FORMULAE IN THE EXAMINATION PAPER The following formulae may be helpful in answering the questions.

The symbols given are the ones commonly used. RELATIONS 1 2 3 4 SHAPES AND SPACE 1 2 3

a a = a
m n

m+n

a m a n = a m n
(a ) = a
m n mn

1 s%! o$ para""e" sides *eig*t 2 -irc%!$erence o$ circ"e = d = 2r

Area o$ trape,i%! = Area o$ circ"e = r j 2 -%rved area o$ c("inder = 2 rt .%r$ace area o$ sp*ere = 4 r 2 /o"%!e o$ rig*t pris! = cross section "engt* /o"%!e o$ c("inder = /o"%!e o$ cone =

A 1 =

d 1 ad bc c

b a

4 5 6 7 8

5 6 7

n( A) P ( A) = n( S )
P ( A' ) =1 P ( A)
Distance = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2
Midpoint, ( x, y ) =

r 2 t

1 r 2 t 3 4 r3 3

x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 , 2 2

/o"%!e o$ sp*ere =

Average speed =

distance trave""ed ti!e ta en

1#

/o"%!e o$ rig*t p(ra!id =

1#

Min =

s%! o$ data n%!&er o$ data

s%! o$ (c"ass !ar $re'%enc() s%! o$ $re'%encies

1 &ase area 3

*eig*t

11 12

.%! o$ interior ang"es o$ a po"(gon = ( n 0 2 ) 18#1

11 12

Mean =

arc "engt* ang"e s%&tended at centre = circ%!$erence o$ circ"e 36# o

13

)(t*agoras +*eore!

c2 = a2 + b2
13

m=

y 2 y1 x 2 x1
y intercept x intercept

area o$ sector ang"e s%&tended at centre = area o$ circ"e 36# o

.ca"e $actor, k =

14 15

PA' PA

14

m=

Area o$ i!age = k2 area o$ o&2ect

FORM 1 3 NOTES

NOTES AND FORMULAE SPM MATHEMATICS 13 SOLID GEOMETRY

(a)

Area and peri!eter +riang"e A= =

1 2 1 2

)(ra!id "= 1 3 &ase area *eig*t )ris! " = Area o$ cross section "engt* 23 CIRCLE THEOREM Ang"e at t*e centre = 2 7 ang"e at t*e circ%!$erence x $ #y

&ase *eig*t bh

+rape,i%! A= 1 2 (s%! o$ t4o para""e" sides) *eig*t = 1 2 (a -irc"e Area = r2 -irc%!$erence = 2r .ector Area o$ sector = r2 5engt* o$ arc = b! h

36#

Ang"es in t*e sa!e seg!ent are e'%a" x$y

36#

2r

Ang"e in a se!icirc"e A%& = 9#o .%! o$ opposite ang"es o$ a c(c"ic '%adri"atera" = 18#o a b = 18#o

-("inder -%rve s%r$ace area = 2rh .p*ere -%rve s%r$ace area = 4r2 (&) .o"id and /o"%!e -%&e6 / = x x x = x3

+*e e8terior ang"e o$ a c(c"ic '%adri"atera" is e'%a" to t*e interior opposite ang"e3 b$a Ang"e &et4een a tangent and a radi%s = 9#o 'P( = 9#o +*e ang"e &et4een a tangent and a c*ord is e'%a" to t*e ang"e in t*e a"ternate seg!ent3 x$y 9$ PT and PS are tangents to a circ"e, PT $ PS TP' = SP' T'P = S'P

-%&oid6 /=lbh = lbh -("inder " = r#h

-one "= 1 r#h 3 .p*ere

3 "= 4 3 r

33 (a)

POLYGON +*e s%! o$ t*e interior ang"es o$ a n sided po"(gon = (n 0 2) 18#o

(&) (c) (d)

.%! o$ e8terior ang"es o$ a po"(gon = 36#o :ac* e8terior ang"e o$ a reg%"ar n sided po"(gon = ;eg%"ar pentagon

($)

x n = (n x ) m
x- = 1 ALGEBRAIC FRACTION 1 1# k :8press as a $raction in its si!p"est $or!3 2k 6k 2 .o"%tion6 1 1# k 1 3k (1# k ) = 2k 6k 2 6k 2 3k 1# + k 4k 1# 2( k 5) k 5 = = = = 6k 2 6k 2 6k 2 3k 2 LINEAR EQUATION >iven t*at .o"%tion6

36# # n

(g) 73

:ac* e8terior ang"e = 72o :ac* interior ang"e = 1#8o (e) ;eg%"ar *e8agon 83

1 (3n < 2) = n 0 2, ca"c%"ate t*e va"%e o$ n3 5

:ac* e8terior ang"e = 6#o

:ac* interior ang"e = 12#o ($) ;eg%"ar octagon

1 (3n < 2) = n 0 2 5 1 5 7 (3n < 2) = 5(n 0 2) 5

3n < 2 = 5n 0 1# 2 < 1# = 5n 0 3n 2n = 12 n=6

:ac* e8terior ang"e = 45o :ac* interior ang"e = 135o 43 (a) (&) (c) FACTORISATION xy x) $ x*y )! y! )!

93

x# + y# $ *x + y!*x xy x) ay a) $ x *y )! a *y $ *y )!*x a! x2 < 4x < 3 = (x < 3)(x < 1)

(d) 53

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS (a) .%&stit%tion Met*od6 ( = 28 0 5 ????????(1) 28 < ( = 7 ????????(2) .%&stit%te (1) into (2) 28 < 28 0 5 = 7 48 = 12 8=3 .%&stit%te 8 = 3 into (1), (=605=1 (&) :"i!ination Met*od6 .o"ve6 38 < 2( = 5 ??????????(1) 8 0 2( = 7 ??????????(2) (1) < (2), 48 = 12, 8=3 .%&stit%te into (1) 9 < 2( = 5 2( = 5 0 9 = =4 ( = =2 ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE >iven t*at 0 (! < 2) = 3!, e8press ! in ter!s o$ 3 .o"%tion6 0 (! < 2) = 3! 0 ! 0 2 = 3! 0 2 = 3! < ! = 4! !=

EXPANSION OF ALGERBRAIC EXPRESSIONS (a) 282 0 68 < 8 0 3 = 282 0 58 = 3 (&) (c) (8 < 3)2 = 82 < 2 7 3 7 8 < 32 = 82 < 68 < 9 (8 0 ()(8 < () = 82 < 8( 0 8( 0 (2 = 82 0 (2

1#3

k 2 4

113

63 (a) (&) (c)

LAW OF INDICES x! x n = x! < n x! xn = x! 0 n (x ! )n = x ! n

(d)

x, n =

1 xn

LINEAR INEQUALITIES 13 .o"ve t*e "inear ine'%a"it( 38 0 2 @ 1#3 .o"%tion6 38 0 2 @ 1# 38 @ 1# < 2 38 @ 12 8@4 23 5ist a"" integer va"%es o$ 8 4*ic* satis$( t*e "inear ine'%a"it( 1 A 8 < 2 B 4 .o"%tion6 1A8<2B4 .%&tract 2, 1=2A8<202B402 =1 A 8 B 2 8 = =1, #, 1

(e)

xn = n x

33

.o"ve t*e si!%"taneo%s "inear ine'%a"ities 4p 0 3 A p and p < 2

1 p 2

.o"%tion6 4p 0 3 A p pA1 p<2

4p 0 p A 3 7 2, 2p < 4 p

3p A 3

1 p 2

2p 0 p =4 p =4 +*e so"%tion is =4 A p A 13 123 STATISTICS Mean = Mean =

.igni$icant Eig%res 13 Fero in &et4een n%!&ers are signi$icant3 :8a!p"e6 3#45 (4 signi$icant $ig%res) 23 Fero &et4een 4*o"e n%!&ers are not signi$icant $ig%res3 :8a!p"e6 456# (3 signi$icant $ig%res) 33 Fero in $ront o$ deci!a" n%!&ers are not signi$icant3 :8a!p"e6 #3##324 ( 3 signi$icant $ig%res) 43 Fero &e*ind deci!a" n%!&ers are signi$icant3 :8a!p"e6 2314# (4 signi$icant $ig%res) .tandard Eor! .tandard $or! are n%!&ers 4ritten in t*e $or! A 7 1#n, 4*ere 1 A A B 1# and n are integers3 :8a!p"e6 34# ### = 334 7 1#5 #3###56 = 536 7 1#?4 23 QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 13 .o"ve '%adratic e'%ations &( $actori,ation3 5k 2 8 :8a!p"e6 .o"ve = 2k 3 2 2 5 08=6 5 06 08=# (5 < 4)( 0 2) = # 4 = ,2 5 23 .o"ve '%dratic e'%ation &( $or!%"a6 :8a!p"e6 .o"ve 382 0 28 0 2 = #
2 2 4 4(3)(2) 8 = b b 4ac = 6 2a 2 28 = 8 = 13215, =#35486 6

s%! o$($re'%enc( data) , 4*en t*e data *as s%! o$ $re'%enc( $re'%enc(3 Mode is t*e data 4it* t*e *ig*est $re'%enc( Median is t*e !idd"e data 4*ic* is arranged in ascendingCdescending order3 13 3, 3, 4, 6, 8
Mean =

s%! o$ data n%!&er o$ data

3+3+ 4+6+8 = 438 5

23

Mode = 3 Median = 4 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 1#, t*ere is no !idd"e n%!&er, t*e !edian is t*e !ean o$ t*e t4o !idd"e n%!&ers3 Median =

6+8 =7 2

23

A picto !"p# %ses s(!&o"s to represent a set o$ data3 :ac* s(!&o" is %sed to represent certain $re'%enc( o$ t*e data3 Dan%ar( Ee&r%ar( Marc* ;epresents 5# &oo s

33 (a)

SET .(!&o" ? intersection ? %nion ? s%&set ? %niversa" set ? e!pt( set ? is a !e!&er o$ n*A) 0n%!&er o$ e"e!ent in set A3 A 0 -o!p"e!ent o$ set A. /enn Diagra!

33

A $"! c#"!t %ses *ori,onta" or vertica" &ars to represent a set o$ data3 +*e "engt* or t*e *eig*t o$ eac* &ar represents t*e $re'%enc( o$ eac* data3

(&)

A& 43 A pi% c#"!t %ses t*e sectors o$ a circ"e to represent t*e $re'%enc(C'%antiti( o$ data3

A&

A pie c*art s*o4ing t*e $avo%rite drin s o$ a gro%p o$ st%dents3

FORM FOUR NOTES 13 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND STANDARD FORM

:8a!p"e6

y $ mx

m = gradient c = (?intercept n(A) = 7 < 6 = 13 n(&) = 6 < 1# = 16 n(A &) = 6 n(A &) = 7 < 6 < 1# = 23 n(A &G) = 7 n(AG &) = 1# n(A &) = 7 < 1# < 2 = 19 n(A &) = 2

9ntercept Eor!6

43 (a)

MATHEMATICAL REASONING .tate!ent A !at*e!atica" sentence 4*ic* is eit*er tr%e or $a"se &%t not &ot*3 9!p"ication 9$ a, t*en b a 0 antecedent b 0 conse'%ent Hp i$ and on"( i$ qG can &e 4ritten in t4o i!p"ications6 9$ p, t*en q 9$ q, t*en p 63 (a)

x y + = 1 a b
a = x.intercept b = y.intercept >radient o$ straig*t "ine m = =

(&)

y ?int ercept x?intercept

b a

(c)

Arg%!ent +*ree t(pes o$ arg%!ent6 +(pe 9 )re!ise 16 A"" A are & )re!ise 2 6 % is A -onc"%sion6 % is & +(pe 99 )re!ise 16 9$ A, t*en & )re!ise 26 A is tr%e -onc"%sion6 & is tr%e3 +(pe 999 )re!ise 16 9$ A, t*en & )re!ise 26 Iot & is tr%e3 -onc"%sion6 Iot A is tr%e3

STATISTICS -"ass, Moda" -"ass, -"ass 9nterva" .i,e, Midpoint, -%!%"ative $re'%enc(, Jgive :8a!p"e 6 +*e ta&"e &e"o4 s*o4s t*e ti!e ta en &( 8# st%dents to t(pe a doc%!ent3 +i!e (!in) 1#?14 15?19 2#?24 25?29 3#?34 35?39 4#?44 45?49 Eor t*e c"ass 1# 0 14 6 5o4er "i!it = 1# !in Kpper "i!it = 14 !in Ere'%enc( 1 7 12 21 19 12 6 2

&'

THE STRAIGHT LINE (a) >radient

5o4er &o%ndar( = 935 !in Kpper &o%ndar( = 1435 !in -"ass interva" si,e = Kpper &o%ndar( 0 "o4er &o%ndar( = 1435 0 935 = 5 !in Moda" c"ass = 25 0 29 !in Midpoint o$ !oda" c"ass =

25 + 29 = 27 2
-%!%"ative $re'%enc(

>radient o$ A& = m =

y 2 y1 x 2 x1

+o dra4 an ogive, a ta&"e o$ %pper &o%ndar( and c%!%"ative $re'%enc( *as to &e constr%cted3
+i!e (!in) Ere'%enc( Kpper &o%ndar(

(&)

:'%ation o$ a straig*t "ine

5?9 1#?14 15?19 2#?24 25?29 3#?34 35?39 4#?44 45?49

# 1 7 12 21 19 12 6 2

935 1435 1935 2435 2935 3435 3935 4435 4935

# 1 8 2# 42 6# 72 78 8#

>radient Eor!6

23

( = cos 8

Ero! t*e ogive 6 Median = 2935 !in Eirst '%arti"e = 243 5 !in +*ird '%arti"e = 34 !in 9nter'%arti"e range = 34 0 243 5 = 935 !in3 (&) Listogra!, Ere'%enc( )o"(gon :8a!p"e6 +*e ta&"e s*o4s t*e !ar s o&tained &( a gro%p o$ st%dents in a test3 Mar s 1 0 1# 11 0 2# 21 0 3# 31 0 4# 41 0 5# Ere'%enc( 2 8 16 2# 4

33

( = tan 8

83

ANGLE OF ELE(ATION AND DEPRESSION (a) Ang"e o$ :"evation

+*e ang"e o$ e"evation is t*e ang"e &et4eeen t*e *ori,onta" "ine dra4n $ro! t*e e(e o$ an o&server and t*e "ine 2oining t*e e(e o$ t*e o&server to an o&2ect 4*ic* is *ig*er t*an t*e o&server3 +*e ang"e o$ e"evation o$ & $ro! A is &A% (&) Ang"e o$ Depression

73

TRIGONOMETRY sin o =
Jpposite A& = *(poten%se A%
adjacent &%

cos o = hypotenuse = A% tan o =

opposite A& = ad2acent &%

+*e ang"e o$ depression is t*e ang"e &et4een t*e *ori,onta" "ine $ro! t*e e(e o$ t*e o&server an t*e "ine 2oining t*e e(e o$ t*e o&server to an o&2ect 4*ic* is "o4er t*an t*e o&server3 +*e ang"e o$ depression o$ & $ro! A is &A%3 93 LINES AND PLANES (a) Ang"e Oet4een a 5ine and a )"ane

Acron(!6

MAdd .%gar +o -o$$eeN

+rigono!etric >rap*s 13 ( = sin 8

9n t*e diagra!, (a) &% is t*e nor!a" "ine to t*e p"ane P(/S3 (&) A& is t*e ort*ogona" pro2ection o$ t*e "ine A% to t*e p"ane P(/S3 (c) +*e ang"e &et4een t*e "ine A% and t*e p"ane P(/S is &A%

(&)

Ang"e Oet4een +4o )"anes

Ksing a conversion ta&"e Oase 2 ### ##1 #1# #11 1## 1#1 11# 111 :8a!p"e 6 1# #112 458 = 1## 113 (a) = 238 1#12 Oase 8 # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9n t*e diagra!, (a) +*e p"ane P(/S and t*e p"ane T0/S intersects at t*e "ine /S. (&) 12 and 32 are an( t4o "ines dra4n on eac* p"ane 4*ic* are perpendic%"ar to /S and intersect at t*e point 23 +*e ang"e &et4een t*e p"ane P(/S and t*e p"ane T0/S is 1233 FORM & NOTES 1#3 (a) NUMBER BASES -onvert n%!&er in &ase 1# to a n%!&er in &ase 2, 5 or 83 Met*od6 ;epeated division3 :8a!p"e6
# # # # # # 45 67 8 5 # 6 6 6

GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS 5inear >rap* y $ mx c

341# = 1###1#2
8 8 45 5 -

(&)

P%adratic >rap* y $ ax# bx c

# 5

341# = 428 (&) -onvert n%!&er in &ase 2, 5, 8 to n%!&er in &ase 1#3 Met*od6 O( %sing p"ace va"%e :8a!p"e6 (a) 11#112 = 24 23 22 211 1 1 # 1 12 = 24 < 2 3 < 2 1 < 1 = 271# (&) 2145 = 52 51 1 2 1 45 = 2 52 < 1 51 < 4 1 = 591# -onvert &et4een n%!&ers in &ase 2, 5 and 83 Met*od6 I%!&er in &ase ! I%!&er in &ase 1# I%!&er in &ase n3 :8a!p"e6 -onvert 11##112 to n%!&er in &ase 53 25 24 23 22 21 1 1 1 # # 1 12 = 25 < 2 4 < 2 < 1 = 511# 9 96 9 6- 6 9 # - # +*ere$ore, 11##112= 2#15 (c) -%&ic >rap* y $ ax4 c

(d)

;eciproca" >rap*

(c)

y=

a x

123 (d) -onvert n%!&er in &ase t4o to n%!&er in &ase eig*t and vice versa3 (a)

TRANSFORMATION +rans"astion

Description6 +rans"astion k

4 :8a!p"e 6 +rans"astion 3

(a)

a c a + c b + = d b + d a ka k b = kb a c b e d g a c f ae + bg = h ce + dg af + bh cf + dh

(&)

(c)

(d)

(&)

;e$"ection Description6 ;e$"ection in t*e "ine QQQQQQQQQQ :8a!p"e6 ;e$"ection in t*e "ine y $ x.

b , t*en d b d 1 1?1 = a ad bc c
9$ 1 = 9$ ax cx by $ h dy $ k

(e)

a b x h c d = y k x d 1 y = ad bc c
($) (c) ;otation Description6 Direction QQQQQQrotation o$ ang"eQQQQQQa&o%t t*e centre QQQQQQQ3 :8a!p"e6 A c"oc 4ise rotation o$ 9#o a&o%t t*e centre (5, 4)3 143 (a) Matri8

b h a k

a c *as no inverse i$ ad 0 &c = # b d

(ARIATIONS Direct /ariation 9$ y varies direct"( as x, Rrittn in !at*e!atica" $or!6 y x, Rritten in e'%ation $or!6 y $ kx , k is a constant3 9nverse /ariation 9$ y varies inverse"( as x, Rritten in !at*e!atica" $or!6 Rritten in e'%ation $or!6

(&)

1 x

k y = , k is a constant3 x

(d)

:n"arge!ent Description6 :n"arge!ent o$ sca"e $actor QQQQQQ, 4it* t*e centre QQQQQQ3

(c)

Doint /ariation 9$ y varies direct"( as x and inverse"( as ), Rritten in !at*e!atica" $or!6 Rritten in e'%ation $or!6

x , )

y=

kx , k is a constant3 )

153 (a)

GRADIENT AND AREA UNDER A GRAPH Distance?+i!e >rap*

:8a!p"e 6 :n"arge!ent o$ sca"e $actor 2 4it* t*e centre at t*e origin3

Area o$ i!age =k2 Area o$ o&2ect

(e) 133 k = sca"e $actor -o!&ined +rans$or!tions +rans$or!ation " $o""o4ed &( trans$or!ation : is 4ritten as :"3 MATRICES (&) >radient =

distance = speed ti!e

+ota" distance +ota" ti!e

Average speed =

.peed?+i!e >rap*

>radient = ;ate o$ c*ange o$ speed =

(c)

v u t

Distance Oet4een +4o )oints on +*e )ara""e" o$ 5atit%de3 Distance = 6# cos o = ang"e o$ t*e para""e" o$ "atit%de3

= acce"eration Distance = Area &e"o4 speed?ti!e grap* 163 (a) PROBABILITY De$inition o$ )ro&a&i"it( )ro&a&i"it( t*at event A *appen,

P ( A) =

n( A) n( S )

(d)

. = sa!p"e space (&) -o!p"e!entar( :vent P (A ) = 1 0 P (A ) )ro&a&i"it( o$ -o!&ined :vents (e)

.*ortest Distance +*e s*ortest distance &et4een t4o points on t*e s%r$ace o$ t*e eart* is t*e distance &et4een t*e t4o points !eas%red a"ong a great circ"e3 Snot 1 not = 1 na%tica" !i"e per *o%r3

(c) (i) (ii) 173

P*A or &) = P(A &)

P*A and &! = P*A &!

BEARING Oearing Oearing o$ point O $ro! A is t*e ang"e !eas%red c"oc 4ise $ro! t*e nort* direction at A to t*e "ine 2oining O to A3 Oearing is 4ritten in 3 digits3

193 PLAN AND ELE(ATION (a) +*e diagra! s*o4s a so"id rig*t pris! 4it* rectang%"ar &ase E>)I on a *ori,onta" ta&"e3 +*e s%r$ace :E>LDS is t*e %ni$or! cross section3 +*e rectang%"ar s%r$ace :S5M is a s"anting p"ane3 ;ectang"e DLP; is a *ori,onta" p"ane3 +*e edges :E, SD and L> are vertica"3 Dra4 to $%"" sca"e, t*e p"an o$ t*e so"id3

:8a!p"e 6 Oearing & $ro! A is #6#o

183 (a) THE EARTH AS A SPHERE Ia%tica" Mi"es 1 na%tica" !i"e is t*e "engt* o$ t*e arc on a great circ"e 4*ic* s%&tends an ang"e o$ 1 at t*e centre o$ t*e eart*3 Distance Oet4een +4o )oints on a >reat -irc"e3 Distance = 6# na%tica" !i"es = ang"e &et4een t*e para""e"s o$ "atit%de !eas%red a"ong a !eridian o$ "ongit%de3

(&)

(&) A so"id in t*e $or! o$ a c%&oid is 2oined to t*e so"id in (a) at t*e p"ane )P;5MI to $or! a co!&ined so"id as s*o4n in t*e diagra!3 +*e s'%are &ase E>.R is a *ori,onta" p"ane3 Dra4 to $%"" sca"e (i) t*e e"evation o$ t*e co!&ined so"id on t*e vertica" p"ane para""e" to E> as vie4ed $ro! -, (ii) t*e e"evation o$ t*e co!&ined so"id on t*e vertica" p"ane para""e" to >). as vie4ed $ro! D3

= ang"e &et4een t*e !eridians o$ "ongit%de !eas%red a"ong t*e e'%ator3

.o"%tion6

(a)

)"an (&) (i)

-?e"evation (ii)

D?e"evation

1#