Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Differential vs. Integral

Differential calculus: arose from the tangent problem Integral calculus: arose from the area problem

Differentiation and integration:

are reverse processes

Integral Function
Consider the definite integral:

If x is a fixed number, then it is a definite number. If let x vary, then it defines a function of x. Let

Integral Function
Geometry says: Area-so-far

Integral Function
Lets find the derivative of g(x):
p.123

Geometry says:

Fundamental Theorem (I)

Theorem (p. 315) If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g defined by is continuous on [a, b] and differential on (a, b), and

Example
Find Solution:

Example
Find Solution:

Fundamental Theorem (II)

Theorem (p. 315) If f is continuous on [a, b], then

where F is any antiderivative of f, that is, a function such that p. 274

Example
Find Solution:

Proof

g is an antiderivative of f.

C is a constant.

Example
Find the area under the parabola y = x2 from 0 to 1.

Example
Evaluate Solution:

Indefinite Integral
Theorem (p. 324) If F is any antiderivative of f, that is, a function such that then we denote where C is an arbitrary constant, and called an indefinite integral.
A definite integral is a number. An indefinite integral is a function (or a family of functions).

Indefinite Integral
If f is continuous on [a, b], then
Indefinite integral

definite integral

Basic Properties

Integration Formula

Integration Formula

Indefinite Integral
The Substitution Rule (p. 334) If u=g(x) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I, then

Correspond to the Chain Rule for differentiation Treat dx and du as if they were differentiable

Definite Integral
The Substitution Rule (p. 336) If g(x) is continuous on [a,b] and f is continuous on the range of u=g(x) , then

Proof:

Example
Evaluate Solution:

same area