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Operative Hand Instruments
Operative Hand Instruments
Operative Hand Instruments
INTRODUCTION
Term instrument refers to a tool, device or implement used for a specific purpose or type of work. They can be used to examine,clean,cut,& restore teeth. The two main types area.Hand instruments-which include a large group of instruments that are hand held when used. b.Rotary instruments- are operated in a handpiece which in turn is hand held.
Cutting instrument generally implies, unless otherwise specified ,a hand held instrument used to cut, plane, or cleave tooth structure during the prepration of a cavity to receive a restoration or other treatment.
HAND INSTRUMENT
cutting
Non cutting
excavators
chisels
others
Amalgam condenser
mirrors
explorers, probes
others
ordinary hatchets
files
scalers
hoes
Angle formers spoons
carvers
classification
Operative dental instruments as classified by CHARBENEAU-
1.Cutting instrumentsa) Hand -Hatchets -Chisels -Hoes -Excavators -others b) Rotary -Burs -Stones -Disks Others
2. Condensing instruments
a) Pluggers -Hand -Mechanical
3. Plastic instruments a) Spatulas b) Carvers c) Burnishers d) Packing instruments 4. Finishing and polishing instruments a Hand -Orangewood sticks -Polishing points -Finishing sticks b.Rotary -Finishing burs -Mounted brushes -Mounted stones -Rubber cups -Impregnated disks
5.Isolation instruments
a. Rubber dam b. Saliva ejector c. Cotton roll holder d Evacuating tips
6. Miscellaneous instruments
a. Mouth mirrors b Explorers c Probes d Scissors e Pliers f others
ADVANTAGES OF HAND CUTTING INSTRUMENTS Self-limited in cutting enamel, cut only enamel undermined by the loss of enamel. No vibration or heat accompanies the cutting, making it painless and with no adverse effects to tooth tissues. Most efficient means of precise intricate cutting. Create the smoothest surface of all cutting instrument. The longest life span of all cutting instruments.
composed
a.weight-
hollow-increase tactile transfer. -solid-increase hand fatigue. b.diameter- small-decrease control, increase fatigue. - large-restrict movement in inaccessible areas
c.serrations- knurled-maximize control. smooth-increase muscle fatigue.
SHANK
The shank serves to connect the handle to the working end of the instrument They are normally smooth, round and tapered. Any angulation in the instrument is placed at the shaft.
BLADE / NIB
The working end of the cutting instrument is called the blade whereas the working end of the non-cutting instrument is called nib. Face is the end of the nib or working surface. It maybe plain or serrated. Cutting edge is the working part of the instrument. It is in the form of a bevel with different shapes. - Blade angle is defined as the angle between the long axis of the blade and the long axis of the shaft. - Cutting edge angle is defined as an angle between the margins of the cutting edge and the long axis of the shaft.
In establishing a nomenclature for hand instruments, Dr. Black prescribed four classes: Order:Purpose of the instrument (excavator) Suborder: Manner of the use (Push) Class: Form of the working end (Hatchet) Sub Class: Shape of the shank (Bin angle) Therefore, an instrument might be described as "Bin angle Hatchet Push Excavator"
INSTRUMENT FORMULA
1st no. -Indicates the width of the blade or primary cutting edge in tenths of a mm.
- 2nd no. - Blade length in mm. -3rd no. -Indicates the blade angle, relative to the long axis of the handle in clockwise centigrade.
FOURTH UNIT: When the cutting edge of an instrument is at an angle other than a right angle to the length of the blade, a fourth unit is added to the basic threeunit formula. This additional number, expressed in centigrade. It represents the angle formed between cutting edge and central axis of the shaft. It is placed in the Second Position of the formula. For example, the distal gingival margin trimmer has a formula 12-95-10-12.
BEVELS OF INSTRUMENT
1 ) SINGLE BEVELLED INSTRUMENTS- Cutting edge at right angle to the long axis of the shaft. - They can be: a.Distally bevelled -if the angle at the junction of the blade and the shank are observed and if primary bevel is not seen it is distally bevelled . b.Mesial bevelled /Reverse bevel -
2)
Ex
angle former.
STERILIZATION OF HAND INSTRUMENT Accepted methods of sterilization are:Steam pressure sterilization (autoclave) Chemical vapour sterilization (chemiclave) Dry heat sterilization (dry clave) Ethylene oxide sterilization
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