KHI LC V THT BI CA TH TRNG

Phn II: THNG TIN BT CN XNG

ng Vn Thanh

Thng tin bt cn xng

(asymmetric information)

Thng tin bt cn xng l tnh trng trong mt giao dch c mt bn c thng tin y hn v tt hn so vi bn cn li. Tnh trng thng tin bt cn xng hin din rt nhiu trong cc lnh vc. V d:
Ngn hng Th trng nh t Th trng lao ng Lnh vc th thao Th trng hng ha
ng Vn Thanh

Th trng bo him Lnh vc u t Th trng chng khon Th trng c

Hu qu ca thng tin bt cn xng

Thng tin bt cn xng l mt tht bi ca th trng v n gy ra S la chn ngc (la chn bt li) (adverse selectionAS) Ri ro o c (tm l li) (moral hazard MH) Vn ngi y quyn-ngi tha hnh (principal-agent PA)

ng Vn Thanh

La chn ngc (AS)

PH Th trng xe o to chat lng cao va thap khi ngi mua va ngi ban co the nhan nh tng chiec o to PL SH
10.000 Vi thong tin bat can xng, ngi mua se kho xac nh chat lng. Ho ha thap ky vong cua mnh oi vi chat lng trung bnh cua xe o to cu. Cau oi vi xe o to cu chat lng cao va thap dch chuyen ti DM. Tang QL lam giam ky vong va cau xuong ti DLM. Qua trnh ieu chnh tiep tuc en khi cau = DL

DH SL DM
5.000

DLM DL

DM DLM DL

25.000

50.000

QH

50.000

75.000

QL

S la chn ngc (AS)

Cht lng xe tham gia th trng ngy cng gim v gi ngy cng gim. Th trng ch cn li xe xu Hng tt b hng xu y ra khi th trng Th trng xe c c nguy c bin mt

ng Vn Thanh

S la chn ngc (AS)

Cc lnh vc khc
Khch hng ca cng ty bo him l nhng ngi c ri ro cao. Cch tr lng mang tnh bnh qun theo ngch bc c quan nh nc khng gi c ngi gii Cc khu cng nghip cc tnh xa khng c nh u t c nng lc tt Hng ha khng chun v sinh thc phm qu nhiu trn th trng

ng Vn Thanh

Ri ro o c hay tm l li (MH)
Ri ro o c hay tm l li l tnh trng c nhn hay t chc khng cn ng c c gng hay hnh ng mt cch hp l nh trc khi giao dch xy ra

ng Vn Thanh

Ri ro o c hay tm l li (MH)

V d
Khch hng khi mua bo him thng c nhng hnh x nhiu ri ro v c ni gnh chu chi ph thit hi do h gy ra.

Gi gn ti sn khng cn thn Trang b dng c phng chy km hoc t kim tra nh k

Khng c gng nng cao trnh v cp nht kin thc khi c hc v, hc hm Khng x l nhim trit nh cam kt trc khi c cp giy php.
ng Vn Thanh

S khc nhau gia la chn ngc v tm l li

La chn ngc l hu qu ca thng tin bt cn xng trc khi giao dch xy ra. Tm l li l hu qu ca thng tin bt cn xng sau khi giao dch xy ra.

ng Vn Thanh

Gii php khc phc tnh trng thng tin bt cn xng

La chn ngc v tm l li l hu qu ca nguyn nhn thng tin bt cn xng. Vy gii php chnh l nhng cch thc khc nhau nhm lm gim i s bt cn xng v thng tin cho cc bn tham gia giao dch. Gii php t nhn v gii php ca chnh ph

ng Vn Thanh

Gii php t nhn

Th trng c:
Ngi mua thu thp thng tin: thu chuyn gia, s dng th, mua thng tin. Ngi bn pht tn hiu chng minh uy tn ca ca hng thng qua danh ting, thng hiu, cp giy bo hnh

Th trng lao ng:

Ngi xin vic pht tn hiu: trng bng cp, i mc lng cao Nh tuyn dng: phng vn, ra thi gian th vic
ng Vn Thanh

Gii php t nhn

Th trng bo him
Cng ty bo him yu cu khm sc khe Ch nh phng khm i vi hp ng ln Khng chi tr bo him ton phn (ng chi tr) Gim ph bo him i vi khch hng c ng k cc chng trnh phng chng bnh tt hoc khng ht thuc

ng Vn Thanh

Gii php t nhn

Ngn hng:
Ngi i vay pht tn hiu chng minh hiu qu ti chnh ca d n hoc chng minh nng lc ti chnh ca cng ty. Thm nh d n, thm nh kh nng ti chnh ca nh u t, ti sn th chp nh gi lch s tn dng ca cng ty Bo m ca chnh quyn

ng Vn Thanh

Gii php ca chnh ph

Cp giy php chng nhn (trc hot ng)

Chng nhn t cch php nhn Chng nhn cht lng sn phm

Kim tra, kim sot (trong qu trnh hot ng)

Kim tra an ton v sinh thc phm, ng du cht lng v cp php lu thng Kim tra, i chiu thc t v tiu chun ng k
ng Vn Thanh

Gii php ca chnh ph

Thnh lp hip hi bo v ngi tiu dng Cung cp thng tin

V quy hoch V dch bnh V nh u t D bo v cung cu th trng trong nc v quc t

Thit lp th ch (xy dng khung php l) c bin php ch ti, x pht

ng Vn Thanh

Vn ngi y quyn- ngi tha hnh (thn ch - ngi i din)

L nhng trng hp mt bn (ngi y quyn) tuyn dng mt bn khc (ngi tha hnh) thc hin mt hay nhng mc tiu nht nh L vn v ngi tha hnh theo ui mc tiu khc vi ngi y quyn (do ng c khc nhau) Tr thnh vn v thng tin bt cn xng lm cho ngi y quyn kh cng ch thi hnh, nh gi hay khuyn khch cng vic. Tch ring l mt vn v hi c la chn ngc v ring ro Vn o c Thanh

V d ngi y quyn- ngi tha hnh (thn ch - ngi i din)

Hi ng qun tr - Gim c Tng gim c Gim c chi nhnh Hi ng nhn dn - y ban nhn dn Ch tch tnh Gim c s Hiu trng Gio vin Ngi thu lao ng Ngi lao ng

ng Vn Thanh

Gii php cho vn ngi y quynngi tha hnh

Gii php tng qut: ngi y quyn to ra ng c khuyn khch vt cht v phi vt cht cho mc tiu ngi tha hnh ph hp vi mc tiu ca mnh
Tr lng v thng theo hiu qu Thng bng c phiu Gio dc thc t trng ngh nghip Cc danh hiu thi ua C hi thng tin

Thit k h thng kim tra

H thng gii trnh v gim st nghim ngt o to theo tn ch, sinh vin chn mn hc v chn gio vin Ly phiu tn nhim ng thng k Vn Thanh

Phat tn hieu tren th trng lao ong

Gia s mot mo hnh n gian: Th trng lao ong canh tranh Vi thong tin ay u w = MRPL Lng Nhom I = $10.000/nam Lng Nhom II = $20.000/nam Nhan vien co trung bnh 10 nam lam viec Thu nhap Nhom I = $100.000 (10.000/nam x 10) Thu nhap Nhom II = $200.000 (20.000/nam x 10) Vi thong tin bat can xng w = nang suat trung bnh Lng Nhom I & II = $15.000/nam

Phat tn hieu tren th trng lao ong

Phat tn hieu bang hoc van e giam thong tin bat can xng y = ch so hoc van (so nam ai hoc) C = ph ton e at mc o hoc van y Nhom I--CI(y) = $40.000y (ton nhieu hn e ao tao) Nhom II--CII(y) = $20.000y Phat tn hieu bang hoc van e giam thong tin bat can xng

Gia s hoc van khong lam tang nang suat Quy tac quyet nh y* cho tn hieu GII va lng = $20.000/ nam Di y* cho tn hieu GI va lng = $10.000/nam

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Phat tn hieu tren th trng lao ong

B(y) = lng tang theo moi mc hoc van
Gia tr hoc van ai hoc.

Mot ngi nen co bao nhieu hoc van?

Gia tr hoc van ai hoc

Quyet nh hoc van c da tren so sanh li ch/chi ph

Nhom I

Nhom II
CII(y) = $20,000y

$200K

CI(y) = $40,000y

$200K

$100K

$100K

B(y)

B(y)

4 y*

La chon toi u ve y cua Nhom I

So nam ai hoc

4 y*

La chon toi u ve y cua Nhom II

So nam ai hoc

Phat tn hieu tren th trng lao ong

Gia tr hoc van ai hoc.

Li ch = $100.000 Ph ton CI (y) = 40.000y $40.000y*< $100.000 y* < 2.5 Khong chon hoc van CI(y) = $40,000y

Gia tr hoc van ai hoc

Li ch = $100.000 Ph ton CII (y)= 20.000y $20.000y*< $100.000 y* < 5 Chon y* CII(y) = $20,000y

$200K

$200K

$100K

$100K

B(y)

B(y)

4 y*

La chon toi u ve y cua Nhom I

So nam ai hoc

4 y*

La chon toi u ve y cua Nhom II

So nam ai hoc

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Phat tn hieu tren th trng lao ong

So sanh li ch /chi ph Quy tac quyet nh se ung neu y* nam gia 2,5 va 5 Neu y* = 4 Nhom I se chon khong hoc Nhom II se chon hc tp

Thc te, hoc van co lam tang nang suat va phat i mot tn hieu hu ch ve nang lc lam viec cua ca nhan.

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