A Dictionary of Japanese Particles

Ua Lid N o > UD bl Sue A. Kawashima KUUDANSHA INTERNATIONAL Tokya * New York * LondonTo my studentsAlthough there are many difficult grammatical points that a student must master in iearning the Japanese ianguage, particies beiong in a ciass by themselves. Appearing in nearly every sentence, they are absolutely crucial to a proper understanding of the intended meaning. A student may possess a vocabulary and a good grasp of verb conjugation, but without 4 firm command of particles, he or she cannot hope to construct consistently cor- rect sentences. In choice and placement, particles can completely transform Throughout my teaching career I have felt that particles were the key to learning Japanese. Though not a linguist, I have many years of teaching experience, and in this honk I hope to have made good use of that experience by helping students come to a better understanding of particle usage. If the student benefits in any substantial way, | will feel my efforts have been rewarded. I wish to thank my students at Hunter College, who, by posing many thought-provoking questions, have contributed to the making of this book. T would also like iv express my sincere gratitude iG Teisuo Kuramochi of Kodansha International, who helped to bring about this incarnation of the original edition, Particles Plus. debted for much of the translation h Lastly, lam indebted for h of the translation b Lastly, Tan a professor of Japanese literature, who has edited all of my work. Sue A. KawashimaPreviously published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Japan as Particles Plus. Distell i i by ica, I ington ‘Avenue, New York N.Y, 10022, and in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd, 95 Aldwych, London WC2B 4JE. Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo ‘112-8652, and Kodansha America, Inc. Copyright © 1999 by Sue A. Kawashima All rights reserved. Printed in Japan First edition, 1999 99000102 10987654321 ISBN 4-7700-2352-9CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION --- BA [é BAKARI (<7. DAKE #It DAKE-NI #IFIE(CP.) DANO EOD DATTE KT DE tT DEMO 7+ DOKORO #z=B DOKOROKA €c4 Domo ¢%& EA. ory B GA + GA-NA(GA-NAA) — '-78 (8-758) (C.P.) GATERA 77S ” Hono Fe HOKA [&Ay Tou KA * KAI ALCP.) KA-NA(KA-NAA) KARA 75 KARA-SHITE #'5-UT(CP.) KASHIRA # KE (t+EREDOMO(KEREDO,KEDO,KEDOMO) EB IFTE, FEL (FE) corse eeeeeeccecesssssnnenneeeeeeeeee 70 KIRI #9- KOSO Zz KOTO Ze ee KURAI(GURAI) << BLN( KUSE-NI €~# > €” (or, variation: “... tatte... tatte ~7 2T~k2> C’) pattern. Note that for this usage, “datte 4/2 °C” can also take the form “tatte i27.” és cc A) bL Alot), bo t[Hot), thosece, n.Ashita |datte|, ,,asatte |datte|, kamai-masen yo. It's fine with me, whether it's tomorrow or the day after. B) RMtH [At], RR TR[Ao<], HURL.Oosaka de ,,kat |tatte|, Tookyoo de ,,kat |tatte|, nedan wa onaji da yo. whether you buy it in Osaka or Tokyo 3. Follows an interrogative pronoun. 1) To qualify anything in its category as valid in the clause that follows. English approximation: “anyone” “anytime” “anywhere” etc. A) wo[Fot|Ronat ce —— ».itsu |datte| mirare-masu yo. B) tA MHMLCII Koh SS. Son-na mono wa »,.doko ni |datte| aru sa. That sort of thing can be found anywhere. OC) Knl|Kotjen( bvbpmalst tt. n, Dare |datte| sore kurai wakaru hazu desu. Anyone should be abh 2) ‘Ina negative sentence, ta show that nothing in the group specified by the interrogative pronoun wants to be something or does something. English approximation: “no one” “nothing” etc. 43 A) KEnh| Kot RAZ K, ». Dare |datte| binboo wa iya da. B) Don-na ,, tokoro | datte| iki-taku-nai. No matter where it may be, (I) don’t want to go.I never want to do something like that. 4. Placed at the end of a sentence, expresses surprise (and sometimes disapproval) after quoting something someone else has said. English approximation: “he/she said that A) B) RabSe Koh) Coser s[Ho Cp BREOHL DS. i, Boku wa okane nanka kariie i-masen yu [di . Wasureia no He said to me, “I haven't borrowed any money.” I wonder if he forgot? see te, 2 ako ARLRLF—bUOl|KoTt|. bee bA, SOAK, a, Konya mo kare to deeto na no |datte|. Yoku aki-nai wa ne, ano tutari. She said, bored with each other. those two (i.e. it’s a wonder that they're not). icates it is where an action takes/ took place. It is static. Note that the particles “ni |=” or “e ~” indicate the direction of the action. Compare the following:Bosak A) ¥R(CORTs. B) GakkoolGelbent Gakkoo|de|benkyoo-suru. @ go to school VSL) 4. Sey © 471 a[clebeos, D) +74 ali |iibe ous. Ofiisu[de]denwa o kakeru. Ofiisu[ni|denwa o kakeru. (D) make a call at the office. (I) telephone the office. R? A , -_ ew) ~ English approximation: “at” “in” A) br UGE CRS 4 LA. vent _ « Watashi wa ,, umi [de] oyogi-mashita. @ °, a i B) bokOT|c|bHY eR AL EG. Bd 2 uo * — Ano ki no ,, shita [de] obentoo o tabe-mashoo. Let's have lunch under that tree. eg© pr LGR cle ki MBL coat, Watashi wa _,,daigaku |de| ninon-go 0 benkyoo-shite-i-masu. A Fb CRREL HD, “$a aRekos Lie n. Depaato [ae] shokuji 0 shite kara, »,hon-ya |de} jisho o D) kai-mashita. After eating at the department store, I bought a dictionary at the bookstore. cates the supei English approximation: “in” “among” . apt veap—undeee aL Se Sarkis, 772[ T|- SRC AAT. Miyata-san wa ,, kurasu-juu {de] ichiban DSi hayaku hashiri-masu. = Ms. Miyata is the fastest runner in our class. wri & suzu 0 tsuke ni iku-n dai? ‘Among us, who's going to go hang a bell on the cat's neck? 3. In the pattern “... de mo ... demo, ~C ~b," lists locations. English approximation: “in/at (location) and in/at (location) ...” a colle, sack}, PEE cs ,. Kako [dal mo, ,,asoko [del mo. ». Koko (de) asoko (de! fis > kodomo-tachi ga asonde-iru. Here and over there children are playing.on Stic, BIS rR Rideme| TC) bby T]b 2 spre y 2 Kotoshi no natsu wa zokuhatsu-shita. This summer, accidents occurred one after another both at the ocean and in the mountains. 4. Indicates the time when an action or process happened or happens. i) Shows the time period when something occurred/occurs, often found in “de English approximation: “in” “at” taberue (rece snaity A) RO RR Tia, cA wihaiar one 9H ».Sen-kyuuhyaku-yonjuu-nen-dai [de] wa, kon-na uta ga hayatta soo da. In the 1940's, this sort of song was supposedly popular. m8 a 8 [x]}e. Ima [de] mo. sono shuukan wa nao okonawarete-iru. Even now (at present), that custom is still carried out. 2) Indicates the age of a person. English approximation: “at” A) has FRE AL e. Kare wa_,, rokujus-sai jde| taishoku-shita. 9 fae ARETE LK. Haha wa ,, nijuu-go-sai [de] kekkon-shita. My mother got married at age twenty-five. 3) Imposes a time limit on an action or occurrence. 20English approximation: “in (amount of time)” Lee kUpoaer ype A) CORRAL T T_T] BRE THT Kano shigoto wa ,, nijup-pun [del deki-masu ka? Can you do this job in twenty minutes? Eleste-— acer B) & 3 SR] TIRHA AN ST. Moo ,, ni-shuukan [de] natsu-yasumi ni nari-masu. Summer vacation is coming in two weeks. OHO Wats Iek heed oeeb C) Ri fH Caskets 75 lael co! ies) & Light travels around the earth seven and a half times in one second. Kogyo English approximation: “do (something) by using (something)" tes) E thug ee A) bALAERAAKSE| Tilo TORT. Watashi wa gakkoo e ,, jitensha [de] kayotte-i-masu. I commute to school by bicycle. 2122 Cc) D) E) F) G) H) priakih[ejey Fyicttoces, BER] ast vita supein ni iki-mashita. I went to London by plane, then went to Spain by boat. be Mp ue brLISRY S| T/BLALAL Watashi wa chichi to ,, denwa [de] hanashi-mashita. y father on {it 8 ally: by using) the phone. BE) B0< Ces. ».Enpitsu [de] kaite kudasai. Please write with a pencil. Burfes Fekow sos, a Sekken [de Wash your hands thoroughly with soap. on _ bb Pivo.ba—e7[ct]aruekovst. Kare wa itsumo ,, yuumoa [de] min-na o warawase-masu, He always makes everyone laugh with his sense of humor. CBU c< We wal Clee L995 TL EEL Ie » Garasu [de] yubi o sukoshi kitte shimai-mashita, I cut my finger a little on glass.6. Gives the price of something. English approximation: “at” “for” Ay 2m eentMicleealeé A) FOPELTM TREZLA, Sono hon o ,, ni-sen en [de] kai-mashita. I bought the book for two thousand yen. BR ATi ef cia te? Hawai e wa ,, ikura |de| ike-masu ka? How much would it cost for a trip to Hawaii? 7. Indicates time or quantity that makes a unit. English approximation: “hy” “for” A) Bishi] 7d FEL CO, Boku wa ,, jikan {de] arubaito o shite-iru. I'm working part time by the hour. B) Zo) y= 7[c]zBRCT. < A e Te at A Sono ringo wa ,,futatsu jde) go-nyaku en desu. hundred yen. a[K]Bor. Watashi-tachi no chiimu wa ,, it-ten-sa [de] katta. OC) bELBOF—-Ali— Our team won the game by only one point. 8. Indicates the composition of an object. English approximation: “from” “of” This is a box made out of plastic. Be E> ton B) FHA TIFOKB TT. 23Sore wa ,,nendo [de] tsukutta utsuwa desu. C) 71k V7! TI Bataa wa _,, miruku |de| tsukuri-masu. Butter is made from milk. 9. Indicates the manner of an action, or the condition/intention at the time of occurrence/action. English approxi “Cin this manner) ..! A) be LU Bul elhauta Lt ) [x] Watashi wa , isoi [de] dekake-mashita. , “(Z| [gun Teftina rush 4 [cA B) kaF$(C]Roz. Kare wa ,,muchuu [de] hashitta. ef <, He ran & ih a » Cc) BILL A526 4) THB CKD TI. Boku wa shikaru ,,tsumori |de] itta no de wa nai. I didn’t say it with the intention to scold (you). 10. Indicates a reason or motive tor an action or occurrence. “a. .” “owing to.” ia en eee BO Kare wa ,, fuchuui [de] kaidan kara ochita 5 fer He fell down the stairs due to carelessness. Ck A A D B) RASA BM CBR LR.C) ide] te ga kogoe soo da. My hands are almost frozen from the cold. aas, Sree BAT | C [BIA D 00 [del mise wa d de} Due to the popularity of this design, the store is doing very well. 11. Indicates the source of information, basis of a condition. English approximation: “by” “from” “on” “according to” A) HBMORAFH[C] har, Sauk I Shinbun no ,, tenki-yonoo [ae] miru to, kyoo wa kumori da soo. da. According to the weather forecast in the paper. it will be cloudy today. weee g TASH THD? B) burow + Anata no ,, tokee |de| wa ima nan-ji desu ka? What time is it now according to your watch? ATO BAIL, BE) Cia d. 2 x & ‘ Kare ga hidoku nayande-iri no wa, ,, kaa-ira [de] wakaru I can tell from his face that he is very troubled. 12. Indicates the basis of evaluation. English approximation: “depending on” “according to” 25[de] chigai-masu ide] hig The price of oranges varies depending on their size. ee bee os xen ee B) LtOWRILKS TRF S| TRV ST. Tochi no nedan wa ,,hirosa to benrisa [de] kawari-masu. The price of land changes according to the size and location. 13. Shows which party is/was responsibie for an action. ch approximation: in the sense of “{comething) ic/was done by (comething).” Bere A) EMILRR| C]ROKIE CH. Sore wa ,, kazoku |de} kimeta koto desu. It was a decision made by (my) family. Lawh ttosdp—uscs B) COMBMULFR] T/RIT SNe Soi 1. Presents an extreme example to make the point that since something applies io such a case, it therefore certainly applies io more nurmai cases. A) RE[Rt]ba saucers. ».Sensee [demo] wakara-nai deshoo. Even the teacher probably won't be able to understand it. B) Sr or[Ch]REL L4H > TARE 26n,Chotio |demo} mi-otoshi ga atte wa taihen da. f we) th be grave c 2. In the pattern “don-na ... demo YA%~T.” English approximation: “no matter what/how (something) ...” or “regardless of the fact that...” A) soRE CAH LCE aD 2. Ano sensee wa don-na muzukashii ,, mondai |demo} tokeru. Rb eee ok ae B) bKLISCA DEN] ThI-RISEX TAR CRT. Watashi wa don-na ,, tabemono |demo} ichido wa tabete mi-tai to omoi-masu. Regardless of the type of food, I'd like to try eating it once. 3. After an interrogative pronoun, indicate: English approximation: “whatever” “whenever ” etc. A) cof[eb}use Bot ean. n. Doko |demo| ii kara suwatte kudasai. Please sit wherever you like. (more literal Please sit; anywhere Td sie oy otek . B) WA CEA AGEVEARLE COVE. You can order whatever you like. 4. Used in casually mentioning something as a suggestion. English approximation: in the sense of “something like ...” B) #9 iz2-e—[h kar Teh 2 2B) teaeri ui. Roont [demol nomi ni ikacnai? Kaeri ni ,, kui [demo] nomi ni ika-nai? cofet]euniuskl sta. ».Koko [demo] yokere ba ohanashi-shi-masu ga. If it's all right to talk somewhere like here, I will. 5. To express wishful thinking; sometimes in a “semete ... demo ... #4 T ~~" pattern. of it...” A) tec FLA [Ro Hoos ono wad, B) Semete sukoshi ,,dake |demo} chokin ga attara naa. If only I had even just a little bit of savings ... Heath Cb lbokoOuLOIEA. demo! att demo) attai If only there were some place I could sit down ... 6. Often in a “manzara ...demo £4 ¥ 4~%” pattern and/or a double negative, to indicate that there are other attributes to something, besides the obvious. English approximation: examples are “not all bad” and “not unthinkable.” A) b) 28 poroes- rig gees m1, HDADSICICIA, EATSVS| THEY What that person says isn’t all untrue. tubs eal codigo, KARTE DY LCh}au, Kono keekaku wa, jitsugen fukanoo na », wake [demo] nai. This plan isn’t impossible to carry out.DOKORO ¢€c4 possibility. English approximation: “not possible to do, (for example)” oe ae 2 eeuss A) 25 AKEC C1 oC DR ERET 3 [VSS] cae, Koo hito ga ooku te wa, yukkuri e o , kanshoo-suru |dokoro de wa nai. at the paintings. ot weet tee s0 BOTBIMUL CT. PMLCL IOMX TAB, Ima totemo isogashiku te, ,, kyuuka [dokoro] no sawagi de wa A) nai. I'm so busy now that it’s not even plausible to, for example, take Serves to negate the clause it modifies, in order to emphasize the point made by the clause that follows. Engiish approximation: the nuance is “never mind (something)...” anes By Ano ko wa , benkyoo-suru |dokorokal, ichi-nichi-juu asonde bakari iru. Never mind studying, all that child does is play all day. 29. “Ceven) though” amr Laws move ward 8g A) BEY a ER BRY TH), REDKYORESlibA OA, Shinyuu to ,, ie |domo| (shinyuu to itte mo), kanojo no hontoo no kimochi wa wakara-nai. Though we are best friends, I don’t know how she really feels. Be 8 te Peet B) ATF Cb TLC 8 (To Chto Th), HILH IORKPRK OK. v.ike |domo},,ike |domo} {itte mo itte mo), suna bakari no Though we went on and on, we saw nothing but the sand in the vast desert. First. note that the character “~\.” used as a particle. is read “e.” even though it is normally read “he.” Placed after a noun, it indicates that the noun is the destination, direction or the goal of the action. Some frequently used verhs that follow “e ~” are: 30ageru £174 (to lift) aruku 3 < (to wails) : dekakeru Bat 2 go out denwa o kakeru Bern (to telephone) denwa o suru %i #7 4 (to telephone) deru 2 2 (to exit) hairu 4 (to enter) ireru X24 (to put in ) kaeru i (to return) kaku # < (to write) Kuru 5&2 (to come) modoru i 3 (to come hack) mukau 144 (to head for) oku BX tio place) okuru BH 2 (to present) okuru i€ (to send) ryokoo-suru Hei? 4 4 (to travel) shuppatsu-suru #384 4 (to depart) taoreru Bin (to fall down) cia Ttegami 0 kaku +4 & ® ¢ (to write a letter) t tsuku # ¢ (to arrive) It is interchangeable with the particle “ni !=” in most cases. Note, however, that this rule does not apply when the particle “e ~\” is followed 31by the particle “no ”; “e ~” then cannot be replaced by “ni Watashi wa haha purezento o okuri-mashita. I sent my mother a present. ry BC bELIZBI| TERY bERN ELA Watashi wa haha [ni] purezento o okuri-mashita. 1 sent my mother a present. 8 het Kore wa haha [e| no purezento desu. ‘This is a present for my mother. Wrong: cnise Ko 7L ey bt, Kore wa haha [| no purezento desu. 1. Shows the direction where an action is headed. English approximation: “to” “toward” Base— A) b/LILAR[ NTS S90 Watashi wa ,, oosaka [e | iki-masu. I'm going to Osaka. on 28 wasn, B) RIAKOA[N|PUTSELK. He walked toward the station. errerts tro S OC) SPS Alsa—oy[A]R RR PCT, Kitano-san wa ,, yooroppa | e | shucchoo-chuu desu. 32iano is currentiy on a business trip to Europe. Arun 9L3-— ene coins [ATK SATE Ay 2 ce 4 jaa ns ie Jishin de go-kai-date no tatemono ga ,, ushiro [e] katamuita. Because of the earthquake, the five-storied building leaned toward the back. 2. Shows the ending point or destination of an action. English approximation: “at” yacas LEASES i+ A) b Watashi wa ima , kuukoo [e] tsuki-mashita. I arrived at the airport just now. ay an B) woOs NSM VIDE LAA? Itsu_,.nihon | e | okaeri ni nari-mashita ka? When did you come back to Japan? Moab ae s C) RidwMicig@oA wir, Boku wa mi ni mayotta ageku, sanjup-pun mo okurete ,. kaigi-joo fe] tadori-tsuita. After getting lost, I arrived at the meeting place thirty minutes late. 3. Indicates the person or thing to which an action is directed. Engiish approximation: “to” “for’ AN) gplAlov ey bot BER OTEYX ° Kore wa anata [el no purezento desu. ‘This is a present for you. tate, xe on B) cake AonsRceoBALL TA Kore wa ,,sensee | e | no otegami dakara owatashi-shite ne. 33This is a letter to the teacher, so please hand it to (him/her). exists when an action takes place. English approximation: “(this was the situation) when (something else happened).” A) MARE ore 2 a[A]RH over. Kasa 0 motazu ni dekaketa ,. tokoro [el, ame ga futte-kita. Thad just left without bringing an umbrella when it started to rain. A major function of the particle “ga 4*” is to emphasize the subject by following directly after it. However, other particles such as “wa |i” in particular (sce p. 235) also serve the same purpose. Deciding when to use which may be one of the most difficult factors in constructing Japanese sentences; in fact, even native speakers sometimes have to stop and think this task. I. When to use “ga 4" after the subject or topi 1. “Ga 4°” appears in sentences that indicate the existence of something, 34in the sense of “there is/are/‘was/were ...” Note that in Japanese, you must verbs that both mean “to be in a place.” “Iru \» 4” is for the former group, and “aru 4 4” is for the latter. A) ABs (ate B) Fa]5s724). » Hito |gaj iru (i-masu). » Hon |gal aru (ari-masu). There is a person. There is a book. WN ée- = Even in iathing about ihe same thing, you musi use different verbs depending on whether or nat it is animate: © R[a]Os (FF). D) [415% (5024). ». Sakana [gal iru (i-masu). ».Sakana [ga] aru (ari-masu). “There is a fish.” (animate) “There is a fish.” (inanimate) Et WN 2. To express desire, need, ability or opinion, “ga” follows the topic. A) bALILTIAZY—AlAy BNI Watashi wa ,, aisukuriimu [ga] tabe-tai. 35e 1 want to eat ice cream. Watashi wa .. eeao [aal hanase-masu. I can speak English. bor Bae + C) RHILER| 4/4 STH. Kanojo wa _,, ongaku [ga] suki desu. She likes music. ‘Ga 2°" follows au inierrogaiive pronoun or noun phrase. A) ehlalkae pa? aid ».Dare [ga] ki-mashita ka? Who came? tot B) SRAICA RRNA NES THD? Anata wa ,. p,don-na tabemono {gal suki desu ka? What kind of food do you like? ».Nan-ii (gal ii desu ka? What time is good (for you)? “Ga 4°" often follows a noun that is modified by an adjective. A) Rls liu. B br aA uct, al Watashi wa ,, kibun [ga] ii desu. I feel good. ~ 4 © aaa eu. 36The room is hot. 5. In describing one of the five senses, “ga 4°” often accompanies the noun. A) ooiBHs|s3. el Ii, niot [ga] suru. (it) a B) Huckle] s. Amai ,. aji |ga| suru. (It) tastes sweet. 6. Sentences with intransitive verbs usually have subjects that are followed by “ga 4°.” ay SGrltea os a ca ‘9 [gal shimaru =o (8) The door closes. ues . B) EAa|MAK. »_Denki [ga] kieta. The lights went off. The moon has come out. Il. Other uses of “ga 4°” include the following: 1. Functions like a conjunction after “sore ga (ne) @#4*(42)” and “tokoro ga (ne) & 2 44*(4a),” with a feeling of unexpected surprise. 7ay apie tea aad a A) FHA}, MC EDI SS RA TURAL Sore [gal, n But actually, it was really crowded. ge aes a B) Mlb IRH TCHR, Tl4|H | A, ROMOKAKL, 11. Boku wa moo akiramete ita. Tokoro |ga} ne, mitsukatta-n da yo, nan to. | had already given up. But, it was actually tound! gai? English approximation: with “gotoku 2% ¢” = “as if”, with “mamani + 412” = “exactly as (something)” A) Ree Ra, KM OFs ase BR ols]oe (hotun. Sensoo-kinenhi wa, ningen no arasou saga o ,, kanashimu [ga] goioku iaiie iia. The war kind to fight against each other. be ae ee B) fkld, POF I HSA |S SUMP BoKk., Kare wa, haha no ,,susumeru [ga] mama ni, gishi ni natta. Following his mother’s advice exactly, he became an engineer. 3. Makes an introductory ciause before the main point. heard ....” etc. % kb gone A) ZORTT|A|, BoOCHL IC RALTCK Sono ten ..desu [ga], motto kuwashiku setsumee-shite kudasai. 38B) sorb bive Lala] combodjumdentrordy aT. Sude ni y, mooshi-age-mashita [ga], kono keekaku no seekoo wa machigai-nai mono to omoi-masu. As I've said before, I think that this plan will undoubtedly succeed. Functions like a conjunction, English approximation: “but” in the sense af “despite doing (something)” or A) oQ “although.” Bian FED LAA. KoKoKe Boku wa besuto 0 , tsukushita |ga}, dame datta. I did the best I could, but I failed. snaete: =; 750 2h... SOIV6CBLALK|M). BHATT [gal 3) I called yesterday, but (you/he/she) was/were not home. We peMAEM amet mene 2 IL RP AR 7 |, BRILBAIL EA 2 reo Boku wa hitoban-juu ,,kangaeta |gaj, mee-an wa ukaba- nakatta. I pondered all night, but couldn’t come up with any great ideas. 3a" gaits English approximation: “no matter (something)” or “whether (vou) do (something) or not, it doesn’t matter...” zune . FotRETO LG. Boku ga doko e , ikoo |ga|, zutto tomodachi de iyoo. No matter where I go, let’s stay friends. 39wo oe 4 B) RA0[a}, Reals], Missy, 0 [gal i i Gal j id wey" ” (You) won't be on time whether (you) run or not. 6. Indicates wishful thinking in presenting an imaginary, desirable situation that is the opposite of the current, actual situation. Similar to “noni 2 iz,” (See p.167) English approximation: “(if ...), can/would do..., (but ...)” Ay Bay teais Ay Ba Bais ii Iga} naa Mga naa It would be good if it were to snow (i.e. I wish it would snow). Yuki ga fure ha , aos, an B) RC UAH DAS IML Ae S, Takarakuji ga atattara ,,,ureshii |ga} naa. I'd be happy if I were to win the lottery (i.e. I wish I could win the iottery). 7 nd a straightforward statement that would sound too direct and transforms it into a more indirect approach. English approximation: somewhat akin to the English phrase “I’m wonder ing if I could...” or “(this is what I think), but...” $522 — A) BRA, BA oe ROACH 133). T'd like to meet the president (compare: “shachoo-san ni omeni-kakari-tai-n desu” by itself tends to sound too forward and impolite.) bekeeeae B) B43 -BARRECNAVA THA. 40Q Moo ichi-nichi kyuuka o , tori desu {ga}. Td like to take one inore day of vacation ... bELU, cosets sacra. ay Watashi wa, kono-mama de ii to ,, omou-n desu [ga]. I think it would be fine to leave it the way it is ... 8. Placed at the end of a sentence; exclamatory. Modifies nouns, and is said scornfully and disapprovingly. Men’s language. Not translatable. Aj B [galt ee LOMeH| AY! Kono ,, gaki-me [ga]! You little brat! (“Gaki” is slang for “little boy,” but it often has negative implications.) English approximation: the nuance is “I'd thought (I)'d done (something) A) B but...” hoist pura css. Tashika ni koko ni oite-oita-n ., desu [ga]. I had definitely put it here, but ... (ie. “I thought I had put it here ") ue Denwa ga kakatte kuru hazu na-n , da (gal. Dooshita-n daroo. I'm supposed to get a phone call (ie. he/she is supposed to call me) . I wonder what happened. 4lGA-NA(GA-NAA) °-75.(AS- 744d) Combination particle A combination of the particles “ga 4°” and “na(a) 2 (4).” Expresses wishful thinking, which is rather unlikely to happen in reality. English approximation: “I hope ..., though ....” A) BaD L AL BLADETZ HZ 9 7ROUBRARE COU cgi |ga na(ga naa)|. It has started to rain. I hope it’s going to be a nice day for the picnic tomorrow, though. B) SOF EMEUEEEDU TLR DOK, FAUST BLRS Akt (ARH) |o Kinoo mo kanujo wa denwa o kakete konakatia, Kyou wa kakete She didn’t call again yesterday. I think she will call today, though. GATERA ATS Indicates that while one action is being carried out, another related action ... on the way. do...” English approximation: “while doing ZUb wosd we 2 too» A) FREFRIGN|A°TH|, Ay wleitotl £4. Kodomo o gakkoo ni ,, okuri [gatera], kaimono ni itte-koyoo. While I'm out taking the kids to school, I'll go shopping (on the a2way). % a, oo oes 2 BY BFEBHTL HTS), RRIAMISIF TSA. Otera ni ,, omairi-shi |gateral, oiisan no uchi ni yotte-kita omairi-shi (g i y While I was out worshiping at the temple, I went to visit my uncle (on the way). Interchangeable with the particle “kurai(gurai) ¢ 54.(¢ 5\)).” (See p.79) English approximation: “about vee Lasek sae A) LO#FILSL— BML Shir REAN ST. ‘approximately” Kono shigoto wa ato , is-shuukan [hodo| are ba dekiagari- masu. eH A lae| cHhaces. Ato ,,ik-ka-getsu |hodo] de natsu-yasumi ni naru. B It'll be summer vacation in about a month. 2. Takes a specific situation and evaluates its extent. English approximation: “to the extent that ...” A) hodo| shogete-iru. She broke up with him, and he’s depressed to the extent that just seeing him makes you feel bad (for him). 43poua9 aa — B) bE LISDY7—MIRBL TC, RASTSlET | INL OK. * hodo! ureshikatta. meee; Winning the competition, I was so happy I cried. 3. Followed by a negation, establishes a standard for comparison. English approximation: “(not) as much/little as ...” sh 28 an ne A) PFOMMIZ, WOE MAH (BV. ume |iodo) ame ya Ooku-nai. Koiosii nu isuyu wa, py, it ere hasn't heen as much 2 tp “| ESALUY EDIE. ,.Natsu-yasumi [hodo] machi-dooshii mono wa nai. There's nothing that (I) look forward to more than summer vacation. 4, Often in the patterns ~li~li%, ” shows that as one thing increases, the other increases as well. English approximation: “the more ..., the more ....” ates aor A) BATE. MBTHIIF Sle] LFS. Na-n demo, renshuu sure ba , suru |hodo} joozu ni naru. With everything, the more (you) practice, the better (you) will get. Kottoohin wa, furukere ha ‘urui |hodo! kachi ga aru furut [hado} 9 As for antiques, the older it is, the more value it has.HOKA [&/* one mentioned. English approximation: The implication is “nothing except for ...”; the meaning is similar to “only.” Interchangeable with “shika L 4.” (See p.182) . vers . Dtk pe A) BOABIZA, EITCETHOTL EZ DUNS, HEMT 4 [lat Ano hito-tachi wa, moo soko made itte-shimatte ite wa, vy. fikon-suru |hoka} shikata ga nai. For those people, since they've already gone that far, there's nothing left to do but to get a divorce. . 88 42> Lap peau = B) SARUM TIL, SAORKSIPAT 4S |lid| BVA, wn hoka! nai ne. thoka; Since it’s raining so heavily, we can do nothing but cancel today’s match. 1. At the end of a sentence, serves to emphasize it. A) cnbbbe, ROK]. Sono omocha, boku no ¢, da| 45That toy is mine! ee B) DLEFEC VKH]. (Oh,) I've grown old (sigh)! C) Wats ENtea |]? wy Ika wa tabeta ,, kal Did you eat the squid? 2. Keinforces the interrogative. A) SRT Yar teed Konban maaijan yara-nai ,. kal i |? Why don’t we play mahjong tonight? oes — B) SF CRSHEVALY|? Ima sugu korare-nai_,, kal i |? Can't you come right now? KA » 1. Expresses uncertainty of the topic it marks. English approximation: “if” “whether” A) BRD Ol, Woes [4] Bc paone, Nihon ni iku no wa, itsu ni ,,naru |kaj mattaku wakara-nai. to Tapan. when it will be. I have no idea.) beg Po 2 B) Cord, RAK. Bode aA Kaba oo (b DRSOA, 46Kono kawa wa, mita dake de wa, umi nan , da {ka kawa nan oda [kaj wakara-nal kural OOkii ne. cai OF a fiver jusi by looking (at it). (literally: As for this river, just hy Inaking (at it), whether it’s an ocean or a river, one can’t tell—that’s the extent of its size, isn’t it?) 2. Expresses a conjecture with an implied sense of doubt. “perhaps because of ...” ae ab me. Wo FAR DED RDB Dio Moa kan-na jikan ka. Soto ga akarui nakatta. It's so late already. Maybe it’s because it’s light outside, I hadn't noticed. B) DINIhAt tol], Aad, Yuube wa nomi-sugita ,,no |ikaj, kesa wa atama ga iti Perhaps I headache. 3. In the pattern “. English approximation: A) $o[sJeo[a]. Bc hoce, Migi ,.no [kaj hidari ,.no {ka} |, hayaku kimete yo. The one on the right or the one on ihe tefi? Make up your mind quickly! fonvolp], Lobuo? Iku ,,no [ka] ika-nai sno [ka], docchi na no? 47Are you going or not going, which is it? 4. In the pattern“... ka ... ~%»~,” gives an approximate number. yo A) Sala l2mtn i si BL ANC. BFK. n. Nido [ka] sando kimi no uchi ni denwa-shita kedo, rusu datta. I called you at home two or three times, but no one answered. B) beELAS BA ART AST. Watashi-tachi wa ,, mikka {ka] yokka ryokoo ni dekake-masu. We're going on a irip for hue or four days. 2 tne ¥—, Hole obA Li bh aH, TO Sono kyandee, ,, hitotsu [ka] futatsu watashi ni mo choodai. Give me one or two of those candies, too. 5. Placed at the end of a sentence. 1) Makes the sentence into an interrogative or a rhetorical question. Not transiatabie. EOFS X, A) 3b fs Kinoo wa dooshite konakatta no . desu |kal? Why didn’t you come yesterday? eas a0 B) RF EBSD TREOKA 3 |o-|? Sensoo o sakeru no wa fukanoo na no .. daroo |ka|? Is it impossible to avoid war? vn nit aah] CHOMRT SAL CMA TA? 2 Nachira-sama de irasshai-masu [kal? wrasshat-masu (kay May I ask who this is? 2) Indicates a confirmation. Not translatable. 483) 4) A) brok[e}. BIZRUTSAL ROS. vy, Wakaiia |ka). Moo nido iv suru-n ja nai yo. B) FHS LART (Hat [A]? Hontoo ni ashita ,, kite-kure-masu [ka]? Are you really going to come (on my behalf) tomorrow? Rhetorical question. Not translatable. 8 ; ba so A) CILCEAUS CHL ONSESI Do How can (I) believe something like that? ¢ B) cAmo URES, Kea Kon-na koto ni naru to wa, dare ga soozoo-shita ., daroo [ka]. Who would have imagined that this would happen? (literally: As for this happening, who would have imagined?) key ve ae id <4 < es 4 ce Ai [re Kon-na yonaka ni hito ga tazunete kuru koto ga_,,aroo {kal Is it possible that someone has come to visit at such a late hour? Expresses a rebuttal or objection to a previous sentence. Not translatable. A) FABLE OTHEATL £3 [4]. Hontoo ni daijoobu ,. deshoo |ka|. Is it really going to be all right? 495) Adds a critical, scolding tone. Not translatable. Geko ae A) CA GMS HAS BRue oa 4 Kon-na jikan made asonde-kuru hito ga ,,ari-masu [ka You're out playing so late! (literally: “Is there anyone who'd stay out playing until this hour? ”) 20 peer oy BABLRAHOL, COFRHTDEEHKO|A|, B An-na ni tanonda no ni, kono tegami dasu no o wasureta ,, NO [ka]. I asked you so many times, and stiii you forgot to maii this ietteri a & rts” = Often in asks a rhetorical question for emphasis. English approximation: “wasn’t it so that ae ae a A) FASW7 His THU TL ok THEA. Akarui uchi ni kaette oide to itta de wa , nai |ka]. Didn’t I tell you to come home while it was still light outside? @ Sakadachi. kinoo wa dekita ja nai (kal. Weren't you able to do a handstand yesterday? 7) Makes a casual suggestion. English approximation: “why don’t we ...” “do you want to ...” “ let’s A) nic hess Bl Kaeri ni ippai ,, yaroo [ka]. ww B) 4 Kaeo TALI ORO]. Moo ichido tashikamete miyoo ja , nai [ka]. Why don’t we make sure one more time? 308) Often ina“... tara doo ka ~# 4 X 4 4»” pattern, makes a roundabout, softened conunand. English approximation: “why don’t you do ..” A) ZARIAROORD, fotanori[>| Son-na ni iki-tai no nara, itte-mitara 44,.doo |kal. If you want to go that badly, why don’t you go? B) BY CURL THE LD, WAARALBY TAS LS [FD] hite-iru yori, iron-na hito ni Hitori de shinpai- ite-mitara say Instead of worrying all by yourself, why don’t you ask lots of people (for advice)? 9) Asa sort of self-utterance, often with a reminiscent or some emotional overtone. Not translatable. A) <9[e} Cat IBBLALE} crore. teal ise}: Really, (you) finally passed (the test). (You) did well. er B) warn, B[4] Naan da, ,,kage [ka]. Yuuree ka to omotta. Sco [kal adv. SOS [KG]. o mE Ron, Oh, it’s only a shadow. I thought it was a ghost. KA-I =U) Combination particle A combination of the particles “ka 4*” and “i \».” Placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that it is an interrogative, or to express that it opposes the statement that was just previously made by another party. slEmphatic. Not transiatabie. AY 2ne, FZ ee 2 A) 20 eo FEU ee A Sorya, uso ja , nai lai)? Isn't that a lie? B) 2hmURR, BaeAoths bAfro]e Kon-na ii tenki ni, ame nan ka furu mon {kai When it’s this nice out, there’s no way it’s going to rain. mt ’eooo C) RP TABLA US Ai. Kaidan?: Son-na mon, shinjiru [ka i Ghost stories? I’d never believe in something like that! KA-NA(KA-NAA) AY-2£ (4-245) Combination particle A combination of the particies “ka 4" and “na &” or “na(naa) @(@ 4)” 1. Casually expresses doubt, with a very light exclamatory tone. English approximation: “(I) wonder ...?” Hustcee gt A RHR Als cig (ui [pa@eb)s Daigaku nyuushi, kotoshi koso wa , umaku-iku ———__ ka na(ka naa)|. I finally go well this year? B) LOLtHAcHS KO DEO EA) |e Dooshite hitori de dekaketa ,,no |ka na(ka naa)]. I wonder why (he/she) went out alone? 522. Used in making a suggestion to oneseif. K A) a-e-tbon ds [oe (ons)| Poe Koohii demo , ireyoo |ka na(ka naa)|. I think I’m going to make some coffee ... EAA SDH]. Soro-soro y, kaeroo {ka naj. B) 3. In the pattern “.. nai kana ~f\\ 4.4,” indicates wishful thi English approximation: “I wish (it) would A) Ris Ws ae (ae) (eae elie Hayaku haru ni, nara-nai |ka na(ka naa)|. I wish spring would come soon. Ra Rere z ka na(ka naa)|. I wish Dad would come home soon from his business trip. KARA 25 HARA #4" In general, you can understand the function of “kara 4°,” by identifying the part of speech of the word immediately preceding it. When “kara 45” fter is placed after a noun or a nominal it usually means “from,” where: an adjective or a verb and a copula, “kara 4+” usually indicates reason or 53cause. 1. 1) English approximation: “from” 34 Placed after a noun or a nominal. After a pronoun, interrogative pronoun, a person's name or social position, indicates that an action or a deed is directed from that person. A) B Co D) Dd E) Wet exen— Z bELILE DHE EE[D 5 BS EL Te kara| kiki-mashita. I heard that story from my teacher. Bike ao lSYLI-eb bok. Boku wa ,, kanojo |kara| raburetaa 0 moratta. I received a iove ietier from ler. a » ZOKEKEN DS Sono hon o ,, dare |kara| kari-mashita ka? From whom did you borrow the book? Watashi wa . sensee |kara! homerarete ureshikatta. I was happy that my teacher gave me a compliment. banleojes end ce ».Anata [kara] doozo ohanashi kudasai.F) Piease, if you couid start taiking first. (literally: (Starting) with beL bE HDS |i WEL WATCH. Watashi mo hayaku ,, oya |kara| dokuritsu shi-tai-n desu. I, too, would like to become independent from my parents soon. Placed after a noun, showing a place/space, indicates that something starts/started at that place. A) © D) Hussy bee] tol ekki an. 74 eel 7 Kare wa ,, poketto [kara] kuruma no kagi Jd UR 0 tor- dosh CL . . i He took his car keys out of his pocket 4, ks gs 2z-——qav LLL A byte RABE DSA Dio. Doraboo wa ,, mada [kara] haitta rashii iy . It looks like the robber got into the house Wy through the window. ZA | VY ao Alae|n A cae Ta. . rc " n. Ki |kara| ringo ga ochite kita. An apple fell from the tree. tong os : ABR [oo [FEO at. ash ay te Taiyoo wa ,, higashi [kara] nobori-masu. The sun rises in the east. 55Hoteru no ... okujoo |karal Fujisan aa mie-mashita. 1 saw Mt. Fuji from the roof top _ eb ‘ aaeead of the hotel. A F) Atv E79 A[Hb]F BOS LBA TOS — TYETF med SLR WS, », Sutendogurasu |kara) yuuhi ga sasiti-konde-iru. Be) The rays of the setting sun are shining through 7, / the stained glass. , ZEEE ST sue ae 2 G) bELISZ DME HS |BELKL Watashi wa sono chishiki o ,. hon {kara
aw ug D) BRABMARYS | FS |Botos to PAC Nihon wa yottsu no ookii ,, shima [kara W natte i-masu. fe Japan consists of four big isiands. ayerv oo E) 60 comobFs, Miro RES Ando cs, Kono kuni no keezai wa, booeki ni yoru ,,shuunyuu [kara nari-tatte-iru. The economy of this country is based on its trade income. Placed after a noun, indicates an approximate amount/number. as” “no less than” n. Hyaku-dai |kara] no oogata torakku ga narande-iru. More than one hundred big trucks are lined up. B) FA[a5 , BGcc tins, n,Sen-nin |kara| no kankoo-kyaku ga, mainichi koko o otozure- Placed after an abstract noun, an adjective or a verb. Indicates a cause or a reason for an action/attitude that is described in the predicate clause. This inverted structure makes the sentenceemphatic. B) 2 D) 2 Mas” “so “for” “because sidering’ pla b te 6 BAMOE LHe seeing” Osakana ga ag, yasukatta |kara| takusan kai-mashita. Because | found the fish inexpensive, | Beaupre), Bia e 2H 4. Kyoo wa ii otenki ,. da |kara}, sakura wa mankai ni naru daroo. Since the weather is very nice today, cherry blossoms will probably be in full bloom ey Roan : & Dy SFL), AIRS. Watashi wa ‘akkari wa ki Because I don’t like broccoli, I never eat it. kee case boa snannenes> BABOLFILAV A Db], —& Mere BLT. Nihon-go ga joozu ni ,,nari-tai [kara], isshoo-kenmee benkyoo-shi-masu. Since i want to be good at eo tons Bikes japanese, I'll work hard. Kimi ni tomodachi aa deki-nai no wa. uchi ni bakari iru [kara] da yo. The reason why you can’t make friends is that you stay home most of the time. 612) y G H 5 62nd ORE ¥ Boku ga nori-sugoshita no wa, kimi ga ,, oshiete-kure-nakatta kara| da zo. The reason why I missed my stop was that you didn’t tell me (where to get off). tha, Be others Kare wa isuma to no eparat. Lasatean ry 322 vues Kil, BROOM Ob) RSE LEVIS GoKk, Kare wa, kookoo no _,, seeseki {kara], shoogakukin o morau koto ni natta. Because of his (excellent) grades in high school, he is to be granted Placed after an abstract noun. indicates one’s iudgment/ viewpoint. English approximation: “from a viewpoint of” “judging from” “by” 62 A) “according to” anroikes | Ral, ConBUBE CL 29, Anata no ,, me {karaj mire ba, kono shigoto wa kantan deshoo. From your viewpoint, this iask aay sei iv be easy. ood nws [ae Bits ar, BORER hte. Kono tegami no , naiyoo |kara} handan-suru to, kare wa kachoo ni shooshin suru rashii. Judging from the contents of this letter, it seems that he will be promoted to manager. (literally: section chief)3) 3. Eni Pay R3e ML, ROM Rid? —SA BRITS. Igaku-teki kara! sure ha, kare no kenkyuu wa nooberu-shoo ni mo atai suru. From a medical point of view, his research is worth the Nobel Prize. Placed after an abstract noun of emotion, indicates that such an emotion resuits in the action/state described in the predicate ciause. glish appro: A) B) C) In ihe patiern “.. ation: “from” “out of” “due to” bDELILIAL ALPS |RU EA OK. Watashi wa _, ureshisa |kara| tobi-agatta. I jumped for joy. Ba, ThE bor LAEVSulaalyr,a ela otk. Boku wa, kudoo-kun to chotto shita_,, li-al |kara| kenka-shite T ended up having a fight with Kudo over something that arose out of a minor argument. oh eacaney wLae PRI FER o> | SPMLL Ae Kare wa _,, sekinin-kan (kara] jishoku-shita. He resigned from his office out of a sense of responsibility. kara to itie ~2°5 C619 TC,” introduces a resiriciion English approximation: “even though” A) <3 on + BVEVE LS R|MH|TWOT RBS, FCC SS te Okozukai o , moratta |kara| to itte, tsukai-sugiru to, sugu 634, ora nakunaru yo. it will soon be gone. B) Rife s]evot, AC RAM OTM Sth agi Yasui |kara| to itte, takusan katte wa ike-masen. Even though they may be a bargain, don’t buy too many at a time. © farcsanealyoct, “AH oubes. Even though you are familiar with the area, it is dangerous to walk around alone. In the pattern kara ni wa ~4>5 1-12," expresses a determination resolution. English approximation: “since” “now that” 64 ghee . A) miseru zo. Now that I’ve studied this hard, 1 will pass the entrance exam without fail! BNA [a b]isa, SlORibe k HSUUAIES BO. B) Gaikoku e ,,iku [kara] ni wa, soko no bunka o yoku shira- yon must gat ta know its culture very well. mole Eeabe bola pnemuate C) COBRA BLAM 5 il, — ERR GF, Kono kaisha ni, nyuusha-shita [kara] ni wa, isshoo-kenmeeganbaroo. Now that I’ve been accepted by this company, | will do my best. English approximation: “just by doing ...” A) REARS SRL 29 BATTAL Kanojo wa ,, miru {kara} ni yasashi-soo na hito desu ne. Just by looking at her, you can tell that she’s prohably a very kind person. B) " Dy tails [25 Sore wa ,, kiku [kara] ni kowai hanashi da Just by listening to it, the story sends a chill up my spine. KARA-SHITE #4 -L, 7 Combination particle A combination of the particies “kara 45” and “shite Lt.” 1. Cites one ch emphatic statement about the whole thing/person. English approximation: “starting with ...” es ve we x A) SOZOAIMOS| SSL H 4 oe RK. Ano otoko no hito wa , kaotsuki |kara shite] chotto hen da. Starting with his face, he is a little strange. ty Kanoio wa _,, machimono [kara shite] zeetaku da Starting with her possessions, she is extravagant. 2. A more emphatic form of “kara 4°5” used in the sense of “because/ 65since”; similar to “node T.” English approximation: “consequently” Kotoshi no shuushi wa akaji .. de-aru |kara shite|, rainen wa nantoka kuroji ni shiyoo. Our balance shect is in the red this year; consequently, Ict’s try to somehow come out on top next year. Bpemoce B) FIV DI bHSK| HOLT, KODA AER BMS BDI. kekkon-suru daroo. Since that sort of rumor is going around, consequently, it’s likely that those two will get married soon. KASHIRA DUS Foun in women’s lan; 1. Following an interrogative pronoun, poses a question. English approximation: “(I) wonder ...” A) Knlalol, BOB & tet: { Mld. n.Dare |kashira], imagoro to o tataku no wa. I wonder who is knocking on my door at this hour. Bea cleey 4 Lal. Tashika ni koko ni oita hazu da kedo. nai wa. . Doko |kashiral. is thd, I thought I had definitely put it here, but it’s not here. I wonder where it could be? 66OQ K&eHA, ale Gokina isuisumi ne. » 2. Casually softens a question or a sense of doubt addressed to oneself or another party. Not translatable. A) LOREM OKO, WoKor|a LS]. — Kono hon o katta no, itsu ., datta |kashira|. B) beL. ehuceEone lel, HA CORON, Watashi, son-na koto ,,itta |kashira| . Oboete-i-nai kedo. Did I say something like that? I don’t remember it. 3. Softens an interrogative sentence. Not translatable. A) Sb 205 > Lovet Lo]. When will (yon) he caming hy again? B) SERUM CO S[HL Se Kyoo mise wa ,,aite-iru [kashira]. I wonder, is the store open today? 4. Makes a casual suggestion to oneself or another party. English approximation: “should (I/we) do ...” SED QEZALIAL > Kee 3lRLE _© by ; )) [RLS fe ‘a ) Konban eeaa ni , ikoo |kashira|. im ) Should 1 go to the movies tonight? 615. Following a negation: 1) Indicates wishful thinking or softens a statement asking someone for a favor. Engiish approximati ke S3mco9 s A) BCDB ios Hayaku gookaku-tsuuchi ga ,. ko-nai |kashira]. I wish the acceptance letter would arrive soon. B) Se CRC CHa [HL Se Ima sugu , kite kure-nai |kashira]. Could you come right away? 2» 3 English approximation: “I wonder wee vee gue 8k A) PRO Th, PHOARICMICS 5 [aL 5]. Ima dekake te mo, juu-ji no kisha ni ,, mani-au {kashira]. Even if you were to leave now, I wonder if you could make it in o'clock train. ey igen] FRE HLS Jo a) i-nai |kashira omo-sugienat I wonder if that suitcase isn’t too heavy. 68KE [+ Colloquial. Usually placed at the end of the sentence after the copula “da ” which is the informal form of “desu t’,” to form patterns such as “dakke #i21}” and “dattakke Koh 214.” 1, Used in reminiscing about a past event. English approximation: “((l) remember)” me gor Ay bSee kl EC RED Tel KEABADK vo Chiisai toki. voku ki-nobori o shita mono (mo-n) , da-k{ke] When (I) was little, (I) used to climb trees all the time, (I remember). ees B) ZiMAlk, TARANTO iFsare Soo ie ba, son-na tokoro e ,,itta-k{ke] nee That’s right, we did go somewhere like that, (I remember) (didn’t we). 2. In an interrogative, actively sol in answer from the party sed. English approximation: “when is/was it ...?” “what is/was it ...?” etc. 8a Beene A) WODLeKoKalIt|], SLFRS Foros. Itsu no koto . datta-k{ke], kimi to ongak-kai ni itta no wa. Vhen was it now, that i went with you to the concert? oe eb eKes gate DAOC IL OEBES, AEH [tt b fe Ano hito no tokoro no denwa-banaoo. nan-ban . da-k{ke]. we That person’s phone number, what is it now?KEREDOMO (KEREDO, KEDO, KEDOMO) [tie (SME, FE, FEB) 1. A conjunctive particle. 1) After one statement, functions as an adversative conjunction leading into the next clause/phrase. English approximation: “even though” “but” A) coda o[anze], Paordiaons. Even though this dish is delicious, it’s a hassle to make. a cae —_ B) Seo UMAANINLE), SRON-—F 4-1 ON ER TITS 4. Chotto jimi .. da |keredomo], kon-ya no paatii ni wa kore o kite ikoo. Even though it’s a hit subdued, I'll wear this 2) Following an apologetic remark, connects it to the main point that follows. English approximatior “though” “but” A) ch, ULO¥ LTH [BRZ bl], BLES TCHS ; ——— Kore, hon no sukoshi ..desu [keredomo], meshi-agatte Though there’s only a little bit here. please have it (to eat). oe ove B) PAcs[gAnre], Siledorsecorwsat. Totsuzen . desu |keredomo|, kaisha o yamesasete itada- 70kimasu. 3) Simply connects two unrelated statements. English approximation: (like a comma) A) & te EMD BAU eB? Rewaacos ltaee Inu ga , hoete-iru |keredomo}, dare ka soto ni iru-n ja nai? The dog’s barking, isn’t there someone out there? aa3 ae aves y CET SRS THEA, Kono chihoo wa samui to ,, kita |keredama!, hontoo ni m chi hie-komu ne. Thad heard that it was cold in this region, and it’s truly quite chilly every day. 2. At the end of a sentence or clause. i} Expresses wishful thinking; a hope that the situation at hand wili be reversed. English approximation: “(if ...), but...” A) bi F LBRO (bes covor[TRE bo B Moo sukoshi Nihon-go ga yoku wakaru to ii no da keredomo It would be better it 1 could understand Japanese a little more, but RIF LESH EMILY. HOATLAAHZ 20K AL SI, Moo sukoshi okane ga are ba, ano sutereo ga kaeru no ..da keredomo}. Tf I had a bit more money, I'd be able to buy that stereo, but .... 1m2) Otten in the pattern “doose ... keredomo & 4 #~lt# Xb,” gives the 3) B) EonotriemcApanfanre]. Hashitta-tte doose ,, mani-awa-nai [keredomo]. Even if (I) were to run, there’s no way (I) would make it on time. LAB, Hoc beset (lpn sess [HTS @ mo douse sugu kowareru ¢ darvo Kor keredama (fereeome This is so cheap, even if I were to buy it, it would surely break right a yasumono, away. Used in making an indirect suggestion or statement. English approximation: “(excuse me, but)” 3. A) B) A conjumetion which is different fram the usage of the ahove pa tee au gu bls ceneae, gee PHOARUL RA. CAC AHON OHM UT [INT & Jo isha de: keredomo|. Your train is at ten, right? (Excuse me, but) | think it’s about time to leave. olomass 2g [7neb], Botsu-botsu koogi ga _,, hajimari-masu |keredomo]. (Eacuse me, bui) the ieciure sitwuid be siariing preiiy soun, “keredomo (74% %.” Placed after a complete sentence: yy Introduces another statement that conflicts with it. English approximation: “however” n2) English approximation: “however’ Pe tote Tren Mot taenestte? 4 Mee A) B#BLHLE. [ICL “LRM BFL, Pps aL AURA, Nihon-go wa muzukashii. [Keredomo], isshoo-kenmee benkyoo-sure ba, kanarazu wakaru yoo ni naru. Japanese is difficult. However, if you study hard, you will definitely be able to understand it. aoe ax ar ROLWMMTT. [NTE], WAT LWA- TT Ps Bld, EID 2 Neko wa, tashika ni kawairashii doobutsu desu. [Keredomo], watashi wa arerugii desu kara, kae-masen. Cats are cute animals, to be sure. However, I’m allergic, so I can’t keep one. Expresses agreement with the first sentence, then offers another ‘yet” Fob, [Heb], Bet hou, Keredomo], umimo tet os A) RAIA, ut Natsu-yasumi ni wa, yama ni iku no mo mata ii ne. It’s nice to go to the mountains during summer break. However, it would be nice to go to the beach, too. KIRI =O 1 1) Establishes a limit for a topic. In referring to quantity: Bn. Futari |kiri| de dokoka e itte-shimai-tai. I want to go away somewhere, just the two of us. B) bALIMS Oy sid, “RiHoA[R IT] CH. Watashi wa yooroppa ni wa, ichido v ita [Kiri] desu. T have been to Europe only ouve (su fai). 2) In referring to a state or conditian, shows that it has heen unchanged. English approximation: “continuously only doing ...” A) FR0c Ru, BAP D]iceon. Toshi oita chichi wa, , neta [kiri] ni natta. My aged father became bed-ridden. (literally: My aged father has become confined to continuously lying down.) te use 23 By en o[soleakekuroc, # v. Suwari-k|kiri] de shigoto o tsuzuketa node, kata ga kotta. Since I have been working sitting down continuously, my shoulders have gotten tense. 3) Often followed later in the sentence by a negative, shows that there is a limit that has not yet been surpassed. hee BoobAN S44, Kare wa ichi-do denwa o kakete ,, kita {kiri], yukue ga wakari- masen. He called just once, and after that, (I) don’t know where he went. B) eva, BRAoARD). FRede cos, 74As for her, after I saw her last year, I haven't even sent her (a single) letter. 2. In the pattern “marukkiri 242%,” followed by a negative or negative situation. English approximation: “at all” A) Rid, BES SLSR Boku wa. osake wa maruk{kiri] dame da I can’t drink at all. B) ALIA, £30[N 1 RUSOA TH. Watashi wa, maruk(kiri] oyoge nai-n desu. I can’t swim at all. KOSO 24 1, Emphasizes what is preceded. English approximatio “(indeed)” A) bOU[SE) ACSA DELE SEE LL Ano ,, yama |koso}, takusan no tozan-sha ga inochi o otoshita ‘hat mountain is (indeed) one on which many mountain climbers have lost their lives. bunk cue ow B) RFC ZIBRNMTOTALI. ».Rainen |koso! nihon e itte mi yoo. Next year, (finally, indeed), let's go to Japan. 52. Oiten in the “... kara koso ~2*5 °C Z” or “... ba Koso ~it- <” pat- English approximation: “(precisely) because” eee A) 3 @Sceebmotonmo[ce), DELAERL wa oho CH. Koo naru koto ga wakatte ita , kara |koso|, watashi wa sansee shinakatta no desu. way that I didn’t agree (before). howe ett Ty B) SEKMDICERAMI CE), AMER CE OAOL, Anata no koto o kangaere ,.ba [koso], ketsudan o omoi- todomatta no yo. It’s precisely because I thought about you that I stopped short of making a decision. 3. In the pattern “kaso sure > 2+h.,” shows precedes it is true or acceptable, but another opinion or additional com- ments are to follow. English approximation: “do (something), but ...” A) boA, Ue eholce|tn, WeLACaEY. Ano hito wa, hito 0 home |koso| sure, kenashita koto wa nai. never made peiorative ones. 4. In the pattern “sore koso @# < 2,” emphatic. English approximation: “that (would .. A) FAb OMIA IVEY Hi thamoke, enllz|REK 16t. Tesuto no taihen da ya If you were to catch the flu or something before your exam, that would be disastrous. B) ZAC LERRIEBI LORE, th cake a i Son-na koto 0 kanojo ni joo mono nara, sore [Koso] iada de wa If you were to say something like that to her, that would get you into trouble. KOTO <¢ 1. Serves to soften the impact of an opinion that is expressed. Not translatable. A) FAB DETEL LIN TOSGAT SRKSL (BCE de Son-na ni itsu made mo shogete-iru nante, anata 4q,,rashiku-nai co koto} yo. B) CHK oTLEKHH SRO, Biko EY ould. Kore dake itte mo mada wakara-nai no nara, moo y, shira-nai koto] yo. nIt you still don’t understand atter all I've said, then L just give up. A be. BLowaals el, Oya, mezurashii tori ga , iru |koto}. Look, there's a rare bird! B) $5. TTA mY elnaZz. Maa, suteki nae ..da |koto| nee. My gouduess, what a wonderful painting! 3. Placed at the end of companies a casual question. Not translatable. A) cChmbobEesL THIN YC]? Kore kara ojama-shite mo 4 ii Would it be all right to come over now? a bf, 7 — B) MALEIF MIE WoR[Ce Are you completely over your cold? 4, Makes a rhetorical question that is exclamatory. English approximation: “isn’t it ...” A) HMM —Oy CHT? TTR Shinkon-ryokoo wa yooroppa desu-tte? Suteki . da |koto| . Pve heard that (your) honeymoon wil Europe. wonderful! B) ReOSE, EREWM CHo<,. FOP ELY Kanojo no kaisha, nenkyuu go-shuukan desu-tte. 44, urayamashii |koto}. 8r. Isn't it enviable! 5. Expresses a casual suggestion for action, following a negative form of a verb. English approximation: “how about ..2” “why don’t we ..2” A) cha oii: cbs ZUd[Ce]? ure kara vega ni demo y, iki-masen [koto]? g to a movie now? B) Bi none, 97y—ceBoaulce Osoku natta kara, takushii demo , hirowa-nai |koto|? It's gotten late, how about catching a taxi? 6. Transforms a statement into a strict command. Not translatable. ato we eu — A) WAC ANT ER bee RT| oz]. Hand in the report without missing the deadline. Pr ae B) S70 ASUILTFRT| CLI. Karita kane wa kanarazu ,, kaesu [koto]. Make sure (you) pay back the money (you) borrow. KURAI (GURAI) <5U\(<5L)) 1. Indicates that a given quantity is approximate. English approximation: “about” “approximately” votesen A) Ls WMC BO] cake clea. Moo ,, is-shuukan |kurai| de hana ga saku deshoo. 93 The flowers will probably bloom in about a week. Sersanttiiconk RE Cee Kae, wi Mizu o gurasu ni. hanbun |qurai! kudasai gi a gi s Please give me about half a glass of water. 2. Belittles something, in showing that it is simple or elementary. English approximation: (something like) A) WEAR BOlbAL Ko thRob, Kantan na ,, ryoori |kurai] watashi datte dekiru wa. Even I can RE BUASeTLaaH, n», Sentaku |kurai| jibun de shinasai. & Do (something like) your laundry yourself. 3. In citing one situation, indicates its extent. English approximation: “to the extent that ...” AY Ay B) 80 seusk s SBR Sora ichimen makka ni .,naru |kurai! no, migotona yuuyake fare sural} deshita. The sunset was splendid, to the extent that the whole sky turned crimson. Ekackek a hocosKoulAes, Lacaekade Les, s yohodo shigoto ga isogashii rashii. Since it’s to the extent that my husband is working this late, he must be quite busy at work.4. Following a noun, a nominal, or a pronoun, establishes it as a basis tor mE SURO bouaL, A n.dishin |kurai) kowai mono wa nai. There’s nothing more scary than an earthquake. Book boot, B) BRAA[CBu]F n, Otoosan |kurai| se ga taka-kattara ii no ni naa. L wish I were as tall ay my father. 5. Indicates that what nrecedes it is samet! undesirable ar unlikable English approximation: “rather than doing ...” & NGVME FATE L 2e A) thas vurmeksalcoujes, & Ke Son-na mazui mono o , taberu |kurai| nara, nani mo tabe-nai noo ga masii da. thing at all. ac. — ot tke B) MBN S(( 50] eS, MRE LCERSULILI OE LK Kijitsu ni, okureru [kurai] nara, tetsuya o shite kansee-saseta hoo ga mashi da. Rather than being late for the deadline, (I) prefer to finish it by KUSE-Ni 9 ae bh) ALKO SWWSHAA, CITBLEOTC KA, Even though there’s nothing special, please go ahead and eat. 8. Gives an additional, unexpected situation or condition. 96English approximation: “even” ay than thle A) MILT SADBT|EILTRSELY. I've heard that he was even a competitive tennis player once. (implying that he has other impressive qualities.) ao ae wu9e Ge me 2 B) PAH OOI, EBLE Bsa eet Corts bre Netsu ga takai noni, imooto wa kurushii ,, to ind iwa-nai de, jitto nete i-mashita. Though she had a high fever, my sister was patiently lying in bed without even complaining. 9. Colloquial expression. In the forms “koo mo <4 8,” “soomo %3 8,” “aa mo 4%” (meaning “kon-na ni 24412" “sonna ni @ A412" “an- nani 44-412”). Indicates the extent of a state/action. English approximation: “this/that many” “this/that much” ay eslileanci. pei aat A) Z5[bjmon Cid, dL EASE. S00 Ind nakarete wa, watashi au. mg . You cry that much, then I'm at a loss marae B) ABicvaer, ee[b]Be Re Li @SEDK4AI4> Gaikoku ni iru to, 42a (nd nihon-shoku ga koishiku naru mono daroo ka. When one is in a foreign country, does one crave for Japanese tood 7MONO %® 1 1) Placed at the end of a sentence: Gives a reason, which precedes it. Often followed by “ne #2” or “na a,” » which adds a slight exclamatory sense. English approximation: “because” A) a te enor ae BRIADEP/IOBEFRLE | RRLETAATOb50L& wagon! vate Qjnnsan na piano no ainazu na katal Okusama mo pianisuta de , irasshai-masu |mono| ne. How well your daughter plays the piano! It's because your wife is also a pianist. LOAD Livia, HOREOU IRAL CALE]. Kono namabe natsukasnhii ne. Shinkon-ryokoo no toi ni kita This beach brings back memories, doesn’t it? It’s because we came here on our honeymoon, 2) Following a certain given reason, expresses dissatisfaction, or desire. Colloquial, casual usage. English approximation: “because” 98 AY A) ae eT Te) ere: WR, BIA, HAMBBS eR VT Lo RETLCTOMLEALK 2O!. 22) Nee, okaasan, ano omocha katte yo. Boku dooshitemo hoshii- n ¢.da [mono]. Mommy, could you buy me that toy... because I really really want it.VERA? DELLILTEBAULADATT Ko kudas: tai-n . desu |mono}. Could you come over tonight? Because I really want to see you. 2. As aconjunctive particle, follows a clause to transform it into a reason for something. 8 Watashi seejin ni natta-n ..da |mono}, sukoshi gurai osake nonde mo ii deshoo? T've now of age, it’s all right for me to have a little something to drink, isn’t it? os eS BT ii Resa* Both, Musuko wa eego ga mada yoku , wakari-masen |mono|, hitori de kaimono ni iku no wa muri desu wa. Since my son doesn’t understand English very well yet, it's not possible for him to go shopping by himself. MONO-DE(MON-DE) $@-@(#/v-@) Combination particle A combination of the noun “mono %®” and the copula “de t.” Indi- cates that the preceding clause is the reason for the action in the following 99clause. A) BAENIMLO ORBEA B) in colioquiai usage, it often takes the form “mon de $AT.” “because” 01 5 . | daocr Binns oot. Anmari g.ureshikatta |mon de}, hoka no koto zenbu wasure- chatta. I was so happy, I just forgot about everything else! , Uo VL CHEREBSULT 2022-2t St t[bOe es Sono nyuusu o ima ,.kiita | mono de}. bikkuri-shite adenwa o Ata mono ce; okake-shite-iru tokoro desu. Because I just heard the news, I was stunned and I'm calling you now. MONOKA(MONKA) ®@A‘(/ud*) Placed at the end of a sentence, makes an exclamatory, emphatic negation, Often takes the pattern of “mono desuka $4.” In colloquial usage, it takes the forms “monka t 4 4:” or “mon desu ka £4 $2.” Not translatable. A) B) a bee — ROMBAB li bts THS SEMA |. How could you ever know how I'm feeling! Sony ase fowssorctto. brs RA tT. Kare no hoo ga warui-n desu mono. Watas! iy, ayama- ru [mon desu kal.He's the one who’s at fault. I'll never apologize (to him)! MONONARA(MON-NARA) O25 (%/A-%5) “Mon-nara $4 25” in colloquial expression. 1. Following a clause stating a conjecture or a will, indicates that the result of such actions may be undesirable. English approximation: “should there be ...” toa x A) PDOBREBTTINU EE. ED b. Tabako no suigara o sutete wa ike-nai yo. Kaji ni demo , naroo mononara) taihen da kara. Don’t throw your cigarette butts around. Should there be a fire, it would be disastrous. ae = Sived. HLAA aS B Rt a Ab. Hayaku nenasai yo. Ashita no asa, neboo ,, shiyoo mononara], ensoku ni ike-naku naru yo. Go to bed early. Should you oversleep tomorrow morning, you won't be able to go on your school trip. 2. Proposes a hypothetical situation, with an implication that the speaker English approximation: “if ... then” A) BERACA GRE BOT BEDE) MbEOSEA LS Anata ga don-na ni binboo ni natte mo 44 ii [mononara], nani 101B) yo. If it’s all right with yon no matter how poor you hecame, then I won't say anything. 2 TABOOS], Cok THe st he Son-na no de 4q,ii [mononara], doko ni demo utte i-masu yo. If something like that is all right, then they should have it in any store. antagonistic tone (though possibly playfully so). English approximation: “if (you think) you can ...” A) B) IDIBK, ODHHS|LMDBL|, PHATILA. Kono unagi, , tsukameru |mononara], tsukande goran. If (you think) you can grab this eel, go right ahead and try grabbing RN ZROREIMA TOOL. y. loberu |mononara| tonde goran yo. If (you think) you can fly, go ahead and try flying. MONONO 400 conflicts with it. English approximation: “even though” “although” A) 102 voter Ee ( seedalpooal, v2xamsnske (cae Lt Lack.Itsumo yori hayaku uchio , deta |monono|, basu ga naka-naka ko-naku te, chikoku-shite shimatta. for quite a while. and I was late. Hakor[soo], acho orgs taknan, Kuruma wa ,,katta [monono], mada kowaku te haiuee wa B hashire-nai. Even though (I) have bought a car, I can’t drive on the highway because i'm siiil afraid. * rc lea oC) trAszmouurialgaal, 3 ) . . FATRICR BNSC ISK KL. Maniatta kara ii .gyoona [monono], uchi o deru no ga moo ok sukoshi osokattara, hikooki ni nori-okureru tokoro datta yo. Though it’s all right now because we made it on time, if we had left the house a iittie bit iater, we wouid’ve missed our plane. + D) Reay vias al LEA ’ Res we : (to float) as yokotawaru ti/:4 4 (to lie down) A vce 94p—ae ta elie) Rach et. Tsukue no ,,ue [ni] hon ga ari-masu. There is a book on the desk. 119°C) D) F) 2 120 RB Epeza2e bm mt DILL AIR R KOM ( [EJEA TORT. [Oren ITN ]o 2 38 »chikaku [ni] sunde-imasu. LALA L-T- — PITT RLLITT IBAYL//T We live in a place near Tokyo Station. Bccbd, coWlic]asare (adnas, Mite goran, kono ,, ike [ni] koi ga yo. : Look, there are many carp in this pond iz S ees neoee 2 yy ar KE, KER boK IK. Oo-mukashi, ,, kasee [ni] mizu ga atta soo da. They say that a long time ago, there was water on Mars. nae peig et Tolkien cd pe? HUIMACTCI-|BHO CID? Where do you work? (literally: Which place are you working at?) H[ic]Bor ( sho tOat. Michi [ni] yuki ga takusan nokotte-imasu. (pos £5 There is a lot of snow left on the street. Be (E af Fem =, Asoko {nil tatte-iru otoko no hito oe wa iegewe-son desu (i The man standing over there (literally: \|! at that place) is Mr. Imagawa. wy i"H) boB[c|oro tosh sauctay, Ano ,,kabe [nij kakatte-iru e wa kiree desu ne. The The painting 2) After a noun, indicates the direction or the destination of an action. English approximation: “to” “in” “on’ A) B Cc) D) E) ‘into” gs 8 RIL BRIALI PR EEOK. So. Boku wa ,, otoosan [ni] tegami o kaita. (8) Cay ey I wrote a letter to my father. Zz bel igeat ¥ 0 allele. Watashi wa raigetsu ,, igirisu [ni] I am going to England next month. ee oe bese wore me BAF BI |MokY SR, BEERDOM THK. Boku ga ,, uchi {nij kaetta toki, imooto mo gakkoo kara kaette- kita. RsSblic|hove le. Chichi wa ,, kaisha [ni] dekake-mashita. Bow TE] Pia, Keshiki no ii ,, tokoro [ni] ryokoo-shi-tai ne. Don’t you want to travel to a place with nice scenery?nye eur —ur F) ABBE} HAs Ty. The sun sets in the west. G) 35, RATA] RH CTL Saa, ,, hikooki | ni} noru jikan desu yo. It’s time to get on the plane now. 3) After an abstract condition or state, indicates that the action prescribed by a related verb is proceeding toward it. English approximation: “to” or not translatable. bees woot A) RARA—[K|TSLtAD? : o ue 1 « a> Gy Raigetsu ,, Sukii | ni| iki-masen ka? Hd we ould B) bb Karera wa ,, koi [ni] ochita. They fell in love. by tuee—uw BAER iD) A2 ai [nil haitta seekal int) Mr. Morita joined the political circle. 3023 D) HALE IMR TSS LAD? & eS Morita-shi wa Anata wa moo ,, toohyoo [ni] iki-mashita ka? 1224) t In the pattern Have you already gone to vote? “E42 Watashi wa ogo .. ka {nil de-masu. I'm going to attend a meeting this afternoon. “.. ni naru (nari-masu) ~i2%@% (49 24)” or “.. ni kawaru (kawari-masu) ~123% (39 #4),” indicates a change in condition/state. 5) B) D) 5) Shingoo ga ,,a0 |ni| nari-mashita. Saa, watari-mashoo. The traffic light has turned green. Let's cross the street. wOELK Moo ,, aki |ni| nari-mashita ne. it's become autumn, hasn't 2 tedteoee Lopeik Pali cI br Watashi no sobo wa ,, kyuuius-sai [ni] nari-mashita. My grandmother has turned ninety. wesc LEEIAL SPY lls |tok. Yamagami-kun wa , kameraman [ni] natta. Yamagami became a photographer. ag roe ae se RAR EK AH OBILA WRB Re vie Mae wa kusuri-ya datta ano mise wa ,,megane-ya [ni kawatta. That store which used to be a pharmacy is now an optician’s. Indicates the time that an action takes/took place. 123,English approximation: “on’ a) C) D) E) in” “at” an [ni] hajimari-masu. School starts at eight thirty every morning. ay Ww Ererer LNT Kad GY [ni] kaeri-macu uy I'll be going home/coming home at seven in the evening. mane & bh) br Lith Bene] 2—t— EKA Lhe Watashi wa _,, kyuukee-jikan [ni 7 a wm () koohii 0 nomi-mashita. X ap 1 had coffee during the break. rer MAW buted ah, — a ae Rix Rose alcayy—b[}Tsst. Boku wa raishuu no kin-yoobi ni », konsaato [ni] iki-masu. T’m going to a concert next Friday. ae RB eee ice HELOPIATROM| I: feel Ke <ese ue £9 tonne F) BRO SU Wleg I BH BHATL CASLLA. Lightening flashed, and at the same time, there was a roll of ran iid! pie (ls ! thunder. 6) es a rate, propor: English approximation: “at” “to” “in” “for” “per” BS tk bE em ast A) be LIZ, MCR, Bl |-weBrsat. Watashi wa, asa to ban, ,,ichi-nichi [ni] ni-kai ha o migaki- masu. ; we ey I brush my teeth twice a day in the . O A ~) |B Bee BE T= paog ep * B) Vp ROERALS BS SLE [RIT Yamanote-sen no densha wa _,.go-fun oki | ni} ki-masu. Yamanote line trains come every five minutes. 5 fete senchi desu. The size of this photograph is eight centimeters by thirteen centimeters. 125Tesuto-yooshi wa ,. hitori | ni! ichi-mai zutsu desu. The exam should be one page per person. wee ee te a E) RSPR TT FLFOKLIN GA. n.Ichi-do | ni] zenbu tabe-nai de, sukoshi zutsu oagari nasai. Don't eat it all at one time; eat it a little bit at a time. eh24 stppen gaan.) FP) TAi-| os CAT AOFR HAD There is a fifty yen handling fee per every one thousand yen. 7) Shows that someone is involved in or influenced by an action or a condition. English approximation: “from” “with” ue Babee k A) DRULABIL, PEL POAT ADM HK [IE | RBA TOE To tori-kunde-imasu. We are now working on a research in electronics. used res B) MSEFOU VS |FHP TH, Kare wa karate no ,, keeko |ni] muchuu desu. He's obsessed with karate practice. Watashi wa , samusa |ni! furueta I shivered from the cold. ee cm D) Klas Boku wa ,, koonetsu | ni} kurushinda. ry L[SLAK. I suffered from a high fever.8) Shows the intention or purpose of the action. English approximation: “as a token of” “as” “for® “by way of” uae BEE 5 thee =F Rt Boku, oiiichan kara , otoshidama [ni] ni-sen en moratta yo. I was given two thousand yen by grandpa as a New Year's gift. B) bAL HI, nae—v[E) oo tAHaa LA Watashi-tachi wa, ,. hanemuun [niJ hawai e iki-mashita. We went to Hawaii for our honeymoon. wBUBbe bouorocta, L3e 2 2k [e]one Be CHA, lro-iro osewa ni nari-mashita. Tsumaranai mono desu ga, doozo ,, oree [ni] kore o ouketori kudasai. Thank you for everything. This isn’t much, but please accept this as a token of my appreciation. 9) Piaced after a noun, tists a number of things. Interchangeable with the 1 additive sense. English approximation: “and” “with” A) bALIAZ 71 KFAY[E) yaad, Watashi wa ,, furaidochikin [ni] hanbaagaa ga ii wa. I want some fried chicken and a hamburger. B, ese SUb—mbe ve ee a0 ABIL, FRCS OALE BFS) TC, BET Sb eK. to. soode de nigiwatta. Everyone from the village gathered and enjoyed the festival, (including) children, youngsters and the elders. 127co) For today’s party. do vou think a blouse and a skirt are appropriate? 10) Shows the speaker's respect toward the party addressed. Not translata- masi I hope your husband, too, is well. kya auto s9be B) H4a[ic|ld, RATA AEB SHSTITT. n, Shushoo [ni] wa, raigetsu amerika 0 hoomon-sareru soo desu. ‘The Prime Minister is supposed to make a visit to the U.S. next 11) Shows that something is/was done by/through a measure described by the preceding noun. Often in the patterns “... ni yotte ~iz £2 (.. ni yori ~I2£/... ni yore ba ~(2 kHIL/... ni yoranaide ~I2 kb wy 7°)” English approximation: “by” “at” “according to” “from” “due to” 2 f Kiku , tokoro [ni] yore ba, atarashii haiuee ga kono machi o tooru soo da. According to what I've heard, a new highway is supposed to be built through this town. 128kegs maka T|£9, RS SBIAREALTLE OK [ni] yori, tomodachi kara karita hon o yogoshite aan meee) C) RRL tH [IE tke Saikin no ,, kenkyuu [ni] yore ba, ginga no chuushin ni wa burakku-hooru ga aru to yuu koto da. Ace. ti of our Milky Way. 12) Placed between two nouns, creates a pair. English approximation: “and” “in addition” n,shinroo [ni] ,.shinpu A bridegroom and a bride be — ees B) afr lee ) afr lee noni [ni] n.kanaboo (proverb) A demon and a metal club. (ie. the metal &\Y 325 MS) es club gives the demon, already a strong \ wy Z ! being, additional strength.) 1 Nee Placed atter a verb. frequent tly use d before the frequently used before th verbs “iku #< (to go)” and “kuru 3&4 (to come),” and related verbs aoe such as “mukau #72°4 (to head for),” “shuppatsusuru “E+ 3 (to 129depart),” “kaeru 3#% (to return)” and “modoru Ba (to come back).” English approximation: “to do ...” “in order to do ... AY pet gpa Bagi ep bxt ise A) SELIG LENE TLERNI-TISF. Wat: y.tabe [ni] iki-masu. I go to a restaurant to eat sushi. me» I |EANTSELKR. I went to the airport to pick up my friend. xe, | he | ies Toman! Tay Shukudai o wasureta node, uchi e (shukudai a) , modotta. As I had forgotten to take my homework with me, I went back home to get it. BS, peEsdo[e]Ra LAL. Toshio, otomodachi ga , asobi [ni] D) Toshio, your friends are here to play with you,2) In a pattern where the same verb is repeated with “ni tz” in between, intensifies the degree of the action. Engiish approximation: “ aaa 2 A) ah Kyoo wa , machi [ni] matta ensoku no hi desu. Today is the day of school trip that I've been really looking forward to. B) ZR SREB, ji Sono shirase 0 kiite, kanojo wa ,, naki [ni] naita. 3) When the verb is in passive form, “reru #4” or “rareru5# 4%.” the Particle “ni |<” is placed after the agent of the action. English approximation: “by” A) béL Et O[E]e tone. Watashi wa ,, suri [ni] saifu 0 su-rareta. Ds he = by a pickpocket, 7 i I was robbed of my wai 6 4 CA he (eZ Pratt B) MlsRlizjLsonk, Boku wa _,,chichi [ni] shika-rareta. 1 was scolded by my father. 131z Heunonn. Oe nij dove o D) br Ba ane-raret Te y I was splashed with mud by a car. Soe aft i 3. Makes the preceding noun an indirect object. It is placed after the indirect object and before the direct object. A) (be LED bGROBR ERECT CHEO, (,.Watashi | ni] ) anata no shasihn 0 misete kudasai. Please show me your picture. RR bbr [REBOOT L YY be (ndlhe Imooto wa ,,watashi [ni] tanjoobino purezento o kure- Se it indirect obect B My sister gave me a birthday present. ove a OC) bALIME[E]7 77 ABERA KL Watashi wa ,, kanojo |ni| furansu-go o oshieta. I taught her French. 4, In relation to the verb form: in a sentence where the verb foiiows the pattern “... te morau (... te the preceding noun as the agent or the source of an action which was requested by the speaker. English approximation: (receive favor from ... by request) 132A) co) br LIDRBEEEJET? eH2 Choa Lhe Watashi wa ,, umeda-sensee [ni] piano o oshiete-morai- a masiita. T received piano lessons fram Mrs [lmeda bELIGE| TY Ky Fel Choon. Watashi wa ,, haha [ni] sandoicchi a © tsukutte-moratta. oP, 1 My mother made sandwiches for me PE, eet spot R= |TORLOFBVIEKRTE SDK. n, Lomodachi | ni] hikkoshi no tetsudai ni kite-moratta. ‘gent My friends came over to help me move (at my request). wy Det igh - RB Te UL \\ 5. Placed after mimesis, creates an adverb that modifies the verb in the predicate. Not translatable. A) MAUL OT ULEULe[EPBATL3 oA. B) Ame ga nidoku ie, ,,,disho-bisho | ni} nurete shimatia. hard, I got thoroughly soaked. Lon, moose ctuan, Kono pan, ,,,kara-kara | ni] kawaite-iru ne.This bread is dried stiff. 6. In the pattern ~... ni wa ... keredo(ga) ~t=li~t7 & (4*),” placed h degree of reservation. English approximation: “it is certain that ..., but” A) bovabsvoted, BoLofEiapelouar, baoe Bon. Ano resutoran no ryoori wa, 4g.dishii |ni| wa oishii keredo, The fond at that restaurant is gaod, all right, hut it's a hit expen sive, don’t you think. nee tot B) B¥, FSF SNC, LIF LA OTH. Henji, , suru [ni] wa surukedo, moo sukoshi matte ne? T'll give you the answer, certainly, but could you wait a little ionger? verb into a present participle (“ing”) form. English approximation: wane ee ots eee oe A) 484 DELILSOBAY LE AAR BH ok Ima , omou tari-nakatta. time. ny wee) ayegs yo B) #2taalie) CAxboe Rawr 4, Kangaete ,, miru |ni|, kore ijoo no yookyuu wa muri daroo. 134In thinking about it, I don’t think it’s possible to make any further demands. @ ~THST .. daroo ni ~/#4 412,” “.. deshita deshoo ni ~ TL #TL + 412, “.. datta deshoo ni ~HoATL & 41:,"“... datta roo ni ~H KSI.” Expresses one's sympathy or regret. Often placed at the end of a sentence. English approximation: “I suppose ...” “I regret ...” “I sympathize ...” co A) BAbOSHAI [EL BOSER vee, vibitv mo iru, darve | ni}, wakai inochi o ushinau to wa. young. us a VEWBRRMEOATL ETE] LK MME Z B Hidoi otenki datta . deshoo |ni|. Yoku kaereta koto. The weather must have been terrible. It’s a wonder you managed to come home. Son-na ni yasumazu hataraite. sazo tsukareta . daroo | You have been working so hard without a break, how tired you D) KL aUnkbonM, boCMBL THULE SOA . Motte benkyoo st You only managed to get a low grade. You should have worked harder. 1351. Indicates that there is something additional or surpassing the norm. English approximation: “even” “also pote user Lee A) RAIS, BAIL IEEEL TOS. Kanojo wa, ,, hiru-yasumi |ni mo} shigoto o shite-iru. She is doing work even during her lunch break. valeslitowevabnat Watashi wa. .. afurika|ni mo! itta koto aa ari-masu. aturika (ni mo} & T have also been to Africa. BL eK C) OBERT, R bjyba7 Sono okashi, ,,boku {ni mo} choodai. Please (can you) give me some of those candies, too? y In an honorific usage, fullows ihe subjeci. Nui uaustaiabie. then the A) #2[rtlesaons rr ) i n, Sensee |ni mo| ogenki no koto to omoi-masu. I presume that you (sir) are fine. me pee BeoPN[ct |b kbrarsoger an? B Otaku no ,, minasama [ni mo| okawari wa gozaimasen ka? How is your family? (literally: There are no changes concerning 3. In the pattern “(verb) ni mo (2 (verb) zu/nai 4/%\.” where one verb is repeated twice and followed by a negation, indicates that the action described by the verb is impossible or difficult to carry out. 136English approximation: “cannot do ... even if (I) were to try” ae neo ek ay bs a2 A) HTC BMERLZEKIMURA TLE, ACI BRIE Awatete kimono o kita mama mizu ni tobikonde shimai v. oyogu: [ni mo] oyoge-masen deshita. I jumped into the water in my clothes in a panic, and I couldn't swim even if I tried. B) CARES OL. RESTO UE BOO, Kon-na ni heya o chirakashite, y, aruku [ni mo] aruke-nai ja nai no Your room is such a mess, I couldn’t walk in even if I were to try. NI-MO-KAKAWARA-ZU Combination particle -b-DPDS-F A combination of “ni |:, mo &, zu” and the verb “kakawaru 4" 1. Shows that an actual situation is the opposite of what is expected. English approximation: “even though” 2 oe ue seus . A) MESA LIIREHOA bee boT |, THULIHTLED Riko tk. Maniau yoo ni eki ni , tsuita |ni mo kakawarazu|, densha wa ion so that T would he on time, it was after the train had already left. are og £5 ans B) FANT bombo T|, AEYTCERETT. 137Kyoo wa ,, harete-iru |ni mo kakawara zu}, sumoggu de sora hai Even though it’s a clear day today, the sky is grav because of smog. 2. A shortened form of “sore ni mo kakawara zu @#izbaeb5o.” Placed at the beginning of a sentence as a conjunction, showing that despite the previous sentence, an unexpected situation exists/existed. English approximation: “despite that fact,” \ = vate Cappy p,eel Sh. A) semen, [barbed Ba Kare ga benkyoo-shite-iru no o mita koto ga_ nai. Ni mo kakawara zu], seeseki wa itsumo toppu da. T’ve never seen him study. Despite that fact, his grades are always at the top (of the class). ELPPDST) HDBILD DRO I— & Kyoo wa hidoi atsusa da. |Ni mo kakawara zu], ano obaasan wa fuyu no kooto o kite-iru. It’s extremely hot today. Despite that fact, that old lady is wearing a winter coat. NI-OI-TE (Z-dL\-T Combination particle A combination of the particles “ni (=” and “oite /\\,” the gerund of the verb “oku & ( (to place).” 1. Marks the place or time in which an action takes place. 138English approximation: “in’ py thEw DOR COM IEHIE BA BE Ba ai vicy riven [hbo abind + Sen kyuu-hyaku kyuu-juu-ni nen no orinpikku wa ,, baruserona ni cite] okonaware-masu. The 1992 Olympics will be held in Barcelona. B) FABRE TSM LAR RICE 7 pV baat. n Juuhas-seeki [ni oite] katsuyaku-shita sakkyoku-ka ni moo- tsaruto ga i Mozart is among the composers who were active in the eighteenth century. 2. Indicates the field of activity. English approximation: “concerning” “in the field of ” hee A) Ba. rey aos, BRE BO Cenk ee kenkyuu a shita. When he was in the U.S., he conducted some outstanding research in the field of economics. mea bow 09 ng B) Balbo], FR Bos, REL FH HEV Ear a. Kaiga [ni oite} mo, ,, ongaku |ni oite| mo, kanojo yori sainoo In the fields of both art and music, there aren’t too many others who are more talented than she. 139NESHITE [<-UT Combination particle and “shite LC,” the gerund of the A combination of the particles “ni verb “suru J 4 (to do).” Indicates a time, a place or a condition. English approximation: “while” “at” LUT), IBAA. Kare wa _,, ryokoo-chuu |ni shite}, yamai ni taoreta. B) HOETHANB RL), RALLVIA PVEFTSZIT te. Ano pianisuto wa ,, hyaku-sai | ni shite}, raigetsu mata risaitaru © suru soo desu. That pianist, at age one hundred, will be holding another recital Ni-SHITE-MO = {(C-UT-+5 Combination particle ” “shite L €,” the gerund of the verb A combination of the particle “ni “suru t 4 (to do),” and the particle “mo.” Gives a hypothetical situation as a condition for the ciause that foiiows. 5 “leven) if (you) A) #eLoa(kl cal, sos Kodomo o , shikaru |ni shite mo}, jibun no kanjoo dake de h appr ea) WEY CLs THOU BUO. shikatte wa ike-nai. If you were to scold a child, you should not scold her/him just basedB) on your emotions. Eereeneies Bs CROWS ne Bo cos[El ta], RSobs CHB Ima made iuubun renshuu-shita to ,, omotte-iru |ni shite mo}. shiai no hi made renshuu o namakete wa ike-nai. Even if you think that (you) have practiced enough by now, (you) must not skip any practices until the day of the match. NI-SHITE-WA [Z-UT-[& Combination particle A combination of the particle “ni |=,” “shite LT,” the gerund of the verb “suru J 4 (to do),” and the particle “wa (i.” Shows that a result has surpassed what is usually expected from an individual or a category. English approximation: “for” AY B) ry an Beccles e (har r # For you, you sang pretty well, (i.e. That’s pretty good, considering your usual performance.) Zev ta], co BS, n. Fuyu [ni shite wa], kono ni-san-nichi wariai ni atatakai ne. For winier, these pasi iwo ui iiuee days have been eiaiively warm, 141NITE [ct Equivalent to “de .” (See p. 17.) 1. Placed after a noun of location, indicates it is where an action takes/ took place. Often in the patterns “kore nite C#vi2¢" and “koko nite © 12,” used in more formal speech. English approximation: “at” “with” “in” The next physics conference will be held in Hiroshima. pose (2 CPL ET. Kyoo no ensoku wa , koko |nite| kaisan shi-masu. ees B) FAOMRIL= Kon- akki wa, kore |nite| oshimai ni shi-masu. 'Q With this, | conclude this semester. 2. Indicates a reason or motive for an action or occurrence. English approximation: “due to poe A) 30414, BABIES T/RMOALELAS “owing to ...” nhl thee B) ROFREIE TPL OU HEEL TLE Watakushi no _,, fuchuui {nite} mooshiwake-arimasen deshita. I'm sorry, it was due to my carelessness. 142NO(N) O(A) “No ®” basically transforms a noun into a possessive. It functions like the “'s” in English. Placed between two nouns, the first noun together with the particle “no ©” modifies the second. For example: Bs ae oT ae BRIA * BRIA a otoosan |no} hon otoosan |no} hon my father | ’s | book the book | of| my father In Japanese, personal pronouns such as “watashi b/:L,” “anata bw oes 7," “kanojo +," etc. do not have cases, as in English. Particles must be attached in order to indicate the case of a personal pronoun. Examples with “no ®” are: “watashi no /+L® (my),"“anata no bw “kanojo no 47) L £ % (her), The particle “no 2” followed by another noun. Compare: oy Pols DIL|DIS® watashi [nal han co my book Ever LTO yasui ringo yasui |no| an inexpensive apple (an) inexpensive one 143,br Lattot& br latot[a watashi ga katta hon watashi ga katta [no] ihe bovk T bought ihe une 1 bought used to indicate the location of a aaa an Re ag a ae cue HtEL|D aM |O|E|O| MO] &|O| 7 |Ol|Aa0F4l asoko |no| hondana |no|ue|no|tana|nojmigijno| hoo |no} ookii jibiki over there book shelves up —shelf--—right toward —_big dictionary — ter — we [O| Be [2] * ao Lael aT Bo “fs The book next to the big dictionary on the right side of the upper shelf of the book shelves over there. In translating this phrase into English, you must begin with “hon *” and proceed backwards all the way to “asoko 4% <.” 1. Placed between two nouns. 1) Indicates the possessive. English approximation: “of” “belonging io” “wit” anvee[alr a person with beautiful eyes kiree na me |no| hitoKERR daigaku [no] kyooju fxs) —peaen snit| 0 |S ginkoo |no} toodori ze 2 sw [3] me 2 kurasu |ni {no} ere ROE nami |nal ata oo Ber RO |Rt aR] sekai Jno) heewa a college professor (literally: a professor of a college) president of the bank ihe sound of waves my tather’s shoes world peace (literally: peace of the worid) Kore wa , anata [no hon desu. This is your book. B) béL [aloes [a] Pima 1 at. Watashi [no] kaban |no} naka ni chizu ga ari-masu. There is a map in my briefcase. 2) Indicates the relative location/direction of the first 2) Indicates the relative location/direction of the first noun. English approximation: “of” a2 F-TMO\E teeburu |no| ue on the table ~ x 145146 a\F tsukue [no] shita Bord een FAR) 2 | Be gakkoo |no| tonari RRS [Ot yuubinkyoku [no] mae F- b[9] depaato |no| yoko There is a dog under the table. [a] tikes te FET NSS under the desk 4 A Get | a 4 | k, Pett next to the school in front of the post office to the side of the department store beyond thai big buil kt ».Nagashi [no] naka ni gokiburi aa iru vo! There are cockroaches in the sink!3) Placed between two nouns, indicates the material the latter is made of. English approximation: “(made of)” A) B) a cotton shirt IN =p ye . AR|D]2—+ a fur coat ( kegawa |no] kooto \ ( aN \ Wy Ni SAS Alois a wooden bridge 12) ki al asi cates - Y ~ Tey aL[9]7-Y a pair of rubber boots TO uu gomu jn} buuisu J | et bELILSO HOF REM LA Watashi wa kinoo ,, kawa |no| tebukuro ( i Uj i | o kai-mashita. I bought a pair of leather gloves yesterday. S\ me So» EDM DH CIW STT HM? Gee) io How much is that bamboo basket?©) sn70rz[alRixnolicss2 Ano »,buronzu [no] zoo wa dare no saku desu ka? SB i 4) Shows that the second noun is the product of the first personal noun English approximation: “of” “created by” seiteeren— taste A) CHAR PRRR Od RTT. Kore wa ..kawabata yasunari [na] shoosetsu desi This is a novel written by Kawabata Yasunari. #26 epezdeacnsite B) Comer —F—-|D|RF wb -#Ct, Kono kyoku wa ,,maaraa [no] kookyookyoku ichi-ban desu. This is Mahler's First Symphony. 5) Indicates the relationship between the two nouns. vovimation: “of” “by” “with” “hetween” “to” A) SOALHAL[DRS TH. Ano hito wa ,, watashi |no} oji desu. That person is my uncle. B) LAH KDR ct. Kanojo wa ,, shachoo [no] hisho desu. é president, She is secretary to awe C) ankithe Loelaltice, 12} Ano hito wa watashi no ,, inochi [no] onjin desu. He saved my life. (literally: That person is the one who saved mylife.) 6) Establishes that the second noun is in the category of the first noun. English approximation: “of” “on” “about” “at” Eee aed ites AAA BAS OAS TT Matsuoka-sensee wa .. rika [no] sensee desu. Mr. Matsuoka is a science teacher. 23m Ls B) cama AoE CH. Kore wa ,,nihongo [no] kyookasho desu. This is a Japanese language textbook. cy HEM Eh Ee se OC) AAAI AA Ie i, sareta. The law of gravity was discovered by Isaac Newton. 7) Shows that the first noun is an attribute of the second noun. English approximation: “that which is” Exampies: kaw azlolam yb aR shinyuu [nol jiroo-kun _is my best friend) eee ee ag . net We 1 R(D| Hix 34 an old woman of age nineiy Mr. Shimizu, the attorney 149> B) wae — sed , RO |e the great music hall ongaku [no] dendoo age ey [oft a pink flower (literally: the flower pinku {no] hana which is pink) a[olt a rose (literally: the flower which is a bara |no| hana rose) ope 23624—eees aia co Watashi wa, , koochoo [no] bandoo to mooshi-masu. 1 am Bando, the principal of this school. ae Lape EPHAb|OHERAA ELH OAL ET. n.Pianisuto |no| satoo-san 0 goshookai itashi-masu. Let me introduce Ms. Sato, the pianist. 8) Where the first noun is a place na English approximation: “at” “in” “on” “over” “from” “of” ° A) =2-3-7[o]Rakcl sae. ». Nyuuyooku [no] fuyu wa samui deshoo nee. Winter in New York must be very cold ape nots B) MeO) RHOTT SE. oie ree G . [Ro] kaigan wa kiree desu yo. tens gee C) RAD] RRA SF RAR. 150 n. Kyooto |no} itoko kara tegami ga kita. I received a letter from my cousin in Kyoto.9) The first noun describes the state in which the second noun exists or has entered. English approximation: “in” a Ano ojjisan wa ,, kookotsu [no] hita ni natta soo da They say that the old man has become senile. fora acy B) hewdk[olRacr. Kanojo wa_,, hakui (byakue) [no] tenshi desu. She is an angel in a white uniform (a nurse). pri Gh Tit A a C) pir Lidb hs] DITMOROL I. I can read a letter written in Japanese. 2. Accompanies some names of colors in order to transform them into adjectives. English approximation: (the color of) Ae os at A) SMILE (B)|D| PTT. That is a green car. wage us. B) COR (2) [oleaticwwa ta? Kono ,,murasaki (iro) |no} hana wa nan to ii-masu ka? What is the name of this purple flower? aes _ ao» C) FBICO7L—|Dla—b EMT I. Kyoo wa kono ,,guree jno| kovio o kite ikvu. ua ap Names of colors ending in “i \.” such as “shiro-i 4,” and “aka-i aby” 151may drop the “i \.” and replace it with “no 0,” ie. “shiro no @@” and “aka ap No #0.” 3. Places pronoun. “one” “the one” English approximation: 2 A) BREALO}lA, COKE ZOAR? »_Otoosan |no| wa, doko ni aru no ka na? Where is Dad’s? (literally: Where is the one which belongs to Dad?) 8 ».Kocchi [no] wa amai kedo, , socchi [no] wa karai yo. Koechi . y The one over here is sweet, but the one over there is salty. ©) prlalaei&xtlaoks. x». Watashi |no| wa moo tabete shimatta yo. I've already finished eating mine. py bth 28 lena D) BHAUML OO) BeELO. atarashii [nol ga oi co As for pieces of sashimi, fresh ones are good. te 8 E) Zoom carci 4[olizen ? Soko no sumi de ,, naite-iru |no| wa dare? Who is the one crying in the corner over there? F ee bom a RMR TERS|OLOP KL. THERA 5. I don’t want to go to bed yet. ‘Cause I want to watch TV. 4. Placed after a noun indicating time., English approximation: “of” “from” 152A) cnt Bio] ai Kore wa ,,juu-nen mae {no} shinbun da yo. 4 newspaper from ten years agu. kUpoee seni R) casnitslalK Bahn et. 25 Kore kara ,, nijup-pun [no] kyuukee ga ari-masu. We'll have a twenty-minute intermission now. veu—pers toe . C) F[OJIABGYAREBELTOKODEAS. ». Mukashi [noj hito-tachi wa don-na seekatsu o shite-ita no daroo. 5. Used instead of the particle “ga following it. Not translatable. e293 me ae oo A) FRR O)R ROBT AL Kyoo wa ,, kaze |no| fuku samui hi desu ne. ‘Yoday is a cold windy day, isn’t it? c} > Ame [nol furu hi wa uchi no naka de asobi-mashoo. On a rainy day, let’s play inside the house. seat aac tee 2 C) CHlsMeBZ AO |e LAB TT. Kore wa ,,nanbu-san [no] sakkyoku-shita kyoku desu. This is a piece composed by Ms. Nanbu. 6. In the patterns “ ‘such as” “like” English approximation: “as ky one ots U6 ® ve A) i PANIX, MHIBRS|O| LI GATT. 1537. Hana ni tatoere ba, kanojo wa_,, shira-yuri {no} yoo na hito Tf 1 were to descrihe her as a flower, she would he a white lily we pr Be ae BtCia no? WALD] £5 eHHe Lc Kimi doo ka shita no? ,, Byoo-nin [no] yoo na avi kao o shite. B Is something wrong? You look pale like you are sick. ©) comiaee[a] £3 ican, Kono suna wa _,,Satoo jnoj yoo ni shiroi ne. D) RiuaBlolescBekacann, Boku wa ,, tori |no| yoo ni sora o tonde mi-tai. I want to fly in the sky like a bird. Following a verb, gives it a nominal meaning of “a matter” or “a fact.” The main verb ot the sentence usually describes one of the five senses or English approximation: “a fact” “a matter” eset 2 A) RATA RA TH3[D]ARZ ET a. Hikooki ga tonde-iru [no] ga mie-masu. I can see an airplane flying in the sky. Ror soothe 24. B ee ee C) Be ecwrr[o]ekudsa, a. Kimi to yoku_asonda |no| o omoidasu ne. 154I remember we used to play together all the time. D) bRLIVIAR- bea LAIR OR I realized that I had lost my passport. 8. Placed at the end of a sentence. 1) Following a verb, makes a softened command. Often accompanied by “yo £” after it. Found in women’s language. English approximation: all right?” A) 2a. cw bBRAILA Saa, kore kara ofura ni, You're going to take a bath now. B) BABI BCE L CRS AE) Io Kaze dakara otonashiku ,, nete-iru no (yo)|. You have a cold, so stay in bed. 2) Emphasizes the action or the state described. : “the fi hy A) bEL. ALbSeALUAHL Be or[D], Watashi, miyo-chan to ,, kenka-shi-chatta [no]. (The fact is that) I had a quarrel with Miyo. B) K#s PEO EEL ne], Tomodachi ga manga no hon o , kashite-kureta {no}. (The faci is tai) my friend feni me a comic book. ae QO # Bratukhe. b4 bxneotlal 2) Boku onaka ga suita kara, moo ,, tabe-chatta {no} (To tell the truth) I've already eaten because I was hungry. 1553 4) 9 acl E Transforms a sentence into an interrogative (with a rising intonation). informai version of “... no desu ka? ~v)-C¥ 4°?" Not transiatabie. ye ae A) 2o4e, Gaturlal? ) b furlal Kono tegami kimi ga ,, kaita [no]? ‘Was it you who wrote this letter? B) SLARRY|O]? Ashita y. ko-nai [no]? Wu are not aa c) FLGBLU Ss ©) ELGRAL ss oh OD)? Kono hon moo , yon-iatta [no]? You've read this book already? For casual emphasis. Used often by elderly men. Sometimes pro- nounced “noo 4.” Not translatable. A) B35, Bo tC RAD). a Inol a [70]. Oh, it’s yon, Makoto, good of yon ta came. ore, SHR cD], B) 50% Arigatai koto ja. Kotoshi wa kome ga hoosaku ,, de |no}. Thank God. We have a good rice harvest this year. In the pattern no... n0 ~M~M,” connects two contrasting tions/conditions. “(or)” A) it [olitenuloleBo tum Bi cobain 5? v. [ku |no} ,, ika-nai |no| to mayotte-inai de, hayaku docchi ka ni kimetara? 15610. The contraction of Instead of being indecisive whether or not to go, why don’t you just decide whichever quickly? Ele. Socteie. A wlale ROR Oe eo Tats shinasai. Don’t complain about the weather being (too) hot or cold. You must go jogging every morning. no tokoro ~% = 4.” Colloquial expression. Engiish approximation: “of” lo]i® w@[A]6 my place boku [no] uchi boku-[n] chi berfolecs arr[a]es your place anata [no| tokoro—_anta-[n] toko ravi toes BK|D\CL4 Ra|A| te her place Otoosan, kono sansuu no mondai muzukashiku te, 9, koko-[ n tokoro ga wakara-nai yo. Dad, this math problem is hard, and I don’t understand this part here. wrens, ae (gles (224) rMSEncs ey . ; ene A, boku ,, sunahama-[n] toko (tokoro) ni booshi wasurete ki-chatta. 157Oops, I forgot my hat on the beach (literally: at the place on the beach). NO-DA(N-DA) @-72(/u-7E) Combination particle A combination of the particle “no ” and the copula “da 7.” Colloquial form: “nda 4#.” Informal form of “no desu ®t.” Past form “no datta M#27:” is used mostly in written language with a slight exclamatory tone. name a3 ze A) BOKSC bELABILF( CO SREREDOK|DE|. Ano ooyuki de, watashi-tachi wa aruku koto sae ,, deki-nakatta no da]. It was impossible to even walk in such heavy snow. 8 ga ,, koishiku-naru [no dal. The longer you live in a foreign country, the more you crave for Japanese food. 2. Expresses desire or will. Not translatable. HC ChE Ashe w9LEs | A) RIPR oO CHMAS TR BT | OK. This time I’ve got to win at the speech contest. Yemoce Bow Yoyo B) COR RIALRUG, CARBMH OT ERAT (AK. 158Kono bijutsu-ten wa minogase-nai. Don-na koto ga atte mo zettai ni ,,iku-[n da]. ican't miss seving iis art exhibition. No matter what, i'm 3. At the end of a sentence, as an exclamatory particle. Not translatable. head Horde A) ®@&L ta CEA THE Dea, APA ARIS At eror DE |. Benkyoo-shi-nai de asonde bakari ita kara vareafoo aol y. haire-nakatta|no da). couldn’t get into the school of your choice. ba was ee cee B) BIZMEL VOI, RVFRMECHEIAK). TO the Kare wa isogashii no ni nagai tegami o ,, kureta-/n da]. Sugu ni henji o dasa-nakute wa. hack Combination particle A combination of the particie “no %” and the copula “daroo 7244.” daroo 4 it is uncertain. English approximation: 159BR2 20 5 CHE rol, BEM ORKA[DEA 5], Ima ware-ware ni totte ichiban hitsuyoo na no wa, koogai- Al d Tho darool 1 daroo}. The most imnortant thing right now is prohahly to solve the problem of pollution. Aven oak B) LGLA[AHAIL BIS TH Lw SOI, MES KRO TS Ts Doo ,,shita-|n daroo], moo sanjup-pun ni mo naru no ni, kanojo wa mada modoitte ko-nai. as “since/because.” “node ®t” is emploved more often in describing a reason or a cause that is objective, or already present and beyond the control of the speaker. “Kara 4-5” is used to express the speaker's will, command, conjecture, or question. Compare: Ee . A) FARA W|OT), HEMMICGS TLE IF. Kyou wa gq.aiaiakai |node|, sakura mo mankai ni naru deshoo. oday, the cherry bl y be bloom. e284 ae q B) #ERWAW AS IMEELTIST. 160i |kara} chokin o shite-imasu. Because I want to buy a car, I am saving up. This distinction is sometimes very thin, and “kara 4-5” and “node 2” ably. torchangcably. 1. Indicates a reason or a cause. English approximation: “since” “because” A) R) ae 3 Benge HSEVAMEINKA|IOTAT) |, AABTABUL TIT, Akachan ga ,,umareta |node(n de)|, min-na de 00-yorokobi shite-imasu. Everyone is very happy, because the baby was burn. zote, Bor tnnuol (amorlatieo], “OL ae Oran NZUATLES Sono ryoori wa, omotta yori 4g,oishiku-nakatta [node(n de}], hito-kuchi shika tabe-masen deshita. Since that dish wasn’t as good as I thought it would be, I didn’t eat more than a bite. he E0~9T.” English approximation: “because (someone) said ... ” “since it was so ...’ A) B) BR Beeome bate ORM BITE AUST IOTC(AT) |, RAL THITE LK Kare ga bijutsukan ni iki-tai to ,. yuu |node(n de)|, an-nai-shite age-mashita. © Wanted to go to a museum, bLENR ATA), AK-THONELE. (Otte eT) Anmari .g,samui |node (n de)|, sutoobu o tsuke-mashita. 161Since it was so cold, I turned on the heater. 3. Placed at the end of a sentence, preceded by a reason for an action English approximation: (because) A) BOT FAH ORO. LIL TERTE OURS DUAT) Jo Kare no apaato e itta no, dooshitemo kite morai-tai to ,, yuu node (n de)|. IT went iv his apartment, (because) he said he really wanted me ito came over. B) 839834, SLADHSE OTK]. Moo neru yo, ashita no asa ga »q,hayai [node (n de)}. I'm going to go to sleep now, (because) I have to get up early tomorrow morning. NO-DE @-@ Combination particle A combination of the particles “no 9” and “de T.” English approximation: “by/from the fact that A) Bs EE ch cc, BERR Hs wloc|pos, Kanojo ga ii sensee de aru koto wa, gakusee-tachi ni hyooban de lw 10 de jwakaru. ‘That she is a good teacher can be gathered from the fact that 8 og, students say good things about her. te oe ae B) LOBOS L BI UlL, REYTOBMFN|DT|Hd. 162Kono machi no kuuki ga yoku-nai koto wa, sumoggu no hi ga ag.00i [NO de] wakaru. That this town’s air isu’t very clean is ubvivus by ihe fi there are many days with emag A combination of the particle “no 9” and the copula “de aru TH %.” Emphaticaiiy expresses a reason or a cause. Mainly used in written ianguage. (See p. 164 “no desu OC.") 8 English approximation: (because) soo baed vioac A) WAH SOS, WIIG DHHSHSUODTHS|. Mono ga ochiru no wa, chikyuu ni inryoku ga aru kara ¢.na no de aru}. The reason why things tall is because the earth has gravity. vey #49995 pee woe, Bp) BB (LOMbA EOL, LER EZXREE DY B) @, & 4 ROME ROL, 1d MRAe SR DNTHSI. ete? i Mukashi, kyooryuu ga sunde-ita no ga wakatta no wa, kaseki ga hakken sareta kara ¢.na [no de aru The reason why we know that there were dinosaurs long ago is because fossils were discovered. 163NO-DESHOO(N-DESHOO) @-TL&5(A-CL ES) Combination particle A combination of the pariicie “no #” and the copuia “deshoo CL 4 4.” Coll: English approximation: “perhaps it’s because ...” A a2 ee ae = SALBBEOS, BAMOTOSOIOTL £9 |r? Kyoo wa obon da kara, mise ga ,, aite i-nai |no deshoo} ka? Perhaps it’s because today is the day of the Obon ceremony that stores are not open? & # + ccd Anata wa, watashi ni ai-taku te . kita |n deshoo|? Perhaps it’s because you wanted to see me that you came over, isn’t it? NO-DESU(N-DESU) M-TH (Ay- TF) combination particle A combination of the particle “no 9” and the copula “desu t+.” Formal form of “no da M¢:.” Colloquial form: “n desu A. C4.” 1. Emphasizes a statement. Not translatable. EubRs ae kee ese A) FREEFZDIL, HDELKSAADKEL|D(A) TH]. Kodomo-tachi 0 mamoru no wa, watashi-tachi otona no sekinin . najnoin) desu}. B) WINK MEAT YAQ Oa THE ire Fi, Yuube osake 0 nomi-sugita see ka atama ga aq itai |no(n) desu}.Perhaps because I had too much to drink last night, my head hurts. 2. Emphasizes a question, Not translatable. y po®repeebre<: Suc ) BRS RLABR EBL TH S/DLA) TF Anata wa, itsu ni nattara kashita okane o ,, kaeshite-kureru no(n) desu] ka? When are you going to pay me back the money you owe? BWOAPECbDLTLZ9T CILT HSA ae Daiji na tsubo 0 kowashite shimatte, doo ,, shit n desu! ka mses) (You) broke a treasured vase, what are you going to do about it? 3. In the past tense form “no deshita #-CL 7,” gives a description as an explanation for an action. English approximation: “(it so happened that ...)” _ BAe STE based Bele Be A) BREACH TI, Me Race oUF EBOR[O TL Eo shu _o okutta |no deshital. After the moving speech, (it so happened that) the audience gave their wholehearted applause. B) Hbve5i, TRAEAKLL HHT, ZORIRAMRS CH no deshital. nese Not knowing that its master had died, (it so happened that) that poor dog went to the station to meet him every day. 165NOMI Ow sin colloquial speech, “dake 71+” or “bakari (4-)” are usually used instead. 1. Excludes other possibilities and establishes a limit. English approximation: “only” A) con[oala, KEitb adn, ono mura |nomi] ga, suigai ni awa-nakatta. 8 wee B) “Relkosatloale, SE eB cae, Ichi-do ya ni-do no ,, tesuto |nomi| de, gakusee o hyooka-shite wa ike-nai. (You) must not judge students based only on one or two exams. 2. In the pattern “nomi narazu DAGOT.” Kono suizokkan ni wa, ,, shinkai-gyo |nomi| narazu, nettai-gyo mo iru. In this aquarium, there are not only deep-sea fish but also tropical She is active not only as a professor but also as a writer. 3. Placed at or near the end of a sentence for emphasis. The implication 166is that there is only one alternative which is not exactly desirable but unchangeable. A) ram Rack acho tka bier cits [oal. Es) Dooka chichi ga ikite kaette kuru yoo ni to tada ,, inoru |nomil. @ can only pray that (my) father will come back alive. DRAKE LU EER] HATES De AO[DA B He beth Mizu-busoku wa iyo-iyo shinkoku da. Ato wa tada ame ga furu no oy maisu [nomi] da. English approximation: “although” “but” “even though” sage A) 55, bi SMLENSL|OI|, SKBHHN? Ara, moo san-bai mo ,, tabeta [noni], mata okawari? My goodness, you've already had three helpings, but you want another one? B) pe WALI], Bre Watashi no honshi, tashika ni kako ni, oita |noni!, nai wa. —aaoao I know I definitely put my hat here, but it’s gone. uscae : aoer at oy C) MAAC GO|, BRAT ( SA THUIATH SY, 167Natsu-yasumi da to , yuu |noni|, shukudai ga takusan atte asobi ni ike-nai. (1) have too much homework. (literally: Even though it is called “summer vacation.”) 2. Expresses di atisfaction or resentment toward an unexpected situation. English approximation: “(if can/would do ..., (but ay Bek ee wiv Hs Tl A) BARS Oddo Cowid, RF Si4 [Diz], Kimi ga If I had known that you were coming over, I would have been home, (but)... Dac aa. BA» B) £58 Mbnlk, COKMHASlOl|eS. Moo hyaku-en are ba, kono hon ga ,, kaeru |noni| naa. If only I had one hundred more yen, I could buy this book, (but)... English approximation: “even though” A) Bxa00?2 tom ito Tabe-nai no? Sekkaku ,, tsukutta [noni]. You're not going to eat it, even though I went to the trouble of making it?NO-NI @-IZ Combination particle A combination of the particies “no 7” and English A) B) xv Fnglish A) B) approximation: “in order to ... cues vase ue BREA SOCLFIBES LIS S|Ml- Hd, CI LEST FH? ‘in doing Nihon-go ga motto joozu ni hanaseru yoo ni ,, naru doo shitara ii desu ka? become a better speaks become a better speaker 8 t Yama-aruki o ,, suru [no ni] wa, mushi-yoke 0 motte-itta hoo ga ii yo. In order to hike mountains, it would be better to bring an insect repellent. cates the means or materi approximation: “for (ie. as a means for doing ..)” co, Kednaloe]b25 coun, Kono hako, hon o ,,ireru [no ni] choodo ii ne. This box is perfect for putting books in, (isn’t it)? LOWS, Hit 2[DEJF LBD Bupa, Kono chokin, ,, ryokoo-suru {no} ni sukoshi tari-nai wa ne. think)?First. note that the particle “o” is always written “%.” even though its pronunciation is shown as “o.” See below. Examples: A) cH CRAY, Give me three of these. Kore | 0 | mittsu kudasai. B) &rienelelBua tr. ha Otoshita okane [0 }hiroi-mashita. Thad dropped the money T picked up, I picked up the money I had dropped. Basically, “o #” always follows a noun or a nominal which is the direct Example: bruit 7-a[@] EXELK. Watashi wa keeki | 0 | tabe-mashita. ey I cake ate (eey O06 VY I ate off c Dy I ate off c € o subject transitive verb object Fou I 170However, some transitive verbs in English take the particle “ga 4*” instead of “o @” in Japanese. Such verbs are not numerous, and some exampies are: iru \\% (to need) kikoeru Bi 2 % (to be able to hear) kirai (desu) Ls (-C4) (to dislike) mieru 2% (to be able to see) suki (desu) 43 (<4) (to like) Examples: + A) SKB T LES CTH? Anata wa osushi |ga] suki desu ka? Do you like sushi? B) ARAMA} sTH2 Anaia wa nani (gal iri-masu ka? What do you need? ©) BaraBlpsonn0? Kimi wa dore |ga| wakara-nai no? Which is the one you don’t understand? HEUER. ne — Asoko ni yama |ga| mie-masu. D) I Another point concerning the particle “o #” is that certain intransitive m1verbs which do not require objects in English are expressed in Japanese as a set pattern: “noun + 0 &+ transitive verb.” I ski. brLaas—[e|L ate 1 do skiing. Watashi wa skii fo] shi-masu. I jog. brLiavaxy7[z]L3t. Ido jogging. Watashi wa jogingu | 0 | shi-masu. ghee I study. bre Ls Bl e| LET. I do studying. T sweated SREL AS T was in a eweat ° [o] kaki-mashita. 1. In relation to the type of verb in a sentence: 1) Placed after a noun, marks it as the direct object of the verb. Not transiatabie. A) o-e-felheacea. oe » Koohii [0 | nomi-mashoo. Let’s have coffee. B) bELIZ, 803, BULURSE [EES LAS Watashi wa, kinoo, oishii ,, tenpura | 0 | tabe-mashita. Ihad very good tempura yesterday. 1722) O Bupeen7 sy zhile lin. Boku wa ototoi furansu ,, eega (e] mita. 4 LLLLLLL 7 TABOR GALOWNZ, vege see Gof. D) SLA SEs lous +. SAGA SS Ashita imooto ni ,,denwa [o] kake-masu. (Uli cali my younger sisier ivmorrow. TN a ch) 2 wy On tt BE) £Wy sh chee toe Le Senshuu depaato de suteki na, kutsu | 0 | kai-mashita. () bought a pair of very nice shoes at the department store last Placed after a noun which is the direct obiect of a transitive verb ending in the pattern “... tal ~\) (want to),” “... taku-nai ~# ¢ #4» (don't want to),” “... takatta ~A4- * (wanted to),” “... taku-nakatta ~/ ¢ ti 4>2 # (didn’t want to),” as shown below. In these cases, “ga 4*” can be used instead of “o @” to add slightly more emphasis. Not translata- bie. EGO |kanvact, cee Boku wa ,, osake |o (ga)| nomi-tai-n desu. I want to drink sake. 1733) beLiard ‘ Bb -Lursazgy—enleas! B) PALIGTI AZ Y—Al EH) 1 lo (ga)| tabe-tai {ga} Watashi wa I want to have ice cream. Placed after a noun in a sentence with a causative verb, indicates that a person/thing causes/caused another person/thing to do something. A couple of examples of the causative form of a verb are as follows. Not translatable. KB (to come) (£)R 34S (to make someone come) kuru ko-saseru #8 (to go) (2) #22 (to make someone go) iku ika-seru A) ‘Bizer/[E]epecvas. I'm making my daughter take piano lessons. Baden B) MBO TL, FEE E|ESe AULT EL TCHS. Byooin no naka de wa, ,,kodomo-tachi | 0 | hashirase-nai yoo ni shite kudasai. Don’t allow children to run around in the hospital. Piaced afier a noun which is the direct object of a verb in the passive Wnalnne ty. form ~bn3(~5HEF),” indicates that the subject of the sentence receives an action from the other party. Not translatable. A) bAL BEE SHE] Hine. Watashi wa sensee ni , namae | 0 | yobareta. 174I was called on by my teacher. ‘Key: B) be LITA [E]ROnK. ~y Watashi wa neko ni ,, sakana [0 | torareta. } — way ee a= 2. In the pattern “... o shite-iru ~<'»% (... 0 shite-imasu ~% LT \\34 )” after a noun indicating an occupation, shows that the subject of the sentence is engaged in that occupation. Not translatable. upba? bua A) bELIGEROMBLE|L TS To Saree B) RueE[e]L coast, (Spe Chichi wa ,,sensee [0] shite-imasu. \* ~~ My father is a teacher. English approximation: “ (at) ” “ (from)” soasee ¢ 7 A) SwRI 5 ble [RST a? Anata wa maiasa nan-ji ni, uchi [0 | de-masu ka? What time do you leave home every morning? eo wlelasc BOTLE]R2T Ashita ,, rooma [ 0 | tate pari ni iki-masu. x I'm leaving Rome for Paris tomorrow. 175©) WTRETRI CHo, P7y— CIB HT ALA E) a, Chikatetsu {o} orite kara, takushii de uchi ni kaeri-mashita. SRAM. ORSLEIRK Lato Anata wa itsu kono daigaku | 0 | sotsugyoo-shi-masu ka? When will you be graduating from this university? 4, Used with a verb of motion, indicates that an action is continued at the place preceding it. n PP Some examples of verhs af mation are: A B c) 176 doraibu-suru k 74 744 (to drive) hashiru 4% (to run) hau ($4 (to creep) iku #7 (to go) (to pass through) brLIGAO-7([E | LA Watashi wa ,, suroopu | 0 | suberi-mashita. I slid down the slope. burlacoidle fo co cARELED? michi [0] tootte koko e ki-mashita ka? Anata wa dono bebe. Bobo tele a4oe4(e]eo47L ain. Watashi-tachi wa hiroi umi no ,.ue [0] hashiru,,haiuee [0] doraibu-shi-mashita.We drove on a highway running over a wide stretch of ocean. 5. Used in some set phrases such as “... 0 hajime to shite ~ #12 HU L oes v hittvo ni ~ &35Ri- (frum ihe iop duwn),” < Giiciuding, foremosij,” : “kore o ki ni > h &#¢t- (taking this opportunity)” ae af Gone Lace, A) BRR, React, KHOR RA. Sotsugyoo-shiki ni wa, q,fukee [0] hajime to shite, oozee no raihin ga shusseki-shita. Many guests, including family members, attended the graduation ceremony. 2 Kono kaisha de wa, ,,shachoo hittoo ni maiasa taisoo o shite-imasu. At this firm, everyone from the president on down does exercises every morning. oh c) cafe jm: RRELL I. Let me take this opportunity to quit smoking. Placed at the end of a sentence. i. Emphasizes the senience. Casuai usage. Not transiaiabie. a ae #4 Rumisee nels Yuube tetsuya-shita-n da mono, nemui no wa ,, atarimae [sa]. You stayed up all night last night, so it’s natural (indeed) that 17you're sleepy. $23 2 ie an B) RMOETWICT PINDACIMARA (EM. HOVE [a], Lay: Zutsuu ga hidoit te? Yuube an-na ni nonda-n da mono. Bachi ga atatta , no |saj. Your headache is really bad? You drank so much last night, you are (indeed) paying the price. 2. After interrogative pronouns or a phrase containing an interrogative latable. A) Led, Kacthozsoua[s] Jaa, dare ni kiitara ii», no [sa]. (So) who do you want me to ask, then? B) ai:[3], ee L AW n. Nani |saj, henji mo shi-nai de. 3. In the patterns “tesa € 3” and“tosa % 3,” introduces something that was said by someone else. English approximation: “..., (I hear, he/she said)” = to be ig to be B) 2am Pee Poh Sees areal. Sy Sore kara ooji-sama to oojo-sama wa shiawase ni kurashi- mashita ,. to |sa. 178The Prince and Princess lived happily ever after, it is said. SAE &2A 1. Cites an extreme example to make a comment on the norm. Often accompanied by a negative, or in the “sae ... dakara 22~(K)4*6” pattern. English approximation: “even” a) see wer 8 A) A) @hlikn| Lb] sec ce Sore wa ,,dare {shimo] kangae-tsuku koto da. That is something anyone can think of. B) Kh[Lb pean, 3. In the pattern “kanarazu shimo %4'L 8,” followed by a negative; indicates a partial negation. English approximation: “not necessarily A) WORE Ro hab CoC, EFL) ued o4 8 vate DU, mitsukaru to wa kagira-nai. Just because (you) get into a good university doesn’t necessarily mean that (you) can find a good job. 184B) S032 THM ASMALMVADS, SALMA EL. atatakai to wa .« kanarazu |shimo| ie-nai vo. Just because it’s been warm for several days until yesterday, it can’t necessarily be said that it will be warm today. SURA $5 Cites an extreme example English approximation: “(not) even ...” A) B) em wee vate eee ve WRI, SRORE| FT 5 MRIRNOMEVAAE ( SABO KE. Sekai ni wa, san-do no ,, shokuji |sura] manzoku ni taberare-nai ito ga takusan iru no da yo. three square meals a day, you know. ak eRe on ab HOLA, BI BPOM|TS|RATAOHU BoClLsoke Ano roojin wa, moo jibun no ,,musume [sura] miwake ga tsuka-naku natte shimatta. ‘The old man has reached a point where he cannot even tell his 185TARA 7&5 Often used in the form of “ 1. Casually marks the tonic or the subject. 1) Expresses a tone of familiarity or slight criticism. Not translatable. a2 8 A) bib eAolK5|, SEBO L. » Oneechan t[tara], mada nete-iru yo. She (literally: elder sister) is still in bed! on on ret; ath’. _ > a Beer. : Ro|Rb|) BIMLYOA UIE Pi-FPERED DO, o kara. He is already head over heels about his new girlfriend. 2) In the pattern “ttara ... nai 2% 4~-%\>,” expresses surprise at an unusual situation. English approximation : an emphatic “as tor” > Nemui t[taralnai yo. I've only had’ three hours of sleep. I’m so sleepy! (literally: As for being sleepy, it’s like nothing else.) B) D3NOB>[AS|SE TEC UC HoOKOL. Yuube no ,,kaminari t|tara], ima made ni naku, hidokatta no 2. Indicates a tone of impatience. 1861) In getting the attention of the party addressed, marks the pronoun or A) BRHeAo Fol, BOMHAG LAE ea} n.Oniichan t|tara], hayaku gakkoo e ikoo yo. Oniichan (literally: older brother), let’s hurry up and go to school. Buus ae oe 2 B) BGNLOeHS SE. FCRTL. BRAADlKSI]. Omoshiroi mono ga aru yo. Hayaku kite yo, ,, otoosan t|tara|. There's something interesting (here). Hurry over, Dadi 2) Placed English approximation: “(I said) ..., (do ... already!)” 2 wp pee oc A) 4A BH DTEDL. PK Ho TRE SOK]. Min-na matteru no yo. Hayaku ,, kaette-kinasai t| tara]. Everyone is waiting, you know. Come home already! ¢ ae B) SEAL, BRDLEOERTI|K 5]. It's only two o'clock. (I said) snacks are to be (eaten) later! 3. Placed at the end of a sentence or clause, expresses an emphatic exclamation. Not translatable. A) PHT2AS|. FAMIL. vy. Yamete t|tara], son-na koto. Kondo wa boku ni , yarasete t|tara|. Come on, let me do it this time! 187TARI 7&0 ~k~k"” pattern, English approximation: “(doing verb) and/while then (doing verb)” A) graprobe, Ho[ATRADIL COR. Kuma wa ori no naka de, it |tari| , ki [tari] shite-ita. ‘The bear was walking back and forth in its cage. (literally: was repeating going then vases e s ae B) Yet BAY MALE RelA NIL THEA. THA, ming.) Shoojo-tachi ga, ,,ton [dari] ,, hane [tari] shite asonde-iru. The girls are playing, jumping up and down. (literally: The girls playing, leaping and jumping.) 2. Cites one action or condition as one example of others in the category. Engiish approximation: “such a thing as” Kon-na ni kuraku-naru made soto de , asonde-i |tari| shite wa, abunai yo. It's dangerous to (do such things as) playing outside until it’s this dark. — 5) Don't (do such a thing as) throwing your trash in such a placeTATTE #3T dicctive, ates ot! 1 adjective, indicates a hypot! English approximation: “even if (vou) were to ... cioffot}, vo eBhee. Ima goro ryokoo ni ,, ikoo t{tatte], doko mo man-in da yo. be A) Sr aketicit Even if (you) were to want to go on a trip now (i.e. this late), it would be packed with people everywhere (you go). MP ERD, BAC THRE TIL, 8 11. ma dansha mo nai yo Kaeri-tai ta , ama t!tatte!, mao bh: Even if you were to think that you want to go home, there are no more buses or trains running. 2. In an emphatic adversative usage. Usually in the form “ttatte 2/2 Tw Engiish approximation: “even thoug 4 golkotl wxxyn3g Becket, FUG te A) FL eau at a re Ae Sukoshi gurai chokin ga ,, aru t/tatte|, iza to yuu toki ni wa yaku ni tata-nai ne. Even though you have a little bit of savings, when you really need it (ie. in an emergency), it won't be of any use (don’t you think 7) ° wer zn fan KEo hot), MUA MaRS ARAL. 2 i han na yan-hai ka go-hai dake da Nomu titatte! sakazs uae. yo. Even though (1) say (1) drink, I mean only four or five servings in 189a sakazuki cup. TE @ Sometimes found in the “tte >t” form. 1. Indicates that two actions occur simultaneously or successively. English approximation: “do (verb) and ...” aecee th A) BERTH L. SHACHs|T CHWs VBS. We have a guest. Sit up straight and say your greetings. ab ue eee sue B) Koiatko[t], SRY Lr, Sakura no hana ga ,,chi t[te], wakaba ga de-hajimeta. The cherry blossoms have scattered, and the leaves have begun to appear. 2. Indicates a reason or a cause. English approximation: “because” A) oF, REL oo A dots, Ano ko wa, sensee ni ,, shikarare | te} naite-iru. That child is crying because (he) was scolded by (his) teacher. B) hetaeX— bk. BESAIHH SHC] UTRIAL totemo ureshikatta. I was able to swim fifty meters for the first time. I was very happy because my Mom said she was proud of me.3. Indicates a method for an action. English approximation: “by” “with? I drink coffee with milk and sugar. (literally: I put milk and sugar in my coffee (and that is the way I) drink coffee.) zuep B) MED EL tito 4. Toomawari o , shi [te] ikoo. Let’s take the long way around. (literally: Let’s go by taking a road out of ) } 4. Asa conjunction. lists items. English approximation: “and” nots es A) Rel, ALC [T : + RECT KAI CHEN S, Kanojo wa, ag,yasashiku | te kisaku de, dare ni demo sukareru. She is nice and she is down-to-earth, so (she) is liked by everyone. & [JE Eqeeue. hike [t asuku [tal oi sh tel .y.yasuku [tel o Kono mikan wa, These oranges are fresh and inexpensive, and very good. 5. After a verb, in the pattern “... (t)te ... (t)te ..makuru ~(>) T~(>) T~z ¢ 4.” Emphasizes the action. English approximation: aoe acs A) WR O¥B0) Bae GAOT, . and .. Genkeo [te] kaki makutta. As the deadline for the manuscript was approaching, he wrote and 191B) wrote (like crazy). Be Lc Ant Hon Fhsbooe eu, PUBL od RLEC ok. ». Sagashi [te] v. Sagashi [te] sagashi makutta. I couldn't find the ten thousand yen that | had put in the drawer. I looked and looked (like crazy). 6. In an adversative usage. English approximation: “even though” A) 2 enipsthow —leoaesge KAN? Kimi, sono uwasa o ,, shitte-i [te] shira-nai furi o suru nan te, naze na-n dai? Why was it that you pretended not to know about that rumor even though you did? Bork ee nots & BeoOwRa-C Lec. Me ERB CSC, DARIO Lb Kekkon no yakusoku made , shite-oi [te], kanojo o misuteru to wa, anmari ja nai ka. Isn't it too (cruel) (for you) to abandon her even though (you) had promised to marry her? 7. In the pattern “ni tsuite |=\\,” introduces the topic. A) 192 “concerning” “about” eneuiggae kau. RRB oul |B e OAL at. pproximati Honjitsu wa, nichibee-booeki ,»,ni_tsui [te] tooron o itashi-8 —AEBBMA CHS. Kazan ga mata katusdoo o hajime-mashita. Dooro-joohoo ,,,ni tsui [te] wa rajio no nyuusu o okiki kudasai. The volcano has become active again. Please listen to the news on the radio for (i.e. concerning ) road information. Sa verb into a ge verb form. Not translatable. ueee A) br LSE ho [Toast Watashi wa ima kao o ,,ara t[te] i-masu. I’m now washing (my) face. B) DALI MOUREH [LANZA Watashi wa shukudai no ronbun o ,, kai |te| shimai-mashita. In women’s language. In the pattern “... (t)te yo ~(>)¢ £.” Asserts the speaker’s opinion. Not translatable. A) 55, LOAzA-b, Vor bo(tId. Ara, kono sukaato, pittari ya t[te] yo. te eee . B) AOF, tOwEE AI HoTHSL( TL. Ano kata, sono ohanashi nara moo ,, shit te irashi |te} yo. (If you are talking about) that story, that person already knows 193about it. 2) Forms the interrogative. Not translatable. A tbao[t]? Anata, watashi no yuu koto ,, waka [te]? Do you understand what I'm saying? a B) eAn Bor cic Bal se]? Son-na takai toko ni ,, nobore |te|? Can you climb (some place that is) that high up? o indicates a command or a request. Sometimes in the “te yo £” or “te 3 & Th” pat! +b ete , aro A) BESA, BLOF a 9F asad, FRET] Okaasan, mezurashii choocho ga iru yo. Hayaku , ki [te]. Mom, there's a rare butterfly. Come (here) quickly! B) Bc &s[ clk. Bucartmo, Hayaku ,, tabe [te] yo. Isoideru-n da kara. Finish ea! Iready! (lit eady! (lit 11. Placed at the end of a sentence, in a casual tone. English approximation: “(I say, think, believe, etc.)” A vase wee 2 ep BOBMILG ES 2[T]o Kimi no byooki wa kanarazu , naoru t [te You will surely get well, (I believe). B) ARROPSLIE, HLDbSotbHS2([Te tle That fellow will surely appreciate your kindness, (I am sure). 12. As a variant of “to &,” makes a quotation. Not translatable. 194A) coumalt}oaiteaa, Koko wa ,,nan [te] yuu machi daroo. T wonder what this town is called. BR) KRAOLU, eLecrumes(t]eochF. Oniichan wa, .,son-na koto wa dekin [te] itteta yo. My brother said that he couldn't do something like that. TEBA Git English approximation: “speaking of ...” fers A) AMBlCUL|. A77vzr HCE BRA TCH AT be ».Kimura-kun [teba], infuruenza de mada gakkoo yasunderu-n da yo. Speaking of Kimura, he is still not going to classes because ot the fla, you B) BLO eA RE). FHF LEOHCRBNL TOBE. ty n, Ojiichan [teba], mata terebi no mae de inemuri shite-iru yo. Speaking of grandpa, (he) is dozing off in front of the TV again. 2. Placed at the end of a sentence, gives it a tone of impatience. English approximation: “(I said)” 22 8 do PYG SIL ENETE > fea} Hise 4 2| TCid}o mi teba]. Dinner’s ready! If you don't come quickly, it will get cold, (I said). 195B) brooks. tit [tI]. Wakatta yo. sugu ,, iku t|teba]. “Temo Tt %” preceded by a word ending in “n A."sound changes into “demo T%.” See 4. B) below as an example. i. Gives an exireme case and negaies ii. A) eAaie Re eoReRunY, Don-na ni ag.takaku [temo] sono e 0 kai-tai. No matter how expensive the painting is, I want to buy it. BaceeiBe( G], woah eo nae, 5 — ima wa don-na ni a,kanashiku |temoj, itsuka wa nori-koerareru B yo. No matter how sad vou might be now. someday you will be able to get over it. 2. Shows that regardless of a given condition or action, something occurs. English approximation: “despite” “regardless of” A) coe, 2ixrcd evn [aly cee Bac as. iemo} sugu imi o wasureie Kono tango, nanben jist oy, shim: Regardless of how many times I look up this word, I always forget its meaning right away.B) Lore to[tb), Roose nu, Despite the fact that I’m lying still, my lower hack pain isn’t getting any better. 3. In an emphatic usage, indicates the possible limit. English approximation: “at most” “at least” 240) ms A) CoPaAlB (CAF OST EF. Kon kozuisumi wa 4g,omoku [temo] go-kiro wa nai deshoo. T package weig] * ip B) cowie [Ce|AFMUTS TL ae Sono hon wa 4q,yasuku [temo] go-sen en wa suru deshoo. That book will cost at least five thousand yen. 4. Ina sentence granting permission. Not translatable. ay gat? ed an # — A) BI BLEMLCRY56, POCA EBOT(C RS 2[THOotsg r Moo ochichi o nomaseta kara. akachan o . daite kudasa t temo) ii desu yo. I gave it some milk already, so it’s all right for you to hold the baby. Cu vous 9) ae B) CORMS, TNT L—-HICMA|TH IMO ZHAL. kusuri nara, miruku iv issivw ni y, 1 Zz o 0 “s It would be fine (for you) to take this medication with milk. 197TE-NE 7-42 Combination particle A combination of the particies “te <~“ and “ne #2.” Aiso used in the form of “dene Cia.” Us in making a request with a familiar tone. It is the informal variant of the gerund form of a verb plus “kudasai < # English approximation: “plcasc” “would you A) BESA, LEDER . — Okaasan, ashita no ensoku, onigiri , tsuku t|te ne]. Konya wa hayaku , kaette-ki|te ne|, mariko no tanjoobi dakara. Please come home early tonight, it’s Mariko’s birthday. TE-WA T-([& Combination particte eT" and “wa Lt wa Td.” 1. Gives a hypothetical situation followed by its result. Often implies that the hypothetical situation is undesirable. English approximation: “if (I) were to ...” Bee tale a . cs ce ee A) AROERIR) BN) Ts), SAMI Sb ah, If (I) were to miss the eight o’clock train, (I) wouldn’t make it in 198time for the meeting. ae ny Ma Bem Bs _ B) FP bBo Cid], NCL ZI. Ima kara okurete shi Tf (I) were to start now, I would be late. 2. Links something that has already happened to another situation, condition or action. English approximation: (a comma) A) CARA SABER ERE [TE]PLRD DEEL. arimasen. You brought so many souvenirs, you really shouldn't have. no 2 B) tA GMS A] Tow rlsse ze wrvda, Son-na ni_,, tanomare |te wa| iya to wa ie-nai ne. You beg me this much, I cannot say no. 3. indicaies a situaiion or a condition inai is sure io give rise io ihe result described in the second clause. English approximation: “with” “when” we th A) Fso[ Cla], METSK vy, Hayama t/te wa], son o suru dake da. When (you) rush into things, you will only lose out. ae o> Jo et B) RAMBLE NTA), SUL ( Gon, With the baby born, you'll be busy. (won't you). 4, Indescribing a repeated combination of actions, links the first action to the second. 199English approximation: “keep doing ...” fe cet es pee a Bld, bb FB2| TLR TA RIF TOK. A) B ita. He kept picking up a pebble and throwing it. 2Aee see ae toa SLAURRAOI, FRU, CHSeAlL, BERL] TL DEEDS, Ashita wa ensoku na noni, konya wa ame. Tomo-chan wa, sora Oy, Mmiage [ie wa] tameiki o isuite-iru. looking up at the sky and sighing. its usage is slightly different (see “va +.” p. 241). 1) Lists concrete and abstract things. English approximation: “and” A) z DAc[e]esaee-7roEianat. n.Ringo [to] ,,budoo ga teeburu no ue ni ari-masu. ‘There are appie(s) and grape(s) on ihe iabie. ae ae0 ae eungrvl@osvatzgosruokr gn at n, Akai ringo [to] n.Midori no budoo mo teeburu no ue ni ari- phrase phrase, masu.There are also red apples and green grapes on the table. my pe ah eat spear pt C) DELMPRORIAC|ClHURPR OKO VAT -TWO LID nat. n. Watashi ga katta ringo [to] , anata gakatta budoo wa couse clauee teeburu no ue ni ari-masu. 2) Often in the “(noun) to (noun) to ~“%~%” pattern, contrasts or compares the two nouns. A) 2enina[elBRornz(elran ed 1am Le} Le] Sukimu ,,miruku [to] futsuu no ,,miruku [to] dochira o kai- mashoo ka? Which should I buy, skim milk or regular milk? HVE] ceABa REM as, Naisu [ol . Tuvy fol a, ki a fie n. Naisu [io} , fuyu |io} de wa kion wa tainen chigai-masu. B Retween summer and v ture. SELB cRe—aneDce ob ae . C) SHOBOATER| CBUMNBOB WATER] OKA OII a acta? npn Tani-kun no kaita sakubun |to| ,, .» kitagawa-kun no kaita sakubun [to] anata wa dochira no hoo ga suki desu ka? one by Kitagawa? ree eveae ap vey Abb D) Abe SEI=APHA, cose |MIRoAA. Are kara moo nijuu-nen ka, kono machi mo_ ,, mukas!zuibun kawatta ne. Twenty years have passed since then. This town has changed a lot (since then). ot connect two separate sentences, nor can it stand alone at the beginning of a sentence. “Soshite : BBUASALME ToBOL, 5, TRB RI] [CPR COST Lei.Omise wa kyoo wa aite-inai yo. Hora, to| dete-iru deshoo. ‘The store isn’t open today. See, there is a sign that says “closed for today.” 6. Follows a mimesis, an onomatopoeic adverb. Engiish approximation: “in the manner of” A) Cc) ») + vo tials aE © t[to] suwatte i-nasai. Zit Soko ni», You sit still there. (literally: There, in the manner of stillness, keep sitting.) MF ers9 sae |€o Ca eh. Rooka 0 , bata-bata [to] hashitte wa ike-masen. y. Down the hall. in the manner of making lots of noise, you should not run.) ann Foro e| Fswots, ». Goro-goro |to| kaminari ga natte-iru Thunder is rumbling. (literally: In a rumbling manner, the thunder is making wise.) Raw ks so[y ine [fala Ookina ki ga ,, dosa t[to] taoreta. A huge tree fell down with a thud. (literally: A huge tree, in the manner of a “thud,” fell down.) 7. Placed after a verb, indicates that the action/condition described in the clause preceding it immediately initiated another action/condition.Engiish approximation: “when” “as soon as” A) B Cc) Bete agris ae ¢ woe “2 PRA SIS TREY) SRA SECC EA CA S . A Le Sensee aa kyooshitsu ni ., haitte-kuru [to]. seeto-tachi wa awatete seki ni tsuita. ‘As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, the students took their seats in a hurry. ae toed 2 eat & [EZ ga ouzee yuiir As soon as I goat ta school, many of my friends came rar sage an 9 Bohoa[e], MEaketon a cBeeon, Maku ga ,,agaru [to], kankyaku wa mizu o utta yoo ni shizuka ni natta. When the curtain went up, the audience became completely silent. © ale Be Bak we 39D) © |. SIVIT DIL AWR © AGM Oo 2 Bata vi fi hajimeru. When the snow starts to fall, animals go into hibernation. 8. Placed after an adjective or a verb, creates a conditional. English approximation: “if” “when” ex vaio BEVEL PRO TCR, A) B) 208 If it’s too cheap, then that makes me worry. Bokav[Zjosounns. Kimi ga, ko-nai [to] tsumaranai naa. It'll be boring if you don’t come.age OC 2H ber, cba Kano furui to, mashoo. Let's fix this old door before it breaks. (literally: As for this door, it won't be good if it were to break, so let’s fix it soon.) Haves [Z], RARE Ame ga ,,furu {to}, mizu-busoku ga kaishoo-suru no desu ga. D HF SOCTAS Ano udon-ya ni , iku |to], oishii udon ga taberareru yo. If you go to that noodle restaurant, you can have great udon (noodles). In the pattern “ari to arayuru... 59 CHSW3~”" ‘every gr bith elas Shak. c3. Le] Depaato ni wa ari [to] arayuru shinamono ga narande-iru. Everything that you can think of is available in a department store. 10. In the pattern “... to naku ... to naku ~Y% & ( ~% a ¢,” describes a ceaseless action. Engiish approximation: “without or ane CM be og Bs fisBlelec aly | ISB z Kare wa ,, hiru [to] naku ,, yoru [to] naku hataraita. He worked all day long. (literally: without day or night) 209TO-IE-BA &-L\Z-(£ Combination particle A combination of the particles “to %” and “ha [4” and the verh “ie W2,” from “yuu ‘4 (to say).” Introduces the topic casually. English approximation: “speaking of ...” aoe & soe ok A) Bb, ZH#B ev alt|, SoRMPTHOKE, Aa, ,, mitsui-kun |to ie ba|, sakki rooka de atta yo. saw him in the haiiway awit speaking of es ease Aran n. Taki |to ie bal nan to itte mo naiagara da ne. Speaking of waterfalls, it’s definitely Niagara Falls (that’s the wm ii Luvatet4a re best), no question. TO-I] E-LYL\ Combination particle A combination of the particle “to %” and the verb “ii \\1.” from “yuu 4 (to say).” In the pattern “... to ii... to ii ~YLy~X tty,” lists two or more items and establishes them as the topic, Lo be followed by a comment. English approximation: “as for ... and ...” A) HOBORF—HId, RCo aH Coojos coves, Anu inise nu sutveki wa, », aji [t0 iil] ., nedan {to i] yuu koto nai ne. The steak at that restaurant, (as for its) taste and price, it’s perfect. Beep ann — B) REMS AI, BRLCUWIAR-Y/COV|oocs by THO de 210demo tappu na no yo Hasegawa, (in) studies and sports, is always the best one (in the group). TO-ITTA E-LIDZE Combination particle “yuu (4 (to say).” Lists two or more items. English approximation: “such as” Late Lots a. aay A) atop de. hetEeoon|s vet y—toucls B Fe Nihon no omiyage nara, ,,,shinju ya shippoo |to itta] akusesarii a In terms of souvenirs from Japan, accessories such as pearls and cloisonne are probably suitable, too. erm naa oe bec tee J SORIL, HEPA) COKE AS th Uchi no musume wa, ,,,suugaku ya rika |to itta] kamoku ga tokui desu. Our daughter is good at subjects such as math and science. TO-ITTE &-LIDT Combination particle A combination of the particle “to x” and the verb “itte (> T,” from “yuu \\ 5 (to say).” In an adversative usage at the beginning of a sentence. 2uEnglish approximation: “however” |soge ba juu-ji no basu ni mani-ai soo da. |To itte| hashiru no wa iya da. Tsugi no basu ni shi yoo. If (1) rush, it looks like I might be able to make the ten o'clock bus. However, I don’t want to run. I'll (catch) the next bus. scaevenvoea ¢ oh. [ENo tt), BR-A-ADRS ABU TIER, Nihon wa, tashika ni keezai-taikoku ni natta. |To itte|, kokumin hitori hitori no kurashi ga yutaka ni natta wake de wa nai. Japan has certainly become an “economic giant.” However, that doesn’t mean that the standard of living of each member of society has increased significantiy. TO-IWA-ZU &-(\49-§ Combination particle A combination of the particles “to ¢” and “zu +,” and the verb “iwa(-nai) \y4 (4@4)),” from “yuu 4145 (to say).” 1. A negative imperative that influences a quotation. AY 212 ‘don’t say that... proxi 13 nel 2 Rinrarkerl roby Moo heto-heto da , nado |to iwazu| ni ganbatte. Hora, moo sugu da yo. Don't say things like you're completely worn out; just hang in there.RB) BX oMHA TY UdT! b ) : Louk, we're aimosi there. v2 y.Akirameta |to iwazu|, moo ichido sensee ni soodan shite mitara ii-n ja nai? Don’t say that you've given up; why don’t you (literally: wouldn't it be better if you) talk to your teacher about it again? cates an all-inclusiveness. English approximation: “not only all ..., but ...’ porte ae A) #[2unF] Reon], EP ki a snc. nJe [to iwa zu] ,.ashi |to iwa zu], karada-juu ka ni sasareta. Not just all over my hands and feet, but I was bitten by mosquitoes y- oe ae 29 B) fit. Blruy+lelrunsl], xz ANUBA SALTS, Ebb Tee Ob T Kare wa, ,,asa |to iwa zu] ,, yoru |to iwa zu], hima sae are ba manga o yonde-iru. Not just in the morning and in the evening, but he reads comics whenever he has time. TOKA <7? English approximation: “such as ... and ... (and Lists several items. etc.)” A) adbedls, Er [alhlea|eePea|A SABC 2132. IkiwotThSokd, iMiyo-chan wa, , piano |toka} ,.@ |toka] ,, oshuuji |toka} ta- Miyo is taking many lessons such as piano, drawing, and calligra- phy, you know. ba gat a to meat mata FLEIEAIATOBOT, FUILPOMEENS| UA], RES MU (Ea), LR ES B Terebi bakari mite-inai de, sukoshi wa otooto no mendoo o ,, Instead of watching TV all the time, why don’t you at least do something like look after your little brother or take the dog out for a walk? Conveys uncertainty, often due to its hearsay nature. English approximation: “something like ..., (I hear)” A) pom. Eel ceapes ce A) BOR, “iBAles | Chat 5 TF 4. That house was sold for something like one hundred million yen, I hear. nace B) “# POBUOSAB, Bu thot Takashi-kun no ojiisan wa, », hyaku ikutsu |toka| de mada eego n dosu_tte. Takashi’s grandfather is something like a hundred-odd years old, and is still teaching English, I hear. 214TOKORO ¢24 Shows that two events occurred successively. English approximation: “when” ae Soncor sae A) 360% ot 4r[L 54), SDB TOK, Uchi e , kaette-mita |tokoro|, gookaku-tsuuchi ga todoite-ita. When I came home, (I found that) the acceptance letter had been £ FacBho car [cca], Pkwy rv eBAEE KY boo Jinji-bu ni, kiite-mita [tokoro], buchoo no rondon tenkin wa hontoo da to wakatta. When | asked the personnel division, I found that it was true that ransferred to London. TOKORODE €C4T Poses a hypothetical situation. The tone is pessimistic, implying that even if that something were to happen, an undesirable situation would still exist in reaiity. English A Hocar Coat BOLAEFAA FIER CARBO v. Nageite-mita |tokorode|, nakushita bideo-kamera wa modotte wa ko-nai sa. Even if you were to grieve, the camcorder that you lost won’t come 2152 Even if you were to call now, he’s probably still out. TOKORO-E = &@A-A Combination particle A combination of the noun “tokoro ¢ < 4 (a piace/‘an occasion)" and the tes that ac one English approximation: “ vec ae eee a A) bKLABMEMALILL TOSLISA|, HBSAAHUIE Rho ——— Watashi ga shukudai 0 hajime-yoo to ,,shite-iru [tokoro ej, Tust when I was about to start doing my homework. Murata came over for a visit. aap necro B) AMAPAKL LISS], Lin sdws ze Oo-ame ga ,, yanda |tokoro e|, yama-kuzure ga okita. Just when the rainstorm had ended, there was a landslide. TOKOROGA ¢<4/ Indicates that although the speaker was anticipating one result which is described in the first clause, the real result was unexpectedly negative. 216Engiish approximation: “but” AY & 23 DIK aH o TO tee Oishi-soona ichigo na node, takusan , katta |tokoroga|, hako no shita no hoo no wa daibu kusatte-ita. The strawberries looked good, so I bought a lot, but many of the ones at the bottom of the box were rotten. Asa otenki datta kara kasa 0 motazu ni , dekaketa |tokoroga|, gogo ni natte dosha-buri ni natta. T went out without an umbrella because it was nice out this morning, but in the afternoon, there was a downpour. TOKORO-O ¢24-% Indicates that something unexpected has happened or is happening. Colloquial form: “toko-o &% = &.” English approximation: “although (usually) A) eee Leta oa co se az EAL, WORD STITH TRS(CLOSE|, PRI D uru |tokoro-o|, Shuiin wa. itsumo nara iuu-ii ni wa .. kaett kon-ya wa mada kaera-nai. Although my husband usually comes home before ten o'clock, he hasn’t come home yet tonight. 27Itsumo no toshi nara. imagoro wa yama wa yuki de naru |tokoro-o}, kotoshi wa atatakaku te mada yuki ga ari- masen. shiroku- Although usually at this point, the mountains turn white with snow, this year, it's warm and there is still no snow at all. Itsumo nara shichi-ji ni wa , okiru |[toko-o|, kesa wa mezamashi-dokee ga koshoo shite, neboo-shite shimatta. Although usually I get up at seven o'clock, the alarm clock was broken this morning and I overslept. TOMO ¢% 1. In the patterns such as “don-na ni ... tomo CA W@I2~e 6,” “doredake ... tomo YAH b,” expresses an absolute determination. English approximation: “no matter ...” vee A) J-WSTHE-BNKE, CARISL tama! ganhatte hashiru 70 come; 9 One more lap until the finish line. No matter how hard it may be, T'll give it my best and run. B) enKuetiases [eb], cokEKG ae oc Labatt 218Doredake jikan ga ,kakaroo |tomo!. kono shigota dake wa i ga .. kakaroo if yatte shimawa-nakere ba nara nai. No matter how long it may take, I absolutely have to finish doing at least this job. 2. After an adjective, indicates an approximate limit. Engiish A) B 3. At approximation: “at ieast™ “at most” ae faves Rely tle We Tieltpmeese CK eS HE ¢ adi, OSoku |tomo| raishuu made ni wa ohenji o kudasai. Please give me an answer by next week at the latest. acess arr BReRLcosrctay, ba c(et]e Bakr kad. Heya 0 sagashite-iru-n desu ga, 4 Sukunaku |tomo| roku-joo wa hoshii to omoi-masu. dd mats. the end of a sentence, strongly and curtly expresses a decision or statement of fact. English approximation: “., all right.” A) (8 #¥curoekrzom? | rar[e sb]. J B) “Ki JFO 0 miia nu ka?” “ nie Tonol.” ivmo}. Zoms Beeb). Beennce ds biaKs? Kimi no kiki-chigai ..da [tomo]. Boku ga son-na koto yuu “You really saw a UFO?" “TI saw it, all wake nai daro? You misheard me, all right. You know there's no way I'd say 219something iike that! TO-MO &-% Combination particle A combination of the particles “to %” and “mot.” Emphasizes the preceding noun. Not translatable. at A) HATA Al: vaxnith CGP BRAT. ree R62, HUALLE|MSBA oon EA A, Asu amerika ni tachi-masu. ,.Anata |to mo! toobun ome ni Anata kakare-masen ga, dooka ogenki de. I'm leaving for the U.S. tomorrow. I won't be seeing you for a long time, but please take care of yourself. Pee bbs ike, Bacihrvitng. iv moj arvv ft B n. Keeka v haiaraiia iv wa nee. 8 ya, nusui (Can you believe that) a p lly: s e who is a policeman) committed a theft! HARE £-%,-2541 Combination particle A combination of the particles “to &” and “mo ,” and “are # #.,” trom 1. After a noun or a nominal followed by “wa 4.” plays down its impor- tance. English approximation: “putting aside ‘never mind ...” A) #akualetan], FF: eae bak. 220koso wa kaiyai-tyoko0 0 shi-yoo yo Putting aside the (issue of the) destination (for the time being), let’s (agree to) finally go on a trip overseas this year. 2 ee hess 26) oes ue B) FUR Lt Sn), LoCBRMLEVLABT SER ANE te iiwake , wa |to mo are}, motto benkyoo shi-nai to kidoo-suru Never mind excuses; if you don’t study more, you won't be able to get into the school of your choice. 2. In the pattern “nani wa to mo are Ide bb A.” English approximation: “in any case ...” A) WED ke Pld “Uwaa. oishi-soona keeki!” “Ima itadaita no yo. ,..Nani_wa [to mo are], sassoku itadaki-mashoo yo.” “Wow, that cake looks good!” “(Someone) just gave it to us. In any case, let's go ahead and eat it now.” B) mise bon], ScaWdocei t, Shore sukscr tokoro wa neru koto ni shi-mashoo. In any case, let's leave everything for tomorrow, and go to bed for tonight. 221TO-SHI-TE &-U-T Combination particie A combination of the particles “to ¥” and “te ¢.” and “shi | .” from the verb “suru $ 4% (to do).” 1. Indicates a position or a circumstance. English approximation: “as A) B) Fe Ucn v PRORER ES, Bile La PRR iz0 Kondo no ni wa, hayakawa-san ga ,, gakkoo-dai- , hay 92 ,, gakkoo hyoo-senshu |to shi te] erabare-mashita. For the coming swim meet, Hayakawa was chosen as the athlete representing our school. Yar BRB, BEALL CU hot, TLIACKH ERA Jon manijiroo wa, , nihonjin |to shi te| najimete, amerika de John Maniiro was the first Japanese person (literally: the first person as a Japanese) to receive an education in the U.S. 2. Sets aside a topic for the time being. English approximation: “let's leave the A) B) 222 agh ae —s uae BIA TFS/CLT|, STRBCLEL IG. Hanashi wa ato de , suru |io st » Mazu shOkuji ni siti- mashoo Let’s leave talking for later, and eat first. wu oe a ENA DMIEM|/ CULT), MILD CLE KV AVAL HMDA keto hanashi ga aru-n da yo. ‘That rumor aside, I have many other stories about him, you know. 3. Followed by a negative in the sentence or clause, shows that there are no exceptions to a category. English approximation: “not even ...” > Hitori [to shi te] kono mondai ga taketa gakusee wa i-masen deshita. There was not even one, among the students, who could solve this problem. B) #ia, “Be Ut jekoce eBbevdaen, Boku wa, ichi |to shi te| kanojo no koto o omowa-nai hi There isn’t a single day that I don’t think about her. é£-L7-# Comhination particle A combination of the particles “to &” and “mo 4,” and “shite L T,” from 1. Indicates that a position or a circumstance is the same as that which was mentioned in a previous sentence. English approximation: “as for ..., also/too .. A) bAL[P La], SR Oars (bons t. UL BR BHI ETH. 23As for me, too, I understand your worries. I’ve also had similar experiences. epszo029 a B) PTAleL th], BE Hoth tuys, waar #2 e+. n.PTA |to shite mo], jugyoo-ryoo no ne-age wa, mondai da to kangae-masu. As fo: the problem. 2. Establishes a hypothetical situation. English approximation: “even if (you) were to .. A) bE LRZOR AAT Z[e UTE] HeUS abe EL, ——— Watashi wa sono an ni wa ,, sansee-suru |to shite mo], okane Even if I were to agree to that proposal. 1 cannot give you any money now. (tom she we B) BERvoSA2 ELTA), SRV oi“ avorlalsin. Kuruma 0 ,,kai-kaeru [to shite mo], kondo mo yappari shiroi no ni shi-mashoo ne. Even if we were iy buy a new car, we wouid stick with white, right? TO-SHITE-WA €-UC-i& Combination particle A combination of the particles “to &” and “wa (,” and “shite Lt,” from the verb “suru $4 (to do).” Indicates a position or a circumstance. 2242. English approximation: “as for” A) A) Relevzal Boron xk. ; MALL LTS), ROTH REM eS oADKS), ..Kanojo [to shite wa]. kare no puropoozu o kotowaru hoka nakatta no daroo. As for her, there was probably no other choice but to say no to his marriage proposal brLEL tH), Rosi RCT. wa! wa), kare nu iken ni aniai desu. A combination of the particles “to %” and “wa (t.” As ish A) B) a quotation, introduces the topic. 7377 R-ME I), REAR LOBOKSI. n, Burakku-hooru |to wa|, ittai don-na mono na no daroo. What exactly is the thing that is called a black hole? Ri IVER THU TEED THAI De n. Seeji |to wa}, seeji-ka ni dake makasete-oite yoi mono de That which is called “government,” is it something that we should leave only in the hands of politicians? As an emphatic version of “to &,” meaning “together with.” English approximation: “with” 225s : ne yameta wa. I’ve decided to stop being friends with Takami. Bate varatecs zone B) AISA CIR]. DP FROCRPHOERETTO. n, Ogawa-san |to wa], shoogakoo no toki kara no otomodachi desu no. I've been friends with Ogawa since grade school. e surprise, anger or some sort of emotion. English approximation: “to think that .. fH 3 BC baba szmeeth aad Boone A) HAZ. SL 4 EMOM BL AOL TSB OAL]. Takeuchi-kun, an-na ni isshoo-kenmee benkyoo-shita no ni fu-gookaku ,,datta |to wa]. Takeuchi siudied so hard and io think thai he didn't pass! EEL Unde oee oh ae ssARLP Blyeal, Paanoniet Sune, 5 Moo kotoshi mo ,, juuni-gatsu |to wa]. Tsukihi no tatsu no wa nan to hayai no daroo. To think that it’s already December! How quickly the days and months pass. TO-WA-IE = -[E-L\Z_ Combination particle A combination of the particles “to x” and “wa (3,” and “ie 4.2,” from the verb “yuu «+4 (to say).” Used as an adversative conjunction. Inter- changeable with “to wa ii-nagara x [tt.\.%4*5” or “to wa yuu mono no 226Ci BOM” Englich appraxim mEaoa), SFA as su, A) n:Tsuyu [to wa ie], kotoshi wa hareta hi ga ooi. Even though it’s the rainy season, there have been many clear days this year. B) ———— be te CMOEPHMTIBULVY COUGHS), TOSAM RAR A, takai ne. Even though this matsutake mushroom is good, it’s really expensive, isn't it? TO-YUU &-\5 Combination particle A combination of the particle “ta %” and the verh “yim (v4. (ta say, called/named).” 1. Introduces a proper noun. English approximation: “.. ealled/named ..." A) BHU R05 fli, ake SSNs. n. Fujisan |to yuu} yama wa, nihon de ichiban takai yama desu. B) tyy-[Yog eR OA TTA. n. Nanshii |to yuu} josee wa dono hito desu ka? Which person is the woman named Nancy? 2. After a number, indicates that the quantity of something has reached 227that number. to yuu] hito ga Puro-yakyuu no kaimaku-jiai ni, . g sutajiamu ni oshikaketa. For the opening game of baseball, people numbering fifty thousand rushed io ihe siadium. gatnge a eees 28 R) Mfklrosle cues, “Rcénank n.Nan-zen mai |to yuu] takara-kuji ga, ichi-nichi de uri-kireta. Lottery tickets totaling several thousand were sold out overnight. 3. Placed after a phrase or a sentence, sets as a quotation and modifies the noun that immediately follows it. Engiish approximation: “(something) that ae # ) a ie a, Hayashi-san no musuko-san ga basuketto-booru no senshu da |to yuu} koto o kiki-mashita. I heard (the story) that Hayashi’s son was a basketball player. a eet te B) Bit AS TS C7 | lds LON ZUA, a Obake ga deru [to yuu T cannot believe a story that claims that there are ghosts. 4, Placed at the end of a sentence, follows a statement as a quotation. English approximation: “I hear” “they say” “it's said” fn 2 a tuneuy A) BROMRLAKEKoA[LOG |. 228«Kare no sotu wa dal-gakusha datta [to yuu). B) “®comiheoe [eo 5]. a.Mukashi kono machi wa yama datta |to yuu]. It is said that this town used to be a mountain a long time ago. 5. Used hetween two repeated nouns, signifies every single one in that category. approximation: “every single ..." 2 «ay cae ae ORK, Bly ual RAL mat be THAT, uy Koi kiri no tame, ,, kuruma |to yuu] kuruma wa min-na raito 0 tsukete hashitte-iru. Due to the dense fog, every single car is running with its headlights eotes nes-——oes B) CH POR [EDIE ACL EMIS, o katsuide-iru. Since it is festival time, every single man in the village is helping to carry the portable shrine. TO-YUU-KOTO-WA &-l15-ZE-[K Combination particle A combination of the particles “taY” and “wa [4,” the verb “yuu b+ 4 (to say)” and the noun “koto 2% (fact/matter).” Used in drawing a conclusion from the action/situation described in the previous sentence. English approximation: “that means ... 229on a » — verted A) RO GFEREBMO ROTO, [EWI LI, SR RIS Kare kara mada denwa aa kakatte-ko-nai. [To vuu koto wal. mada shucchoo kara kaette-nai no daroo. He hasn't called me yet. That means he probably hasn't come home from his business trip yet TO-YUU-NO-WA(MO) &-l\5-@-[& (3%) Combination particle A combination of the particles “to %,” “no 9,” and “wa(mo) I3(%),” and the verb “yuu ‘+4 (to say). Explains a reason or a cause for an action or situation. A) Kare wa hito o shinji-nai. |To yuu no wal, tomodachi ni damasareta koto ga aru kara desu. He doesn’t trust other people. The reason (for that) is that he has been deceived by a friend in the past. ba avetinors tsa ae B) RUMBA EP HELA. [COIS], MLOFREBOKRSS CF. Kare wa saikin kaisha 0 yame-mashita. [To yuu no mol, atarashii jigyoo o hajimeta kara desu. He recently quit his job. The reason (for that) was that he started a new business. 230TO-YUU-TO &-l\5-E Combination particle A combination of the particles “to ¢” and the verb “yuu ‘+4 (to say).” 1. As a conjunction, shows that whenever something occurs, something else also always happens. Kono daigaku de wa, zenjitsu made ame demo, ,, Sotsugyoo- shiki [to yuu to] kanarazu hareru no da yo. At this university, even if it were to rain until the day before, it always clears up on graduation day. b z of natural conclusion judging from the preceding statement. English approximation: “if (we) say that, then ...’ geen ae L Beew A) PRAMS OZEA( BARTS bd, [LOT U |, FEBS S0B HL Com MZ BY, Gakusee wa asobu tokoro o takusan shitte-ru kara ne. nkyou To yuu tol. wakusee wa ait To yuu io}, yakusee wa arn ru keda jie-inal yOu ni KinGE— Students know of lots of places to have fun, you know. If we say that, then, it sounds like they're not. studying very much, but ... 231TTE 37 Used in casual speech. 1. Introduces a quotation, similar to “to ©.” English approximation: “... say (that)” A) BRALAH, bro BEBY OTE BL dor [>C Otoosan ga ne, «,watashi no tsukutta oryoori tottemo oishi- Taal tte}. Tad said that the dishes T conked were really good be shuth 8 e B) fia, PRAT (NAVA oT SIME. Kare ne, 4 konban kite kurenai ka [tte] yuu no yo. He asked me if I could come over tonight. (literally: He said to me, could you come over tonight.) 2. An informai variant of “to yuu €+\4," modifies the noun that directiy English approximation: “the (noun) called ...” +03 nous A) TR) o TAR 74, Goaemarn, ».Sumoo [tte] supootsu wa, naka-naka omoshiroi ne. The sport called sumo is pretty interesting, isn’t it? rite, te oo 8 3-72 TBlL, BU CBA HSA. The city called New York is dirty but full of life, isn’t it? 3. Introduces the topic casually. English approximation: “(speaking of)” A) tans[othorkn, Rik BU, 232B) Wolves are vicious, even though they look a lot like dogs. axes Beam ow HLEARNT [oT FS? «Ashita oosaka e iku [tte] hontoo? Is it true you're going to Osaka tomorrow? (literally: That you are going to Usaka tomorrow, is it true?) Repeats that which was said by the other party. English approximation: “(You) are asking/saying ...?” Baas ote ae A) WORBRIGTCIS|oT)? NLOsSHTREKA, 1) «,ltsu_onsen ni ikoo ka [tte]? Isogashii kara toobun dame da ne. You're asking wien we siiouid go to a hot spring? Not for a while m busy. sidsusifot? B¥un, Xet20. a.Moo dekake yoo |tte]? Kimi hayai ne, shitaku-suru no. You're saying let’s go already? You're quick at getting ready, aren't you? Expresses a desire to confirm what was said by the other party. igh ap; A B LY, approxir is it truc th Bkekourlod? vo. vic? a.Kanojo o mikaketa |tte|? Itsu, doko de? Is it true that you saw her? When and where? RRS GA KATH T]? RoTrACMOEt, algakubu_ni_gookaku_nasatta-n_ desu |tte|? Omedetoo 233,gozaimasu. Is it 5. In talking about hearsay. English approximation: “(they) say” “I hear” eee o * MB*AbA, KSBAF-TFLERDAAK| oT]. katta-n da [tte] A Watanabe-san chi ne, ..ookina karaater I hear that the Watanabes bought a big color TV. Kachoo no hanashi de wa, sukunai-n da [tte]. According to what the section chief said, our bonuses this time will be less than usual. 6. In the pattern “datte #2.” Engiish approximation: “(he/she) says ..." AY & hF2h ehbl a Oniichan ashita tesuto ga aru kara, boku to asobu jikan nai-n — da |tte}. My elder brother said that he has a test tomorrow, so he has no time to play with me. pre 2s B) 2¥7—IbA, FM SAA-HK| OTS. They said that Hayakawa has placed first in the competition 7. The casual version of “tote % ”; poses a hypothetical situation. English approximation: “even if (1) were to emery re) be oe A) — EMG BLALoT] MBB lisboa 234Even if I were to study very hard, I couldn’t compete with lida. or B) wes SR sow Imasara ,, nageita |tte} hajimara-nai. It wouldn't do any good to grieve now. (literally: Even if I were to grieve now, it wouldn't du any guud.) WA ik FUNDAMENTALS OF “WA (t” First, note that the particle “!4” is read “wa,” even though it is normally read “ha.” Aiso, when reading a romanized sentence, you shouid note that “wa” has tur me 4 he sed here, and the particle 4. Generally speaking, you can apply the following rule in deciding between the two choices: (a) If “wa” appcars in the middle of a sentence after the subject (a noun or a nominal), then it is the particle (3. (b) If “wa” appears at the end of a sentence or clause following a copula, For example: ##[4] Are wal inu desu [wa]. That is a dog. 235i. “Wa ii” as a topic marker in an affirmative sentence. “wa 12” marke the topic or the structure that is established, then, is a topic followed by a comment on that topic, where “wa (t” functions like “as for ...,” or “in referring to ....” Note that the particle “ga 4°” also serves as a topic/subject marker, but is used differently (see p. 34). a) o4ay [ial re, R) codlele Lu, ey Kono ,, hon [wal muzukashii. As for this book, (it) is difficult. wee ate © sora] besr,orknct, Ano ,, hito |wal, yamada-san no goshujin desu. As for that person, (he) is Mrs. Yamada’s husband. 2. “Wa 12” a: In a negative sentence. “wa [4” usually indicates a comparison, emphasis, or choice. A) bet[a]isaud. n. Watashi |wa) iki-masen. 236B) Koay (it]eo =. Boorupen |wal ari-masen. Boorupen [wa] There is no ballpoint pen. (ie. There \ LY is no ball-point pen, but there are other writing instruments) a \ : \ dtd, %* Note that when the subject is an interrogative pronoun, “ga 2°” is used of “wa 12" ( As an emphatic particle. When the topic is the object of a verb, it is followed by “wa (2,” which emphasizes it. A) b& & kane |wa| boku ga harau yo. Soa y - 2 B) “Pela]e RAK. », Shukudai |wa! moo sun-da As for homework, (I) have already finished (it). (ie. but I3) haven't finished doing other things.) A) vole) acitaat. sav itsumo [wa] basu de iki-masu. Usually, (1) go by bus. SOKA EEA. foal Ano hito ,,to jwaj moo tsuki-ai-masen. B for (relations) with that person, I'm not going to associate (with him/her) anymore.) Following a verb, adjective, or the particles “te <” or “de <.” A) £4 lkvia[a]L aes x, Moo nido to , tanomi wal shi-nai kara sa. Look, 1 won't ever ask you (for this favor) again, sv ... B) “Bu. ¢riacialoeus. us Kusuri wa, mada non ,. de [wal i-nai yo. As for the medication, I haven't taken it yet. OC) 2Oj bX, FSTHZBUOOME, Sono uwasa, uso ,. de |wal nai no yo. That rumor isn’t a iie, you know. nHiru |waj atsuku, ,, yoru |wa| samui. Sore ga sabaku no kikoo da. Days are hot, and nights are cold. That is the climate of the desert. 2385. >. Kore |wal watashi no, ,, sore {wal anata no. Machigae-nai de This is mine, that is yours. Don’t get them mixed up. In the pattern “... (de)wa ... (da)ga ~(T)ld-~ (7) 4*,” indicates that the speaker is recognizing another view or giving way to something. English approximation: “..., (to be sure) ...” A) I did telephone (to be sure), but I'll also send a letter. ae 2 ogo B) COA, RLU AA KO BL CHEN E Cbs SU, Kono hon, yomu ..ni [wal yonda ga, muzukashiku te amari yoku wakara-nai. I've read through this book (to be sure), but it’s so difticult that 1 Found in women’s language. Placed at the end of a sentence, serves to soften the statement. Not iansiaiabie. ws cae oe ae 2 A) &4, Reb) BO, GAIT OE BUTRURLERY, Ara, hen ,.da Kuruma no kagi, tashika ni koko ni oite- oita-n da kedo, Hmm, this is strange. I'm certain I put the car keys here, but . B) 65, $C SA[b]a, SUAOKLA 2392) Y Ara, suieki < da jwaj ne, anata no doresu. oda OC 29h OST CR ESL ALI ae Rs), Soo ne, ima sugu kare ni denwa-shita hoo ga ii to , omou |wa\. Well, yes, I think it would be better to call him right now. Expresses a casual exclamation. Not translatable. eg A) EFn[b], COB. FFAAIOURA TTT This drawing is done well! Sachiko drew it. I hear. ep2ne> aes ae By B) Bvkl[b|, & BoTHARI ARUBA OKtLD, Odoroita Wal, kyooryuu tte an-na ni ookii to wa omowa- v. Odoroita [wal nakatta mono. I'm surprised! I hadn't thought that dinosaurs were that big. In making a lisi in an exclamaiory ione. Noi iransiatabie. no we zone A) mu twAlel or itaule EO RABID ao, : ey ey Netsu wa , deru [wa], nodo wa 4g, itai wal, kondo no kaze wa hidokatta. Thad a fever, and a sore throat; this cold was pretty severe. B) TIOke IONS, halb]bslb]. Mees ryaad yuu ari aa hai-dashite kita. When I poked at the anthill, several hundreds of ants came flooding out (they just kept coming out (literally: came out and came out)). 240YA FUNDAMENTALS OF “YA >” ‘The basic function of the particle “ya >” is similar to that of the particle “tox” (see P. 200). It lists nouns, phrases and clauses like the word “and” in English. However, whereas “to &” refers to specific, clearly defined things, “ya +" refers more io a category, and makes the thing more vague. Compare: ) E7S7 7 bREZ hate tho UTstl a5. Pikunikku ni wa ,, okashi |to] ,, nomimono o motte iki-mashoo. Let's bring some candies |and} drinks on the picnic. eure lw & . Pay PBRE ORAM CTS ELI. Pikunikku ni wa ,, okashi |ya| ,, nomimono o motte iki-mashoo. Let's bring [something like] candies and drinks on the picnic. segelle Zag |e ¥ 241eps » eid EMS cha as op PRAT cals USERS HTS AT. « Gakkoo @ iku toki [ta], kaimano ni iku toki wa jitensha de ae chor iki-masu. I ride my bicycle (only when I) go to school [and] go shopping. FRAG (ve aP Roti es abee casas, n Gakkoo e iku toki |ya| , kaimono ni iku toki wa jitensha de a eae cause iki-masu. Ser 1. Placed after a noun, loosely refers to it and other things that are also present or similar. English approximatior HL e|zx—-A Ld oTH IEF. '. and ... (among other things/placcs)” 242Mono-oki ni ,, jitensha [va] sukii ga shimatte ari-masu. B) Kkac agape c oie. 2 Kyoo wa takashi-kun no tanjoo paatii datta no. , Mamoru-kun ya} ,, asako-chan |ya| ,, tomo-chan |ya} makoto-kun, nakayoshi ga min-na atsumatta no yo. Takashi had a birthday party today. All his good friends like Mamoru, Asako, Tomo, Makoto, aiuny vthers, got toxe' 2. Indicates that an action is immediately followed hy another action Shortened version of “... ya ina ya ~*P\. +?” (see p. 247). when” “the moment ...” English approximation: “as soon as’ pots ge tee be gio A) eld, RORERS( 0], BY EMBAUA, 243B) saseta. As soon as she saw me, she went into a fit of anger. Buz829 ne a eayogs RR TBS FRBRME BLAS wEo RET 3 [P| Jishin ga ,,hassee-suru [ya], kishoo-choo wa tadachi ni tsunami-keehoo o dashita. As soon as the earthquake happened, the Meteorological Agency issued a t lal wave warning. 3. Placed at the end of a sentence in men’s language. 1) Used in casually coaxing or inviting action. English approximation: “shall we?” “would we?” 2) A) B) C) Wel CH OHS 4 Pe Maa, moo sukoshi hanashi o shite kara ,, kaeroo [ya]. £5, BITE RLSM. FRE THENIC | Hisashiburi ni, unagi demo tabe ni , ikoo [ya]. It’s been a long time (since we had some), so let’s go and have unagi or something, shall we? bien da[P] Y7IbK-W, SHEA BoTSK Se a. Mvo_yame-yoo [ya], sofuiobuoru, Suru-sore kuraku-naiie kita yo Let’s stop playing softball, shall we? It’s getting dark. Expresses a sense of resignation, helplessness or some sort of emotion. Not translatable. A) 244 Roa, Rodbepro ti nsvrn, toehs s LeB) D «. Shikata-ga-nai [ya]. Sono uchi wakatte-kureru sa. Fumiko won't try to understand how I feel. Well, there is nothing I can do. I hope she'll understand me some day. 25, OOP), LIS NE es. = Maa, aqj.li |ya]. Moo ichido yari-naosoo. F ‘0: it. PM di a se . BE. Y-VI7LY KAaREAK OT. FORE LOLS, Sonoda-kun, gaaru-furendo ga dekita-n datte. 4, Urayamashii ya}. I hear that Sonoda has a girlfriend now. I’m envious. b. tonahpoch as asding ooh. CILEBORY Te on Plo BAS CHT ecg dk. A, hoor ga atatte mado-garasii ga warechatta, Dan ni ma nara-nai [ya]. Min-na de ayamari ni ikoo yo. Oh no, the ball broke the window! We can't do anything about it. Let’s all go and apologize. 4. After the name of the party addressed, softens the tone of the entire sentence. Mainly used by elderly peopie. Not transiatabie. B) be wo we Balel ee svaick SFO |. ‘ BG » Yoshiko (val. chotto hari ni ito o tooshite okure-de-nai ka i? Yoshiko, my dear, will you thread the needle for me? aad Rava BUOSA) S|], SAS CAMREATT SE. n.Qjiisan |ya], kyoo wa anata no tanjoobi desu yo. 245My dear oid man, today is your birthday, you know. +,” intensifies the meanings of “mata mo # 7: ” (again) and “mashite 2 LC” (even more). Not translatable. A) cy Y pave ia, ane[elRiekoeclacn. Boku wa, ,, mata mo [va] kanojo o okorasete shimatta. 1 ended up making her angry yet again. sane LOREAL RE Konan, Ralat as Kono doresu, kyonen de sae kyuukutsu datta no yo. adv. Mashite |ya}, kotoshi wa mata futotta mono, hairu hazu-ga- nai wa. This dress was too tight for me last year even. So it's even more irue that Tcan’t fit in PU 1. Used in calling out to someone, with a tone of familiarity or scorn. Not translatable. A) B) a8 8 er joe tf RUB |, SEVDObHLIAI-TERL UCM. yal, o! vai}, Akio, come lend me (your uncle) a hand for a bit. bee ERD ° REVO 2 WC UML]. Kemushi ga kowai no? ,, Ikujinashi [yai]. You're scared of caterpillars? You coward!Z. At the end of a sentence, creates an exciamatory, curt statement. Not A) 2okkcop lL rokuesu(ol. Sono hachi kowashita no , boku ja nai |yai|. I’m not the one who broke that flower pot! B) B48 wAsME BOLO], Moo kimi ni nanka ,, tanoma-nai |yai|. P-UWER-AD A combination of the particle “ya +,” the adverb “ina \\4:(not)” and the ombination particie particle “ya +.” Indicates that an action is immediately followed by anviher action. English ar ” A) ERE Roots Pome), MaCEAL TLEOK raximatian: “as soon as Shujin wa shucchoo kara ,, kaeru [ya ina ya], kaze de nekonde shimatta. My husband, as soon as he came back from his business trip, took to bed with a cold. y apie 38 g Wakamono wa uma ni ., matagaru |va ina val, kake-satta. ‘The young man, as soon as he got on the horse, galloped away. 247YARA ?5 1. Following an interrogative or a word indicating uncertainty, emphasizes the uncertainty. Not translatable. # ne A) MOB UWS Lidtharts « SLRUTOBOT EBON 3(M) [es lack bree. Boku no ojiisan wa ha ga takusan kakete-iru no de, nani o ing lots of teeth. (I) can’t understand Since my grandfather is mi what he’s saying at all. er [Pb SA TL * B) UWbILH SAME. BO gorkk. Hii-obaasan ga nakunatta no wa, itsu no koto , datta |yara wasurete shimatta yo. passed away. 2. In the pattern “to yara & +? 5,” to make a statement more vague. English approximation: “... or something/someone” A) BReLP SF ABA AHN ANSI CH. Takami , to |yarajyuu hito ga ome-ni-kakari-tal soo desu. you. Boar dee B) RAHA, COL|P S| HK LOMIMTOS, Sakamoto-san wa, doko , to watashi no ane ni nite-iru. Ms. Sakamoto somehow resembles my elder sister.indicates an indecision between the choices. English approximation: 4, urs ae Leek ats A) AFEKS (BIT CoBMEADNY YP O|RFOY TY eb), Ads OER, Musuko mo ookiku natte, docchi ga shujin no ,, shatsu |yara Musuko no ,, siaisu [yara], miwake ya isuka-nai, My con has grown up, and I can't tell which are my hushand’s shirts and which are my son's. B22 ap ok + as & B) FALMAH SOS IRON O|P S|, SHREK 4. Kyoo wa ame ga furu , no |yara] fura-nai , no [yara|. Maa kasa dake wa motte ikoo. ia in case). Lists two or more items, with the implication that other items exist as well. English approximation: “and ... (other things)” A) ALAITVAPAL BULW IB EI PH|T-A[VHIE CIA feN SLE 7H, Ashita wa kurisumasu, oishii , gochisoo lyaral ., keeki |yara wwaray =. Keen vara takusan tsukuri-mashoo ne. Tomorrow is Christmas Day, let’s make lots of good food and cakes (and other things). 2492 wn aa ome A a gt aw etiziel LOM CARRMTAD ABS DL. EDERITA| TODD 6 feel. Ske mea Ue no kai de mata fuufu-genka ga hajimatta yo. Mono o v,Mageru |yara| , wameku |yara}, taihen da naa. ‘The couple upstairs has started fighting again. They're throwing things and screaming (at each other) (and doing other things), it’s quite something. to oneself with a tone of uncertainty. English approximation: “I wonder A) B) 250 Nae Shwlah vider. Heh << 3 (o)[PS] Kyoo mo shujin wa sakana-tsuri ni dekaketa. Nan-biki , tsutte- kuru (no) {yara]. My husband weni fishing again ioday. i wonder how many he'll ¢ ing hack? Ro ee PAD bia hoi, RKAKRE. Ch Hier: 35 (0) [eS Yakusoku no jikan 0 ichi-jikan juugo-fun mo sugita no ni, kanojo wa mada ko-nai. Doredake , mata-sareru (no) |yara|. Even though it’s an hour and titteen minutes past the time we're kept waiting?YO & 2) 3) Placed at the end of a sentence. Transforms the sentence into an exclamation. Not translatable. =| £ Jo Kanojo no hanayome-sugata, hontoo ni kiree , datta |yo}. A) ROKER, FY an Ko Anata no ensoo suteki datta , wa |yo]. Your performance was really splendid. After an interrogative pronoun, adds a tone of criticism. Not translatable. Sono kakkoo wa j»,nan da [yo]. Zubon kara shatsu ga hami dashite-iru ja nai ka. What's with your attire? Your shirt’s hanging out of your pants. nae ra SELADLT, THREG LA B) na z € é 2. 3 Fy a é $ g = a 4 2 & = 5 2 2. 8 8 Ps 3 a 3 3 = é Emphasizes a command. Not translatable. ae om A) FC RNA[E]. PRHN se Hayaku ,, tabero [yo]. Gakkoo ni okureru zo. Eat quickly, already! You'll be late for school. 251na [yol p. 22 |¥O). Don’t get so angry at me just for using your dictionary without asking you! 4) After the form “oo B& (4)” or “yoo £4.” Emphasizes a statement of suggestion. Not translatable. A) WOBRAE. HIE TE It's nice out. Let’s go take a walk or something. B) Ag, BRA, BTLENEI[ Ele Nee, otoosan, osushi ,, tabe yoo [yo]. Say, Dad, shall we have sushi? Expresses an emotional state. Not translatable. Oo agile cet ssl C) CA CHB AA TL Fd fe Nan te michi na-n . di yal. . yo What a dark road (this) is! mous ane 28 ae D) REAL A TL FO BRE LV ROC TEARS © oy Baar F[£]o Kanojo ni wa atarashii booi-furendo ga dekita rashii. Boku no — koto nan ka sugu wasureru . daroo |yo]. me very soon! 2. Placed at the end of a clause or a sentence. 1) Expresses an exclamatory address. Not translatable. A) BLE]. Bao HAL, 252fl Wo). God, please protect me. B) pow! Fee[a], Fc Boccud, tS LORERS. Ooi! ,, Hiraiwa-kun [yo], hayaku nobotte koi yo. Subarashii keshiki da zo. Hey! Hiraiwa, come climb up quickly! It’s a great view! s a “filler” particie piaced at pauses in a sentence, to catch a breath 2 > A) BRAASKMOTORON? Usortark ae 2 RILFoTZOHE LH BOA, Otoosan mada kaette ko-nai no? Hyotto suru to . da [vo], ojisan no uchi ni yotte-iru no kamo-shirenai ne. stopped by vour uncle's. nee coe B) ®-k&| £|, R6 UO-SAH DK SLITS? Man-ichi . da jyo), takara-kuji no it-too ga atattara doo suru? Let’s say that by a one-in-ten-thousand chance, you won the lottery, what would you do? YORI £9 1. Makes a comparison. Also in the forms “yorika +" 4°,” or “yorimo ne.” English approximation: “than” 253Kana ringo wa, ana ,, ringo [yori] o A This apple is bigger than that apple. I CD) wn ke ua B) brit, SEALED (H+ b)] HOBO. Watashi wa, ,, anata [yori(ka/mo)] se ga takai. aie I'm taller than you. “AK aad Be pe C) FADTANIABOA| £1 (4+ b)/HLC BHoOK, Kyoo no tesuto wa ,,omotta jyori(ka/mo)| muzukashiku- nakatta. Today’s exam was less difficult than I had expected. Yaoujavoek. = Kinoo [yori(ka/ma)] kyne no hao ga zutta samui Today is much colder than yesterday. 2. Establishes a boundary. Often followed by a word describing time, distance, or position. English approximation: “than” a Ky aera bes . A) RRSMFRI, Ri LF aE T. Our school is before the station. (i.e. closer to us than the station.) BIL Lee ae B) SKbSOAT OT Boa, F else 7 |RILEL AF. Mada onaka ga suite-inai nara, yuushoku wa ,, shichi-ji [yori ato ni shi-mashoo. 254(literally: later than seven.) ace site 8 OC) K-AM GR) £9 |ARM THE (KS, Hoomu no ,, hakusen |yori] uchigawa de omachi kudasai. Please wait inside the white line on the platform. (literally: at a more inner location than the white line.) 3. Inthe pattern “yori huka J 1i4-," folluwed by a negation, shows tira matters are limited to what precedes the particle and nothing else English approximation: “(nothing else) to do besides ... Bwr 29 tee ae ow A) CILTESBAMLE. CIMT, PEBORNTC (L9 (Etre, Doo shite mo denwa ga tsuuji-nai. Koo natte wa, nakaya-kun no uchi e ,,iku yori} hoka nai. case, there's nothing (I) can do except go to Nakaya’s house. B) 7- 7A CHEE, SE THOE Dae an, Keeburukaa ga koshoo de ugoka-nai. Naoru made ,,matsu yori] hoka nai ne. ‘The tramway is out of order and not running. There’s nothing to 4. In formal or written language, indicates the starting point of time or space for an action. In colloquial usage, “kara 4>#>” is usually used in its place. English approximation: “from” A) Hi Bve) ~Sie5 Ba, FP RER[ED|REL AT. 285B) Shin-kansen hikari-ichi-goo hakaia-yuki wa, ,, juuroku-ban-sen Shin-kansen Hikari No. | to Hakata will be leaving from track No. 16. 82d moe oe ae SANSA S— | LD ED ET. Kyoo no kaigi wa, ichi-ji |yori! hajimari-masu. Today's meeting will start trom one o'clock. # (who).” “nani £1 (what).” etc.. to indicate that which follows it is the best. English approximation: “no better than” A) R) Colt | RA RA - SKA, n.Doko [yori] wagaya ga ichi-ban da ne. T ve is no betier place than vur hu th ye nktotyY. a TNIMDENEAN AY AOE Tt, es Maa, toritate no nashi, ,, nani no mono o arigatoo gozaimasu. My goodness, (these are) freshly picked pears; thank you so much (for giving us something that cannot be surpassed.) we aL tg aa th. Blea | L(t) F( RoKM, You ran faster than anyone else, didn’t you? 6. Indicates the basis for conclusions, results, etc. English approximation: “on the basis of” “from” A) 256 EP) 27 7-NORB FILS L AOE R EEOwet. Piano konkuuru no yuushoo-sha wa ashita no saishuu-shinsa no kekka ,,ni [yori] kime-masu. The winner of the piano competition will be selected on the basis of the results of the final performance tomorrow. Amy Caro Rs 38 aA casa BUNA WEIL ET). HROATIS ichi-oku ni-sen-man nin to wakatta. From this census, it’s understood that the population of Japan is about one hundred twenty million. 7. In the pattern “to yuu yori &4)4 £7,” indicates that a person/thing seems to be or is considered to be something other than what it is. RAVYEWILEN AER HK, | Saitoo-kun wa, bijinesuman ,,,to yuu |yori] kagakusha da. Saito is more of a scientist than a businessman. 2 Be arse B) ARUGHAL CMs | ED RK. Ookii naa! Kore wa mizuumi ,»,to yuu [yori] umi da. it’s so bigi it’s more iike an ocean than a iake. ze tf Found in men’s language. Used only in casual conversation among colleagues ‘or with those whose supposed social status is below that of the speaker. 27To elicit an agreement from ihe party addressed. BLBECh wones? A) EMEA Er pase, 2ALET Yoshioka-kun ga kakari-choo ni naru-n da. Min-na de ,, oiwai- shiyoo [ze] Yoshioka is going to become an assistant section chief. Let's all celebrate (for him). ao buat a B) FE UZ OREO. Ima made v ©. vameru [ze]. Until now, I couldn't keep a resolution past three days. However, this time, I’m really going to quit smoking. zo €é Placed at the end of a sentence or a clanse, emphatically states one’s opinion or judgement. Found in men’s language. Not translatable. i * A) Zuo Mois attache Z|. Kimi yori boku no hoo ga se ga .y takai [zo]. I'm taller than you! -. et patel B) i256, R-, KITS Look, Shin-ichi, I’m going to throw (the ball)! 258ZUTSU 3D Establishes equal divisions. English approximation: A) B) Cc) . at a time” “(quantity) each ...” Hse, Bo,our[Fo|Laswsvr, Ha ga warui node, katai mono wa _ , sukoshi |zutsu| shika kame-masen. Since I have time. BA Hoa, wok, “HB Fo]e ea 6%, born ScRLTE. Manga no hon, ,.is-satsu [zutsu] ja naku te, motto takusan kashite yo. Don’t lend me comic books one at a time; let me have a lot more {ai once). onenn ve 5 VOVIALL, SRE A[faluat. a?) Dono kurasu ni mo, gakkyuu-iin ga _,, futari |zutsu| i-masu. There are two class representatives for each and every class. 259MASTERING PARTICLES:NTRODUCTION This section is designed for students who are at the beginning level of Japanese language studies. Learning how and when to use particles 1s so Exposure to numerous examples and problems will familiarize vou with the appropriate usages. These exercises start out with a variety of practice sentences involving the particles “walt” and “ga4*,” since it's crucial to grasp the difference between these two fundamental particles. As you progress, other particles are gradually introduced into the problems, and sentence siruciures become increasingly more complex. Your instructor may wish t as homework. There is also an answer key in the back.Lesson 1 Complete the sentences below, using either “|d(wa)” or “A‘(ga)” in the parentheses. a Lyre ( Zeb ST. Ringo (|) mit-tsu ari-masu. » There are three apples. bi) Bs Are (| ) akai rinao desu. ‘That is a red apple. ge AnD Fe ( ) HAnat. Gakusee (|) futari i-masu. There are two students. That student is an American. bate (CS (+) HOA CHA? Anata ( 1 ) doko ( 2) itai-n desu ka? (As for you,) where does it hurt? Re be brL ( ) RC )MOYATT (As for me.) my head hurts. bre )R( ) HC ED EEA. Watashi (|) atama ( 2_ ) itaku-arimasen. (As for me,) my head doesn’t hurt (but other parts do). 263Look, many children have come. 2th 26 sess 9% FRE ( ) AABHOFTT SL. Kodomo-tachi (|) min-na otoko-no-ko desu yo. The children are all boys. nop naoe 10. BPSA ( ) SARSTA? Will Mr. Tanaka come today? (Literally: “As for Mr. Tanaka ..”) 1 lt, RET Le B BPSL ( ) RELA Hai, ki-masu yo. A, tanaka-san (|) kismashita, Yes, (he) will come. Ah, Mr. Tanaka has come 12. (+) Beta, Kaze {i} tsuyoi desu nee. I's windy, i r 13. ( ) Hotaslede Ame (_ | _ ) futte-ki-mashita yo. i (Lit It has started to rain. (Literally: “The rain has started to fall.”) ) HUTT. |) kiree desu. 15% (0) Motu. Mado (I ) aite-imasu. The window is open. wh (+) Raat. 264Yama (|) mie-macu. ) can see a mountain. 17. bur ( ) bow ( ) MRETH? Anata (|) ano yama (2) mie-masu ka? Can you see that mountain? (Literally: “As for you ...”) ‘ a dm ) RAITT. No, (I) can’t see a mountain, but (I) can see trees. (Literally: “As for a mountain, I can’t see (it), but ...”) WW eheR( ) haat? Don-na ki (|) mie-masu ka? What kind of trees can (you) see? waoaak (haat 2 BS 8 Fa Iro-iro na ki (|) mie-masu (I) can see many kinds of trees. 2 knee (-) AC BAROTORT. Kiree na hana (| ) takusan saite-imasu Beautiful flowers are blooming in abundance. () BRR A ! ) mada Tulips have not bloomed yet (but other flowers have). 23. ‘ ( ) CITT A? Sakura (|) doo desu ka? What about cherry blossoms? 24.) HN EELS 265yo. ‘There are no cherry blossoms (hut there are other flowers), 25. beL ( ) heels. Watashi ( | ) yamada to mooshi-masu. I am (called) Yamada. 2%. bb HEA ( -) BIATHSoLeHETA Aa, anata ( jj yamada-san Ge irassnaimasu ka. Oh, you are Mr. Y W. Leb, Cah ( ) BEACH? Jaa, donata( |) tanaka-san desu ka? Then, who is Mr. Tanaka? 28." () BCT. Watakusni (|) tanaka desu. (4) P Beas Watashi( | )nihongo( 2 ) sukoshi hanase-masu. I can speak a little bil of Japanese. 30. HEL ( d). uransugo { Z j wakari-masu ga, doitsugo { I can understand French, but not German. 266 B ( ) baODETA FAVE ( db 3 }Lesson 2 Complete the sentences below, using “(d(wa)", “/*(ga)", or “(mo)” in the parentheses. n ca) BH ot Kore ( i} fyaku en desu. ‘This is one hundred yen. ch) Se Acta? Dore ( | ) ni-hyaku en desu ka? Which one is two hundred yen? bn ( ) HATH. Are {ij ni-hyaku en desu. Th dred yen. ca) SHiethe Kore (_ |) ni-hyaku en desu ka? Is this two hundred yen also? Oud. zh ( ) SHAN tHA, lie, sore (|) ni-hyaku en ja ari-masen. ber )#C ) Becta. Anata( |! )se( 2 ) takai desu nee. You are tall, aren’t you. (Literally: “Your height is high, isn’t it.) Bas. ) RC) Boctna. Toyoda-san (_ | )se( 2) takai desu nee. Ms. Toyoda is aiso tail, isn’t she? y6. pit (J Watashi 1am short. (Literally: “As for me, my height is low.") 309 ( ) CARBRACLED? Kinoo (— |) don-na otenki deshita ka? How was the weather yesterday? oe + W. 309 ( IF ) VEL. Cob yuki ¢ ff } yuki { 23 Yesterday, it snowed. BBC) BC ) ots te? Kyoo (_ 1 ) yuki (2. ) futte-imasu ka? Is it snowing today, too? ao on 2 2 2 wa, FBC ) BS ( ) Both std. THB ( ) ROT To lie, kyon (1) (2 ) futte-imasen. Demo kiri (3) koi desu. No, today it's not_ snowing (although it snowed yesterday). But the fog is dense. 3.5L (mC) STL Ge Ashita( i j ame ( 2Z } furu deshoo. 1) netsu (| 2) ari-masu. Today, (I) have a fever. 15.809 ( DRC) HNELAD? 26820. 21. 22. 23. Kinoo (1) netsu {2 ) ari-mashita ka? Did you have a fever yesterday as well? » ADF ( KR ¢ ) HVEEATLED Kinoo (_ | ) netsu ( 2_ ) ari-masen deshita. Yesterday, I didn’t have a fever. rr en ze DWN © Sora {1} aol The sky is blue. 2 ap () HTT. Umi (|) aoi desu. The ocean is blue, too. bees ae . WER ( ) FoF Ss. Chil The earth is blue also. we ay EC ) HTH H? Kumo (|) aoi desu ka? Are clouds blue as well? oor EC) Fcanaee, jie, Kuno (i) aku arimasen, No, clouds aren’t bh: Labo ( Hoka ni aoi mono (| __) ari-masu ka? Is there anything else bluc? 4% ( ) RATT. Watashi (_ | ) genki desu. 20924. 25. 26. 27. 28. » 3 . fh & ber ) tae. Anata (_ |) genki desu. You are fine, too. Kh (RTH? Dare (_ |) byooki desu ka? Who is sick? WEA (BE or Kawamoto-san (| ) byooki desu. Mr. Kawamoto is sick. moor bs MASA ( dvr ¢ ) BOA tta? Kawamoto-san (_ | ) doko ( 2) warui-n desu ka? What is wrong with Mr. Kawamoto? (Literally: “As tor Mr. Kawamoto, ) WES (RC ) BRAC) Hea cH Kawamoto-san (_ | ) atama( 2 ) onaka( 3 ) itai soo desu. T heard that Mr. Kawamoto has both a headache and a stomachache. (Literally: “... both (his) head and stomach hurt.”) shenv Rayo 8 OPEC ) Ray (PSEA BEC ) RLOAT tT. Man-nen-hitsu (| ) booru-pen ( 2 ) iri-masen. Enpitsu (| 3. ) hoshii-n desu. I need neither a fountain pen nor a ball point pen. What I need is a pencil. 270aoans ( ) wee Hat () Borda Ree) # Be CBA. Kinoo (|) nishikawa-kun to maeda-kun ( 2 ) asobi-ni-kita. Boku-tachi ( 3 ) yakyuu o shite asonda. Yesterday, Nishikawa and Maeda came over to play. We played baseball. mLesson 3 Complete the sentences below, using “[é(wa)”, “A%(ga)", “(mo)”, or “0 (no)" in the parentheses. 1. rR) » zoey > a+ RR (+) MAC +) HNETH? Tookyoo ( | )chizu( 2) ari-masu ka? Do you have a map of Tokyo? nuay ae )eE( ) enatH? Oosaka (| ) chizu ( 2) ari-masu ka? Do you have a map of Osaka, too? Bae a+ AR ( ) 2B ( ) SSA, Oosaka (_ | )chizu( 2 ) ari-masen. We don’t have a map of Osaka. gee ae 2eB( )E( ) Hoar CY Nagoya ( | )chizu( 2 )aricmasu( 3 ) We have a map of Nagoya, but ... nee eros Led, 2d ( ) MMERE TCHS Jaa, nagoya( |) chizu o misete kudasai. Well, then please show me a map of Nagoya. eB BC DMC ) BNET to What would you like to eat? ( Dayan () fxn Boku ( | ) hanbaagaa ( 2) tabe-tai. I want to eat a hamburger. 22hath) (yun Nomi-mono ( | ) nani( 2 = ) ii? What would you like to drink? BC ) or ) Boras, rAaFIH— () tte Boku (_ | ) nodo ( 2 ) kawaita kara aisu-tii (3) ii na. As I'm thirsty, I'd like to drink iced-tea. od naan aD & MbAL ( YRC ) RBC J SADET Watashi (_ | ) chichi ( 2 ) kyoodai ( 3 ) futari i-masu. My father has two brothers. (Literally: “As for my father, there are two brothers.”) YR ( ) bALIvotaBE CH. ) ani (2 ) otooto ( 3 ) watashi ni totte wa oji (My) father’s older brother and younger brother are hath my uncles te ne se on eae RC JRC )FRC JOzstrn( JRC ) ore ann (HRC) HAST. Chichi ( | ) ani( 2 ) kodomo ( 3 ) i-masen( 4 ), chichi (5 ) otooto ( 6 ) musume ( 7) futari i-masu. father's oider brother doesn’t have chiidren, but (my) father’s r broth ) Ehuat. Watashi ( | ) haha ( 2 ) kyoodai ( 3_ ) futari i-masu. My mother has two brothers as well. . (RBC) beELEKOTABUTT. Haha (_ | ) kyoodai ( 2 ) watashi ni totte wa oji desu. 213Is. FEC) BRAC) Cate? Kyoo (_ | ) otenki ( 2 ) doo desu ka? How is today’s weather? 16 FB (0) ( ) ROT HC) HotH at. Kyoo ( 1 ) kaze ( 2 ) fuite, ame ( 3 ) futte imasu. blowing, and the rain is falling, too.”) 7 bLE( ) BRAC) Bocuss ae? Ashita (_ |) otenki (| 2 ) warui deshoo ka? Will it be bad weather tomorrow, too? 1B WLA BLA ( ) WOBRATL EG. jie, ashita (i) ii vienki desioo. No, tomorrow will probably be good weather. haste 8 19. BB ( )RLYATT ()e Enpitsu ( | ) hoshii-ndesu( 2 ), I'd like a pencil ... me () LAL THA? Nant-iro (|) yoroshi desu ka? 21. -BooO( )abnat( ), Akaino( | ), kuroino( 2 )ari-masu( 3 ). There are red ones as well as black ones... 22. Boo ( ) &LOTH Kuroi no (| __) hoshii desu. 27423. 24. 25. 26. 28. I want a black one. Ho () code? eh ) ONES Akai no (| ) doo desu ka? Sore ( 2 ) iri-masen. What about a red one? That I don’t need. 34 te toe % ( ) Pie ( ), CACEM ( DWETA? Imi (4 J naka ni (2 3}, donna secbutsu{ 3.) Umi{ 4 } naka ni{ 2 }, donna seebutsu{ 3 } ka? What kinds of creatures are there in the sea? 2a sae me Lace aes ( ). BOR ( DWEt. wy ( )H7at. Umini( | ), sakana ya kai ( 2 ) i-masu. Shokubutsu (3. ) ari-masu. . There are pianis, In the sea, there are suc ings as fish aud shell too He ( )umsecter pre ( ) ave ( ) Hac To Akai kuruma (|) ikaga desu ka? Watashi (2) shiroi kuruma ( 3) suki desu. How about a red car? I like white cars. us cae Anne cae ae us Bee (Sn Fee ( ) bath, Fe satouct Pre Shiroi kuruma (|) migi ni, aoi kuruma (2 ) ari-masu nee. Aoi iro no mo ii-desu ne. To the right of the white car, there is a blue car, (right)? The blue one is nice, too. Wey we) wae A & n a veeBoku (|) terebi o mite-iru toki ni, oji-san to oba-san ( 2 ) tazunete kita. When I was watching T.V., my uncle and aunt came to visit. 2 bre ( ). ze (+) BCT) ( )ULACBRET. AT—b ( ) By7— ( )PVET. i}, sul ( ) zR-Y { 2 j tokuidesu ( 3 j, fuyu( 4 j supootsu ( § ) hotanda deki-masu (7) yari-masu. I’m good at skiing, but I can do most winter sports. I skate and play hockey, too eat . aus 2 on anon 30. HAMLIHOTALI. AMVGRE ( ) RABE. M( ) RA Seb wHEOL Kirea na keshiki (1) mier yo Kawa ( 2 ) mizuumi( 3 ), soshite, kisha( 4 ) mieru- kamo-shire nai yo. Let’s go climb that mountain. We'll be able to see a great view. We'll be able to see a river, a lake, and possibly even a train. 216Lesson 4 Complete the sentences below, using “t (de)” or “& (o)” in the parentheses. 1 Where did vou buy this dictionary? 2 bELERATZY— ( -) FABLE Watashi wa eki e takushii (_ |) iki-mashita. I went to the station by taxi. ty ety « 3. c0ROH (MECC. Sono akai iokee {ij mmiseie Kudasai. Please show m A DHLILSOG FN PORE () arty G4 ( ) RXR Lie Watashi wa kinoo depaato no shokudoo (|) supagettii (2. ) tabe-mashita. Yesterday, I ate spaghetti at the restaurant in a department store. o ge CHa Foye HAP) A Kono baasudee-keeki ( | ) naifu( 2 ) kitte kudasai. Please cut this birthday cake with a knife. 6 oN, BenoBSH (xy () Bcc eso. Koko e anata no onamae (_ | ) pen( 2) kaite kudasai. Please write your name here with a pen. ae pee been Di Lidsicstm ( ) SHC) Boe ™! } kakiteme { 2 } okutt I sent my mother a letter by registered mail. BETO. C2) MC) RNG? Onaka ga suita. Doko ( 1 ) nani{ 2 ) tabe-yoo? I'm hungry. Where and what shall I eat? pare beracco#e ( ) R¥LaLAM? Fram which school did you graduate? 10. 298 ( -) dot cir. sABee nad. €2 (0) san 2 RoHS, Kono michi (_ | __) massugu iku to, basu-tee ga ari-masu. Soko ( 2. ) basu ni notte kudasai. if you go straight down this street, there wiii be a bus stop. Get on the ) a, Baoe RM ( ) Enas. |) wa, kuruma wa michi no hidari-gawa( 2 ) hashiri-masu. In Japan, cars keep to the left side of the road. Upaits as ousae 5 12, HLAOA, RAT ( ) =a-3-7 ( ) RELIEF. ita mo ase i{ i }myuuyooku { 2 7 shuppaisu-; mast Tomorrow morning, I’m leaving New York on a plane. sotes 13. RHb/2L975 ( )MN-F4— ( )LAF. Raishuu watashi no uchi (|! ) paatii (| 2) shi-masu. I’m going to throw a party at my house next week. 2814 ote a |. LSA DRAALLL = voy 1299 be COLabey ( ) WHR Lon eete cde? Kono restoran (| _) ichiban oishii oryoori wa nan desu ka? What is the best dish (served) at this restaurant? Be) ECU tHe () TE nhacort. Yamada-san no okusan wa, goshujin (|) nakushite kara hitori ry After having lost her husband, Mrs. Yamada is living alone in his apartment. Besuecey ue brome, A (RE Reanat. wae) BR wo ) Lat. Watashi no sobo wa, kotoshi { | ) kyuujus-sai ni nari-masu. 2 joiwai{ 3 5! My grandmother is going to turn ninety this year. We're all going to celebrate ( her birthday). hte (Hier (CO) EXSL Ee Min-na (| ) issho ni dezaato (2) tabe-mashoo Let’s all have desert together. WE (POA (Cj OTE Ru i( 2 ) hate Please paste down the postage stamp with glue. ae 2 dese Pa a ARB eA (LER ( ) RHR TITS ALK. Aka-chan (| ) uba-guruma ( 2 ) sanpo ni_ tsurete-iki- mashita. I took the baby out for a walk in a stroller.» 3 21. ue & BHA PES ( RNS L GH? Obentoo ( 1) daka ( 2 ) tahe-mashoo ka? Where shall we eat our boxed lunch? beLUR ( ) RPicknciaace. BM), £eORE BAG, bALORG, GRLEGEL IE) RDELA Watashi wa inu (|) sanpo ni tsurete iki-mashita. Kooen { Z 3, yosonoinuni de-au to, watashi no inu wa, ureshisoo ni © I took my dog for a walk. At the park, when my dog saw another dog. it wagged its tail in delight. aes kas eu ba 22. beELIZ, TORBOREE ( ) &F ( ) BELA. Watashi wa, sono eego no tango (_ | ) jisho ( 2 ) shirabe- mashita. 23. Amit kT) 29R BARNET. HEL REY 9 7y— ( ) Bot, wea citaat. Konya wa, hoteru (|) kurasu-kai ga ari-masu. Watashi wa, tomodachi to takushii (| 2 ) hirotte, hoteru made iki-masu. Tonight, there will be a class reunion at a hotel. I'm going to catch a taxi with a friend, and (that is how) we're going to go to the hotel. gas cues » 2A SAILBABOIS2 ( ) 2S4E ( ) BALA Kyoo wa nihongo no kurasu( | ), suraido( 2 ) mi-mashita. Today in Japanese class we saw slides. bss use oe » 25. oAwmH ( ) BE ( ) LT BE, RAB ( ) Sst de 280Kon-na tokoro { |} Kenna tckoro { | } nD hiki-masu yo. If you take a nap at a place like this, you'll catch cold. ELBE Fb ( ) coatehn( ) THC) Rote te Watashi wa depaato (_ | ) konokoin-ire( 2 )senen( 3 ) kai Thonght this change purse for one thousand yen at a department toca ap cae * BOFROWM ( ) BR ( ) bHTCHAYS Ano gakko no mae (|) kuruma (2 ) tomete kudasai. Please stop the car in front of that school. ye yny ( ) FLOR () HOSEL EG. Shanpen ( ij chiimuno yuushoo ( 2 } iwai-mashoo. a coeng )FLoo ( ) Rote nan, Kono teekiken wa, kigen ga kirete-imasu ne. Asoko no mado-guchi (| ) atarashiino ( 2 ) katte kudasai. Your (train/bus) pass is no longer valid. Please buy a new one at that i window. Reto ceed 2 te eae kyu omw ae . SABI. Bean ( )RRKKAAAN ETL AELCORVBHO age 2 . ( )#kK( ) Halas. Kyoo wa, sumidagawa (| _ ) hanabi-taikai ga ari-masu. Asoko no takai tatemono no okujoo (2) hanabi( 3 ) mi-mashoo. 281Today, there's going to be fireworks over (ai) the Sumida River. Let's watch the fireworks from the rooft hat tall buil 282Lesson 5 Complete the sentences below, using “T(de)", “(0)” or “I=(ni)” (“~\(e)”) in the parentheses. B beELGERE (sn) BRD) Ba cHAELA wa, kodumo-iachi ( i} basu ( 2) omatsuri (3. ) teurate iki-mashita I took my children to the festival by bus. bELIKH () AAA CHAS CORE (Orel ed a? Watashi wa kyooto (| _ ) ikitai-n desu ga, kono densha( 2 ) ii deshoo ka? ) S6tGLEL Boku wa kissa-ten( | ) kanojo( 2 ) sandoicchi( 3 ) gochisoo shi-mashita. I bought her a sandwich at a coffee shop. + bi ligean BARS MBC) ( ) Bieuses, Watashi wa nyuuyooku ( | ) sumitai kara, shinbun ( 2 ) apaato ( 3 ) sagashite-imasu. Because I want to live in New York, I am looking for an apartment through the newspaper. zat 2 ; PROBE ( Jeo ( ) BRO?wenpiisu ( i j doko { 2 } vita nu? did you put my pencil? 6. Be CO) es (Bela Konban nanji (| ) doko ( 2 ) ai-mashoo ka? Where and when shall we meet tonight? 7. bRLINY 7LYK ( ) BRE )FR (+) Sean. Watashi wa pen-furendo( | jnihongo( 2 )tegami( 3 ) kaki-mashita. I wrote a letter to my penpal in Japanese. 8. ia, Woe (74 (TEAL. ELT ZS) H-74v ( ) LEW. Boku wa, itsuka fune (_ 1 ) hawai ( 2 ) ikitai. Soshite, soko (| 3 ) saafin( 4) shitai. ‘d like to go surfing there. 9 A-Noe—yb () BRR (sy () Rocaee Ke Suupaa-maaketto (|) jitensha (| 2) pan ( 3__ ) kai ni iki- mashita. I went to the supermarket by bicycle to buy some bread. obras ( ) TRC) ERC) Lad Watashi wa ichi-nichi (|) ichi-do haha ( 2 ) denwa (| 3. ) shi-masu. I call my mother once every day. un. BBR ( ) aecS (+) Bveles. 28417. . bELIME (+) 36 () ) Satan. 2 . a, & Mikka-ao (| ) mata koko ( 2 ) ai-mashoo. Let’s meet again here in three days. ee Lest ory ( ) ec ata, Mob) BRC) HP Ruat we? Rondon (_ |) iku hikooki wa, nanji( 2 ) kuukoo( 3 ) shuppatsu shi-masu ka? When will the plane for London leave thi Watashi wa saifu (1) uchi ( ) wasurete kita. I forgot my wallet at home (and came here). aE (an ( ) be Le . ( ) Rove (AT RET. K ( 3 )haiuee ( 4 ) hashitte kaisha ( 5 ) iki-masu. Every morning, he leaves his house at seven-thirty and drives on the highway to get to his office. Bake (+), Ree), tay) Bone. Boku wa yonaka( | ), senmenjo( 2 ), gokiburi( 3 ) T found a cackroach in the washroom at midnight neue ane o » MSBISFAL ( ) BRC ) Rok. Kariya-kun wa tesuto (_ | ) hyaku-ten ( 2. ) totta. Kariya got a hundred (A*) on the test. Bae Ake ( ) HEC) abo (Hk ( J) LELEF.21. 22. 23, {3} aeemu ( 4 ) shi-mashoo. Since it’s cold outside today, let’s all play a game inside the house. a vs ® ® » Hit BEC )RS( LAZY ( )toT eS ( WC) RCL TL AOK. Boku wa, ohiru( | ) tabe( 2 ) resutoran( 3») itte, soko ( 4 j saifu ( 5} makusiiie sitimaiia. T went ta a restaurant to eat lunch, and lost my wallet (there) eae vote be Lid ETH (0) Fb) RB) AaLA Watashi wa, imooto to issho (| ) depaato ( 2 ) kaimono (3. ) iki-mashita. I went shopping at a department store with my sister. * hbo (CP FFHR (CD FAAFI-B( ) RNELEF. i of 1 dd (23 ef 2} yt Let's have ice cream for dessert later. A)979-( ) RoW (RA TARO ED. Herikoputaa (_ | ) notte, sora ( 2 ) tonde-mitai naa. I want to fly through the air in a helicopter. ood eee 2 SLEEK ( ) HE ( ) Mita. n> Til ask my teacher (ahant it) at school tomarraw BRSA ( ) be oa BBOSR( -) Boke, (HEC) BX CBA] Kot Oniisan (|) wakara-nai tango no imi ( 2 ) kiitara, “jisho (3. ) shirabete goran” datte. 286My older brother said, “Look it up in the dictionary,” wher the meaning of a word that I didn’t know. Laue aca ak eu MAL ( ) HVA REOFR ( dy, eo ( )Liokosm Bahr. Tsukue no ue (|) atta tomodachi no shashin ( 2), doko { 3. } shimatia no ka wasureta. L forgot where 1 desk. HARTI H? SDM ( ) Rot ROE F ( )&@ ( )thox 20% ( ) gotcce. Bows ( ) b0 ats. Aa, eki desu ka? Ano hashi ( I ) watatte, saisho no shingoo to. hidarino hoo ( 5 ) ari-masu vo. “Oh, the station? Go across that bridge, turn right at the first traffic light, (then) keep going straight on that road, then you'll see the station on your left.” Li. BR) AREB oes ¢- (0) HR erare geese 2; < bas SRIBET (CF FAT (DROP CO Ry Te Ashita wa, gakkoo ( | ), katoo-sensee no seminaa ( 2 ) shusekki-shi-nakere ba nara nai kara, konya juuji made ( 3 ) taipu( 4 )repooto( 5 ) tsukuroo. Since I will have to attend Prof. Katoh’s seminar at school tomorrow, I'll type my report by ten o'clock tonight.2 on ( ) CAEKLA ( DRUTCIMLS? tid, 7 ( ) ilatusr Paatii (_ | ) don-nadoresu ( 2) kite ikoo kashira? Kare wa, burakku-tai ( 3 ) ikutte itta kedo. What sort of dress shall I wear to the party? He was saying that he would go in black-tie. 22d ee b> ae * at 28. FARO, COSA ( ) MC DP BLE KC DP te Kyoo wa atatakai kara. kono hachi-ue( | )soto( 2 ) dashite, mizu (3 ) yatte-kure nai? It's warm today, so could you take these plants outside and water them? 29. OLKBVEHS, HORRE ( ) ak () HATH EIB I'm thirsty, so let’s go home after we have coffee at that coffee shop. 30. 20KIL ( ) BAL ( ) CoB (+) LOK HAY. heb, cohsobM( ) BLEGM( ) HUAN ba ( ) DU TEXT HAL Sono osushi( | ) ohashi( Zz }) kono osara( 3 ) totte S 3 on sukoshi irete. wasabi ( 6 ) tsukete tabete kudasai. Please put the sushi onto this plate with the chopsticks. Then, pour a little bit of soy sauce onto this small plate, and eat it with the wasabi. 288Lesson 6 Complete the sentences below, using “#*5(kara)”, “I< (ni)”, (“\(e)"), “ET (made)”, or “& Cl=(madeni)” in the parentheses. ayo bho ( ) ACSA KaGETAELAL Konsaato-hooru (_ | __) takusan hito ga dete ki-mashita. B xniiste ( ) tere bnn? Kimi, kinoo wa nanji (|) terebi o mita no? Until what time did you watch T.V. last night? BERD () ConA THETA? Anata wa itsu (|) kono mura ni sunde i-masu ka? How iong nave you iived in this viiiage? aaah Aca bp) aaae £ED Be C ) s fy : ete )*& me i Ww zpag9 ( ) Riisvat, thee, 2ARK () oat, Watashi wa kyonen no rokugatsu ni tookyoo ( | ) oosaka (| 2. ) ki-mashita. Rainen no sangatsu (_ 3) oosaka ni i-masu. Sorekara, mata tookyoo (4) kaeri-masu. I came to Usaka trom ‘Vokyo in June of last year. I'll be in Usaka until M Washinton (| ) mosukuwa ( 2_ ), hikooki de, dore kurai kakari-masu ka? How long does it take from Washington D.C. to Moscow by plane? 289seue ae foie FA4E TERR OTOSHEA (LIB ( ) Bt Kyno wa sutoraiki de, densha ga hashitte i-masen (| (| 2. ) kaisha (3 ) aruite iki-mashita. Because there was no train service today due to the strike, I walked to my office from my house. 7B ) ABATE TAR Sora (i) inseki ga ochite kita. 8. Tookyoo (| ) kyooto { 2 ), shinkansen de nijikan-han gurai kakari-masu. It takes two and half hours from Tokyo to Kyoto by Shinkan-sen (bullet train). Ho gam Bes PRIA SR RAA CBU IAT A atts. Boku wa, kyoo wa tsukareta (|) asobi ni ika nai Because I'm tired today, I'm not going to fo out to have fun. 10. bf Lid, Sa ( » ¢ ) BABOHER Ee Bae pit aILa Sa (), thibe Ra ou ( ) Aocc Kan, Watashi wa, kin-yoobi(_ | )( 2 ) nihongo no sakubun o kaka-nakereba nara-nai ( 3 }, eega o miru no wa raishuu » 3 a é E As I have to finish writing a Japanese composition by this Friday. please (could we) wait until next week to see a movie. eaieeee Ve. bALBES ( ) HSAUA CHA, ERAMER () das 290BO Watashi wa, hiroshima (|) ikitai-n desu ga. densha wa nanhan- sen( 2 ) de-masu ka? I'd like to go to Hiroshima, (but) from which platform will the train REL LOT, HOM) BC) RLE LAA, Bom Yubiwa 0 naku-shita nade, heya no sumi( |) sumi( 2) sagashi-mashita ga, mitsukari-masen deshita. I lost my ring, so I looked for it everywhere in my room, but it couldn't be found. ) seaeiie nas. BReL< (ae eH (2 We still have two more hours until the departure of our flight. Let's eat i-mashoo. something and then have some coffee. MHama ( )B( ) LHS SE. Kono manga wa omoshiroi (_ |) kimi (| 2 ) kashite ageru yo. This Pars 23 . EAB oT kP ( ) CD HAA. Sora ga kuraku natte-kita (|) mata ame ga furu yo. Tsuyu wa itsu (| 2 ) tsuzuku no daroo. The sky is getting dark, so it’s going to rain again. I wonder how much 291jonger the rainy season will continue? od & NEP METL v Kudamono-ya (|) ittara, banana ga totemo yasukatta ( 2. ), oyatsu ( 3 ) katte kita. I went to a fruit shop, and I found their bananas so cheap that I bought some for snacks. Bo a6 We Ut eeeakes DW BALIEAT C ) aa ( yur, Totemo atsui hidatta ( | ), watashiwarokuji ( 2 ) suzushii WW beL, bane) F ofisu (| 3) i-mashita. Since it was a very hot day, I stayed at the cool (air-conditioned) office until six o'clock. wae Bevery | ASS RS AIL, AT eC) RAT ( ala, Hamada-san wa, rokujus-sai( | ) ginkoo ( 2 ) tsutome- mashita ( 3 ), taishoku shi-mashita. As Mr. Hamada worked at the bank until he was sixty years old, he has now retired. ari-masen I've never skied in my life. (Literally: Between the time I was born until now ... ) 20. com, Wo (0) (hae AEN sede? 29221, 22, nN eo 24. 25. masen ka? By when do I have to hand in this homework to you? ee9 og aos a ain ehh aud BOR ( ) Kaw MITA ( ) () ERAS BELA. Tonarinoie( | ) higadete, akegata( 2 )( 3 ) sangen ga zenshoo shita. The fire started at my neighbor's, aud by dawn, iiuee houses were completely lost in the fire Ba, 2y22n( ) Hy 970-R( ) Ey hEbbOTS Boku wa, kurisumasu ( | ) santakuroosu( 2 ) mitto o moratta. On Christmas, I got a baseball mitt from Santa Claus. Bue betas an xoce. Co), HRC ) BC HAMABA Konkai no samitto-miitingu (1 ), nihon ( 2 ) shushoo to futari no daijin ga sanka-shita. For this Summit Mccting, Japan sent the Prime Minister, accompanied by two ministers. as ata oe Peer ets) » A ( ) RAMA oT ( ), DELISGER FR ( )ATSEUA Asa ( | ) atama gaitakatta (2 ), watashi wa kyoo gakko (3. ) iki-masen deshita. Because I had a headache until this morning, I didn’t go to school today. ( ) BROT LR) RDRR HOKE, EOES (+) be, HE CRT (+) RELKA 293(BIRT) HOTELES Waiashi-tachi wa, yokoiama { |) densha de itte( 2}, basu wo a wa,sonotoki{ 5 )( 6 ),moohoteru( 7 ) tsuite i-mashita. We took a train as far as Yokohama, then (from there), we transfered and got on the bus to the hotel, but the others had already arrived at the hotel by that time. asc mac ee 20. BURIAAT 1 ATHAM () ETA 7AHE( ) ABE CC D4 ‘ Ashita wa ofiisu de asa kuii ( | ) miitinau ga aru ( 2 ). hachi-jihan ( 3 )( 4 ) ofisu ( 5 ) ika-nakere ba nara-nai. As I will have to attend a meeting in my office at nine o'clock tomorrow morning, I have to be in my office by eight-thirty. me 7. Sa (ba) ALB ) ARC) : ’ , ae + Ot Beeb IS (MIT. Kyna wa zangyoo {| ) ar {2 ), watashi wa kaisha ( 3 ) kuji (| 4 ) ite, sore kara uchi ( 5 ) kaeri-masu. Because I have to work overtime today, I will be at my office until nine o'clock, then I will go home. 28. BCH (fot (HALO ( ) Hon, RBO ven meen ke ey ce ® aS (BT FOB ( ) ToRL ISN Kon. deoki{ 4 } ot no ai 3} kat 3} moautta. Taiyoo no hikari aa kaitee (_ 4 ) todoite. yume no kuni (5 ) itta-yoo ni kiree datta. 20429. reached all the way down to the bottom of the sea, and it was as if I had wondered into a dream, it was so beautiful. waite eno Lee Bheouk & benkit, AA ( ) oa ( ) ( ), Bee ) mR ETE VELED? Anata wa, sengetsu( | ) kyoo( 2 )( 3. ), tosho-kan rs How many books have vou borrowed from the library since last month (until todayy? br ( )FRakn, REOX aH )C ) BRC) BEIK. Cihuugoku { i jiruani{ 2 } wa 3 Rainen no nats (4 ) chuuugakuga o henkyna shite (5), kugatsu( 6 )( 7 )nihon( 8) kaeru-soo da. A letter (addressed to me) came from my brother in China. He wrote that after studying Chinese there until next summer, he would come back to Japan by September. 295Lesson 7 Complete the sentences below, using either “> (ta)," “% (ya)," “#U+ (dake),” “L» (shika),” or “< Svs (kurai [ ¢5 ts gurai])” in the parentheses. 1. o ROBE ch () CHH2 OL en) TH Akai enpitsu wa, kore (_ | ) desu ka? Hai, sore ( 2 ) desu. Is this ihe only red pencil? Yes, there is oniy that one. ae ore ce Ba Bh Mt, MAKE ( “B( )RBe( ) as he Boku wa, kazuo-kun (|) kooji-kun( 2 ) fumio-kun( 3 ) kakurenbo © shi-mashita. I played hide-and-seek with (such friends as) Kazuo, Kooji, and Fumio. brid, SHI-e- () yaa) RHEL su { suf I only drank coffee and juice for breakfast this morning. Ria, SATALY (497) RXERATLRS I didn’t eat anything but an omlet and a salad this morning. a Ba io wae Fe ue eae WIF=2 ( Hoshi ga, ikutsu (|) mie-masu ka? Boku wa mittsu (2 ) mieru yo. Watashi wa hitotsu( 3 ) mie-nai wa. 296© (Approximately) how many stars can you see in the sky? Tcan see only three stars. I can see only one. anaes cree eos SLAMAMRIM, Yr RAF ( ) Ri ( ) SdeHo CTS 4. Ashita no ensoku ni wa, sandoicchi ( | ) kudamono( 2 ) ame u muiie ikoo. row. mn ee Be 2 tn & ld, BIN ( ) BRE ( ) KAMeLOUTC LE. Boku wa, onigiri (|), okashi (| 2) nomi-mono o motte iku yo. Ti bring some onigiri (rice baiis) and things like cookies and beverages. aes » 24 ‘ ) kh () # bRLIA bee ( 72% ( Hot Bh. Watashi wa, obentoo (_ | ) nomi-mono ( 2 ) motte ika-nai wa. I'll only bring a boxed lunch and beverages. Zari? BRE ( ) had () Vebeead (cL 92 BGeFo( ) AotHacsus iS) ga suki deshan? Kudamana a futatsu (3) matte iki-nasai yo. That’s all? You'll be hungry with only a boxed lunch and beverages. Why don't you bring a couple of pieces of fruit or so. ancy &6 225 Roem mask ra ae . SADRRAI, MMARA OIA KC ) T STE PA ( ) RAGAY, RHURK () REDOK. Kyoo no fukee-kai ni ryooshin ga kita no wa, boku { ij de,zenbu de sanjuu-nin { 2 } kita kefedu, chichi-vya wa go-1 {3 } ko-nakatta Among the parents who attended today's P.T.A,, I was the only one whose parents both came, and thirty parents came altogether, but there were only five fathers who came. - bl, FA ELT? ky hyeku on { 1 } mott qo-hyaku en ( 2 ) kashite-kure-nai? Ihave only two hundred yen with me today. Keezo, could you lend me about five hundred yen? 12, AREORH RACH CON () Hen ETH? Anata no ie kara eki made kuruma de dore (_ | __) kakari-masu ka? w long dues it take from your house to th Ho oan 13. 8 Reis che () ANE tH? Tookyoo kara sapporo made nan-kiro (|) ari-masu ka? How many kilometers are there between Tokyo and Sapporo? He bots eee ge ae 14. MORE ( ) HH. BORK ToToSliny, on ( Oo Rake, BUT Ye VK () cow, Boku no tomodachi ( i } sensee wa, samui samui to itte-iru shatsu ichi-mai ( 3) kite-i-nai yo. (People like) my friends and my teacher keep saying that it’s cold, but cold weather like this doesn’t bother mc at all. I'm only wearing a T-shirt. 298* e-7 (FRY ( ) SB BAA TH? Biifu (| ) chikin (| 2 ) dochira ga suki desu ka? Which do you like better, beef or chicken? (BeBecoat) ( ) Fothroon, MRE ( ) va ae on ae TVIADTH, MILMIOTHS ( ) TT. °° ai itte hos! ery } (| 2. ) resutoran ni haitte mo. kare wa damatte-iru (3) desu. I want him to say (to me), “I love you,” but when we go to (places like) a coffee shop or a restaurant, he only remains silent. A ( ) Raacnt phyab, arte ( JELE seMonuny, £528 ( ) Rasskneiney, otic 2785. Kotoshi wa isshuu-kan (|) yasumi ga tore-nai kara, ryokoo wa chuugoku (2 ) nishiyoo to omotta keredo, moo futsuka( 3 ) yasumi ga tore-soo da kara, tai nimo ikoo to omou. Since I could only take one week for vacation this year, I had planned just to travel around China, but now since it looks like I can get two more days off, i hope to go to Thaiiand, as weii. ® CC ) BoM? Fer ( ) BvAOe Konban no okazu kore( | )( 2 )naino? Sarada( 3 ) tabe-tai naa. Is this all we're having for dinner tonight? I wish I could have (at least) a salad as well. aehanbun ( 2_ ) dekitei-nai. The math homework for today is only two pages, but I’ve only done half of it. omou to, ureshikute, ni-jikan( 2) (2. ) nemure-na-katta When I thought about going to Kyoto and Nara tomorrow on the school trip, I was so excited that I could only sleep for about two hours.Lesson 8 Complete the sentences below, using “& (to),” “C(de),” “®(no)," "£ 4) (yori)” or “|Z &(hodo)” in the parentheses. ) mow (be ( ) Gaeta? Kono tokee ( | ) ano tokee( 2 ), dochira( 3 ) hoo ga jesu ka? Which is more inexpensive. this watch or that watch? 2 a-t-( ) HE (+) resents? Koohii (_ | ) koocha ( 2. ) dochira ga ii desu ka? Which would you like to have, coffee or tea? 3. beLIGS—E- (RE () a ahanocs. Watashi wa koviii {i} Kuuciia ( 2} hoU ga normi-iai desu. I'd rather drin than ae cake + 4 Mise -—E—- ( ) HAL EHVELA, Boku wa koocha wa koohii (|) suki ja ari-masen. I don’t like tea as much as I like coffee. 5. 8035 ( ) FBC) HILAL. Kino: } x n> kaidoo ( 3 ) samuku-arimasen vo. It’s colder today than it was yesterday, isn’t it? But it’s not as cold as Ilokkaido. 6. come bee) beEL CO) ONAL EA. Kono shigoto wa, anata (_| ) watashi ( 2) yari-mashoo. 301N Let's you and i do this work. FEPR( RTL ) ( } 38 ) BESTHD? Sukiyaki (_ | ) osushi( 2 ) tempura( 3 )uchi( 4 ) dore ga ichiban osuki desu ka? Of sukiyaki, sushi, and tempura, which do you like best? ae 2 te wage ae be (CO ) HAC HDSUAD HR ( ) BOTH. (2 ) takai desu. I'm not as tall as my elder sister, but I’m taller than my younger sister. apoe gee ees mes ( ) BbBAS ( ) IMR MILO TH. Kyooto kara( | ) nagoyakara( 2 ) hoo ga tookyoo ni chikai desu. it is cioser to Tokyo from Nagoya than from Kyoto. ale » » er ae BCC Yaz ) HCl aeRO THE LE Kisha (_ | ) iku( 2 ) basu( 3 ) iku hoo ga yasui desu yo. It is cheaper to go by bus than by train. Reaper ( ) Bounr 204 ( Ca, Kyoo wa ototoi (_ | ) atsui keredo, kinoo { 2 ) atsuku-nal. today warm as yesterday. a2 eee) ep gave (+), BORSA ( ), BREA (D(C ), Knee ee SERA LTH? Kimi (1), kiminootoosan ( 2 ), oniisan( 3 )( 4 ), 302HER (CE (a aaa dare ga asa ichiban hayaku oki-masu ka? Among you, your father, and your brother, who gets up the earliest in the morning? nee + Blt, BER () e RU ea. Boku wa, suugaku { i } seebuisu { 2 j hoo ga suki da. 2 }s I like biology better than math. I don’t like Japanese as much as history. > bass ae =a-3a-7 ( ( ) lk S65 ( ) Gat AGaS WCTH? Nyuuyooku ( | ) tookyoo( 2 ) wa, dochira( 3 ) hoo ga oo ga coi desu ka? Which has a greater population. New York or Tokyo? BOA ( -) HORNEH (LOAN (SE oad FC ) Gay Foe Ry, Ano suupaa (| ) katta banana ( 2. +), kono suupaa (3. ) banana ( 4 ) hoo ga zutto yasui. The bananas ai this supermarket are much cheaper than the bananas 1 honght at that supermarket E qhte ae . AR ( N47 ( ) eves ( ) UEFA THA? 7v 47 ( ) ina BBR Cy Bora. Jitensha (|) baiku (| 2.) wadochira ( 3) hoo ga hayai desu ka? Baiku ( 4 ) hoo ga, jitensha ( 5 ) hayai desu yo. Which is faster, a bicycle or a motorcycie? A motorcycie is faster than 30320. Deke & ae toute Shee ( ) HeRisetoeLe. ZA ) “KERR The Tomodachi( | )kyooto( 2 ) ryokan ni tomari-mashita. Futari (3. ) ip-paku ni-man en deshita. I stayed at a Japanese style inn in Kyoto with my friend. The charge was iweniy thousand yen for ihe two of us for the nighi. DALE ( ) HeB censuses b( ) 442, Ba ( ) Kawct. Watashi wa ani (| ) se ga takaku-ari-masen ga, kutsu ( 2 ) saizu wa, anino ( 3 ) ookii desu. T'm not as tall as my (elder) brother, but my shoe size is larger than his. aaa meae avare ns . PHIL ( REACT. H ( DbrL ( d 6 ) bm bane eer os wee wR F (Foe kei Rilte Kyoo wa otooto ( | ) tanjoobi desu. Haha ( 2 ) watashi ( 3 )( 4 ) oiwai ( 5) gochisoo o tsukuri-mashita. Keeki wa kyonen (6) zutto joozu ni deki-mashita. Today is my brother’s birthday. My mother and I cooked a feast to celebraie. The cake we made this year was much beiier han the one we made last year nese rome BUERe hick oe wake, REC) S ERT ohe RCSA (DA ke * ee () Nano kay (24 (0) Hea, AC od, zone geo BS ( ) #¥aechan, SBet Bac) shLoane Bs 304Roku wa atooto ta, daigaku (|) gookaku-hannyao a mini- itta. Takusan (2 ) hito( 3 ) ippai datta ga, boku wa futsuu (4 ) se ga takai kara, tooku kara, jibun ( 5 ) bangoo ga yoku mieta. Gookaku da! Kyoo ( 6 ) ureshii hi wa nai. My brother and I went to the college to see the acceptance list. It was packed fuii of peopie, but since i'm taiier than average, i couid see my Pd been accepted! ve n happier than (I am ) today. 305Lesson 9 Comprehension Exercises. Complete the sentences below, using appropriate particles. My Experience Living in Japan (A): 1. e bit ) BHC) Teye (ate Watashi{ | )namae( 2 ) burenda( 3°) Il-masu Ms; oats nea brL ( ) coRE (BRE (wR Lat. Watashi( | ),kon-gakki( 2 ),konodaigaku( 3 ) nihongo (| 4) benkyoo-shi-masu. I’m going to study Japanese at this college starting this semester. en cease tow 2m 2 bee C WRF C SP PSART AC var DR a 2 Rm (RELA Watashi (_ | ), kyonen ( 2 ) juuni-gatsu hatsuka ( 3 ), shikago (4 ) tookyoo( 5_ ) ki-mashita. T came to Tokyo from Chicago on December 20 of last year. (brU( )) BEC )etee( var VK ) 6 : ae ,& - FC ) BRB ( 6 ¥ # c he * * 5 x x > NLdthe (Watashi ( | )) nihon( 2 ) hajimete desu ( 3 ), shikago (4 ) daigaku ( 5 ) nihongo ( 6 ) benkyoo ( 7 ) shi mashita shi, nihonjin( 8 ) otomodachi( 9 ) takusani-mashita 306w * (10), hajimete no yoo na ki( || ) amari shi-masen. This is my first time in Japan, but I studied Japanese at a college in Chicago, and had many Japanese friends (there), so I don’t feel very much like I’m (here) for the first time. a ems Buk kee d¢ BRB (PCE KS BRC) KIO anes ( ) ( ) M@BLat. Kono daigaku( 1 )( 2 ),nihongo( 3 ) de wanaku, nihon (4 )bunka( 5 )rekishi(’ 6 ) keezai( 7 ) benkyoo-shi- masu. At this college, I’m going to study not only Japanese language but also Japanese culture, history, and economics as well. reat mem yy ) yoot) vas t{ ) KEL ‘ i+ + ze ore wet) REY ttl ARM CO), HR CD Te dL CV RRC VC )RHAAFH (CO ) Ltat. mA Prev-( ) Bisa ) wate Shikago (_ | ) daigaku ( 2 ) ita toki( 3 ), ryoo( 4 ) sunde-imashita (5 ) tookyoo ( 6 ) ( 7 ) hoomustee (8) shite-imasu. Hosuto famirii (_ 9 ) kurokawa-san( 10 ) ii-masu. Tokyo, I’m staying with a host family. My family is the Kurokawas. Lees tabb pz aitoLe bea. TEA ( ) BMA ( ), RRB ( ) RERSATT. Goshujin (_ | ) kurokawa-san ( 2 ), booeki-gaisha ( 3 ) shachoo-san desu. Mr. Kurokawa, the husband, is the president of a trading company. “ ” ee een FTE ALT. ( 58 ( sA {8B ( aie 1 x teo His wife, Akiko, is a teacher of flower arrangement. BEI a3 . Bock raw : Ht ( ) BRIA (CY, MHL TT HMC) (oF ( )weate Ichiban ue (_ | ) ojoosan (2 ), kekkon-shite, nisai ( 3 ) otoko ( 4 ) ko( 5 ) i-masu. Niban-me( | )ojoosan( 2 ),namae( 3 )kimiko( 4 ) itte, watashi (5) onaji toshi desu. Their second daughter is named Kimiko, and she is my age. ; $ ¢ ee , ee, , BEDE , tt Wi, SATSAC PTC NHAC PTH (Jas veka = Co) eC) Kimiko-san( | )shita( 2 ),shinji( 2 )yuuotooto( 4 ) imasu( 5 ),kare( 6 ) kookoo ichi-nen-see desu. Kimiko has a younger brother, Shinji; he is a first-year student in high school. 1Z prL ( pyaar ( PLTELA ( Watashi ( | ) shikago ( 2 ) ita toki ( 3 ). kimiko-san (4 )buntsuu( 5 )shite-imashita( 6 ), kyoodai no yoo ni nakayoshi desu. Because I had been exchanging letters with Kimiko while I was in 308F4Ka-9ye (HATO), Chicago, we are very good friends. like real sisters. thves esa eR (BHA) AERA ) BREA A cot e BESL( ) bAL GC), ah Cito Tt HAUELA Senshuu (| ) nichiyoobi (2 ( ) Fawe-9vF( ) kimiko-san (_ 3) otoosan 6 }, kuruma ( 7 dizunii-randa (| & ) tsurete-itte kud: Last Sunday, Kimiko’s father took Kimiko and me to Disneyland. WbAL (CO ) FAVA ( ) FARE 7Y (YC +) to ep ans Roe ( )eDet( \ RR ( ) HF, Kz- GY ( ) FAY ( ) ( ) eOCNT BoCDLaler Watashi ( ij amerika ( 2 } dizunii-rando( 3 j( 4 } koto { § } (8 )amerika( 9 )( 10 ) sokkuri de, bikkuri-shi-mashita. I have also been to Disneyland in the U.S. I was surprised that the Disneyland in Tokyo was so similar to the one in the U.S. Ke9-( ) Baer do nobori-mashita. After we had fun at Disneyland, we went up the Tokyo Tower. RC) aka) BTLRBSA( ) FRRLAL MOY? —( Jot ) Bac ove ( ) ERLALA, Yoru( | )min-na( 2 =), osushi-ya-san ( 3 ) iki-mashita.Kauntaa { 4 j isu t 5 } ehtuuimoan-shi-mashita. In the evening, we went to a sushi restaurant. We sat on tall stools at the counter and ordered ‘nigiri-zushi.’ 72h) AARC) aot (+) RELA BEB D( YB )REC )ACRARTORLA BHC) ote a5 yee 2 MATOSZAC J VIF (CD HOCH ( ) MOCMBA Sore (_ | ) min-na ( 2 ), karaoke-baa ( 3 ) iki-mashita. Kaisha-zutome ( 4 ) otoko( 5 ) hito-tachi( 6 ) takusan kite i-mashita. Osake(_ 7 )nondeiruhito( 8 ),maiku( 9 ) motte uta ( 10 ) utatte-iru hito (11) i-mashita. Then all ot us went to a karaoke bar. ‘here were many men who who were (doing such things as) drinking sake and singing songs holding a microphone. : be nua hans Wo SAF TA ( )bAL (CD. ALAC ) MBE TST (SARA ( ) BC) BRR. Kimiko-san (_ | ) watashi (2 ), onaji daigaku (3) benkyoo-shite-imasu { 4 }, kimiko-san { 5 j senkoo { 6 } Kimiko and I are studying at the same college, but Kimiko is majoring in English literature. 8 toate use 19. bELE ( AF ( ) RS ( ) bnat. Watashi-tachi( | ) daigaku( 2 ), shibuya( 3 ) ari-masu. 31020. Our college is in Shibuya. BAESL( ) bAL( ) MEAFR (yon )® () eat Kimiko-san (| ) watashi ( 2 ), mainichichikatetsu ( 3 ) basu {4 5} basu { 4 st Kimiko and I commute to school by subway and bus every day.Lesson 10 Comprehension Exercises. Complete the sentences below, using appropriate particles. My Experience Living in Japan (B): Fd ) bEL (a BEL ZLi7. He n {5 ) tsuite ohanashi-shi-mashoo. ‘Today, I shall talk about my life in Japan. aoas ace & 2 bk ( ), BMAW TOM ( ) RAET. Ye T-( Bue, He) tar WET, Watashi (_ | ), maiasa taitee roku-ji ( 2 ) oki-masu. ( 4 7) suru iv, chooshoku Every morning, I usually get up at six. After taking a shower and getting ready for school, I have breakfast. beatae . 46 ( wat( ) ) lay ( ).e wa b 43 AW TN PRT, OR "9 - © wafuu de. aohan( 4 ) omisoshiru( 5 ) hoka( 6 ). yude-tamago ( 7 ) yasai( 8 ) ari-masu. Breakfast at the Kurokawas is usually Japanese style, and we have (there are) rice, and miso-soup, as well as boiled eggs, and vegetables. 3124 7. & ae uae bro( )BR RE ( ) React (CMEC ) () BRCUL Cb ENoM AeA, Watashi( |) nihon-shoku( 2 )daisukidesu( 3. ),nattoo (4 )( 5 ), mada dooshitemo taberare-masen. I love Japanese tood, but natto is the only thing | can’t eat yet, no ee wo Mee ae dbREL ( 76? ( )-#R C55 mege 5 op i # ( ) £0 be eae : TERE % ( ) bets Kimiko-san(_ |) watashi( 2 ), uchijuu( 3 ) ichiban hayaku uchi ( 4 ) de-masu ( 5 ), otooto ( 6 ) shinji-kun ( 7 }, gakkoo{ 6 de-masu In the family, Kimiko and I leave home the earliest, but Kimiko's brother, Shinji, leaves home around seven-thirty, since his school is close to the house. CTT (LRM aR te , fay wR ( J REG } shachoo-san desu (3. ), mai-asa kaisha ( 4 ) kuruma ( 5_ ), hachi-ji goro kurokawa-san ( 6 ) mukae( 7) ki-masu. Since Mr. Kurokawa is the president, his compnay car (his chauffeur) comes to pick him up about eight o'clock every morning. aa eo ag 2 ze ee a> * BAF ( )HOT(O DFR DRR( DRS soto aus * CN SaTEAC PeALC PREC REC DB} gogo { } gogo { oo n> owaru ( 5 )}. kimiko-san ( 6 }) watashi ( 7 ) betsu-betsu (8 )koosha( 9 ) benkyoo-shi-masu. After we arrive at school, until our afternoon classes are over, Kimiko and I study in separate buildings cae = ee aa eyes : ae BRE ( )kE( ) 2H ( ) EC ) Bot, SCTE se oe CF WOE ( ATT. Nihongo { | ) sensea( 2 }namae( 3 ) ikegami( 4 } itte, wakakute kiree na on-na( 5 ) hito desu. The name of my Japanese teacher is Ikegami, and she is a young and beautiful woman. BRB () KE ( ) aet () DIST. BE ( nge {|} bun shu { 4 } go-iikan (5) ari-masu shi, kaiwa (6) ni-iikan ari-masu. We have a Japanese grammar class (as much as) five hours a week, and we also have two hours of conversation class. WO. BRE ( ) 79R( ) ( YN PAYMKR( ) DavRK SR (wate 3h af 6 ) chunugoku-jin (7) i-masu In my Japanese class, there are students (whose nationalities include) American, French, German and also Chinese. 314BA( ) Xt ( Het 2742( ) ( ) SBE ( E00 ) BRC) Uta. aaean( )B os ee nes BSA ( YAN ( )RETH (OD) bAL (CO ) Hau ABATE BET. Nihon (| ) bunka ( 2 ) benkyoo-suru kurasu (3) { 4 }, ima, ocha ( 5 j ikebana( 6 j benkyoo( 7 } o 2 kaecan ( 9) ikebana ( 10 ) sensee desu ( I! ), watashi ( 12 ) iro-iro oshiete morai-masu In the class where we study Japanese culture, we are learning tea ceremony and flower arranging. Since Kimiko’s mother is a teacher of flower arranging, I learn a lot trom her. a nee are be ew be Be ( ) BRC )@RPEPFAC ) (Dy Ribs ( yout DRC ) AcOEt. Nihon (| ) rekishi (| 2) benkyoo-suru kurasu ( 3 ) (4 ), meeji-ishin ( 5 ) tsuite( 6 ) hon ( 7 ) yonde- imasu. In the class in which we study about Japanese History, we are now reading a bovk on ihe Meiji Resioraiion. bs 29 uace. BRC Jkt ( ) ee eons beta BRE .-# ( ) trad. EC) RE ) bot etbBELY TT. Ohiru (| ) taitee gakkoo ( 2 ) shokudoo ( 3 ) otomodachi ( 4 ) issho ( 5 ) tabe-masu. Washoku ( © ) yoo-shoku ( 1 ) atte, totemo oishii desu.with my friends. Buih Tapanese and Western style foods are available, and they are delicious eg eet : 4 we (RR) ba), RAFSA CO ) DAL bots ag C ) HC) 55 ( ) HEF Yoji (1 ) jugyoo ( 2 ) owaru ( 3°), kimiko-san ( 4 ) watashi( 5 )issho( 6 )uchi( 7 ) kaeri-masu. Wien schovi is over ai four o’ciock, Kimiko and i go home together. 15 98 ( ) Biapevace, sz$ae (0 ) Barc) eee (BH) Abot( ) (HBC) ( ) BEA ( ) Boh Lat ( d. HE ( ) bE ( )2RC ) FEC ) &xece( ) sen enee he Yuushoku ( {| } tanoshii hitotoki desu. Kimiko-san({ 2 ) eteosen { 2 } te, { 4 } owatte (5 )( 6 ) gaikoku ( 7 )¢ 8 ) okyaku-san( 9 ) attari shi-masu ( 10 ), fudan ( II ) watashi-tachi ( 12 ) issho ( 13 ) yuushoku ( 14 ) taberu koto ( 15 ) amari ari- masen. Dinner time is a fun time. But since Kimiko’s father is very busy, and even after work, lie lias meeiings with visitors from foreign countries, he seldam has a chance to have dinner with 16 Ch SAFSA (BREA (+) Rare (CY 56 ( )Rockay( ) aae( ) BC 7 BE ( )RLED BRE (0) Bek Lea, RRC) ce ( Bras R (B28) Mes. 316Bemo, kimiko-san{ i jotoosan( zZ j yoru ku-jigoro( 3 } = o “3 5 8 x > (8 )ocha( 9 )nondari okashi( 10 ) tabe-tari shi-nagara, gakkoo( || )koto( 12 ) hanashi-masu. Otooto( 13 ) shinji- kun (14 ) issho desu. However, when Kimiko’s father comes home at around nine o'clock, all of us drink tea and eat sweets while we talk about things (that ) AOA BSOT. dbl) ) MRLat. Mainichi shukudai ( | ) takusan aru node, kimiko-san { 2 ) watashi ( 3 ) yoru juuni-ji( 4 ) benkyoo-shi-masu. Because we have a lot of homework assignments every day, Kimiko and I study until tw elve o'clock midnight. SBEAL (BRC) baa HOC) bAL CO) Hateuatl. bel ( ) BRE ( ) bayanw( ) satsn ( ) Haccnat Kimiko-san (|) eego (2) wakara-naitoki( 3), watashi (4 ) oshiete-age-masu shi, watashi ( 5 ) nihongo( 6 ) wakara-nai toi {7} kimiko-san { & } oshiete-kure-masu. When Kimiko does not understand English, | help (teach) her. and in return, when I don’t understand Japanese, Kimiko teaches me. eure Heya ) RE) ERC ) KEK DAL) YY - 3 re as er ecen ) azr( )ake( )HoARTEEC ) (420. 318 n> o masu. Watashi 4 )shikago( 5 )nihongo( 4 ) na-ratta yokoyama-sensee( 7 )( 8 )tegami( 9 ) kaki-masu. Isometimes get a letter from my friend in Chicago. I also write letters to Mrs. Yokoyama from whom I learned Japanese. bee ( ) BHye7-( ) Buss) AKC DB ae aye BBC) RS ae CAS tam Sty ( D. REC BR ay. AL Uz( ) eat. odbc, Watashi ( | ) mai-asashawaa( 2 ) abi-masu( 3), nihon (4 ) ofuro (5 ) daisuki desu ( 6 ), yoru yoku ofuro (7 ) hairi-masu. Sutoresu (8) torete ii kimochi desu. Although I take a shower every morning, because I love Japanese baths, i ofien take a bath in the evening. it rids me of stress, and makes me 0g oodANSWER KEYS [Lesson 1] 1-ay(ga) 1-43 (wa) 1-08(ga) iid (wa) If (wa), 2-0°(ga) & 4 t8twa), 2 Aga) 7. td (wa), 2-48 (wa) 8. 1-#K(gs) 9. Itt (wa) 10. 1-tt (wa) V1, 1-a*(ga) 12. 1-A#8(ga) 13. 1-A%(ga) 14, I-18 (wa) 15. 1-%(ga) 16. 1-A%(ga) 17. 14d (wa), 2-A8(ga) 18. 1-18 (wa), 2-28(ga), 3-A8(ga)/1d (wa) 19. 1-%(ga) 20. i-i{ga) 21. 1-48(ga) 22. itd Gra) 23. 1-1t(wa) 2h 1-13 (wa) 25. 1-14 (wa) 26, 1-A¥(ea) 27. 1-#8(ga) 28. 1-A8(ga) 29. Ita (wa), 2-a°(ga) 30. I-K8 (wa), 2-1 (wa), 3-12 (wa) [Lesson 2] 1. Ite (wa) 2. I-n8(ga) 3. -n8(ga) 4. 1-& (mo) 5 inte twa) 6. Itd (wa), 2-08(ga) 7. I> (mo), 2-4%(ga) 8. I-(8 (wa), 2-A8(ga) v 1-3 (wa) 10. I-(8 (wa), 2-0°(ga) Vie in b (mo), 2-1(ga) 12. Il (wa), 2-1 (wa), 3-A°(ga) 12, 1 t3twa), 2 ga) 14, 1-6 (mo), 2-48(ga) 1S. Itt (wa), 2-48 (ga) 16. I-(4 (wa), 2 tt (wa) 17. 1-4 (wa) 18. 1-& (mo) 19. 1-8 (mo) 20. 1-& (mo) 21, Itt (wa) 22. 1-A8(ga) 23, 1 (mo) 24. 1-&(mo) 25. 1-0°(ga) Zo. (gay 27, I-té (wa) 2-8(ga) 29. 20. [Lesean 2) 1, 1-O (no), 2-A8(ga) /té (wa) 2. 1-(n0), 2- & (mo) 3. 1-@(n0), 2-1 (wa) 4. 1-@)(no), 2-8 (wa), 3-8(ga) 5. 1-a(no) 6 I-d(wa), 2-48(ga) 7. I-l8 (wa), 2-8 (ga) 8. I-té (wa), 2-0°(ga) 9 I-4d (wa), 2-08(ga), 3-78(ga) 10. 1-99(no), 2-48 (wa), 3-**(ga) |. i-@{n0), (mu) 12, 1- (no), 2-48 (wa), age). 4a 13. 1-9>(no), 2- “& (mo), 3 ‘8 (ga) 3191-0) {no}, Z- & (moj 1-a(no), 2-18 (wa) 3 (wa), 2-45 (ga), 3 {Ba} 1-@ (no), 2 & (mo) (ga), 2-8(ga) 1-#8(ga) 1- (mo). 2- & (mo), 3-A*(ga) 1-#8(pa) 1-1 (wa), 2-48 (wa) 1-@ (no), 2-1 (wa), 3-28 (ga) 1-8 (wa), 2-0%(ga), 3- & (mo) 1-0 (wa), 2-fd (wa), 3-°(ga) 1-M (no), 2-#*(ga) |-#°(ga), 2-0°(ga) I-ta (wa), 2-0'(ga), $-*(ga), 4-0 (no), 5-4 (wa), 6- & (mo), 7- & (mo) i-fi{ga), 2 & (mv), 3-8 (mu), &- (mo) {Lesson 4) 1 2 3. 4, 5 6. 1-% (0), 2-T(de) 7. \-% (0), 2-T(de) 8 I-T(de), 2-& (0) 9% I-%(0) 10. 1% (0), 2-T(de) (de), 2-% (0) -£0), 2-T (de) 1% la), 2-elde) I-# (0), 2-T (de) 1-% (0). 2-T(de) 1-% (0), 2-T (de), 3-& (0) 1-% (0), 2-T(de) 1-T(de), 2-% (0) 1-C(de), 2-% (0) 320 25, i-TiGe), 2-& (0), 3- (0) 26. 1 Tide), 2-% (0), 3-T (de) 28. I (de), 2-& (0) 29. 30. [Lesson 5) wood 2 3. 4 5 6 (de) 7. (de), 3-% (0) é , (0), 2-12 2 i 3-T(de). 4-% C (de), 3-& (0) 1-T(de), 2-4 (0) 1-C(de), 2-K5 (ni), 3-T(de), 4% (0) 1-% (0), 2-(2 (ni), 3-~(e)/IE (ni), 4-T(de), 5-& (0) FE (mI), 2-0 CO) /AE (a), 3-4 (a) 3-4 (0) I-K (ni), 2-& (0), 3-(0)/ 1-£ lo), 2- Tle) /& ( A (ai), 4-% (0), 5-12 (ni) 1-Tlde), 2-12 (ni), 3-12 (ni). (de), 5-% (0) I-I (ni), 2-% (0), 3-T(de) 1-% (0), 2-A(e)/Az (ni), 3-% (0) 1-T(de), 2-% (0), 3-~(e)/IE (ni) 1-%(0), 2-T(de), 3-K2 (ni), A= (ni), 5-& (0), 6-& (0) et[Lesson 6] 1. I-ty6 (hara) 2 (made) 3 4 5 ‘& 7. I-tts (kara) 8. 1-5 (kara), 2- T(made) 9. I-teb (kara) 10. 1- T(made), 2-(2(ni), 3-H (kara), 4-¢ T(made) VM. 1 Tlmade)/I= (ni)/A(e), 2-4 (kara) 12. I-A (kara), 2-& T (made) 13. 1 T(made), 2-2 (kara) 14, t-n%% (kara), 2-1 (ni) 15. I-A" (kara), 2-& T(made) 16. ni), 2-4 % (hava) (ai) 17. tar (hara), 2-% T(made), 312 18. 1-# Tlmade), 2-I2(ni), 3-# Chara) 19. (-tr¥ (kara), 2- & T (made) 20. 1-# T(made), 2-(< (ni) 21. I-A (kara), 2-% T(made), 3-(2 (ni) 22. (ni), 2-2 % (kara) 23. 1 i), 2-# (kara) 24, I-& T(made), 2-6 (kara), 3-~s 25, I~ T(made), 2-9 (hara),3-(= (ni), ni), S-ET (mace ini) 26, Iarb bara), 2-26 (kara), 3-4 T 27. 28. 1-#Cmade), 2-A4 (kara), 3A Ge) (ni), A- 8 Tl made), 5-0 (0)/ 29. I-tris (kara). 2-% Tlmade), 3-2 (ni), 4-5 (kara) 30. I-Kz (ni), 2-A% (kara), 3-(= (ni), 4-% T(made), 5-4 (kara), 6- FT (made), 7-(= (ni), 8-~(e)/t= (ni) I-¢ Busleurai 2 (4 (dake), 3L a (shika) 1-& (to), 2-& (to) 1-2 (to), 2-% (ya) 1-& (to), 2-L 4° (shika) 1-£ (to), 2-424 (dake), (gurai) 1-12 (7 (dake),2- ¢ Us(gurai), 4- L »(shika) iL ar(snikaj, 2- ¢ 5 vs (gurai) 1-< 5 ts (hurai) 1 (ya), (chive) 1=E (to), 2-& (to) 1-¥ (ta), 2-% (ya), 3-414 (dake) 1=Ltr(shika), 2-421 (dake), 3- <5 \s(gurai) 1-424 (dake), 2-L A (shika), 3-5 U urai) 1-121 (dake), 2- L #»(shika) I-(ya), 2-Cbo(gurai), 3-Lae (shika) bw (gurai} 2-4 bs (kurai), Le sson 8] 1-& (to), 2-& (to), 3- (no) i-& fio), 2-& (tw) rey (yori), 2-M(no) 2-(n0), 3-2 E I-¥ (to), 2 (de) 1-& (to), 2-& (to), 3-M(no), 4-T (de) I-tE & (hodo), 2-9 (yori) I-£ 9 (ori), 2-0 (n0)1. 1-Tlda), 2 H (yaw), 2-T(de) 11. 1-49 (yori), 2-18 ¥ (hodo) 12. 1-& (to), 2-& (to), 3-& (to), 4-T (de) 13. 1-£ (yori), 2-O(n0), 3-1ee (hodo) 14, 1-& (to), 2-T(de), 3-@ (no) 15. 1-C(de), 2-& 4 (yori), 3-a (no), 4-0 (no) 16. I-& (to), 2-T(de), 3-M (no), 4-O (no), 5-& 9 (yori) i7. i-& (to), Z-aa{no), 3- Tide) 18. 1-1 E (odo), 2-a(n0), 3-9 19. 1-a(no), 2-& (to), 3- a 4-e t 20. 1-a(n0), 2-2 (n0), 3 Cte), ak 4) (yori). 5-0 (no). 6-12 ¥ (hodo) Uesson 9] 1-@ (no), 2-48 (wa), 3-& (to) 2 I-48 (wa), 2-4 (kara), 3-T(T), 4-% (0) 3. I-48 (wa), 2-O(n0), 3-42 (ni), 4-6 (kara), 5-~(e)/AZ (ni) 4, I-ld (wa), 2-18 (wa), 3-2%(ga), 4-O (no), 5- Cae), 6-a9(n0), 7% (0), 8-0) (no) ,9- (mo) 10-2" (kara), 5. 4 ). (ni), 5-8 (ga), 6-T(de),7-1d (wa), 8 ~% (0). 9-18 (wa).10-& (to) 7. 1-@(no), 2-18 (wa), 3-@ (no) 8. 1-a(no), 2-18 (wa), 3-0 (no) 9. I-M(no), 2-18 (wa), 3-M(no), 4-—M (no), 5-A*(ga) 10. 1-M(no), 2-t8(wa), 3-€(0), 4-& (to), 5-& (to) VM. 1-(n0), 2-12 (ni), 3-E (to), 4-2 (ga), 5-0*(ga), 6-13 (wa) 12, 1-4 (wa), 2-40 (ni), 3-2 (Kara), 4 (to), 5-% (0), 6-7" (kara) 322 TR b-M(no), 2=UF (wa) JE (ni), I (na), 4-#8(ga), 5-& (ta),6-% (0), 1-T(de). 8-~(e) /1= (ni) 14, 1-18 (wa), 2-O (no), 3-~(e)/AE (ni), 4-& (mo), 5-A¥(ga), 6-45 (ga), 7-O (no), 8-td (wa), 9-0(n0),10-& (to) 15. 1-C(de), 2-a*% (kara), 3-S(e)/I (ni) 16. I-ld (wa), 2-T(de), 3-(e)/K= (ni), 4- (no), 5-I= (ni), 8-% (0) 17. 1-ty (kara), 2-C(de), 3-N(e)/1S 18. "en, 3-T(de), 4-48 19. 1-a(n0), 2-1 rte) 3+ 20. 1-& (to). 2-0 (wa), 3-¥ (to), &-T (de), 5-~(e)/I= (ni) {Lesson 10) 1-f8 (wa), 2- (no), 3-T(de), 4-M (no), 5-42 (ni) 2, I-té (wa), 2-2 (ni), 3-& (0), 4- (0) 3. 1-@(n0), 2-@ (no), 3-4 (wa), 4-& (to), 5-0 (no), 6-4 (ni),7-% (ya), 8- & (mo) 4, 2-68 (wa)/2 (G2), 3-08 5. Ve 5 L-arlno), 2-18 (wa), 2-485 (kara) 7. (ni), 2-A (kara), 3-O (no), 4-#%(ga), 5- & T(made), 6-& (to), T-18 (wa), 8-0 (no), 9-T (de) 8 1-(n0), 2-9 (no), 3-18 (wa), 4-& (to), 5-0 (no) % — 1-M(no), 2-M(no), 3-K8 (wa), 41> (ni), 5- & (mo), 6- & (mo) 10. 1-@(mo), 2-12 (ni), 3-43 (wa), 4? (ya), 9-78 (ya), 6-7? (ya), /- & (mo) V1. I-(no), 2-€ (0), 3-T(de), 4-td20. (wa), 5-& (to), 6-0 (no), 7- & (0), 8-M(no), 9-l (wa), 10-2 (no), 11-a5 (kara), 12-18 (wa) 1-(n0), 2-%(0), 3-T(de), 4-lt (wa), 5-12 (ni), 6-9 (no), 7% (0) Ita (wa), 2-O(n0), 3-C(ae), 4-E ni), 6- & (mo), 7- & (mo) ittwa), 3-8 (iw), 6 (to), 5-4 (wa), 6-45 (ni), 7-~(e) /tE bei) I-1d (wa), 2-@>(no), 3-(4 (wa),4-H° (ea (kara), 8-0 (no), 9-2 (to), 10-Ar% (kara). 11-8 (wa). 12-& (to). 13-(= (ni), 14-% (0), 15-1 (wa) 1- (no), 2-té (wa), 3-12 (ni), 4-t (wa), 5-(e)/t= (ni), 6-2" (kara), T-T(de), 8-1Z(ni), 9-* (0), 10-& (0),11-9(no), 12-% (0), 13-@(no), 14- & (mo) 1-A°(ga), 2- & (mo), 3-8 (mo), 4-# “C(made) 1-78(ga), Z-78(ga), 3-id (wa), (ga), 5-A°(ga), 6-/*(ga), 7-12 (wa), 8-8 {ga) 1-@ (no), 2 28 (kara), 3-”8(ga), i (mo), 9- oO Ltt (wa), 2-4 (0), 3-A¥(ga). 4-O (no), 5-A%(ga), 6-A* (kara), 7-12 (ni), 8-A%(ga) 323PATTERNS [a] about “ni tsuite ()T~(>)T~E w+ (like crazy) (doing verb) and/while then (doing “... tari... tari St W~ 2" verb) anyone “dare shimo #2 L&" — ~ as “a noyoona ~Os 9%," Sie" as for mara... nai 32 ~ iE 180 as for... and .. “a Oi tof SEWUSE OU" 210 as if “ga gotuhu HIE <" - 38 as well as “oe MO. ma ~b~b" 3 ni yotte WI ko T(.. ni yori SIE D/. ni yore ha ELE) ni yoracn: £5RUT)" de wt 128 at 142 at all 75 (B) because ... ‘naze nara ba “tf% SIS” seeteeeeee (precisely) because kara koso ~A‘ =" or. bakoso ~IS= seseeee 76 because (someone) sai “to yuu node LHIOT” « +161 between kara... made ~P5~ SC" 57 between (noun) to (noun) ~E~" + 201 both mo. mo ~s~b 98 but. to yuu noni EL} Ic,” * 167 324by {c) cannot do ... even if (I) were to try concerning considering (something, it is evident that ...) (0) do (something), but doesn’t make much difference (E) either ... or even (even if I were to ... ) even more even though even though every possible (thing/method) everyone exactiy as (something) from ... till from/to from ... to ({H) have/has just done (something) (he/she) says wm (he/she said) a) e+ (I hear) I regret ... ni yotte ~Ib>T(... ni yori SIE Y/.. ni yore ba ~(2.¢ Mld/... ni yora-nai de ~t: EDRUT! ceeeeeeeee os 128 * (verb) ni mo (= & (verb) zu/nai $/tu" + 136 “ni tsuite EDU" soos 192 “., Suu to SF HL," shita tokoro ga~ LAL = 4 a 3 “demo ~Tb"or“..temo ~Tb" OF ~te" ni yotte “IZ £9 TC. ni yori WEE / ni yore ha ~IE t hlt/. yora-nai de MEE EOT) sess 128 “m0 mo ~~" vse 3 “sae... dakara SA~HDH” “doose ... keredomo CFt~ITHEb” lashite ya LT” .. kara to itte ~A HEWITT “to yuu noni ELF OIE" “ii noni LLaDI=" 167 vari to arayuru.. di cd oWS~ “dare shimo #2#L &” “ga mama ni APS SI" tte wb Th. ni yore ba wick HIE. FemWTY “kara made ~ho~k T" “.. kara... made ~Db~sT" ‘. kara... made ~Db~ ET" 128 ssseseee 234 ta bakari Wtf" “date t22T “tesa TS," “tosa CS" “tesa TS," ""tosa f& “.. deshoo ni ~TLs 3S,” * CDA FIG daro0 i deshita deshoo ni datta rooni ~ toh II2" 135, “dakke Holt, 325“ dashea ai VT oni ~THAII," *. daroo ni HSI," “.. deshita deshoo ni ~TLA TI 2A “datta deshoo ni ~fZofz TL s 312," datta roo ni, SHB FIC” I sympathize ... “.. deshoo ni ~TLE FIZ," “.. de aroo ni ~THA A," “. daroo ni ~H FC, “4. deshita deshoo ni ~TLETL SE FE “v4 datta deshoo ni ~fotzTL es 912,” T suppase datta roo ni ~f 9124412 eee 135 1 wish (it) would ... Me Mal KAMA WIE UNA” vrssrseeeeerseeeen 53 if only there were (something), even “semete... demo... t6).C~ a just a little bit of i 142 tion) ... in anv case ... “nani wa to mo are fallt © ttt" seveeseseseeee 991 in terms of (topic)... “um to ie ba VE UALS,” ".. nara ba Ste Ig" . se 4 it is certain that ..., but “oni wa... Keredo(ga) ~IIg~HE(A)” — 134 it's not as if .. “aru mai shi 5S £UL.’ + 182 O) just by doing... “a kara ni ~Ak 65 tL) Jet us say ... “iwa ba U4old," “tatoe ba fe ALE” vee 4 itke “uNO yOona ~OE77%,""..no yoni ~E FASM seeeseteeesessve eeaee 153 “to yuu yori EF EY" nai/nari-masen (7 Hid tb w/t EE (N} neither ... nor “amo... ba ~h~lt see 8 no matter ... “donna ni .. tomo LAMSIE~E &." “doredake ... tomo LAIEI~E 6" sverreesseeeeessseeeeseeee 28 no matter (something) vga ~9AG" ".. mai ga ~EUA 39 no matter what/how (some- “don-na.. demo CA%~TH - sees OT thing) ... not all bad ‘manzara ... demo 2AX5~T%" se 28 not necessarily ... kanarazu shimo ws L &" seeeeeseeeseseee 184 ‘nomi narazu Dates” + 166 dake deja) naku .. mo ~TEIT T(E) ES Nene ae 12not only all ..., but .. not only (something), but also (something) {not only ..., but) ... also not unthinkable now that fo) one after another or 1 OF we on OF (or) (number) or (number) .». or something/someone (R] (receive tavor trom ... by request) regardiess of regardless of the fact that... since it was so .. so to speak solely due to (one cause), matters took a turn for the worse. (something) and (sometl speaking of (topic)... ig) also such as such as ... (and that (would © (sumething), the. the more ..., the more ... the reacon being.. things like (something) and (come. thing) to iwa zu... to wa zu ~t DT ~E LD v sees 213, “bakarika (ZY M" ~ bakari de naku ... sae ~it THK ~S demo #4 €5~TH hoke EULER kara ni wa ~a (18" 28 kara. @ SPN AT ve (noun) to (noun) YEW vse KA ce KA NDB rere errr Moe YO Yara ARG" no... no ~~" ka. ~~" “to yara £5" 58 201 47 249 156 48 seseceeees 248 “a. te morau... te morat-masu) ~C 89 boues)” deme ~T “don-na ... demo EA%~Tb 132 kara ni wa ~>S(TI3" dake atte UPB T" — sseeecsenssnns “a(n)mari .. node (A) #~OT" “iwa ba Ubig." “tatoe ba tt 21£" 4 “bakari ni (£1) seseeee 6 ba SBN IEM ceeeereeteee 8 nara ba ~% 51d” toieba~euaig, “uno yoona ~Ok 3%," “..noyooni ~Od at es Ye NAO. WAP TEL” “sore koso ENO" + “wu suru hodo ~F Slee," “.. ba alee” ‘maze nara ba Affi It “dana dann ~HO~O" 37this/that much (this was the situation) when (something else happened) a» (to be sure) .. too (turn) into iwi wasn't it so that ... when is/was i whether thing). whether or not (whether) ... or not whether (you) do (something) or not, it doesn’t matter... while doing... why don't you do ... with without ... or. 328 fan-na ni A A.AEIE)” 7 “koo mo = 4 (kon-na ni = A.feI2), €4.b (sonna ni CAMIC).” (an-na ni AMIE)” 7 "., tohoroe ~E LAA" 34 (de) wa ... (da) ga, ~(T)hd~ (HE) + 239 Me MO SE cesses 9D . ni naru (nari-masu) ~I=%8S (1%) ¥T)" or “.. mi kawaru (kawari-masu) ~Io 30 (300 E GY! ceeseessseesasevseesnssensntenseennseeesetses 123 ~TSELD/ LE eeELA 50 “dakke 12313," “dattakke Not (7" “. datte date Ho T mo & dake TT kara Bri sesseeeesseeceeeeee nari 3 243 m7 95 5 a8 18, 20, 23, 33 see 56 119, 124, 125, 128 140 150 or seseeseenees 175 259 197 tomo Lob eessssseseeeeeene 219 tem T igi tomo & & ceeessceee 219 kara ®% eeseeteene 61 mone £2 cesses OB mono-de(mon-de) &OT(&AT) — seeeeesseeeens 100 node(n-de) OT(A.T) 161 te Te 190 node(n-de) TAT) seessseeesenssoreees 162 node aru DTHS 163 made-ni # TI 90 0 0 144 no 7 148 ga at . 39 keredomo IF - 70but but but w= Dut called/named .. (the color of) concerning considering considering (something, it is evident that ...) consequently continuously only doing ... couid oniy do (something) could (you) do ... despite that fact (’'m sorry that 1) did not do .... but ... do (verb) and ... do (something) by using (something) do you want to .. (doing verb) and/while then (doing verb) doing only one thing all the time don't ... don't say that . due to... due to {E) (quant y) each even kuse-ni < tHE (C, noni O12 tokoroga t = HAE shi Lb det kara a> ni t= te T ni IS 151 139 61 2 to yuu £494 no ® ni-oite kara balf BOT kara-shite 2 LT sssereeeee Kiri bakari am") kashira LS 74 temo TH ek ni-mo-kakawara-zu (2 AAD F (CP) vers 138 ndeAt z . te T sessseeeseeees 190 de T seseeeeeeeeeees QL ka tari 2) sesseeseeeee 188 bakari (304) nae rutsn #2 demo T& 331even even even if (I) were to even if (you) were to even if (you) were to even if (you) were to ... (even) if (you) were to do even (something) is/does .. (even) though even though even though even though even though though though though even though even though even though even though (it’s not to the extent that) ... even while doing ... every every single every time (excuse me, but) (Fi for for for from from from from (from) from from a viewpoint of (a) he/she said that .. how about ..? 332 a ac tte oT tatte oT tokorode EIST to-shite-mo & LT & (CP,) ni-shite-mo (LT (CP) datte oT domo Cb - keredomo Itt & ) kuse-ni < tI (C.P.) 82 monono 80202 loz Magara WAR veeeseeseeseseee aw Nayaranw AD & (CP) iiz ni-mo-kekawara-zu Ic BAD ST (CP) 137 tatte koT teT to-wa-ie EItlsd (CP) made-mo #T& (CP.) nagara-mo 7A & (C.P.) to-yuuto E495 (CP) to-yuu £5 (CP) to-yuu-to EF E (CP) Keredomo (FE & sven det - esse ws en esses 33 61 “Wt se + 23, 25 + 54, 85, 56, 30, 6% 126, 128 150, 152 yori £9) esses 255, 256 kara > srseenneene 62 datte 3T 7 koto 2 & 7 79however however a) T'd thought (I)'d done (something) but .. I hear T hear i hope... thou I'm wondering if I could ... say} (I said) a « (1) think/() will do T wish .. I wish I wish (it) would ... I wonder .. I wonder .. (I) wonder (I) wonder already!) (D) wonder ... if. if can/would do . ( were to if only if only o» then if (we) say that, then ... if (you think) you can ... in in in in in in addition in addition in (amount of time) Suing in order to do .. in referring to 3 212 keredomo (7 & to-itte Eb T (CP) ga a tte 2 to yuu E44 (CP) gara(ganaa) O48 (AS dp) (CP) ga A 40 tebe ThE + 195 tara t +187 kacna(ka-naa)Ants (v4 4) (CP) 53 kashira Li 68 na(naa) 8 (4d) 106 ka-na(ka-naa) 42 (#48 &) (C.P.) ashira 2 yara i> ka-na(ka-naa) #5 (4 d) kashira 2°U no-daroo M124 9 (C.P.) ba tf kar we ga 2 non OI 16a tewa Tit 198 mono-0 hO# ot sae SA 179 mononara(mon-nara) &D% (BAM) 101 to-yuu-to E09 (CP) 231 mononara (mon-nara) BO*S(BAMS) —- 102 det + 18, 19 kara 55 119, 121, 124, 125 fe ILBUT (CP) 139 n0 + 150, 13% mo & 95, nic 129 21 9 130 169 235 333in the manner of (in this manner) ... (indeed) ving into Is it true that isn't it .. is/are probably ... it's not necessary to ... it’s said (it so happened that ..j just about to do (something) just for/to ... just when ... (kK) keep doing ... (1) let's .. let's leave the ... like (™] (nade of) merely IN} never (not even once) never mind never mind (something)... No ... no better than no fewer/less than no less than no matter no one not all bad not any (not) any more (than) (not) as much/iittie as... (not) as much as 334 ni-oite (IZHUT (CP) de Co eessssssceeeeeerennnnnneee pr koso seeerestnnee 75 ni we 134 ni tc tte 2T sereeeee 933 koto =e no-daroo D1 9 (CP) made-mo %-C® (CP) to yuu E55. ny desitiia DTU bakashi (£4 L 10 10 4 made #T 87 bakari (£44) 7 made-ni £ TI= (CP.) 89 tokoroe LAX (CP) 216 tewa Tlt ka toshicte ELC (GP) reese nado(nanka) 2s A7) made #T 87 termocare } tA (CP) sess dokoroka Y= 4A mo & yori £1) MO esseesesssetees 95 kara A seennneeennnaseennnnetees 60 temo TB os 196 datte oT seeesceeenn 16 demo Tb 2B mob ~ 9 shika U2 sesseceessnseee 182 nodo ize sess 4 AOE settee 204(not) ..., either (not) even ... not even ... not having done ... not possible to do, (for example) not unthinkabie nothing B nothing except for oy Okay? on on the basis ot one oniy only only only (only) about . only if only (this) and nothing else .. or something out of over owing to ... owing to ... Ph per perhaps because of .. perhaps it's because ... please putting aside ... rather than doing ... mob 92 sura $ 185 toshite ELT (CP) + 223 nde AT WS dokoro 24 29 demo T& w datte L3T 16 hoka (&>* 45 de 98 kara secseennteunetees 54 kara 2 ses 59 n0 0 144, 145, 148, 149, 152, 157 ne(nee) ta(tad) 17 deT + * 25 nic 119, 121,124 m0 Dv 149, 150 oe * + 176 yori £4) 26 no a> pesseeneeeene 152 banasii iS id dake 7217 10 kiri 8) nomi Me bakashi (£DSL esse sae SA, shika Las nante % AT kara A> m0 det + nite (2T AS sesseeeececeteesensne +125 kam + 47 no-deshoo MTL «3 (CP) + 164 terme Tia (CR 198 tomo-are & bah (CP) corte B80 kurai(gural) T kara-shite UT (CP) tari ic to itta EWot (CP) to-yuu-no-wa X45 Id (CP) no D tte >T 10D ya? 0 0 to-yuu-no/wa EU Old (CP) towa Els (CP) shika U2 to-yuu £499 (CP) tte oT ga #8though through through to to to to to do ... to tell the truth to the extent of to the extent that ... to the extent that ... to think that ... too totaling towards until (up to) Iw) what is/was it ..? whatever ... when when when when when (something happens)... (instead of “if ..") whenever when is/was it ...? vo» (also doing ..3 while doing .... on the way, do why don't why don't we why don't you da with with with with with keredomo (77k & 70 kara 2 2 of + 176 maie 2T 3 en eeeeeeeeeeeee 32 sssonee 83, 84, 86 + 191, 199, 198, 199 made #T hodo t&& kurai(gurai) < U( CBO) towa tld (CP) mo & to-yuu £099 (CP) en made £T made-ni # TIE ke It sess 69 demo Té ace 27 te-wa Tlt (CP) sesseeseeeesee 199 tor « sessseeeees + 208 tokoro E24 sevssnvee - 215 Ya RD veeeeseeeeeen . 243 balls - sesssseeesecenssaveesesessssseeees | demo Th see sesesseeees QT ke (7 69 an sesssennete 46 ni-shite (2UT nagar “SA gatera ATH koto = & os ka # 51 ni 126, 127 no @ 14, 148 tet + tewa Tht (CP) tokwith (with intention to) ... within would we? would you ty) yet (you) are asking/saying .. (you) did 338 remember? towa EUP (CP) - 998 de T 2 made £T Rs ya + 244 tene Tta (CP) + 198 keredomo (7H. & 73 tte >T + 233 kuse- 82GLOSSARY (Japanese-English) ib] bait “considering (something, it is evident that J? sss z ba lt “if sesssnsseesunssseeennaseenne | t baker (Fo1) one thing all the time” +++ 5 bakari (£44) proximately” seoeesseeenneeeensee 7 bakari (£41) “could only do (something)” 5 bakari (£41) “just about to do (something)” - eee 7 bakashi (£4*L “just” sosenereeeees 10 bakashi (£2>L “only” Sa) bakashi (£4. “(only) about oni 9 ID] dake 1217 “as much as ...” uN dake 1217 “only” “just’ I dakeni since/because ..., (as expected) 3 dakeni #20 (= “since ( ...was not expected) ...” 3 daite HT “auyyue” “anytime” “anywhere” is datte HT “even (something) is/does ...” ee 1S datte “he/she said that ..” 7 datte “no one” “nothing” 16 de T “at” 20 det at! Min? cress 18 de T “at” “for” 23 de T ‘by” “for” seseeernenenne B de T “by” “from” “on” “according to” 25 de © “depending on” “according to” 25 det “do (something) by using (something)” 20 de T “due to ...” “owing to ...” teseeenneen 24 det “from” “of” ssssessssseeeeesseeeee 23 “in” “among” 19 in (amount of time 20 (in this manner} ..." “(with intention to) ray “(something) is/was done by (something)" --- 26 tb 28 Tt 27 339dokoro Y= 4 dokoroka Y= AA jot possible to do. (for example)” ever mind (something) domo & “(even) though” [E) en “at” 33 en “to” 33 en “to” 32 Ig] ga 0 “as” “as for” “as you've already heard..." 38 ga “put” “despite doing (something) “aithough” 35 ga 2 “T'd thought (D'd done (something) but." ~~ 41 go a v de Ba ME I think), but ...” 40 as ( a 40 ga-na(ga-naa) HS%r (AM a) “I hope ..., though a gatera MTFs “while doing ... an the way. do.” 2 tH] hodo (ze “about” “approximately” sss 43 hodo (Ze “(not) as much/little as ...” hodo (ze “to the extent that 5 hoka (4° “nothing except for ...” “only” 45 (kK) ka Sif” “whether” sssssressseeesssseeersseeesenssneees 46 ka “perhaps because of." * 47 ka ‘why don't we ...” “do you want to .. “let's . he “why don't you du tel re (not translatable) ka naa) ats (bts ka rate naa) ahs (ted “1 wish (it) would ..” ka-na(ka-naa) Ate (Ae “q) think/() will do wonder?” kara D> ‘as” “so” “since” “due to” “for” “because” “considering” “seeing” sree OL kara “as many as” “as much as” “no less than” 60 kara 1% “from a viewpoint of” “judging from” “by” “according to” «+r sossesennecsones 62 kara A “from” “at” “since” 56 kara 2S “from” “of” ~ 54 kara a> “from” “of” “out of” + 59 kara o> “from” “out of” “due to” 63 kara 2 “from” “through” “out of” 3S kara-shite MLC “consequentiy™ vrs soon 66 kara-shite 25 UT “starting with ..." hasitina UD “ZT wish..." “could (you) du...” os kashira aL “(I) wonder ..." =--+----~ crsseneeececesenesee 66 340kashira AL kashira UL ke ty keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) _&b UNE, UE, HE) theredo, hedo, hedumu) 1 wee (tne, Fe, Feb) do, kedo, kedome) Heb (hy, Fe, Geb) keredama (keredo, keda, kedama) Cb (tne, Ge, Feb) keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) Lb (UNE, Fe, eb) iri @ 9) koso = koto = koto = & hurai (guraij< Bis (CDE) kurai (gurai) < Sus (CS) SU (450) kurai (gurai) < SLs (C50) kusacni ¢ 41> kuse-ni < tt t™) made nagara *2/8%> nagara-mo *£A%%> & nagara-mo *£A%% & nante ZAT nari 14) nari 4 4 le AT ne(nee) ta(taa) relnee) Bla) since’ esssensnee 99 “because” - 100 (not translatable) 100 .. then” secseeeneeees 10H “if (you think) you can ...” - 102 “should there be ...” 101 “even though” “although” ‘alihough” oa “if only .. seeeeeerreeeeseeees 104 “don't “right! “T wish “like” “something (like) “something like .. mW “even though” “while doing 10 “even though 12 “even while doing Ut or something” sevsaseeseesneee HZ ‘a ... or something” soeeeesenssneeneee T14 “as soon as” *** se iis (I'm sorry that I) did not do .. ving done ...” okay?” - 7 right?” + 129 seseseeseene 197 “and” “in addition” Hand” “with” “as a token of” “as” “for” “by way of” s- 127 sgt? Mn” Monsees th “at” “to” “in” “for” “per’ 128 “by” “13 “by” “at” “according to” “from” “due to” 128 “from” “with” sensors 126 ing” secsseeeessnsseeenes [34 se 124 into” sss 121 seseseesuae 122ni (= “to” ni (= “to do ...” “in order to do” ni-mo (= & “even” “also” ni-mo-kakawara-zu (282) T — “despite that tact” ni-mo-kakawara-zu (625 ¥ “even though’ “6 at” “with” “in” sssesssessetesseeenee “due to ..” “owing to “a fact” “a matter” ++ Hg all right?” ssssssssssecssssceeessssseesseeeenee 155; ‘at” “in” “on” “over” “from” no in” no “(made of)” eotnenevetne no “of” feossentvenes 145 “of “of” “by” “with” “between” “to” ‘of “created by “of” “from” ro “that which is” “the colar af)" sssesseeesseensseese “the fact is that ...” “to tell the truth’ no. 2 2 2 o D D a no 0 2 o D a o no-da(n-da) Of2(At2) (not translatable) eeeeees no-daroo DH4 7 “is/are probably ...” “(I) wonder node(n-de) OT(AT) “(because)” node(n-de) MT(AT) “since” “because” no-de DT “by/from the fact that ...” no-de aru MTHS “(because)” eeerenee no deshita MTL I “(it so happened that no deshoo OTL £9 “perhaps it’s because nomi és “only” oe noni d9i— even though” ss noni I= “Gif..), can/would do ..., (but..." 168 no-ni OI, “in order to . fo} ok “(at)” “(from)” a& “on” “throngh” 343sae A shi L shi L shika LD shika La sura $5 (T) tara t tari t=!) tate 729 € tate hoT tet teT tet tet teba Tit teba Tht temo Tb temo Tb temo Tb tene Ta tewa Tid tewa Cid tewa Cit oe toe tok tok toe tot tot toe toieba CUAlE toitta tusk to ite EU>T to-iwa-zu Et toka & toka ta 344 1738 179 ‘only if” seseeseceecee 179 181 181 (not translatable) only .. (and) .. but .. “(not) any more (than) else” “there is no choice but” vss (not) even .." = ‘only (this) and nothing 182 183, 185 “(1 said) ... (do ... already!)" “such a thing as” even if (you) were to even though” 7 - 189 187 190 101 190 192 yecause” by" “with” jo (verb) and wen though” —ssssesssssesesssee “(say)” “(said)” “speaking of ..”_—~ sesssseesseees 195 sererennes 195, “at most” “at least” 197 “despite” “regardless of” stresses 196 “no matter...” * saseresssssereeese 196 “please” “would you ..2 198 198 199 “if (I) were to ..." “keep doing ... with” “when” ssseeseese “agaist” se 203 “and” seve 200 : 208 207 ‘never (not even ance)" — 204 “in the manner of” 201 208 202 sssessessee 210 2 212 212 24 213 “that (introduces a clause or a phrase)” —~ “when” “as soon as” svvrteesrercneeinetrnn “with” “accompanied by” “speaking of . “such as” “however” “don't say that ? “something like ..., (I hear)” “such as ... and ... (and ..., etc.)”tokoro &=4 tokorode C[4T tokoro-e CL 4~ tokoroga & = 38 tohoro-o CLA to-shi-te & LT to-shi-te & LT to-shi-te ELT to-shite-mo ELT to-shitemo ¢LT& to-shitewa © LTS to-wa tit towa Ld to-wa Ett to-wa-ie EISLA toyuu £05 toy £05 wey E05 gu ie) to-yuukotowa EUG EE te wa FAME to-yuuto EU9 to-vuu-to EF tte 2T tte 2T tte 2T yat BU yaina-ya PUfe® vara yara PB “when” sss “even if (you) were to ... “just when . “bur “although (usually) tig , “at least” “let's leave the ..” ssstsssnasenee 297 “not even a “as for .... also/too ...” “even if (you) were to ...” “as for” eee “the (thing) that is called “to think that ...” “with” “even though” .. called/named ssseeseeses DT ‘every single ..." “Titear™ “they say” “numbering” “totali “that means .. “the reason (for that “every time” “if (we) say that. then .. “even if (I) were to “Is it true that ..2” say (that) srrersrsereeere (speaking of)” “the (noun) called “(they) say” “I hear” “(You) are asking/saying as for ...” “in referring to (not translatable) “.. and ... (among other things/places)” “a9 soon ssseeeees IAB seseeeee 244, “shall we?” “would we?” ++ (not translatable) sss “as soon as .. “and ... (other things)” “I wonder ...”be ri ty) vori £1) yori & 4) yori £1) (2) zet zo € zutsu $2 $s 346 (not translatable) “from” “no better than” “on the basis of” “from’ “than” 251 255 256 256 253, 254 258 258 259 (not translatable) (not translatable) “.. at a time” “(quantity) each

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