < b
.v 0 (c) = 0-
) ,v(a) < v(b v(x)- .[a1 , b]- a1 < d < b .v(d) = v(a)-
, a < c < d .v 0 (c) = 0-
x2 sin 1
x
= ) f .f (x
0
x 6= 0
x=0
1
0
h2 sin h
h
limx0 cos x1
:0- 0- = limh0 h sin h1 = 0
,limh0 x 6= 0
;f 0 (x) = (x2 sin x1 )0 = 2x sin x1 cos x1
) limx0 f (x .

5.6
5.6.1
:167
= 1 :168
sin x
x
< ,0 < x
limx0
. 1 ,x > 0
=1
sin x
x
sin x
cos x
.sin x x
sin x
x
22.1.2007
,cos x- ; , ,
.limx0+
,sin(x) = sin x
sin x
x
= 0 :
cos h1
h
)sin(x
x
= 1-
.limh0
sin x
x
= limx0+
sin x
x
.limx0
55
sin(x) 5.6.2cos(x)-
)sin(x+h)sin(x
h
)cos(x)sin(x
)limh0 sin(x) cos(h)+sin(h
h
)cos(x) limh0 sin(h
+ sin(x) limh0 cos(h)1
h
h
limh0
)= cos(x
)sin0 (x
=
=
55 cos(2) = cos2 sin2 = 1 2 sin2 , ,

= 12
1
4
2 sin2 ( h
)
2
(h
)2
2
= limh0
cos h1
h2
.limh0
66
5.6
, - , ,cos(x) = sin( 2 x)
cos0 (x) = sin0 (
x)(1) = cos( x) = sin(x)

2
2
cotan(x)- tan(x) 5.6.3
,tan(x) =
tan0 (x) =
sin(x)
cos(x)
sin0 (x) cos(x) sin(x) cos0 (x)

cos2 (x) + sin2 (x)
1
=
=
2
2
cos (x)
cos (x)
cos2 (x)
,cotan(x) = tan( 2 x)
cot0 (x) = tan0 (
1
1
x)(1) =
=
2
2
cos ( 2 x)
sin2 (x)
.arcsin0 (x) =
1
1
sin0 (arcsin(x)) = cos(arcsin(x))
2
2
5.6.4
, - .arcsin(x) = sin1 (x)
,cos2 + sin2 = cos + x = 1 sin = x (; 0 < < ) = arcsin(x)
1
.arcsin0 (x) = 1x
.cos = 1 x2 cos2 = 1 x2
2
,arccos(x) =
arcsin(x) .sin = x = cos( 2 ) arcsin(x) =

.arccos0 (x) = arcsin0 (x) =
;
.cos2 =
,arccotan(x)
1x2
1
= arctan(x) .arctan0 (x) = tan(arctan(x)) = cos2 (arctan(x))
1
1
sin2
sin2 +cos2
2
= cos12
tan2 +1 = x2 +1 .tan + 1 = cos2 + 1 =
cos2
.arctan0 (x) = x21+1
= 2 arctan(x) .tan = x = cotan( 2 ) arctan(x) =
1
0
0
.arccotan0 (x) = 1+x
2 - ( 2 arctan(x)) = arccotan (x)
67

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Calculus 1 80131

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1

" (80131) "1

1 ") + : F F 7 F"( ") : F F 7 F-"(.

.3 +x, y, z F x < y = x + a < y + a :-

. x < y )) ,x + ((x + y)) < y + ((x + y .y < x

. )< (F, +, , . .a1 < a2 F- I F -

:20 R 3 a, b .a < a + 1 < b- z Z .z (a, b)-

> ,n . ,ncnb > 1 ,b = nb ,c = nc .c b > 1

.2 < (r )2 < r2 - r ,U .sup U = r-

< 3r < 2r2 .(r+)2 r2 +3r < 2 (r+)2 U

:25 .0 < x, y R ,n N ,0 < a .xn = y n = a = x = y

. .0 < y < x ,y n < xn , .xn = y n

,n 1 . 2n > n .xn < x2 ,x > 1

.u > 1 n N- , 0 < u 1 < x

1 < x2 < u- x < u-

< n .(r)n = rn n < a- ,r L r-

(k, m, n N ,a < 0) a kn = a n :28

.N n > n0 |an b| <

) (an . b R ) (an 0 <

." > 0 n0 N .an 0 < n > n0

,x R- .n0 n > n0 q n > x , .

= )a < a < a + < b < b < b + = (a , a + ) (b , b +

,bn an .lim bn lim an

) (cn (an )-(cn )-

.bn L = |bn L| < = bn cn < L +

lim(an + bn ) = lim an + lim bn

. > 0 n0 n > n0 |(an + bn ) (a + b)| < ".

n1 n > n1 |an a| <

lim(an bn ) = lim an lim bn

. > 0 n0 n > n0 |(an bn ) ab| < ".

(.|bn b| < min( 2c

.n0 = max(n1 , n2 ) .n2 |bn a| < min( 2c

n > n0 |(an bn ) ab| = |(an a)bn + (bn b)a|

|(an a)bn | + |(bn n)a|

.bn 6= 0 n lim bn 6= 0-() bn ,(an ) :38

.( > 0 n0 n > n0 | b1n 1b | < ) lim b1n =

, ,|b bn | < |b|

< |b||bn | . |b|

.21 r Q ,lim an 6= 0 ,n an > 0 ,( an ) :39

lim arn = lim an . . . an = (lim an ) . . . (lim an ) = (lim an )r

.lim a0n = lim 1 = 1 = (lim an )0 = n a0n = 1 ,r = 0 .r Z .

= lim1an . . . lim1an = (lim an )r

) m ank m lim an > k .| m ank m lim an | >

ank > ( m lim an + )m > m ank > m lim an + k .(

. .(0 < q N) r = pq Q - lim an q = ,

:43 ) (an +- ) (bn > K

> .n > n0 an bn > an K > max(M, 0) M = n0 an

:44 ) (bn ) ,(an .bn an n

M R n0 n > n0 (bn > M = an bn > M ) .

> | .|an ,lim an = +

= ,n0 n > n0 an > M

) (an , < 1 n1 < n2

) k > k0 = n0 |ank L| < = > 0 n0 n > n0 |an L| < k

:53 ) (an + . ) (an" ) (an

, ) (an . n .as > n ,

) .(an ank+1 , .nk+1 > nk -

| > 0 k0 k > k0 |L ank

lim sup an = lim an = inf {M R | n0 n > n0 an M } = inf U

lim inf an = lim an = sup {C R | n0 n > n0 an C} = sup L

) (an , ;lim an = + ) (an ,

:57 ) (an . .lim inf an lim sup an

:58 .L = lim an L < t n0 N .an < t n > n0

< | .|an L ,m, n > n0

< | |am an | = |(am L) + (L an )| |am L| + |L an