Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tieng Anh Chuyen Nganh DTVT
Tieng Anh Chuyen Nganh DTVT
BI GING
H NI - 2007
BI GING
Bin son :
BI GING
Li ni u
Ngy nay, ting Anh l cng c khng th thiu c i vi cc nh nghin cu, khoa hc, cc nh qun l, hc sinh, sinh vin tch lu, hc hi, nghin cu. C th ni s dng thnh tho ngn ng ny s ginh c li th cnh tranh trong mi lnh vc, c bit l cc ngnh khoa hc k thut. Nhm gip cho sinh vin h o to t xa hc ting Anh chuyn ngnh in t vin thng c hiu qu, tp bi ging ting Anh chuyn ngnh vin thng c bin son bao gm nhng kin thc c bn v mng, truyn dn v tuyn v hu tuyn, chuyn mch v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong vin thng. Tp bi ging gm 10 Unit, i hi 60 tit trn lp, c th tng ng 100 gi t hc. i km vi cun sch, sinh vin s cn b a i km gip vic hc t hiu qu cao hn. Tp bi ging ny rn luyn y cc k nng: nghe, ni, c, vit v dch. Tp bi ging cung cp cc khi nim, cc vn v cch s dng cc thut ng chuyn ngnh vin thng, to iu kin cho sinh vin luyn nhng cu trc ng php. Phn thc hnh ngn ng gm nhiu loi hnh bi tp ph hp gip sinh vin d dng hn trong vic s dng cc kin thc vin thng, cc thut ng tch lu c. Sau hc phn ting Anh chuyn ngnh in t vin thng, sinh vin c kh nng c, dch, vit, phn tch cc ti liu c lin quan n chuyn ngnh. Sinh vin c c phng php nghin cu ti liu chuyn mn bng ting Anh nhm phc v tt cho cc mn chuyn ngnh trong khi hc ti Hc vin cng nh t nghin cu trong cng vic hay nng cao trnh sau ny. Cc tc gi rt c gng tuy nhin do iu kin thi gian hn hp nn nhng thiu st trong quyn bi ging l kh trnh khi. Chng ti rt mong v xin cm n s ng gp kin ca bn b ng nghip v cc hc vin. Chng ti cng xin chn thnh cm n s to iu kin gip ca Ban gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh vin thng, Trung tm o to Bu chnh vin thng 1, Khoa C bn 1 v s khuyn khch ng vin ca cc bn b ng nghip chng ti hon thnh c tp ti liu ny. H ni, nm 2007 Nhm tc gi
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1 The UK national network comprises: a/ The local network The lines between the subscriber and the local exchange. b/ The junction network The circuits between a local exchange and another local exchange. The circuits between a local exchange and a primary centre, sometimes termed a tandem exchange. The circuits between a local exchange and a secondary centre, sometimes called a Group Switching Centre (GSC). c/ The main/ trunk network The circuits between GSCs.
Figure 1. The national network In the local network, each subscriber is connected to a local exchange. To reduce the number of cables, the local network is usually divided into three parts: a/ The subscriber circuit: this consists of the telephone set, in the customers premises, and a cable pair, often open-wire line, which is connected to a distribution point (DP). b/ The secondary circuit: this is made up of a number of pairs (a multi-pair cable) connected over or underground to a cabinet, sometimes called a cross connection point (CCP). c/ The primary circuit: this is composed of a number of multi-pair cables ( multi-unit cable) connected in ducts or in a cable tunnel to the main distribution frame in a local exchange.
Figure 3. The analogue trunk network 1.1. Main phrases - in the customers premises: trong nh thu bao - transmission on the network: truyn dn trn mng 1.2. Complete the labelling of Figures 1, 2 and 3. Figure 1 : a. network b. network d. .. e. Figure 2 : a. b. d. . e. g. . h. j. . k. Figure 3 : a. . b. d. .. e. g. .. 1.3. Answer the following questions. 1. What do the following abbreviations stand for? a. GSC d. DP 2. b. DSC e. CCP c. MSC f. TSC h. a primary centre j. tertiary centre c. f. c. . network f. c. f. i.
What is another term for? g. the main network i. a secondary centre k. a cabinet
3.
What other means of transmission are mentioned in the passage an open wire line n. l. o. m. p.
4.
r.
10
III. TM TT
1. Phn bit cc tnh hung s dng cc t ng ngha. 2. Thnh lp hi thoi vi cc cu trc c s dng khi khng hiu li ngi ni, khi mun lm r hn hoc khng nh ngi nghe hiu. 3. Cc c im ca mt mng in thoi quc gia. 4. Mt s cm t vit tt trong k thut vin thng.
VOCABULARY
anologue (analog) transmission cabinet (cross connection point) cable cable tunnel circuit coaxial cable cross-bar type data digital switching digital transmission distribution point (DP) district/main switching centre (DSC/ MSC) duct electromechanical exchange group switching centre (GSC) interexchange junction international gateway exchange junction circuit junction network local network main distribution frame (MDF) main/trunk network muiti-pair cable muiti-pair cable n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n truyn dn tng t t u dy (t u nhy) cp cng cp mch cp ng trc kiu ngang dc d liu, s liu chuyn mch s truyn dn s t phn phi trung tm chuyn mch khu vc/ chnh ng cp tng i c in trung tm chuyn mch nhm kt ni lin tng i tng i cng quc t mch kt ni mng chuyn tip mng ni ht gi phi dy chnh mng chnh/trung k cp nhiu i cp nhiu i
11
1. Reading 1 Mng quc gia Vng quc Anh bao gm: a/ Mng ni ht: * Cc tuyn ni gia thu bao v tng i ni ht. b/ Mng chuyn tip: * Cc mch ni gia mt tng i ni ht v mt tng i ni ht khc. * Cc mch ni gia mt tng i ni ht v trung tm s cp, i khi cn c gi l tng i qu giang. * Cc mch ni gia mt tng i ni ht v trung tm th cp, i khi cn gi l trung tm chuyn mch nhm (GSC). c/ Mng chnh/ trung k: * Cc mch ni gia cc GSC. * Cc mch ni gia cc GSC v cc tng i cp 3, Anh c coi l cc trung tm chuyn mch khu vc v trung tm chuyn mch chnh (DSC v MSC). 12
Unit 1. The Telephone Network Trong mng ni ht, mi thu bao c ni vi mt tng i ni ht. gim s lng cp, mng ni ht thng c chia lm 3 phn: a/ Mch thu bao: Mch ny gm mt my in thoi t trong nh thu bao v mt dy cp i, thng l dy cp trn, cp i ny c kt ni vi mt t phn phi (DP). b/ Mch th cp: Mch ny c to bi mt s cp i (cp nhiu i), l cp treo hay cp ngm c u ni vi t u dy, i khi cn c gi l t u nhy (CCP). c/ Mch s cp: Mch ny bao gm mt s cp nhiu i (cp nhiu si) chy trong ng ng cp hoc cng cp n gi phi dy chnh trong tng i ni ht. mng trung k, tt c cc cuc gi ng di c thit lp thng qua mt GSC v mng chnh. Ti Vng quc Anh, 70% tng lu lng cuc gi c nh tuyn trc tip ti mt GSC khc, 24% chuyn qua mt GSC khc na. Lu lng m khng th c thit lp bng cc tuyn trc tip s c ti trn mt mng mi gi l mng chuyn tip. Mng ny cng thc hin ti lu lng ra nc ngoi ti cc tng i cng quc t, n gm 11 MSC v 26 DSC ny c gi chung l cc trung tm chuyn mch qu giang (TSC). C th s dng cp ng trc hoc ng v tuyn thc hin vic truyn dn trn mng ny. 1.2.Complete the labelling of Figures 1, 2 and 3. Fig 1. a. local b. junction c. main/trunk e. primary centre/tandem exchange f. secondary centre/GSC Fig 2. a. open-wire line b. multi-pair cable c. multi-unit cable d. telephone set e. distribution point f. cabinet/CCP g. main distribution frame h. local exchange i. the subscriber circuit j. the secondary circuit k. the primary circuit Fig 3. a.6% b. 24% c. 70% d. Transit Network e. 24 f. 11 g. International Gateway
1.3. Answer the following questions.
d. subscriber
1. a. Group Switching Centre b. District Switching Centre c. Main Switching Centre d. distribution point e. cross connection point f. Transit Switching Centre 2. g. the trunk network h. a tandem exchange i. a Group Switching Centre j. a District/ Main Switching Centre k. a cross connection point 3. l. a pair (cable pair) m. a multi-pair cable n. a multi-unit cable o. a coaxial cable p. a radio link 4. q. overflow traffic (from the normal trunk network) r. international traffic 2. Language Practice Practice 2.1 a. consists of/ 4 local exchanges b. is divided/ South and Central 13
14
4. Listening Tapescript Today we're going to consider local network development. In the case you have in Lecturer: front of you, the objective is to expand the existing local network and extend it into a new area. In Figure 1d, you can see the traditional solution. The original central exchange is expanded in a new building and additional cables are laid and cabinets are installed. Student A: Sorry, what do you mean by cabinets? Ah yes, I should've explained that. We've only concerned here with the primary Lecturer: part of the network- that is the lines between the exchanges and the cross connection points, or cabinets. Later we can consider the secondary and subscriber circuits. Student A: So cabinet is just another word for "cross connection point". Yes, that's right. Now, all they have done in this case is to build another Lecturer: electromechanical exchange in the new area and use analogue transmission for distribution in the network and the interexchange junction. Student B: So that means that there's no digital switching or transmission in the network? Exactly. In fact both exchanges are traditional electromechanical of the crossbar Lecturer: type. Very reliable but limited. Now, if we look at Figure 1e, we can see another solution to the problem. Here two SPC digital exchanges are installed. One to extend the central area, the other to serve the new area. The junction circuits between the exchanges use PCM, but analogue transmission... Student B: Sorry to interrupt again. I'm not sure I understand. Well, you can see that a new digital exchange is sited next to the old local Lecturer: exchange, and the connection to the other new SPC exchange in the new area uses digital transmission, normally called PCM, or pulse code modulation. Is that clear? Yes, I think so. Student B: Now, the rest of the network - that is the primary circuits from the exchanges to the
15
Student C: Lecturer:
Ging vin:
Hm nay, chng ta s tm hiu s pht trin mng ni ht. Trong trng hp ny, trc mt bn l mc tiu m rng mng ni ht hin c v m rng mng sang khu vc mi. Bn c th xem gii php truyn thng hnh 1d. Tng i gc khu vc trung tm c m rng trong mt ta nh mi, lp t thm cp v cc t u dy. Xin li thy, t u dy ngha l g? vng, ti s gii thch t . Chng ta mi ch cp y phn s cp ca mng- l cc ng dy ni gia cc tng i v cc t u nhy, hoc cc t u dy. Sau , chng ta xem xt cc mch th cp v mch thu bao. Nh vy, t u dy ch l cch gi khc ca "t u nhy". ng vy. By gi tt c chng c tin hnh trong trng hp ny l xy dng mt tng i c in khc ti khu vc mi v s dng truyn dn tng t cho vic phn phi trong mng v kt ni lin tng i. Nh vy c ngha l khng c chuyn mch s hay truyn dn s trong mng? Chnh xc. Thc t c hai tng i u l kiu ngang dc c in truyn thng. tin cy cao nhng li c nhng hn ch. By gi, nu nhn vo hnh 1e, chng ta c th thy mt gii php khc cho vn ny. y c 2 tng i s SPC c lp t. Mt ci m rng mng khu vc trung tm, ci kia phc v khu vc mi. Cc mch kt ni gia cc tng i s dng PCM, nhng truyn dn tng t Xin li ngt li thy. Em khng hiu lm. , em c th thy rng mt tng i s mi c t cnh tng i ni ht c, v vic kt ni vi tng i SPC mi khc trong khu vc mi s dng truyn dn s, thng thng c gi l PCM, hoc l iu ch xung m. Em hiu cha? Vng, em hiu. By gi, phn cn li ca mng - l cc mch s cp t cc tng i n cc t u dy - u l truyn dn tng t. l s khc bit ln trong gii php th ba m c trnh by trong hnh 1f. y l 2 khu vc, khu vc trung tm v khu vc mi, do mt tng i SPC phc v. iu ny cho php s dng cc chuyn mch thu bao xa, i khi cn gi l cc b tp trung xa, nm bn ngoi mng s cp. C phi cc b tp trung ny thay th cho cc t u dy khng? Khng phi, chng ging nh nhng b phn ca mt tng i nm xa tng i. Chng cho php truyn dn s hay PCM trong mng c s dng m rng
16
17
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1 Public Data Networks are designed for data transmission only. They therefore avoid the limitations of speed etc. of transmission over the switched public telephone or telex network. The Nordic Public Data Network is a circuit switched type of digital network and its basic purpose is to provide a means of synchronous data transmission. The network consists of a number of components which are interconnected as shown in Figure 1.
18
Figure 1. The Nordic Data Network The data switching exchange (DSE) controls the set-up and clear-down of data calls, and monitors the connections and functions of the network. This exchange, which is capable of handling 100 calls per second, may be supplemented at a later date with a special service centre (SSC) for the introduction of certain new facilities. The DSE is connected to a data circuit concentrator (DCC). The purpose of the concentrator is to collect traffic from a number of individual subscriber circuits. This traffic is passed via time division multiplexed high-speed links (TDM) to the exchange. These TDMs, which consists of time division multiplexed streams (64 Kbps), also transfer traffic between the DCC and one of the multiplexors (RMX). The multiplexors (RMX and DMX) connect several subscriber lines either directly to the DCC which passes traffic to the DSE. Between the RMX and the DMX and the data terminal equipment (DTE), the data circuit terminating equipment (DCE) is located in the subscribers premises. It primarily provides the standardized interface between the DTE and the network. Lastly, the DTE, which consists of a printing or alphanumeric visual display terminal or a computer, provides the subscriber with the data reception facilities. 1.1. Main phrases limitations of speed: nhng hn ch v tc control the set-up and clear-down of data calls: set-up v clear-down chung nhau cm t of data calls: iu khin vic thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi s liu either or: hoc hoc
19
............
1.4. Below are some of the facilities a subscriber in the Nordic Public Data Network can have. Match them with the appropriate description.
Facilities 1. Abbreviated address call 2. Direct call 3. Closed user group 4. Outgoing calls barred 5. Group number 6. Connect when free 7. Charge advice
Description a. On dialing, the subscriber is always connected to a predetermined number. b. The same number is used for several equivalent terminals. The connection is made to a free terminal. c. A number of subscribers are protected against calls from subscribers outside the group. d. The subscriber cannot call other subscribers. e. The subscriber uses only 2-digit numbers for a limited number of other subscribers. f. The subscriber is informed of the cost of a call on completion of the call. g. A call to an engaged connection is put in a queue and established when it becomes free.
20
Practice 2.1. Make sentences from the table below. (In some cases, you can make both an active and passive sentence.)
Agent (tc nhn) a b c d e f g h i j You The junction circuits SPC exchanges They We An open-wire line We A machine We The RSS Action (hnh ng) expand use serve install route connect set up dig up site switch Object (tn ng) the central exchange PCM both areas cabinets traffic the subscriber all non-local calls the road the exchange the call in the local area direct to a GSC to the DP via a GSC in order to lay a cable near the old exchange to the designated cabinet mainly Adverbial (trng t)
21
22
3.2. Fill in the table. Levels and volume of communication in an office system Volume of Level Type of communication Distance covered traffic
1 2 3 4
4. WRITING
23
24
The SPC system The subscribers ..................(1) a switching part. This .....................(2) wires and contacts over which signals and speech connections are established .................(3) the switching network. It also .......................(4) circuits for simple telephoning functions ....................(5) tone generators and circuits for hook and key set signals. The control part is ....................(6) circuits and programs which take care of the more intelligent functions in the exchange ...................(7) identification and interpretation of state changes in the switching part. The techniques ...................(8) in the switching part are mainly electromechanical ......................(9) in the control part, they are electronic. This difference in technique ....................(10) that there must be an interface part in ...................(11) that the switching part can communicate with the control part. The interface part ................. (12) electronic circuits whose function is .................... (13) signal transfer. 3.2. Give the explanations for these words.
25
III. TM TT
1. S dng cu trc ch ng hay b ng ph thuc vo iu bn mun nhn mnh. Trong cu trc b ng, ch thi ca ng t be. Cu trc: Ch ng: S + V + O B ng: S + be + Ved + O
2. Cc c im ca mng s liu. 3. Cu kin ca mng s liu cng chc nng ca chng. 4. Mt s tin ch ca mng s liu cng cng. 5. Cu to ca h thng SPC.
VOCABULARY
alphanumeric charge advice component composition data circuit concentrator (DCC) data circuit terminating equipment data reception facilities data switching exchange (DSE) data terminal equipment electromechanical switching electronic switching adj. n n n n n n n n n n bng ch v s thng bo gi cc b phn, cu kin kt cu, cu to b tp trung mch s liu thit b u cui mch s liu nhng phng tin nhn s liu tng i chuyn mch s liu thit b u cui s liu chuyn mch c in chuyn mch in t
26
time division multiplexed high speed n link to bar to clear down to hook on to monitor to put in a queue to set up tone generator visual display terminal ANSWER KEYS v v v v v v n n
27
b. It provides a means of fast, synchronous data transmission. c. 100 calls per second. d. a printing or alphanumeric visual display terminal or a computer. 1.4. Match the facilities with the appropriate description. 1e 4d 2. Language Practice 2a 5b 3c 6g 7f
Practice 2.1. Make sentences from the table below. a. The central exchange is expanded. b. The junction circuits use PCM mainly. PCM is used mainly on the junction circuits. c. SPC exchanges serve both areas. Both areas are served by SPC exchanges. d. Cabinets are installed in the local area. 28
Unit 2. The Data Network e. Traffic is routed direct to a GSC. f. An open-wire line connects the subscriber to the DP. The subscriber is connected by an open-wire line to the DP. g. All non-local calls are set up via a GSC. h. The road is dug up in order to lay a cable. i. The exchange is sited near the old exchange. j. The RSS switches the call to the designated cabinet. The call is switched by the RSS to the designated cabinet. 3. Reading 2 Mng cc b (LAN) c th c nh ngha nh l cc h thng chuyn mch v truyn dn cung cp ng truyn thng tin tc cao gia cc thit b ti mt im n l. c th l mt t hp vn phng, khu cng nghip lin hp, trng i hc hoc bt k mt khu nh rt gn nhau m trong cc trm lm vic khc nhau cn thit lin lc vi nhau. Mng LAN in hnh c th tri di mt c ly trong khong t vi mt n 10 kilmt. Do hu ht cng vic hng ngy ca bn trong vn phng i hi phi s dng cc loi phng tin truyn tin khc nhau, cc mng LAN tng c s dng c bit c hiu qu trong lnh vc t ng ha vn phng (OA) v x l d liu phn tn (DDP). Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng c bn mc c bn ca truyn tin trong cc h thng vn phng: 1. Truyn tin trong nhm c th l cc phng ban c bit trong mt cng ty. C ly truyn trong phm vi t vi mt n khong 100 mt. 2. Truyn tin vi cc nhm ni b khc hay cc phng ban trong cng mt cng ty. C ly truyn c th trong phm vi t vi trm mt n khong 2 hoc 3 kilmt. 3. Truyn tin vi cc vn phng chi nhnh ca cng mt cng ty. C ly truyn y trong phm vi vi chc kilmt n hng trm kilmt. 4. Truyn tin vi th gii bn ngoi. C ly truyn trong phm vi t vi kilmt n hng nghn kilmt.
Chng ta thy rng in hnh m ni, khong 50% tng s lin lc vn phng khoanh vng trong mt khu vc a l v 70% tng s lin lc nm trong mt cng ty. Ch 30% l vt qu phm vi mt cng ty ra th gii bn ngoi, v d ti cc khch hng v cc nh cung cp. 3.1. Answer the questions.
a. Transmission and switching systems that provide high-speed communication between devices located on a single site. b. An office complex, an industrial estate, a college campus, a closely linked group of buildings.
3.2. Fill in the table. Level 1: within a group or department or a company; a few metres to about one hundred metres; 50% (with level 2); LAN. Level 2: between other groups or departments of the same company; a few hundred metres to 2 or 3 kilometres; 50% (with level 1); LAN.
29
30
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1 Many different transmission systems are used in telecommunications technology. Transmission on open-wire lines was the earliest method used for telephone traffic, and this
31
1.1. Main phrases - transmission on open-wire lines: truyn dn trn dy trn - the same as: ging nh l - Transmission on open-wire lines was the earliest method used for telephone traffic: Truyn dn trn dy trn l phng php sm nht c dng ti - Local networks are built up using aerial or underground cable: Mng ni ht c xy dng s dng cp - either two or four wire circuits are used: hoc nhng mch 2 dy hoc 4 dy c s dng
32
1.2. Decide if the statements are true or false. T/F 1. Local networks are built up using cable rather than open wire. T/F 2. Aerial cables are used for systems which transmit up to 10 800 telephone channels. T/F 3. Line amplifiers is another term for intermediate repeaters. T/F 4. A satellite has got two functions. T/F 5. The directivity of a radio relay system is proportional to the diameter of the parabola in relation to the wavelength. 1.3. This is the simple process description of the function of a terminal repeater station. Put the sentences in the right order. transmission to another transit exchange transmission as a group to the receive side placing of signal on frequency axis demodulation of signals extraction of conversations
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE 2.1. Process description Hy xem s m t s lc cc qu trnh sau: The height of the pulse is measured and (it is) given a binary code. Each code is then transmitted as the train of pulses. First, by selecting suitable modulation frequencies. the conversations can be placed next to each other. Then, they are transmitted as a group to the receive side. Where a similar station demulates the signals and extracts the various conversations, before they are transmitted to another exchange. Lu 2 c im: V d: V d: Khi m t qu trnh: thng dng thi hin ti n, c th dng cch ni ch ng hoc b ng. is measured, are transmitted, extracts... din t cc bc trong qu trnh, ta s dng cc lin t (sequence markers). first, then, after that, next, before, finally
Ta lu khi s dng cc lin t v t and trnh lp li. Bc th nht thng dng t first u cu, nhng bc tip theo c th dng nhng t then, after that, next,, bc cui cng c th s dng t finally hoc thm ch before. V d: before they are transmitted to another exchange
33
Practice 2.1. A. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the active way). * subscriber A/ lift/ the handset * wait for/ the dialling tone * dial/ the number * hear/ the ringing tone * subscriber B/ pick up/ the receiver * conversation/ take place * the two subscribers/ replace/ the handsets Practice 2.1. B. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the passive way). * the handset/ lift * a signal/ send/ the exchange * the exchange/ send/ a dialling tone * the number/ dial * subscriber B number/ select/ in the exchange * subscriber A number/ connect/ subscriber B number * conversation/ take place * handsets/ replace * connection/ break 2.2. Questions and Responses * Question for information - Khi mun bit thng tin v iu g ta c th hi cu hi bt u bng Can you? hoc Could you ? Can you give me some background information about ? - Khi mun hi v khong cch thi gian thc hin cng vic no ta bt u bng How often.... How often does it need to be sampled? How often do you phone me? * Question for explanation - Khi khng r iu g ta c th ngh ngi khc gii thch thm. What do you mean by ? V d: Khi nghe thy ngi ni cp ti PCM nhng ta khng hiu PCM l g, ta c th hi: What do you mean by PCM? - Khi mun phn bit vt ny vi vt kia, ta c th s dng cu trc: What is the difference between and ? V d: Khi nghe ni v k thut s v k thut tng t, ta khng phn bit c 2 khi nim ny, ta c th hi: What is the difference between analogue and digital technique?
34
* Giving explanations
Khi ta a ra cch gii thch khc cho 1 vn , ta c th ni: In other words Hoc ta c th ging gii thm vi hnh v minh ho: Youll notice shown in black
* Showing understanding
Sau khi ngi ni gii thch xong v vn r rng, ta c th ni: Thank you, thats a lot clearer. Practice 2.2. Put the sentences or phrases into the right group. 1. Questions for information 2. Questions for explanation 3. Responses 4. Giving explanations 5. Showing understanding a. Could you give me some background information about pulse code modulation? b. How often does it need to be sampled? c. Thank you, thats a lot clearer. d. What do you mean by analogue? e. Of course. f. As you know in the simplest telephone system, speech is converted into electrical energy. g. Well, analogue means that the current has the same waveform as the variations in air pressure h. I was just coming to that. i. j. l. In other words As you can see on the graph, the vertical axis is either current or air pressure. You'll notice the gaps between the pulses.
k. Lets look at this graph. m. I see. n. Thats a good question. o. So, thats what PCM is. p. Let's look at this block schematic diagram.
35
3. READING 2
Customers complaints A I waste hours trying to get through. No one ever seems to answer the phone. B I run my business on my own. Ive no secretary. Im out a lot and my customers get fed up listening to my telephone answering machine. C We must spend a fortune on international calls. You get through to a big companys switchboard and then you are left listening to the phone ringing in someones office. After a minute or so, you put the phone down and call the switchboard again! D The phones always engaged. I keep trying but never seem to catch you when youre not already on the phone. E I would like to use the phone more for bookings but it costs so much. If you call long distance in the day, itll cost you a fortune! Common Channel Signalling and the subscriber During recent years, the dramatic progress made in the field of telecommunications has paved the way for the introduction of new and improved services. It will be of vital importance for TAs to be able to satisfy customer demands regarding such services. Whatever new services come, and regardless of their implementation, one thing is certain: they will require signalling resources which cannot possibly be provided by the conventional signalling systems in use today. With conventional signalling, a large number of pieces and many types of signalling equipment are required. With Common Channel Signalling (CCS), the signalling equipment is limited to relatively few signalling links. These links are used for the transfer of signalling messages between SPC exchanges. One link can be used for signalling many simultaneous transactions and hence is called a common channel. The signalling information is digitally coded and transmitted in the form of discrete block of binary coded data. Each message is logically associated with the transaction concerned (e.g. the set up of a call on a certain circuit) by means of a label (address). To summarize, CCS makes it possible to transfer signalling information directly from one digital exchange to another without setting up a speech-path. 3.1. Main phrases - be of vital importance for...: diu quan trng sng cn/ c bit quan trng i vi... - label = address: nhn, a ch 3.2. a. Look back at the customers complaints. Match the following service with their problems (A - E) i) ii) iii) iv) Call to busy subscriber Diversion to subscriber INWATS (Inward Wide-Area Telephone Service) Diversion on no reply
36
b. Choose the right answer. With Common Channel Signalling (CCS), i) many types of signalling equipment are required. ii) few signalling links are required. 4. LISTENING Listen to the following extract from a training session in which an instructor is being asked about PCM. 4.1. Decide if the statements are true or false. T/F 1. Electrical energy is speech in its raw state. T/F 2. Mechanical energy is speech converted into for transmission. T/F 3. More than 24 channels can be carried. T/F 4. PAM pulses are not transmitted directly because they would become distorted. 4.2. Choose the right answers. a. What is the best definition of the word analogue? i) the form of waves ii) something similar to something else iii) something that can be analysed b. If the highest frequency is 4 800 Hz, what should the sampling rate be? i) 4 800 samples per second ii) 10 000 samples per second iii) 7 200 samples per second c. What is the best definition of quantization? i) the process of sampling and coding sound waves ii) the process of measuring the height of a waveform iii) the process of measuring the height and giving it a coded level III. TM TT 1. Cch m t mt qu trnh. 2. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc so snh gii thch cc mi tng quan gia cc yu t. 3. Thnh lp hi thoi vi cc cu trc c s dng khi bn hi thng tin, yu cu gii thch, cho li gii thch, t hiu. 4. Cc phng php truyn dn lu lng in thoi c bn. 5. iu ch xung m (PCM).
37
VOCABULARY aerial cable binary code channel current degree of directivity dialling tone diameter frequency band ground station handset / receiver intermediate repeater interval line amplifier line of sight parabola pulse pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) radio relay link radio relay system receive side receive station ringing tone sampling rate send side send station symmetric cable pair terminal repeater station time slot to amplify to break to code n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n v v v cp treo m nh phn knh dng in nh hng m (tn hiu) mi quay s ng knh bng tn trm mt t ng nghe, t hp b lp trung gian khong cch b khuych i ng dy tuyn ngm, tm nhn thng ngten parabol xung iu ch bin xung ng chuyn tip v tuyn h thng chuyn tip v tuyn pha thu trm thu tn hiu chung reo t l ly mu pha pht trm pht i cp i xng trm lp u cui khe thi gian khuych i kt thc m thoi, mt lin lc m ho
38
39
2. Language practice Practice 2.1. A. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the active way). First, subscriber A lifts the handset and waits for the dialling tone. Then he dials the number and hears the ringing tone. Next subscriber B picks up the receiver and the conversation takes place. Finally, the two subscribers replace the handsets. Practice 2.1. B. Describe the processes by making full sentences (using the passive way). When the handset is lifted, a signal is sent to the exchange where a dialling tone is sent back. Then the number is dialled and subscriber Bs number is selected in the exchange. Next subscriber As number is connected to subscriber Bs number and the conversation takes place. Finally, the handsets are replaced before the connection is broken. Practice 2.2. Put the sentences or phrases into the right group. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Questions for information Questions for explanation Responses Giving explanations Showing understanding : a, b :d : e h, n, : f, i, j, k, l, p : c, g, m, o
3. Reading 2 A "Ti mt hng gi gi in thoi. Dng nh chng c ai tr li my c." B " Ti phi t lo liu cng vic kinh doanh ca mnh. Ti li chng c th k. Ti hay phi vng mt c quan v khch hng ca ti chn phi nghe my tr li in thoi." C "Chng ti phi tiu tn c mt gia sn cho cc cuc gi quc t. Bn gi n mt my trc tng i ca mt cng ty ln ri bn c nghe chung phng lm vic ca mt ai . Sau mt lc bn li t my xung v li phi gi li n my bn trc tng i c quan." D "Cc my in thoi lun lun b bn. Ti c gi nhng dng nh chng th gi c cho anh khi anh khng bn my."
40
A: B:
A: B:
A: B: A:
41
A: B:
A: B: A: B:
A: B:
A: B:
A: B: A: B: A: B:
42
A: B:
A: B:
4.1. Decide if the statements are true or false. 4.2. Choose the right answers.
43
1. Mc ch yu cu
Sau khi nghin cu bi 4, sinh vin cn: 1. Nm r cu to, cc u im ca si quang, nguyn tc hat ng ca si quang. 2. Cng c cu trc m t mt qu trnh. 3. Hiu r v m t li c mt h thng FDM, nguyn tc hat ng ca PCM.
2. Tm tt ni dung
1. Si quang c 2 phn: phn li trong sut nm trung tm v phn v bao quanh. u im ca si quang: chi ph vt liu thp; kh nng chng nhiu v xuyn m cao; bng thng rt rng; cp nh v nh; hon ton cch in. 2. Khi m t mt qu trnh, ta thng s dng thi hin ti n v cc lin t (sequence markers). 3. H thng FDM gm c b iu ch, b khuych i, b lc v b gii iu ch. 4. PCM: ly mu, lng t ho, m ho, gii m...
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1 Fibre-optic communications, in which electrical signals are converted into pulses of light that are squirted along very thin glass pipes, have several advantages over conventional copper cables: The signal fades (attenuates) less so repeaters can be more widely spaced. Fibres can carry a lot of information. Most fibres are made from silica, which is very cheap. At present a kilometre costs 1,000 or more but when they are produced in bulk, this figure should come down to as little as 25. Fibres are immune to interference and crosstalk. The material is lightweight and flexible. A 500m fibre weighs about 25kg; a coaxial cable of the same length weighs 5 tons.
Although ordinary glass can only support effective light transmission for a few tens of metres, optical fibres, which are made of pure glass, can carry light signals for up to 50 km without amplification. Silica glass fibre has two components- the highly transparent core at the
44
1.1. Main phrases - fibre-optic communications: thng tin si quang - to have several advantages over: c nhiu u im so vi - to produce in bulk: sn xut vi s lng ln 1.2. Complete the following tables. Composition a. Glass fibre b. Types Stepped-index multimode c. f. Table 1 Main features overlapping d. g. e. h. Quality *
45
Features
Features b. d.
1.3. Below are the advantages of optical fibres. Match them with an appropriate explanation. Advantages 1. Potentially low material cost. 2. High immunity to interference and crosstalk. 3. Very large information bandwidth. 4. Small and light cable. 5. Complete electrical isolation. Explanations a. This means that they are suitable for crossing places which contain lots of electrical apparatus that give off stray signals. A fibre-optic link is also difficult to tap. b. This means that the signal faded less so that repeaters can be more widely spaced. c. This means that fibre can carry a lot of information, 8,000 or more telephone conversations. d. This means that when manufacturers start to produce fibre in large quantities, the price will be relatively low. e. This means that the cables can easily be laid and that they will not occupy much duct space. 2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE 2.1. Explaining relationships
46
Practice 2.1. Make sentences for the following relationships. a. Frequency and number of samples/sec. (t l thun) b. Number of channels and cost of transmission. (t l nghch) c. Degree of network digitalization and number of exchanges. (t l nghch) d. Degree of automation and number of manual operators. (t l nghch) 2.2. Explain more precise relationships Mun m t chnh xc cc mi tng quan phi cp ti t l (ratio). V d: Note: T l 3:1 -> treble/ three times T l 4:1 -> four times, 5:1 -> five times,... T l 1:2 -> a half of / half T l 1:3 -> one third of T l 1:4 -> one fourth of = a quarter of,... The sampling rate is double the frequency The frequency is a half of/ is half the sampling rate.
Practice 2.2. Now make sentences for more precise relationships. (In each case you can make more than one sentence.) a. Return on investment 2,000: original investment 500 b. New system 48 channels: old system 24 channels c. Cable costs 1985 500 per kilometre: cable costs 1980 125 per kilometre d. New distance between repeaters 2 km: old distance between repeaters 6 km e. The pulse rate 8,000 per second: the capacity 16,000 per second
47
Sampling
Reconstruction
Quantizing
Decoding
Encoding
Regeneration
Regeneration
Regeneration
Figure 1. Pulse code modulation block On the transmission line, the pulses in the PCM words will become gradually more distorted. However, as long as it is possible to distinguish between the absence and the presence of a pulse, no information loss has occurred. If the pulse train is regenerated, i.e. badly distorted
48
1. The measurement values are called: ... 2. The process of choosing measuring points on the analogue speech curve: ... 3. Typically, a quantized can assume: ... 4. The PCM words are decoded, that means they are: ... 5. The processes of sampling and quantizing brings: ... 6. In binary form, the sample will be represented by: ... 7. In the quantizing process, all sample amplitudes between two marks on the scale: ... 8. Each quantized sample is: ... 9. On the receiving side, the PCM words are: ... 10. One of the advantages of digital transmission is: ... 4. WRITING 4.1. Use the Figure 2 to order the sentences below to form a text describing a simple FDM system.
49
Figure 2. An FDM system A. The second and the third channels cannot be transmitted directly over the line. B. At the receiving end, filters separate the three channels and finally demodulators restore channels 2 and 3 to their original frequency position. C. To illustrate the principle of a frequency division multiplex (FDM) system, consider the simple case of transmission of 3 telephone channels, of bandwidth 300- 3400 Hz, over a common line. D. Now, the three channels can be passed over the common line, boosted at intervals as necessary. E. First, they are passed through a modulator which frequency-shifts them to frequency bands 4300 to 7400 Hz and 8300 to 11400 Hz respectively. F. The first of these channels can be transmitted directly over the common line and occupies the bandwidth 300- 3400 Hz.
50
Figure 2. A TDM system To (1) the principle of a (2) system, consider the simple case of transmission of one ..(3) signal, of bandwidth 300- 4800 Hz, over a ..........(4) line. The audio signal cannot be transmitted directly over the line. .(5) it is passed . (6) a low pass filter which restricts the upper frequency to 3400 Hz. ......(7), a clock pulse is synchronized with the audio signal at the .....(8) gate so that the output is a PAM waveform. The PAM waveform is then converted to a quantized PCM waveform by the encoder. The waveform can now be .(9) directly over the PCM line, regenerated at intervals as necessary. At the receiving end, a decoder converts the PCM back to PAM which finally is passed through a filter to restore the ....(10) audio signal.
III. TM TT
1. Cu to, cc u im ca si quang, nguyn tc hat ng ca si quang. 2. Cu trc m t mt qu trnh. 3. M t mt h thng FDM. 4. PCM: ly mu, lng t ho, m ho, gii m...
VOCABULARY
apparatus avalanche photodiode n n dng c, thit b iot quang kiu thc
51
52
Mc d thu tinh thng thng ch c th truyn dn nh sng t cht lng trong vng vi chc mt, nhng si quang c lm bng thu tinh nguyn cht, c th ti cc tn hiu nh sng trn qung ng di n 50km m khng cn khuych i. Si thu tinh silic ioxyt c 2 phn- phn li c trong sut cao nm trung tm v phn c bao quanh gi l v. C th phn thnh 3 loi si chnh: si n mode chit sut phn bc, si a mode chit sut phn bc v si a mode chit sut bin i u. Cc si chit sut phn bc c chit sut thay i t li ti v theo nhng bc thng xc nh cn cc si chit sut bin i u c chit sut bin i tng dn t li ra v. Si n mode c li rt b- si nh vy ch c th truyn c 1 ch in t c nh hng. Trong si a mode, c th lan truyn c 500 tia sng, mi tia c bc sng khc nhau rt t. Cc k s vin thng mun gi phn x li l b nht cc xung nh sng khng b chng ln nhau v to ra cc thng ip khng r rng. T khi mi xut hin si quang, cc k s hay s dng loi si a mode chit sut bin i u hn loi chit sut phn bc gim thiu vic chng xung nh sng. Nhng s dng si n mode cho hiu qu cao hn, vi vic khng xut hin s tn x xung. Cc ngun sng c th l iot pht quang (LEDs) hoc laze. Loi ngun sng th nht to ra cc tn hiu yu hn, nhng c coi l gi r hn v tui th lu hn. Tuy nhin, laze ra nh sng c bc sng chnh xc hn v v vy n thch hp i vi cc si n mode. Cng c 2 loi thit b tch sng quang - iot quang silic kiu pin v iot quang silic kiu thc. Cc thit b kiu thc thng nhy hn nhng gi c cng t hn. 1.2. Complete the following tables.
53
b. less powerful, cheap, durable d. closely-defined wavelength d. sensitive, expensive 5. b e. monomode b. less sensitive, cheaper
1.3. Match the advantages of optical fibres with an appropriate explanation. 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. e 2. Language Practice Practice 2.2. Make sentences for the following relationships. a. The higher the frequency, the higher the number of samples. b. The greater the number of channels, the lower the cost of transmission. c. The greater the degree of network digitalization, the fewer the exchanges. d. The higher the degree of automation, the lower the number of manual operators. Practice 2.2.Now make sentences for more precise relationships. (Modal answer) a. The return on investment is four times the original investment. b. The new system has double/ two times/ twice the number of channels. c. 1980 cable costs per kilometre were a quarter of the 1985 costs. d. The new distance between repeaters is a third of the old distance. e. The pulse rate is half the capacity. 3. Reading 2 IU XUNG M Qu trnh chn cc im o trn ng cong tn hiu ting ni tng t gi l ly mu. Cc gi tr do c gi l cc mu. Ly mu l bc u tin th hin tn hiu ting ni di dng s, v cc thi im ly mu chn s ch ra cc ta thi gian ca cc im o. Bin ca cc mu tn hiu c th c nhn mt gi tr trong phm vi bin ca tn hiu ting ni. Trong thc t khi o cc bin ca mu ta thng quy trn. Trong qu trnh quy trn hoc lng t, tt c cc gi tr bin ca mu gia hai im trong mt bc c nhn mt gi tr lng t ging nhau. S mu lng t l mt gi tr nht nh v ta ch c mt s lng nht nh cc im trn thang lng t. Mi mu xung c lng t c th hin bi mt im lng t trn thang lng t, tc l ta bit c cc ta trn trc bin ca cc mu xung. Cc qu trnh ly mu v lng t to ra th hin bng s cho tn hiu ting ni gc nhng cha phi dng thch hp nht truyn dn theo ng dy hoc v tuyn. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh m ha. Thng thng cc gi tr mu xung c m ha dng nh phn, mi mt gi mu xung c i din bi mt nhm cc phn t nh phn. Thng l mi mu xung lng t c th mang mt trong 256 gi tr. Di dng nh phn, mu s c biu din bng mt nhm 8 thnh t. Nhm ny c gi l mt t PCM. phc v mc ch truyn dn, cc gi tr 0 v 1 c th hin tng ng vi trng thi khng xung v c xung.
54
55
2.
3.
4.
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1 Read the following text carefully. On March 10th 1876, in Boston USA, Alexander Graham Bell spoke the first recognizable words over what was certainly his most famous invention, the telephone. "Mr. Watson, come here. I want you." he called out to an astonished assistant. It quickly became necessary to link up people using the new invention. This was done through the telephone exchange. In the first simple exchanges, all calls were handled manually by the operator. Using the switchboard in front of her, she plugged the line of the subscriber calling her into the line of the subscriber being asked for.
56
1.1. Main phrases - speak on/ over the phone/ telephone: ni chuyn qua in thoi - It + to be/ to become + adj + to do something: (tr nn) cn thit phi lm vic g - to undergo modifications: to be changed: b thay i - hundreds of/ thousands of/ millions of + N (plural) - in service: ang hot ng/ ang c s dng - throughout the world/ all over the world: trn ton th gii - a substantial reduction in equipment cost = much cheaper equipment: s gim chi ph thit b ng k, thit b r hn nhiu - a large reduction in equipment size = much smaller equipment: s gim ln v kch c thit b, kch c thit b nh i ng k - greater reliability = more reliable: tin cy ln hn, ng tin cy hn
57
1. 2. 3. 4.
Watson invented telephone on March 10th 1876, in Boston USA. Telephone is Graham Bells most famous invention. It quickly became necessary to link up people using telephones. Linking up people using telephones is done through the telephone
58
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Manual system, in which calls were handled manually by the operator, was used in 1770s. With digital system, the operator plugged the line of the caller into the line of the called subscriber, using the switchboard in front of her. In 1989, Strowger patented his idea of automatic exchanges. Strowger invented an automatic exchange because he was an engineer. In 1892, Strowgers system was installed at La Porte, Indiana.
10. Strowgers system can be called step-by-step system. 11. Crossbar systems, which consisted of a series of vertically and horizontally crossed bars, were installed in 1940s. 12. With crossbar systems, a common control system was used for the first time. 13. Strowgers systems were cheaper and less noisy than crossbar ones. 14. Bell Telephone Laboratories invented transistors in 1958. 15. Electronic systems were installed in 1870s. 16. Since 1970s, the old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have started to be replaced by digital exchanges. 17. The latest digital exchanges are cheaper, smaller, more quickly to procure, install and commission but they are less reliable than previous systems.
2. LANGUAGE PRACTICE 2.1. So snh (so snh bng, so snh hn v so snh nht) Comparison: Positive, Comparative and Superlative a. Trng hp so snh bng: AS ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB AS Example: A Strowger exchange is not as reliable as crossbar. b. Thnh lp so snh bng v so snh hn vi tnh t mt m tit v tnh t hai m tit kt thc bng Y, OW, ET, LE, ER: So snh hn : ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + ER THAN So snh nht : THE ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + EST * Note: Vi tnh t c ui Y, p dng cng thc: y i + er Example: y i + est This made crossbar exchanges cheaper than Strowger. When the first telegraphs appeared, the fastest way of travelling was by rail.
59
e. Cu trc so snh kp (Double comparatives): nhm nhn mnh im so snh + Cu trc: ngy cng hn SHORT ADJECTIVE + ER AND SHORT ADJECTIVE + ER MORE AND MORE ADJECTIVE Strowger found his business less and less profitable. More and more people want the new product. After applying the new technology, he found that his business became more and more profitable. + Cu trc: cng cng THE + COMPARATIVE + S + V, THE + COMPARATIVE + S + V Example: The more modern the equipment is, the more expensive it is. The more difficult the task is, the harder we try. Practice 2.1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences. 1. In my opinion, Bell is ......................... inventor of all time. a. the greater a. noisier than a. as reliable as b. the greatest b. noisiest b. the most reliable 2. A Strowger exchange is.......................... a crossbar central office. 3. A Strowger exchange is not ............................. crossbar.
60
2.2. Th hin ti hon thnh phn bit vi Th qu kh n a. Th hin ti hon thnh (Present Perfect tense) ngha: din t hnh ng bt u trong qu kh, tip tc ti hin ti v lin quan n hin ti. Cu trc: Subject + have/ has + V(past participle) Example: The old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have begun to disappear. Cc gii t thng c s dng: + For (a month, three years...) din t khong thi gian xy ra hnh ng. + Since (last week, 1970...) din t thi im bt u khong thi gian xy ra hnh ng. Example: "Since the 1970s they have started to be replaced by exchanges built around electronic components". "They have started to be replaced by exchanges built around electronic components for almost 30 years". Hai ph t "just" v "already": + Just: nhn mnh rng s vic va mi hon thnh. Trong cu, v tr ca "just" l ng gia have/ has v qu kh phn t. Example: I have just received a letter. The new exchange has just been installed. + Already: nhn mnh s vic xy ra ri. V tr ca "already" gia have/ has v qu kh phn t hoc cui cu. Example: He has already done 6 exercises. Hoc: He has done 6 exercises already. b. Th qu kh n (Simple Past tense) ngha: Th qu kh n din t mt s vic xy ra trong qu kh v hon thnh trong qu kh. Ta thng cp n thi gian xy ra s vic. Cu trc:
61
62
* Note: Tnh t gc c ui BLE: ble -> bility Example: flexible (mm do, linh hot) reliable: ng tin cy profitable: c li nhun Lu s bin i v trng m: -> flexibility (s mm do, linh hot) -> reliability (s ng tin cy) -> profitability (s em li li nhun)
flexible ['fleksbl] -> flexibility [,fleks'biliti] Practice 2.3. Give the noun form of the adjectives.
Adjectives electrical simple negotiable objective original Nouns Adjectives popular dependable normal odd prior Nouns
Practice 2.4. Complete the table below. Verbs 1. agree 2. allocate 3. 4. collaborate 5. complete 6. 7. develop 8. eliminate 9. 10. extend 3. READING 2 Read the following text carefully. TECHNOLOGY FOR CHANGE Telecommunications technology has changed the world since 1800s. Of course, many things have changed in the world since that time. Just think of the development in transport, benefit co-operate estimate Nouns Verbs 11. implement 12. improve 13. invest 14. 15. produce 16. promote 17. provide 18. 19. spend 20. maintenance recruitment training Nouns
63
3.1. Main phrases - in the end: cui cng - there is no point in doing something: (lm vic g ) cng chng tc dng g - little by little: dn dn - more and more: ngy cng nhiu
64
4. WRITING Read the dialogue carefully. Gibbs : Allison: How do I transfer a call to someone else? Well, obviously you answer the phone when it rings, let's say on line 1. When you find out the call's not for you, but for your colleague at extension 3, say, you should push the "HOLD" button. You'll see that the held exchange line lamp will then flash. Then you simply call the required extension in the normal way, by pressing button 3. When your colleague answers, you can transfer the held call in one of two ways. You can either simply replace your handset, in which case extension 3 takes over the original call from line 1, or your colleague at extension 3 can press the exchange line button and he is automatically connected to line 1. If no one answers at exchange 3, you should press the exchange line 1 button, to be re-connected to the caller. You can then take the caller's message or ask him to call back later. 4.1. Main phrases - transfer a call to someone: chuyn cuc gi ti ngi khc - in the normal way: theo cch thng thng - replace your handset: t my, tr my - to be reconnected to: c ni li ti - take the caller's message: ghi li li nhn ca ngi gi 4.2. Complete the instructions for transferring a call, basing on the dialogue. Instructions for call transfer 1. 2. 3. Lift handset when phone rings ... ...
65
4.3. Decide if the statements are true or false. If false, say what is true. T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F 1. You answer the phone when it rings. 2. If the call is for your colleague at extension 3, you shouldnt push the "HOLD" button. 3. When you push the "HOLD" button, the held exchange line lamp will flash. 4. If your colleague answers, you can transfer the held call by replacing your handset. 5. Your colleague at extension 3 can press the exchange line button and he is automatically connected to line 1. 6. If no one answers at extension 3, replace your handset to be re-connected to the caller. 7. You can take the caller's message by asking him to call back later.
III. TM TT
1. S pht minh ra in thoi v cc giai on pht trin ca tng i in thoi. Th h tng i sau c nhiu u im so vi tng i trc. 2. Cc c im chung ca cc tng i in thoi. 3. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc so snh (so snh bng, so snh hn v so snh nht). 4. Thnh lp cu s dng cu trc hin ti hon thnh v qu kh n, phn bit ngha s dng hai th. 5. To danh t t tnh t gc: thm ui ity. VOCABULARY administration acceptance affiliate astonished automatic exchange common control system community crossbar exchange dial digital switching exchange diversified equitisation n n v adj n n n n n, v n adj n s qun l s chp thun xc nh kinh ngc tng i t ng tng i c h thng iu khin chung cng ng, dn chng tng i ngang dc a s (my in thoi) ; quay s tng i s a dng ho s c phn ho
66
67
2. Language Practice Practice 2.1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences. 1. b 5. b 1. a 6. a; b 2. a 6. a 2. b 7. b 3. a 7. b 3. a 8. a 4. a 8. b 4. a; b 9. b 5. a 10. a
Practice 2.2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
68
69
4.3. Decide if the statements are true or false. If false, say what is true.
70
2. Tm tt ni dung 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tng i s c u im hn hn so vi tng i tng t. Cc c tnh ca tng i s: iu khin theo chng trnh ci t sn, bo hiu knh chung, cng ngh vi in t, truyn dn v chuyn mch s tch hp. Ma trn chuyn mch, cng ngh chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v thi gian. Nguyn tc vn hnh PABX. Cu hi thng tin c th dng nhng hnh thc cu lch hi mang tnh gin tip, s dng Could you tell me/ Would you mind explaining/ Perhaps you would let me know Cu ch dn c th s dng thc mnh lnh hay s dng cu thng. Tr ng t Do c s dng khi nhn mnh.
II. NI DUNG
1. READING 1 Read the following text carefully. Much of the world's telephone traffic is still handled by exchanges of electromechanical design, each with thousands of wear-prone exposed moving parts. Analogue exchanges of this type are costly to install and maintain, and are subject to familiar faults such as crossed lines, noise and wrong numbers. Many of the world's telecommunications administrations have explored other, digital, solutions. They are designing networks that offer: a much higher quality of service than before, using the latest microchip technology with few or no moving parts; less interference than previously; lower installation and maintenance costs; and much faster connection speed for calls and fewer wrong numbers than in the past. The main characteristics of a digital exchange are: 1. Integrated Digital Transmission and Switching
71
1.1. Main phrases - be subject to: phm, chu, gp phi - more or less: phn no - in a matter of seconds: ch sau/ trong vng vi giy - digitally encoded: m ho thnh s - range in function: c nhiu chc nng khc nhau - single active element: phn t kch hot n 1.2. Decide whether the statements are about Disadvantages of Electromechanical exchanges (DE) or Advantages of Digital exchanges (AD). Example: 1. High cost of installation and maintenance. DE ... 2. Interference DE 1. High cost of installation and maintenance
72
1.3. Give each set of functions one main characteristic of digital exchanges. Functions of digital exchanges 1. The application of solid-state semi-conductors to provide greater reliability, smaller size and automated design. 2. The application of data-programming techniques to an exchange, providing greater control and flexibility in the operative of an exchange. 3. The use of one pair of channels not directly associated with the traffic circuits, to perform all signalling functions on a complete route. 4. Speech and other signals are digitally encoded and a common method of time-division multiplexing is used. 1.4. Match the following terms with a suitable explanation. Example: 1. an electromechanical exchange f. a switching centre, the design of which is based on thousands of moving parts 1. an electromechanical exchange 2. a digital exchange 3. a wrong number 4. a crossed line 5. analogue transmission 6. call charges a. a call is incorrectly routed b. a system in which a varying electrical current transmits the caller's voice pattern c. an exchange which uses microchip technology d. the cost of a telephone call e. during a telephone conversation, you hear another conversation at the same time f. a switching centre, the design of which is based on thousands of moving parts 1.5. Complete the table, basing on the text. Main characteristic e.g. Microelectronics Technology
73
74
B. Match these comments to their replies. Comments 1. Sorry, could you spell that? 2. Could I speak to Mrs Fenton, please? 3. Could you take a message? 4. I'm afraid the line's busy at the moment. 5. I'm sorry but he's away this week. 6. Could you repeat that? 7. Good morning. Cathay Pacific Airlines. 2.2. Kt hp cu (Combining sentences) C th lin kt cc cu n bng cch s dng du hai chm :, which hoc who. Hy nghin cu cc v d sau: a. A. Two main types of switching technology have evolved. B. The two main types are space division switching and time division switching. -> The two main types of switching technology have evolved: space division switching and time division switching. b. A. This was confirmed by Shannon. B. Shannon developed a theory. C. Shannons theory states a formula for finding the correct sampling frequency. -> This was confirmed by Shannon who developed a theory which states a formula for finding the correct sampling frequency. Practice 2.2. Now join the following sentences. 1. A. The switching matrix consists of a number of connection points. Replies a. Yes, It's 081 432 9191. b. That's OK. I'll hold. c. The reservations department, please. d. Speaking e. Yes, of course. I'll get a pen. f. Yes it's M-E-E-W-S. g. Ill call back next week then.
75
Two main types of switching technology have evolved: space division switching and time division switching. The principles of these two types of switching are illustrated in the following figures in which we follow the speech paths of two subscribers through a small exchange.