Extreme Project Management

Tm tt
Extreme Qun l d n (XPM) l mt phng php c s dng m t lm th no x l cc d n kp v tin thi gian v ngn sch da trn phm vi cho php. Khi nim ny l thc s mi, hay ch l mt tn khc cho nhng g rt nhiu d n cc nh qun l bit? D bng cch no, bi vit ny nu bt nhng l thuyt ng sau XPM, v cung cp mt s hng dn khi s dng cc k thut.

Thc hnh XPM

Thc hnh XPM c th c chia thnh hai loi: Thc hnh lp k hoch v kim sot cht lng thc hnh. K hoch bao gm cc thc hnh ca cc k hoch v k hoch hng tun.. Phn cn li ca cc thc hnh tp trung vo vic kim sot cht lng v c s dng hng ngy. Trong nghin cu ny, u tin ta s thc hnh lp k hoch trc, ri sau mi thc hnh kim sot cht lng

Thc hnh Lp K hoch XPM

trong nhng nn mng ca XP l tnh n gin v sau l ph hp vi XPM. Nhng bi thc hnh lp k hoch XPM th rt n gin. Bn khng cn phi dng phng thc ng dn quan trng hoc qun l d n phn mmTt c nhng g bn cn l th ch mc v t duy thng thng. l tng quan v cch thc thi mt XPM d n:

To mt k hoch quan <release plan> Mi tun, to ra mt tun, k hoch da trn k hoch ban u Mi ngy, lm cng vic hng ngy, da vo cc k hoch hng tun

K hoch quan
Bc u tin trong vic chy mt Extreme project l to ra mt k hoch quan <release plan>. Cc k hoch quan m t tt c cc cng vic cn phi lm cho cc d n giai on hin nay. N thng c to bi cc nh qun l d n, vi s gip sc ca thnh vin trong nhm, trc khi bt u lm vic. To ra mt k hoch quan lm vic cho tng giai on: lp gin <schematics>, thit k pht trin, hp ng ti liu, v..v Sau y l cch to ra mt k hoch quan <XPM release plan> :

Hy suy ngh thng qua tt c cc cng vic cn thit hon thnh cng vic.

i vi mi cng vic, vit mt m t ngn gn trn mt th ch mc. c tnh thi gian cn thit hon thnh nhim v v thm n vo th.

Khi bn c mt th cho mi cng vic, bn hon tt cc cc k hoch quan ban u. Cc quan K hoch ch l mt ngn xp ca th ch mc. Di y l mt s hng dn lp k hoch:

Thc hin mt th cho mi cng vic, bn c th ngh n. Khng c nhim v phi mt hn 3 ngy. Nu cng vic qu ln th phi phn thnh nhiu cng vic nh hn. Mi cng vic phi c kim chng li. Bn phi c th xc minh rng cng vic l chnh xc v xc minh rng n hon tt. c tnh thi gian l tng trong ngy, c ngha l, s gi n s c c nu bn c th lm vic lin tc m khng c bt k s gin on. Thc hin cc cng vic m t ngn gn, khng phi chi tit. Hy ni nhng g lm c, ch ko cn din t k iu phi lm nh th no.

Cc quan K hoch khng phi l c nh. N c th v c l s thay i trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. Thi gian c tnh khng phi c nh m c th thay i linh hot. Chng c th s c thay i bi cc thnh vin trong nhm trong qu trnh lp k hoch cc cuc hp hng tun.

Release Plan Recap

Chi tit cc k hoch quan <release plan> rt d dng v s khng mt thi gian to ra, ngay c i vi mt d n ln. Bn c th s dng bng tnh, phn cp u tin ca d n thun li theo di tin trnh. Li ch

D dng thm cc nhim v bng cch s dng t duy thng thng, phn loi u tin d n, checklists. Hot ng ca d n c thng sut r rng, tng chi tit c xc nh. D n c th c chia nh hn d dng thc thi D dng thm v xo b cng vic ti s. D dng c tnh: Cng vic nh c th c c tnh mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. D dng t chc li: sp xp li th ngn xp th hin cng vic cho tun, thng, mc u tin.

Hp theo tun <weekly planning meeting>

tun K hoch hp theo tng tun l mt phn ca qu trnh lp k hoch XPM. Mc ch ca cuc hp l ch nh ca cng vic trong tun. Tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm phi tham d. iu quan trng l thi gian cc cuc hp gia phi nht qun v ph hp. Hi hp nn c t chc hng tun, vo cng mt ngy, thi gian, a im v mi tun. Trc cuc hp, qun l d n la chn cng vic cho tun. Bng k hoch cng vic cn li thng c sp xp vo 1 bng ngn xp <table in stacks>, bng cch hoc u tin ca tun. Ngi qun l d n ch vic lt qua danh sch, chn cc nhim v u tin cao nht, v s a chng vo cuc hp. S lng cc cng vic c la chn phi c da trn tc ca cc tun trc.

Tc <velocity>
Tc l s cng vic c hon thnh ca c nhm trong mi tun. tng ng sau ca tc ny l: Nu mt nhm lm 100 cng vic vo tun trc th n s lm 100 im trong tun ny. Khi nim ng sau tc ny l:

Nu bn s dng mt thi gian nht qun gia cc cuc hp lp k hoch, v nu bn s dng mt cch nht qun o lng cng vic kh khn hay thi gian, th bn c th tnh ton mt bin php nht qun ca sn xut kinh doanh: Tc .

Hai tnh nng mnh m ca tc <velocity>:

Velocity vn lun c xu hng theo thi gian. Velocity vn t ng cho s gin on, sau khi nh gi, cc cuc hp, ghp ni vv

Li ch

D dng tnh ton velocity: m s lng cng vic hon thnh vo cui tun. Nhanh chng thng tin phn hi: Xc nh u tin trong vi tun, nu d n ny l theo di. D dng xc nh xem lch trnh ca d n: tnh ton tun hon thnh bng cch chia s cng vic cn li ca velocity. V d: 2000 s cng vic vn cn; velocity l 100 cng vic cho mi tun, do , d n s c 20 tun hon thnh. D dng xc nh chi ph ca d n: Tnh ton chi ph cho mi cng vic bng cch chia chi ph mi tun ca velocity, sau nhn chi ph cho mi cng vic ca s im cn li. V d: nhm lng l $ 5000 mt tun, velocity l 100 cng vic cho mi tun, do , chi ph l $ 50 cho mi cng vic. Nu duy tr c s cng vic l 2000, th d n chi ph l $ 100.000. Cc vn v tim nng tn hiu: Nu velocity bt u ri xung, tm nguyn nhn. Khi tnh ton velocity, ch nhng nhim v hon thnh mi c tnh

Nhng cng vic ch nh tng tun

Tr li cuc hp lp k hoch <planning meeting>. Mc tiu l phn cng nhim v cho cc tun. Tng ngi mt c chn ra c ln ln, v tho lun v mi danh mc cng vic. Mc ch ca cc cuc tho lun l:

Lm r nhng g c yu cu v mong i Cng vic chia nh ra nu cn thit. Khng c cng vic no nn vt qu 8 gi trong mi ch mc cng vic Xc nhn tnh hp l hoc ti c lng thi gian cn thit

Sau khi tt c cc danh ch mc cng vic c xem xt, sp xp, v c t cho cng vic hi ng, thnh vin trong nhm bt u ng k cho cc cng vic bng cch ng ti mt la chn th di tn ca h. Khi mt cng vic hon tt, h cp nht thi gian c tnh, check thc hin xong Li ch

m bo tp trung: Khng c cng vic c thc hin, tr khi c mt nhim v cho n. Ngi qun l d n c th kim sot hon ton, nn p ng mt cch nhanh chng vi nhng thay i trong cc u tin hoc cc yu cu. Tho lun mi nhim v ca mi ngi lm r s hiu bit v cc yu cu. Thnh vin trong nhm c th cung cp cc la chn thay th cc tng v tit kim thi gian. c tnh c th ng tin cy bi v chng c xc nh bi c 1 i ng, khng phi ch ring ngi qun l. Thnh vin trong nhm tn tnh hn, chu o v cam kt thi gian c tnh m h to ra mnh.

K hoch Recap
Chng ta tho lun ngn gn quan K hoch v k hoch hng tun, hai phng php n gin bo m rng cng vic ph hp c xc nh, ch nh v theo di. Ta nn cp n chuyn nhim v mi i khi c b sung vo trong lc c thc thi. Chng thng l nhng nhim v u tin hng u, khng th chm tr. Chng s c tho lun v d kin trong cc cuc hp. Nhng nhim v c mc u tin thp hn th phi hy sinh thi gian b vo

By gi ta s cp v s thc hnh XPM hng ngy. Chng gip bo m rng cng vic c thc hin hiu qu v chnh xc.

Thc tin hng ngy <daily XPM practices >

Thc hnh XPM hng ngy gip gi cho cng vic c tp trung, v thng tin v gip bo m rng cng vic c thc hin hiu qu v chnh xc. Cc thc hnh c tch hp. Ging nh b tng vi thp tng cng, chng c thit k c nhng th mnh ca mt b cho nhng im yu ca mt khch. Ko mt XPM practice no c th c b qua. Nu bn khng th thc hin theo mt XPM practice thc t, bn nn thay th l la chn thay th tng t nh cung cp cc li ch. Mt trong nhng quan trng nht ca XPM practice l testing.

Kim tra trong XP

Trong XP, bn th nghim "tt c mi th m c th c th vi phm". Cc th nghim c t ng h c th c lp i lp li mi khi bn thc hin mt thay i. Kim tra thng tin phn hi hay nht l c ch c. Kt qu ca n l ngay lp tc, unbiased v chnh xc. Nu khng c th nghim, XP ch n gin s khng lm vic. XP ca cc gi tr th nghim rt nhiu, n mandates cho rng, "khng c m s l vn bn m khng c mt bi kim tra".

Testing Alternatives in XPM

XP s khng hot ng m khng cn th nghim, v XPM cng tng t nh th. i vi mi cng vic, chng ta cn phi c kh nng xc nh:

N l ng? L n hon ton?

Tuy nhin, kin trc s c th khng c th nghim theo cng mt cch lp trnh no. Khi chng ta khng th kim tra trc tip, chng ta phi di la chn thay th nh:

Kim tra danh sch Cc v d Prototypes Tiu chun chi tit Mistake-Proofing Tiu chun hnh thc Hp hi ngh Mu ch ci

Li ch

Lm r cc yu cu. Bn khng th vit cc bi kim tra hay th nghim thay th, tr khi bn hiu c cc yu cu. Gip xc nh v ngn nga sai st v thiu st. Xc minh rng mt nhim v l chnh xc v hon tt.

n gin ha vic tho lun ny, khi ni v cc bi kim tra t by gi, ti c xem nh cc bi testing u rt tt c.

Project Tests v Task Tests

Trong XPM c hai loi bi kim tra:

Project test: To ra bi ngi qun l d n, c l s h tr ca thnh vin trong nhm, bo m rng cc mc tiu tng th ca d n c p ng. Task test: To ra cc thnh vin ca nhm m bo rng cng vic l chnh xc v hon tt.

Li ch

Project tests bo m rng cc mc tiu tng th ca d n c p ng. Task tests bo m rng cc bi kim tra chi tit cc mc tiu nhim v c p ng.

Mt bi th nghim
Trong XP, on m code th c th nghim u tin:

Vit th nghim. Vit m thc hin cc bi kim tra qua. Vit th nghim khc. Lp li. Nu bn khng th suy ngh ca bt k bi kim tra chi tit, bn hon tt.

Li ch

Cung cp thc r rng hng Gam thiu xc sut phi lm nhng vic v dng Lm gim c hi ca cc li

Qu trnh ny c gi l Test Driven (hoc Iterative, hoc Incremental) Development trong XP. Da trn thng tin phn hi bng cch s dng xc nh bc tip theo, l mt cch thc hnh tit kim thi gian rt c hiu qu v thc hnh pht trin phn mm.

Tm li
Extreme Qun l d n (XPM) l d n qu trnh phn phi. N bao gm mt lot cc phng php gip qun l cc d n hiu qu hn. Cc phng php gip bn kim sot lch trnh ca d n, cng vic phn nh nhim v, v m bo rng cng vic c thc hin hiu qu v chnh xc. XPM l da trn nh gi cao thnh cng qu trnh phn phi phn mm c gi l Extreme Programming (XP). XP c pht trin kh trong thi gian gn y phn ng li nhng vn gy kh kh trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm. XPM l mt s thch nghi cc thng l ca XP t phn mm cho n cc lnh vc nh kin trc v..v