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Purification of Water On A Small Scale
Purification of Water On A Small Scale
Technical
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Published by: International Reference Water Supply P.O. Box 5500 2280 HM Rijswijk The Netherlands Avaiiabie from: International Reference Water Supply P.O. Box 5500 2280 HM Rijswijk The Netherlands
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for
Community
Centre
for
Community
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE CENTRE FOR COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY
MARCH 1973 ,,
Clark
of Hlth.
Organisation
Purifica-
on a small
1956, 14,
is a great drinking
820-826.
need water for these supply W.H.O. paper, no. and it practical leave exists. suggested including to the I.R.C. for available. efforts latter that in the
the
instructions,
especially
for
areas,
where
health
conditions
much to be desired
and no
Community
Water
supply This
paper briefing
3 resulted
is intended
and W.H"0,
to be used
of new consultants.
be of use
to many others
working
field
I.R.C. improve
will this
highly paper..
appreciate
receiving
any contribution,
which
may further
-5-
There vidual
are or
three domestic
general scale: I.
methods
for
the
purifii:ation
of
water
on r:n indi-
or in
combination.
1. Boiling Boiling and it is is a satisfactoi-y equally effective 'n-thod for destroying the water is disease clear organisms or cloudy, in water
whether
whether
it is relatively pure or highly contaminated with organic matter. Boiling destrOVE 2" forms of disease organisms usually encountered in water, J- rril tihether they of be bacteria, fuel required Under water, per quart). must be brought is sometimes over the has reached should minimum and, at that being to n "rt ,"Ll" "oiling, temperature. for at to low level one minute of will height boil at . The appearance as is is the sufficient reached minutes. say, boiling sea-level temperatures of five of it spores, to boil the requires cercariae, water about cysts varies usually
1
conditions
kp of
one litre
To be safe, bubbles ance of indication boiling Five below should minutes mist point
water
appear-
or steam water
Having locations,
be the elevation
1000 metre
be given
locations
the altitudes.
reason
that It
turbid is
or
cloudy
water
good practice
to boil
to ?,e cooled
and stored
no other
I.N.L
THE 1972
NETHERI.
4NDS
/ I \
HOLE 1CM
PLASTIC
COVER
DIA --
FIG.1
CHLORINATION POT FOR HOUSEHOLD WELLS CAR 400 LITRES PER DAY (100 GPO) OF DRINKING CHEMICAL RECHARGE EVERY 3 WEEKS (SOURCE: CPHERI, NAGPUR.INDIA)
WATER;
Boiling particularly
elters
tase
of
water
because to
it
out
dissolved water
gases, as this
The practice another recontamination. a partially even boiled it water is than though taste preferable
Aerating left of
or 5y pouring makes for several is covered, inoffensive luted water hours, will
there
a good air
mouth
a refrigerator.
to be reconciled drinking
of boiled
to run
2.
Chemical
disinfection has its of own private in Fig. Public with the disinfection well the well. as its source in of into several jar Research drinking simple successful chlorinator Institute, iodine Centre water, but
by means of Reference
Community water
brought grounds
into of
house
from its
outside safety.
Rources,
simple are
chemical recommenand
treatment ded on the iodine. Chlorine -------Chlorine against the nor most water usual against
can be given
to ensure efficiency
and easy
chlorine
is the
water-borne
diseases.
instantaneously and in
chemical form,
combination only of to
disinfection. de-
Sufficient mand" of
chlorine water in
therefore to the
be added amount
"chlorine action.
required
bacterial
-8-
with of
other such
may
to
taste, pol-
a taste large
chlorine" suitable it
exists.
containing chlorination.
matter,
can be filtered,
can be successfully indicates for is about or easily sold contain to the easiest the "UTavel available under about
chlorinated. that chlorine to apply treating strength water!'. sources a variety of of chlorine trade of are chlorine appropriate the commercial Annex 1). quantities laundry These of will pure of a contact to destroy in water the period harmful form of of about bacteria. a solution. about A good such stock 20-33 minutes is
Experience necessary Chlorine solution This is "Zonite" Other bleaches usually diluted water. It This freshly after opening, lime, opening, few hours then This plicates Another stock it is also is
to use in
contains
1;:; available
chlorine. as "Milton",
proprietary
disinfectants
IILKI~S (see
3% to 5% available
by addition
a 1% solution
possible
bleaching about of of
or
a white made.
the
In using will
container
to make up a stock leaving solution the type reliability of powder is active still of and kept
be poured
degradation
70% available
as possible, the stock ite better whole its is hot solution after container strength sun or
instances places.
storage
The powder lime. and will is not this lime, so it the even
to make a hypochlor-
more stable at in
material
container
solutions or gri-en
are bottles,
unstable well
in
They in
should dark,
be kept cool:
stoppered
of
I$
stc,:': laundry
add the
re-
of
any of
following:
F 250 ml (I
tablespoons) of stock
cnlorina-ted
15 g (1 tablespoon)
!.Lgh-test
solution
proportionate
'~1 which
ex;.tples
have
genes*al-
To chlorinate of water but period clear sulphur* tact complete Chlorine examples use '_ ; ;: ,..-. >' I:' I: " L 1: i '.: " -
3 t-. $. ^ ), :L> r ;,,:-
solution gallons. or It if is
to each If it the
(c!ua;-t is a conensure
to 32 imperial be doubled.
coloured,
weak tea,
repeated
30 minutes
be allowed
before
disinfection. is of also available other on the brand package in brands tablet which should action. core form, given of which in Annex carefully. first the the is Tablets is outer the 1. following Directions For disinfects portion chlorine the whole the dechlorthe of are and for water the to example,
commercial
"Halazone"
llChlor-d%hlor"; as given a special dissolves, the must core taste. Chlor-dechlor with tablet reduce amount inating ineffective. The foregoing illustrates
names are
to be used, dissolved
be put of
same time.
completely
practices a practice
are
all
to water chlorination.
within
the
house.
Fig.
1.
suitable
Iodine ;+ .,, w---e_ -'2 ,; i ..s ;.: ', is an excellent disinfecting b,) '. 'Iodine .i', \, '. ._, from any chemist. normally available j' ;<-._,'
agent In
as tincture water of to
of which for
is
based on iodine are commercially available, :'. b,.' i'1; ,:1 baline". Each tablet contains sufficient ,i.,. ,I',','. -,,, '~(,., i .,,.,.:r' (one quart ) of clear water by liberating I:,$, ! .:.:'- : _',
an example
disinfect
8 mg of iodine;
- 10 -
water,
are
recommended. Other
Contact very
be not
20 minutes
and in
be increased
25 minutes.
makes are
is suffice suited
normally colour,
or muddy,
or water
water water
the
or suspected
to be heavily using
should
be doubled. produce
no harm
dosage,
tablets
are
normally
iodine as well.
compounds, against
such
as
tri-iodine,
and are
effective
amoebic
to that
recom-
chlorine tablets
20-30
manufacturer's
instructions
and followed.
Potassium Permanganate ---------------------Potassium water. rapidly dosage other time without is not It is permanganate is a powerful in waters in the brown spent has frequently been agent, organic g/l. vibrio, treated is but with which and its used for the disinfection its action of is used ~.
account
organisms.
potassium difficult
permanganate to remove
precipitate,
scouring. a satisfactory
expressed
potassium not
permanganate
recommended.
11
3.
Filtration are water ceramic filter two types supplies: filter, (Fig. of filters sand is the of prime commonly filter, a finer purpose used which of texture. which for is the relatively There is is tre,itment coarse; also removal of
ilouse-
and the
oI excess
Sand filter ----------The household effective csriae, coarse turbidity first clear This coal organic terial a higher this these quent With place ever firstly, least and, greater A simple diameter on a stand, in diameter water has is sand filter, bacteria. large matter treating no purifying compounds, renewed. which in the count :Jith not the in found. dep-th the of rate filter. than in the unless It skillfully will, however, ?nd will although alum, operated, remove strain it is cysts, out may pass of tc relatively ova, most of certhe by a certain charabsorb bachaving exte?lt of view Subse' to water inagainst and similarly and visible carefully almost frequently matter, growth can also filters to this in fine bacterial happen should or cloudiness. can be obtained. but
crganisms, suspension, water effect, even Charcoal There the sandfilters. with its this Sand filtraticn
may be made more effective as a result filters is have contain being lost the of unless property
function
absorb the
taste-producing
filters are
can serve
instances
From a hygienic
should the
or disinfected. sand in water inch) the or is, filter 4.8 filteimakin; passes in finds a filter should fact, should not a definite use whereare, be at be desirable
be made for
household
60 cm (2 ft>
- an additional (4 Imp.
15 cm (6
200 i/m2/hr
drum 60 cm (24 inch) cut off. a hole filter l'lace outlet. the 2 mm (:;/t;l
and 75 cm (30
head
underneath,
as the
NETHERLANDS
INLET
FILTERED
WATER
FIG. 3
I MIN
(12 GPH)
a few ten timetres drum and fill to sand. Make a hole and insert of or such layout for oil prior and stones before highly
of in
small
10
in with
the the
within the
cm (4 inch)
rather
an overflow used
an overflow
3.
Drums
be used
as they cleaned
contaminated.
be thoroughly
likely is water
to be carethen be before
cleaned with
filled draining
chlorinated
to stand
2 hours
to waste. the filter keep to place a hollow should a filter, at but several all the a continuous the filter disc in a small forming per flow filled, on the the sand. of water with surface A filter per prior running a slight of into the of to the under di-
To operate top, It the clear In fall vals pends sand (even dation just inlet
to keep
may be necessary
mensions
one litre
minute
(12 gallons
hour)
water,
as described,
to disease
organisms,
failing occur
filter green
by covering
depends on light for growth. When it becomes necessary to clean the ^, ,I (' ^; .I' i filter, a very thin layer, about .& cm (l/4 inch) can be carefully scraped <...,.. ,<, ).I 'I off and discarded, following which the sand surface should be lightly '- 4 r_., :,z .( raked or scratched to leave it loose. After several such cleanings, the ," ', )I>, ,'ZI ,,, sand should be restored to its initial level with clean sand aiter ,'. ,, _I I .t',~ .' scraping the filter surface down to a clean level. ':$ .*,I ', p ,( ,I :. : I: ,_;:: /. ,,' ~,, j",.,( ._ ,_/._ ), I_ i'> :.'j...C'. :; ".'.. .g; ,,_':a',' '_,'*( .: 'II/, ;;,;,! ,,:, Lx, ,,,I /,,:AI,(,
PLASTIC
TUBE
CHLORINATED
WATER
SLUDGE
WATER FIG.2 CARBON FILTER FOR REMOVING EXCESS CHLORINE (SOURCE: MIN. OF HEALTH, INDONESIA)
36649
more turbid
waters,
Lo
~i~ar:c~c
may be necessary. drum by stirring of to the water form, under be allowed filtering.
may be c:lrricd tzble~poon about three 'l0 g (one A period settle; the
Ceramic fil-ters ----^L---------There ceramic is is very the only are several filters, ilaving candle, of types of cera!nic pore method filters,
pumps,
sizes. of clean or
:.~ly of
a matter
Only cloudy
ceramic
otherwise,
candles
quickly. filter cercariae, the smaller candles disease or otherwise are useful They in removing suspended partially passage matter, be effective water should a through
and cysts.
organisms, disinfected filter. pore sizes I .5 disease of a filter the once free bacterial time, p . These
and consequently
be chlorinated
coarse-grained Porcelain larger the king water After pass clog. running boiled filters
from for
of
down to 0.30 radius Chamberland filters during passage water after the If for
purification, such fine-grained found safe treatment. penetrate filter or oil, quite will the
L2 and the a limited through use, This filter gets a stiff 20 minutes.
remove
orga:lisms without
to use and
further
and boiling
or clogged,
grease,
Another various all sity moval candle, N filters tered should or five is be taken types is of Kieselguhr
type pore
of
filter earth
is
known the in
Kieselguhr, this efficient Among the filters. only with safe are
or infusorial also in is made with removing porothe type The filshould they four reof
or diatomaceous
Like found
porcelain,
sizes. filters
The finer-grained Berkefeld The V filters and following be further bacteria, further as of at without candles frequently, most. type of of the with needs filter filter the the candle, wall porosity surface
of bacteria graded
or course),
or intermediate),
suitable to destroy is
filtration and it
treated
bacteria. to use water The same care except longer that than
Kieselguhr at
porcelain
be cleaned
of not
There in teria action. Above frequent permit point Filter of Water and is where water a hand pump is systems catalyst
as the impaired,
filter, bac-
which
impregnated killed
a silver
coming
cleaning
when it
attachments guard to against get by. water in the lower under filter tube is
intervals
a hygienic
filtered
should
be disinfected filter, attached through Another The candle water of A third type to which the the
candles is simply
can be mounted with poured for use is which from like is the in in is at the
consists upper one. candles, is filtered fitted and the inside. these with made in
candle
ceramic is is
mounted
a pressure
operated is
a bicycle discharged if
pump,
The filtered
satisfactory
suitable
: , s ;;. _, " L
Water storage .o-----------No matter nullified filtered protection" a considerable ly tant disappears to keep contamination. which how much care if water the is water Water will period unless the treated simple. the water; dust, storage is is taken it with in producing after chlorine deal However, of free chemicals from the with this safe water, If this will refor imporbe or contaminated treatment. or iodine light residual are made. of hazards to store
boiled
may be subjected
eventualvery
vessels
covered
vessels chlorinated
involves water,
heavily
accumulation
growths. practicable, enough are if the is to used, small-mouthed prevent,the arrangements the a spigot. of dirt, preferably depends out flies, dust and other of primarily wasps, lost use of The fact ensure decreases storage. impervious on the roaches, foreign vessel. and othe;, matter, It some form The be and should insects, entry vessel. should vessels of should be used easy with a neck When large either vessels large
necessary, to keep
washable
material.
substantial Another water into bottled, may survive drinks pends In the
to be easily to the
or broken. commercially that their with such purity. time, of but but sugar produced products cysts in bottled are put is
relates
and capped periods their purity carbonated its action Thebest others.
When water
complete
storage. the alone would carbon cannot dioxide does inhibit are more on to make beverages
since
IU
in
establishments high
reliably standard
known of plant
to use
pure
and which of
a suitably
hygiene
also
that properly to
cubes the
be pure, only
never the
packed
to effect
Conclusion In all conclusion, for is large cities when dealing granted. have established, traveller job of in water It safe is it with water drinking supplies. be safer would water it is the safest validity nothing advised to not to of take that this
anything assumption
frequently, would
wrongly,
assumed
to leave
chance.
particular, purification.
to do his
Summary of
treatment
of types
water.
Recommended processes for rendering water suitable for drinking. boiling chlorination filtration (disinfection) and disinfection filtration
water turbid
Special types, e.g. excessive hardness, corrosive, high content oi minerals such as iron or manganese
advice
for
ANNEX 1. PROPRIETARY NAMES OF SOLUTIONS OR TABLETS SUITABLE FOR WATER PURIFICATION FOR INDIVIDUAL USAGE.
giver, certain
for
infc-r:~;ationmanufacturers' by WHO or of
of
companies
imply are
or recommended
national
Reference
preference
to others
a similar
mentioned. chlorine
Sources
(Use as directed) (
( II if '1 '1 II 1' II 'I II !I II II > )
"Halamid" "Chloramin-T b.
( (
> >
Liquid ----------- form "Zonite" "Milton "Javel "Dankin's and other laundry "Clorox", "Regina" - liquid antiseptic" water" - liquid commercial bleaches, "Dazzle" e.g. and (usually to 1%)
3-5s
solution
I' I'
- can be
II II > >
solution"
2. Sources
of
iodine
a. Solid I--------- form "Individual "Portable "Globaline" B. Liquid c--m---'--- form l'Lugolls "Tincture solution" of iodine" - liquid - liquid (approx. (approx.
5% iodine
Water Aqua"
Purification
Tablets"
- tablets
(use ( (
II I'
as directed)
II II I' II > >
- tablets
- tablets
solution)
SOlUtiOn)
2% iodine