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H. Schmidt and Th.A. Winterstetter

(a)

(b)

R
1 1

1 1

R
1

R
0

R
0 0 1

R
0

R Rx Rx
0

Rx
1 1

1 1

Rx

Rx

0 1

Rx
0 1

Figure 10.6 Linear buckling analysis (LA) interactive buckling surfaces for combined loading: R = buckling stresses ()Rc related to fundamental buckling stresses ()Rc,0 . Geometry: r/t = 100, l/r = 1. Material: E = 210, 000 N/mm2 , = 0.3. BCs: (a) C1 and (b) S3.

Finally, complete buckling interaction surfaces have been calculated as shown in Fig. 10.6 for the cases C1 and S3 which are of practical importance. In the gure, R() denotes the quotient of ()Rc (combined loading buckling stress component) over ()Rc,0 (fundamental load buckling stress for the respective component). These shapes are continual, suggesting a corresponding continual description for shell buckling design. For illustration and better understanding, the three curves of each two combined stress components and some selected buckling modes are added in Fig. 10.6. Geometrically nonlinear analysis (GNA) A nonlinear calculation takes the elastic prebuckling bending deformations into account which occur due to rigid boundary conditions. The axial compression buckling load of the elastic perfect shell is reduced by up to 15% of the linear critical load, as mentioned earlier. The buckling under lateral pressure and under torsion is not affected. Thus, the shape of the interaction curves including axial compression components gets slightly more convex, as shown in Fig. 10.7. A detailed overview is given by Yamaki (1984) for the cases of axial compression and external pressure and of external pressure and torsion. The interaction between axial compression and torsion is discussed in detail by Tennyson et al. (1978). New GNA interaction curves for axial compression and torsion calculated by Winterstetter (2000) are shown in Fig. 10.8.