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1.6

1.4

1.2

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0.6

0.4

0.2

0
3

3.5

4.5
5
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Log Other Income (Low Ed.)

6.5

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0.94

including v
excluding v

0.92

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0.9

0.88

0.86

0.84

0.82
4.4

4.6

4.8

5
5.2
Log Other Income

5.4

5.6

5.8

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1.3
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Linear Probability Model

1.2
1.1

Prob (work)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
4.4

4.6

4.8

5
5.2
Log Other Income

5.4

5.6

5.8

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DS

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