Practice 6

Thursday, October 24

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[nil]

Phonology

Or, lets do science

Predictability
It is difficult to predicts sounds in contrastive sets.

Consider the following: /t/, /p/, and /s/ are contrasting sounds Will a t, p, or s end this word? ma_

However, we can predict which sound in a noncontrastive set will occur based on its environment. Consider the following: [ph] only occurs at the beginning of a syllable Will [ph] or [p] start this word? prisencolinensinainciusol

Lets try again...

How many different sounds are represented by the underlined letters? cook gook

Two, right? Contrastive or noncontrastive? But not in Kikamba!

In Kikamba, [k] and [g] are noncontrastive. [g] and [k] are allophones of /k/ Easy to predict which sound will occur [g] only occurs directly after []

Fill in the blanks with a [k] or a [g]

[_osuu_a] - to guard

How can we express this variation?

We do science! By which I mean write rules.

Phonological rules are expressed: XY/_Z X is the input Y is the output / means in the environment of Z is the environment in which X occurs _ positions X

Lets try this for Kikamba

Rule: /k/ becomes [g] after [] /k/ is the input [g] is the output [g] occurs before [] x = /k/ y = [g] z = [] Environment = [] _

In Kikamba: /k/ [g] / [] _

Lets try another one!

American English does not have the [x] sound. This sound occurs in Gaelic as in loch and German as in Bach. In these loan words, American English often replace the [x] sound with a [k]. How would this be represented in phonological notation?

[x] [k]

Lets try again! Express the following in phonological notation

Rule: In American English, the t phoneme becomes a glottal stop before a syllabic n. x = /t/ y = [] z = [n] Environment = _ [n]

In English: /t/ [] / _ [n]

More notation
A quality of a sound can be defined in square brackets ex. [aspirated], [voiced], [alveolar], [nasal] $ is used to indicate a syllable boundary # is used to indicate a word boundary

What would the following abstract rules mean?

XY/_# XY/#_ XY/_$ XY/$_

Challenge: What rule could you write to generalize the pattern of aspiration?
tent tentative pit pituitary spit kit quick [thnt] [thnththv] [pht] [phthuthi] [spt] [kht] [khwk]

Rule: Voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur syllable-initially

Input = [voiceless stop] Output = [aspirated] Environment = $ _ x = [voiceless stop] y = [aspirated] z=$ Environment = $ _

Rule
[voiceless stop] [aspirated] / $ _