MODAL VERBS A) Present: MODAL VERB + INFINITIVE:

Obligation: MUST, HAVE TO, NEED TO You must arrive on time. People have to be it i t!e" #ant to $limb !ig! mountain%. S!e needs to bu" a ti$&et to enter t!e mu%eum. 'ertaint": MUST T!at tenni% pla"er must be ver" goo(. He !a% #on ten tournament%. Pro!ibition: MUSTN)T You mustnt %mo&e at %$!ool. No ne$e%%it": DON*T HAVE TO, NEEDN*T T!e" dont have to $ome i t!e" (on*t #ant to. +e neednt ta&e an" oo(, t!e" !ave alrea(" boug!t ever"t!ing #e nee(. A(vi$e: OU-HT TO, SHOU.D / t!in& "ou should/ought to; shouldnt/ought not to go to t!e (o$tor. You had better %tu(", or "ou*ll ail t!e e0am. M" brot!er i% uriou%1 /*d better not go !ome1 Abilit": 'AN, 'OU.D, 2E A2.E TO Tom can %#im ver" a%t. / could #rite poetr" #!en / #a% nine1 /n t!e uture, people w ll be able to u%e mobile p!one% on a plane. M" rien(% an( / have been able to &eep in tou$! %in$e #e le t %$!ool. Permi%%ion: 'AN,'OU.D !an3could / leave t!e room, plea%e4 Po%%ibilit": MAY, M/-HT, 'AN, 'OU.D T!e" ma"/m ght e0plain t!e rea%on #!" t!e" are late. You m ght/ma" or m ght not/ma" not li&e it, "ou never &no#1 M" mum can/could coo# %omet!ing or (inner. Not po%%ible: 'AN*T S!e cant be Engli%!. S!e*% got Ameri$an a$$ent.

B) Past: MODAL VERB + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Po%%ibilit": 'OU.D, MAY, M/-HT /*m not %ure, but %!e could/m ght/ma" have le$t alrea(". Not po%%ible: 'AN*T Ton" cant have l #ed t!e mu%i$, !e (i(n*t (an$e 'ertaint": MUST S!e must have %assed !er e0am, %!e loo&% reall" !app". Opinion or $riti$i%m: SHOU.D, OU-HT TO 5am6n should have bought more (rin&% or t!e part"1 / shouldnt have drun# %o mu$! la%t nig!t, / eel %i$& to(a"1