Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.

tmabmf

*sme,f

70 _ynfh
txdrf;trSwf

1 æ pmwnf ; tzG J @ tpD & if c H p m Auy eJ@ vlrsdK;pktiftm;pkrsm; æ 30

3 æ xkwfjyefcsufrsm; ygwDxJ&SdaewJh
8 æ ESpf (70) c&D; pnf ; ±H k ; a&;jy\emrsm; æ 35
tawG @ tñuH E S i f h o if c ef ; pmrsm; 'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_ æ 40
14 æ Auy eJ@ tvkyform; ygwDordkif;ynmay;=urnfqdkv#if æ 45
17 æ Auy eJ@ &efoludkrdwfaqGjzpfatmifvkyfa&; æ 50
ord k i f ; 0if v ,f o rm;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm; Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD
28 æ Auy eJ@ ausmif;om;or*~ jzwfoef;cJhwJh ESpf (70) æ 52

trSwf ( 31)
jo*kwf/ 2009 ckESpf?
Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.tmabmf

*sme,f

70 _ynfh
txdrf;trSwf

trSwf ( 31)
jo*kwf/ 2009 ckESpf?

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD
A[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf
12345678901234567
pmwnf;tzGJh. tpD&ifcHpm
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
(1) ESpf ‘70’ jynft
h xdr;f trSwt f jzpf xkwaf 0ygonf? txl;xkwf
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 r[kwyf g? t"duwifjycsio f nfh tcsuf (2) csuu f ykd J uGu+f yD;wifjyrSm
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
jzpfygonf?
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
(2) yxrwifjycsio f nft h csurf mS Auy udk touf&n S af ponfh
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 a&aomufjrpfrsm;udk wifjyzd@k jzpfygonf? ‘Auy eJ@ Auo
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 ausmif;om;rsm;’ - ‘Auy eJ@ tvkyo f rm;ta&;awmfyw kH ufºuolrsm;’ -
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 ‘Auy eJ@ v,form;ta&;awmfyw kH yfom;rsm;’ pojzifh
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;+yD; wifjyxm;ygonf?
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 óuwif+yD; ajymxm;vdo k nfrmS taxmuftxm; odyjf ynfph rkH mS
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 r[kwyf g? (od@k aomf) tcsut f vuf cdik rf mygonf? Auy
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 opPmazmufrsm;u vdo k vdk qGaJ &;onfh ‘ordik ;f tjzpfreS ’f rsKd ; r[kwyf g?
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 (3) 'kw, d wifjyvdo k nft
h csurf mS - Auy . rdru d ,kd u
f kd a0zefa&;
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 vky[ f efukd wifjyzd@k jzpfonf? ‘ðzwf - xkwf - owf’ vrf;pOfrmS ;tay:
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 ed*;kH csKyfcsuf vkyx f m;onfah qmif;yg; (2) yk'f wifjyxm;ygonf?
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 &efot l pd;k &u OD;wnf+yD; twduk cf &H aom Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 Auy . ‘ud, k af wG@oifcef;pm’ udk jyef@apvdok nft h a=umif;a=umifh
12345678901234567
12345678901234567 wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf?
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567
12345678901234567

1
_ynf o l h t m%m

(4) aemufxyfwifjyvdo k nfrmS ESpf ‘70’ oufwrf;qdw k m

Edik if w
H umhpcH sed t f & ‘csmwdw’f jzpfygonf? ArmjynfEikd if aH &;pHcsed t f &awmh
‘zd;k ouf&n S ’f yg? 'gtwGuf *k%, f &l ovdk ESpf (80) ESpf (90) ESpf (100)
twGuv f nf; óuwifjyifqifxm;ygonf? Auy . yxrrsKd ;quf&@J acwfu
(ppfe@J awmfveS af &;acwfukd jzwfoef;cJo h rl sm;acwfu) ukeq f ;kH pðyaeyg+yD?
tck - 'kw, d rsKd ;quf&@J acwfukd jzwfoef;aeygonf?
olw@kd &@J acwfveG u f mvtwGuf tckuwnf;u jyifxm;ygonf?
&efo0l ikd ;f 0dik ;f vnfaeonfh ygww D ikd ;f onf tajccHvw l ef;pm;a&aomufjrpfe@J
ruif;uGmor#/ qENpt JG rSm;uif;or# touf&n S yf gvrd rfh nf?

(5) ygwu D jzwfoef;ae&onfh rsuaf rSmufumvonf ESpf 70

oufwrf;wGif tcufcq J ;kH umv jzpfonf? urBmwGif rmhupf 0f g'
acwfrpm;csed f jzpfonf? acwftqufqufu rmhupf 0f g'udk
qef@usicf =hJ uaom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;. 0g'rsKd ;pHw k ap>rsm;
wpcef;jyefxaeonft h csed f jzpfonf? nDtpfuykd gwrD sm;onfvnf;
olw@kd wikd ;f jynf. tajctaersm;t& ‘21 rmhupf 0f g'’ udk
&SmazGprf;oyfae=u&onft h csed f jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd &ifqikd af e&aom
ppfAsL±du k &uf"e&Siv f wl ef;pm;uvnf; rmefrmetwuf}uD; wufaecsed f
jzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh ygwt D aeeJ@ trSm;t,Gi;f twdr;f tapmif;
r&Sad tmif owdðy&ygrnf? [dw k ek ;f uqdv
k #if trSm;t,Gi;f
twdr;f tapmif;udk cHEikd &f nf&cdS yhJ gonf? {&mrtrSm;}uD; rSm;wmudyk if
cHEikd &f nf&cdS yhJ gonf? ,ckawmh trSm;t,Gi;f twdr;f tapmif;uav;udyk if
cHEikd &f nfr&So d nft
h ajctae jzpfygonf?
wygwv D ;kH u Edik if w H umhtajctae/ jynfwiG ;f tajctaersm;udk
pl;prf;avhvmwm rsm;rsm;vky&f ygrnf? rajymcif/ rvkycf if
pl;prf;avhvmwm vkyx f m;ygu trSm;t,Gi;f enf;vdrrhf nf?
ajym+yD;vky+f yD;v#iv f nf; jyefvnfqef;ppfwmvkyv f #if trSm;&Su
d
jrefjrefjyifEikd yf gvrd rhf nf?

pmwnf;tzGJ@

2
 _ynf o l h t m%m

owif ; pmq&m}uD ; OD ; 0if ; wif t m;

axmif r S v $ w f a y;jcif ; ES i f h y wf o uf I
Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD ajyma&;qd k c G i f h ± S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf
trS w f (5§2008)
(24 - 9 - 2008)

owif;pmq&m}uD;OD;0if;wifukd zrf;xm;+yD; 19 ESpaf usmt f =umrSm etz

tpd;k &u v$wv f ukd yf g+yD?
TonfrSm jynfolvlxktwGuf tm;aumif;+yD; ta&;ygonfh
wdkuftm;wck wdk;vmjcif;yif jzpfonf? ,ae@ EdkifiHa&;tajctaet&
ar#mfvifhwkef;a=umhqHk;ay:vmonfrsdK;jzpfojzifh jynfolawG tvGefyif
±$iv f ef;tm;wuf=urnfrmS aocsmygonf?
odk@aomf etz tpdk;&u OD;0if;wiftm; 401 jzifh v$wfay;onf
[lonhftjzpfrsdK;a&muf&ef ,kwfrmpGm}uHpnfcJhjcif;udk jywfjywfom;om;
±_wfcsvdkufygonf? aemifwGif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tay: Todk@aumuf
usppf mG tjrwfrxkw&f ef etz tpd;k &udk owday;vdyk gonf?
etz taejzifh olwdk@.pdwf&if;apwemESifh tajccH±dk;om;r_udk
azmfjyvdyk gu tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f ±Sd jypf'%fus+yD;ol/ rusao;ol/ Edik if aH &;
tusO;f om;rSeo f r#EiS hf tdrcf sKycf sxm;olawGukd tjrefq;kH v$waf y;&rnf jzpfonf?
xd@k jyif olw@kd tm; rdrw
d @kd ,=kH unfaomEdik if aH &;tm; vGwv
f yfpmG vkyuf ikd cf iG ahf y;&rnf
jzpfygonf?

3
_ynf o l h t m%m

ord k i f ; u¹cif ; csef c J h w J h jy\emud k rS e f r S e f u ef u ef

ud k i f w G , f a &;eJ @ ywf o uf I
Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD ajyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf
trS w f 1§2009
(18 - 2 - 2009)

(1) b*Fvm;a'h&SfeJ@ yifv,fa&jyifydkifeufudpP tjiif;yGm;wm r+yD;ao;bl;?

‘±d[ k if*smudp’P ay:vmjyef+yD?
a&jyifydkifeufudpPu ydk+yD;±_yfaxG;vdrfhr,f? &Sif;&wmvnf; ydkcuf
vdrrhf ,f? rSerf eS u
f efuef rudik w f ,
G w f wf&if jy\em}uD;vm+yD; ppfjzpf
Edik wf ,f? ppfjzpf&if wdik ;f jynfemvdrrhf ,f?

(2) rSefrSefuefuefudkifwG,fa&;qdkwm wzufowfav#mhay;a&; r[kwfbl;?

ol@bufu, kd b
hf uf r#r#wwpOf;pm;+yD; aphpyfaqG;aEG;zd@k y?J w±kwef @J wek ;f
uvnf; 'Dvykd J ajz&Si;f cJ&h wmyg? b*Fvm;a'h&efS @J vnf; 'Dvykd J vky&f rSmyJ?
a&jyifyikd ef ufupd eP @J vlrsKd ;a&;udpyP gaeawmh w±kwef @J ajz&Si;f &wmavmuf
vG,rf mS r[kwb f ;l ? 2 Edik if w
H nf; usw
d +f y;D ajz&Si;f vd@k &r,fu
h pd P r[kwv
f @kd b?J
Edik if w
H umu tenf;eJ@trsm; ygvm&rSmyJ? 'gukd ‘etz’ vufc&H vdrrhf ,f?

(3) oDaygvufxuf rEWav;aejynfawmfeef;wGi;f rSm ‘e,fcs@J t*Fvyd 0f ifvm&if

wdu
k xf wk yf pfvukd w f mayg’h ajymwJo h el @J e,fcs@J awmif;or#ukd tav#mah y;
vdkufcsifwho J l uGcJ h=J u+yD; wdkif;jynfygoGm;&wmrsdK; rjzpfapbJ ysOf;rem;
aejynfawmfu ppfAdkvf}uD;rsm; tajrmftjrif&Sd&Sd vkyf=uvdrfhr,fvdk@
ar#mv
f ifyh gw,f?

4
 _ynf o l h t m%m

a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u d k ±H k ; wif p pf a q;jcif ; eJ @ ywf o uf I

Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD ajyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf
trS w f 2§2009
(23 - 5 - 2009)

etz [m a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd ±H;k wifEikd w f m[m olw@kd tcsuyf q J +kd y;D

0rf;omtljrL;ae=uygw,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd &@J 'Dtcsu[ f m tck olw@kd twGuf
tcufjzpfreS ;f rod jzpfvmaeyg+yD?
olw@kd u a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vlxrk suu f , G f tif;pdeaf xmif
xJrSm wHcg;ydwf+yD; w&m;pD&ifzdk@ }uHpnfayr,fh tckawmh 'g[m vlxkudk
Ed;_ qGvu kd o f vdjk zpf+yD; ArmjynfweHwvsm;rSm ‘trsm;jynfoal ±S@rmS (open
court) ppfaq;&r,f’ qdw k t hJ oHawG jrnf[;D vmaeygw,f? axmifxrJ mS
wHcg;ydw+f yD;vkyw f hJ w&m;pD&ifrr_ sKd ;[m b,fenf;eJ@rS w&m;r#wr_ r±SEd ikd b f ;l
qdw k m vlwikd ;f odygw,f? 'ga=umihrf @kd tcktcg tif;pdeaf xmifw0du k rf mS pk±;kH -
pk±;kH / [dek m;rSm pk±;kH -pk±;kH / 'Dem;rSm pk±;kH -pk±;kH qdw k mrsKd ;awG pjzpfvmaewmyg?
wqufwnf; &JawG/ pGr;f tm;±Siaf wGvnf; 24 em&D apmihaf e&yg+y?D Edik if w H umu
tjypfwifwmawGvnf; ydw k ;kd rsm;vmaeygw,f?
Adv
k o f ef;a±$w@kd wu,fwrf;owW±d w dS ,fq&kd if Adv k af e0if;u ocifp;kd udk
ppfovdrk sKd ;awmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J tr_ukd ppfaq;=unhyf gvm;/ r0Hyh gb;l ?
(wu,fu Adv k af e0if;[m ocifp;kd tay: w&m;pD&ifwm r[kwyf gb;l / wud, k f
awmf vufeufcsvmwJh ocifp;kd udk }uzH wfjzpfatmif }uw d w f myg/ ‘&m*krw R uW ’
jzpfatmif tykycf swmom jzpfygw,f?) tJ'w D ek ;f u ocifp;kd tr_ukd vlxak ±S@rmS
ppfwmr[kwfayr,fh owif;pmawGxrJ Sm owif;udk rjywfazmfjy/ vlawG
tuef@towfe@J wufem;axmifciG afh wG ay;cJyh gw,f? rD', D mawGvnf; oGm;
em;axmifciG &fh ygw,f? rwlwmu ocifp;kd [m ud, k ufh , kd u f kd bmrSrumuG,f
awmhbJ pdwfvHk;vHk;av#mhxm;+yDjzpfae+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfuawmh
udk,hfrlay:uae wjym;om;rS tav#mhray;bJ wif;wif;&yfcHaewmyJ
jzpfygw,f? tckuykd J [efaqmifyefaqmifoabmrsKd ;eJ@ Edik if jH cm;oHwrefwcsKd @ukd
w&uf0ifciG ahf y;vdu k af wmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J rlay:rSm wnf=unfpmG
&yfwnfw,fqw kd hJ vlxak r#mv f ihwf t
hJ oHawG =um;vdu k &f w,f r[kwyf gvm;?
txufrSm ajymcJhovdk [dkem;rSm pk±Hk;-pk±Hk;/ 'Dem;rSm pk±Hk;-pk±Hk;
qdw k mawG[m wmplrw _ ckv@kd ajym&if&ygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dupd u P kd 'gavmufe@J
wef@raeoihyf gb;l ? trsm;jynfo@l a±S@arSmufrmS ppfaq;a&;twGuf tif;pdef
axmif w0du k rf mS pk±;kH w,f qdw k muae &efuek òf rd@ae&mtES@H rmS / wjcm;òrd@awG/
±GmawGrSmvnf; v_yf±Sm;=uw,f qdkwmrsdK;jzpfatmif vkyfoifhygw,f?
5
_ynf o l h t m%m

tif;pdeaf xmif w0du k rf mS yJ v_y±f mS ;&wm[m ppfoabmajym&&if ol@owfuiG ;f xJrmS v_y±f mS ;&wmrsKd ; jzpfaeygw,f?
'Dawmh ud, k b fh ufu ajymufusm;wdu k of vdk &efol rar#mv f ifw h ahJ e&mrSm tvpfxu G w f ukd wf hJ enf;rsKd ;awGuae
tpcs&D ygr,f? aemuf+yD; wdu k yf o JG ¿mefawG/ enf;emawGvnf; trsKd ;rsKd ;jzpfatmif vky&f ygr,f? ydpk wmuyfwm/
vufurf;pmapmifa0wm/ arwWmyd@k wmpwJh b,fawmhrS r±d;k Edik w f ehJ nf;awGuv kd nf; oH;k &rSmygy?J wyf&if;wyfz@JG wikd ;f
}u@H §zG@H Xmewdik ;f / tkycf sKyfa&; Xmewdik ;f od@k pmwdu k u f o kd ;kH +y;D pmawG/ yd@k pu'fawG yd@k Eikd yf gw,f? yd@k pu'fukd jynfyrSm±du k +f y;D
jynfwiG ;f pmwdu k rf sm;u jzef@&if&ygw,f?
v_y±f mS ;r_tprSm ‘trsm;jynfoal ±S@rmS (open court) ppfaq;a&;’ eJ@yJ poihyf gw,f?
ajymoifw h hJ aemufwcsuu f 'Dwu kd yf u JG kd OD;0if;wifvkd acgi;f aqmify*k Kd~ vfu ae@wikd ;f a±S@uxGu+f yD; OD;aqmif
aewmrsKd ; rvkyo f ihyf gb;l ? ydrk u kd s,jf yef@wv hJ x l }k uD;udk odr;f oGi;f zd@k vykd gw,f? rwlwv hJ t l rsKd ;tpm;awGukd rwlwhJ
enf;awGe@J ord ;f oGi;f &ygr,f? ausmif;om;awGukd oD;jcm;ypfrw S x f m;+yD; pnf;±H;k wmvkyo f vdk oHCmawmfrsm;udv k nf;
av#mufxm;±Si;f jywm vky&f ygr,f? tpd;k &,EW&m;xJu tjrifus,o f rl sm;udk pnf;±H;k zd@k vnf; vky&f ygr,f? a±S@ae -
q&m0ef - ausmif;q&mpwJh ynmwwfrsm;tjyif ukeo f nfypJG m; polawGuv kd nf; olw@kd ygEikd w f thJ qifu h ae ygEikd f
oavmufyg0ifvmatmif aqG;aEG;&ygr,f? 'gt h jyif ppfe@J awmfveS af &;acwfukd jzwfoef;cJw h hJ ‘0g&if’h yk*Kd~ vrf sm;udk ‘ppfa&;/
Edik if aH &;’ yk*Kd~ vfrcGjJ cm;bJ t}uH^m%fawGay;=uzd@k yk*Kd~ vftm;vH;k qDukd wifjyoifyh gw,f?
etz &J@ r±k;d om;yHu k kd azmfjywJh aemuftcsuw f csuu f awmh tck 'Dtr_ukd wufow k ±f ukd pf pfaq;aewmygy?J
typftcwf &yfpx J m;wJt h zG@J awGukd aemufq;kH tajzay;zd@k owfrw S x f m;wJh &ufpu JG =kd unh&f if etz rSm pDru H ed ;f awG
±S+d y;D om;qdw k m ±Si;f aeygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unftr_ukd jywfatmifvyk +f y;D tJ'gawGukd tjywfuikd rf ,fv@kd olw@kd &@J
2010 a±G;aumufyo JG @kd csw
D uf&mvrf;a=umif;udk csrw S x f m;wJo h abmygy?J
'Dae&mrSm ppftpd;k &udk owday;p&mtcsuw f csuf axmufjyvdyk gw,f? tJ'gu a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd
axmifxJ xnfv h ukd v f @kd udpaP wG jywfroGm;bl;qdw k mygy?J Armjynfoal wG&@J *k%, f pl &maumif;wJh *syefzufqpf
awmfveS af &;udk acgi;f aqmifwm[m axmifxu J jzpfw,fqw kd m rarhoihyf gb;l ? tJ'w D ek ;f u ocifatmifqef;u *syefukd
oGm;aewmyg? Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawG[m axmifxu J ae tif;pdepf pfwrf;/ jrif;+cpH pfwrf; qdw k mawG xkw/f tjyifrmS ±Sw d hJ
ajratmufvyk if ef; vkyo f al wGu taumiftxnfazmf/ 'Dvekd @J awmfveS af &;}uD;jzpfay:/ atmifycJG cH w hJ m jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh pepfuswhJ ajratmufvyk if ef; xlaxmifrxm;&ifawmh bmrSjzpfrvmygb;l ?
ArmjynfrmS ay:aygucf w hJ hJ vlxt k ºkH ur_wikd ;f [m tkypf ;kd olawGbufu zefw;D wmcsn;f jzpfw,fqw kd m
tm;vH;k udk ±Si;f jy&ygr,f? pufwifbmoHCmhta&;tcif;}u;D jzpfay:vmyHu k kd axmufjyvdu k &f if t±Si;f qH;k yg? tJ'w D ek ;f u
yckuLU rSm oHCmawmfawGukd ±du k Ef u S w f uhJ pd P ray:cJ&h if pufwifbmoHCmhta&;tcif;}uD; jzpfay:rSm r[kwyf gb;l ?
tckvnf; etz ppftpd;k &[m a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd qufcsKyx f m;csiw f meJ@ ol@bufu pnf;rJu h rf;rJah wGvyk v f mwm
jzpfygw,f? 'Dvv kd yk w f m qef@usio f al wGukd vGew f ,fv@kd enf;enf;rS rqdEk ikd yf gb;l ? ?

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234

6
 _ynf o l h t m%m

jopajw;vsuGef_rLepfygwDodkh
ay;ydkhonfh 0rf;enf;o0%fv$m

od@k
A[dak umfrwD
=opa=w;vsueG jf rLepfygwD
rS
A[dpk nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
2009ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D 21&uf?
ta=umif;t&m? ? 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ ay;yd@k jcif;?
cspv f pS mG aom&Jabmfrsm;cifAsm;-
=opa=w;vsjynf uGefjrLepfygwD.OuUÏvnf;jzpf/ EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepfv_yf±Sm;r_. xGef;ajymifonhf
acgi;f aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfaom &Jabmfyw D mqdik rf eG f uG,v f eG of mG ;onhf owif;ud=k um;od&onft h wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd
vGepf mG rS a=uuG0J rf;enf;&ygonf? &Jabmfw@kd EiS fh ol.use&f pfaomcsprf o d m;pktm; u|eaf wmfw@kd vnf; xyfwx l yfr#
0rf;enf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;vdyk gonf?
olESifhu|efawmfwdk@ w}udrfawG@qHkcGifh&cJhI u|efawmfwdk@ygwDrS =opa=w;vsuGefjrLepfygwD XmecsKyfodk@
oGm;a&mufvnfywf&eftpDtpOfrmS ADZmtcuftcJa=umihf ysujf ym;oGm;cJ&h ygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf tcGit hf a&;
aumif;wckudk pdwfraumif;p&m vufvGwfoGm;jcif;jzpfygonf? =opa=w;vsjynfolrsm;ESifh urBmhjynfolrsm;.
ta&;awmfyt kH wGuf }u;D rm;pGm tvkyt f au|;ðycJo h nhf &Jabmfqikd rf eG uf kd qH;k ±H;_ &onht f wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k u
0rf;enf;a=uuGrJ =d uygonf?
}uH@cikd af omuGejf rLepfwOD;taejzifh q,fpEk pS af ygi;f (7) ckausmjf zwfoef;cJo h nhf Tyk*Kd~ vf. acgi;f aqmifr_
atmufwiG f =opa=w;vsueG jf rLepfygwo D nf ydrk pkd nf;vH;k tm;aumif;cJ+h y;D =opa=w;vsjynforl sm;ESiv hf nf; cGrJ &atmif
*a[qufEikd cf =hJ uygonf? od@k aomf Tod@k acgi;f aqmifwOD;usq;kH jcif;onf =opa=w;vsjynf uGejf rLepfygw0D ifrsm;.
yef;wdik o f @kd csw D ufonhf ajcvSr;f rsm;udw k @Hk aES;aprnfr[kw[ f k u|eaf wmfw@dk p+JG rJpmG ,H=k unfygonf? ol@ta=umif;
jyefpOf;pmvdu k w f idk ;f olw@kd tzd@k oEMÏd mefyrkd kd cdik rf mum ajcvSr;f rsm;vnf; ydrk t kd m;±Sv d m=urnfom jzpfygonf?
&Jabmfyw D mpdik rf eG u
f ,G v
f eG af omowif;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw. D ygw0D ifrsm;t=um; To0%fvm$ ESit hf wl
jzef@vu kd +f yD jzpfygonf? &Jabmfyw D mqdik rf eG t f m; u|eaf wmfw@kdEv S ;kH om;ESihf OD;a%Smufxw J iG f xm0&owd&ae=uvdrrhf nf[k
,H=k unfryd gonf?

A[dpk nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD

7
 wif j yol & J @ trS m
ESpf (70) ygwo D rdik ;f wckv;kH udk a&;rSmr[kwyf g? rsuaf rSmufjzwfoef;ae&wJh c&D;pOftwGi;f
toH;k 0ifrnfh ordik ;f tawG@tñuHrsm;ESihf oifcef;pmrsm;udk acgi;f pD;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ a&;ygrnf?
&Jabmfrsm;rdwaf qGrsm; pOf;pm;oH;k oyfcsichf sed Ef ikd &f eftwGuo f ma&;jcif; jzpfygonf?
yk*v ~ u
d rSwpf o k m jzpfygonf?
1980 ckEpS rf sm;u ‘ygwo D rdik ;f ’ ðypk&ef aumfr&Siw f ckukd ygwAD [du
k
zG@J pnf;wm0efay;zl;ygonf? ygww D nfaxmifpup+yD; acwftqufquf jzwfoef;cJzh ;l olrsm;udk
wm0efay;+yD; a&;apcJw h m jzpfygonf? ‘aumfr&Si’f u vtcsKd @óu;pm;+yD; (rl=urf;)
a&;=unfyh gonf? aemufq;kH awmh vufav#mv h u
kd &f ygonf? ta=umif;rSm ordik ;f udzk efw;D zd@k
awmfveS af &;w&yfqifEaJ$ e&pOfwiG f ordik ;f udak &;zd@k roifah o;[k jrifvmaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? ygww D iG f xde;f odr;f &rnfh v#Kd @0u S cf surf sm; &Syd gonf? 'gawGukd zGi+hf yD;a&;vdu
k v
f #if

ESpf (70) twGif; urBmhpepf (World Order) tajymif;tvJrsm;

(1) ygw. D ESpf (70) c&D;wGif urBmph epf (World Order) (2) ck ñuHc&hJ ygonf? ygww D nfaxmifcgpu (WO) rSm Edik if H
aygi;f csKyftzG@J }uD; ¡League of Nations (LN)¢ pepf jzpfygonf? tJ'w D ek ;f u Edik if }H uD;rsm;&J@ tcif;tusi;f u
‘LN pepf’ udk xde;f odr;f umuG,o f nfh Edik if }H uD;rsm; (t*Fvyd /f jyifopfe@J qdAk ,
D uf(±k&mS ;) ponf) wd@k &So d nf? ‘LN
pepf’ udk pdeaf c:onfh olrsm;u zufqpf0if±;kd wef;Edik if aH wG (*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef) wd@k &So d nf? tar&duefu LN
xJ rygcyhJ g? oD;jcm; aeonf?
‘LN pepf’ rSm yxrurBm ppfwiG f ppfEikd cf o hJ rl sm;u csrw
S xf m;wmjzpfv@kd t*Fvyd /f jyifopfw@kd u umuG,w f m
rqef;yg? qdAk , D uf (±k&mS ;) ygaewmuawmh Zmbk&if±&k mS ; u yxrurBmppfrmS t*Fvyd /f jyifopfw@kd e@J wzufwnf;
wdu
k cf vhJ @kd ygEikd w
f m jzpfonf? qdAk ,
D ufu Zmbk&ifukd ðzwfcs+yD; qd&k , S v
f pfawmfveS af &; qifEx J$ m;wmjzpfv@kd olu
8
 ESpf (70) c7D;
tawGhtjuHKESifhoifcef;pmrsm;

&efot l óuuf jzpfomG ;ygvrd rhf nf? zH;k w0ufazmfw0uf a&;vd@k vnf; rjzpfyg? ygw&D @J Oya'wGi;f ygwb D 0udk (3)
ESpf eD;yg;yJ &cJw
h m jzpfonf? wcsed v f ;kH ajratmufygwb D 0eJ@ &yfwnfc&hJ wm jzpfonf? Oya'wGi;f Oya'y
wduk yf oJG ¿mefrsKd ;pHuk kd qifEcJ$ &hJ wm jzpfonf? ajray: O/G ygwrD sm;eJ@ Edik if jH cm;rSnt D pfuykd gwrD sm;udk
v#Kd @0u
S q f ufqcH &hJ wm jzpfonf? 'gawGukd a&;vd@k rjzpfyg? a&;v#if &efo@l tóuuf jzpfomG ;vdrrhf nf?
jynfwiG ;f jynfyu &Jabmfrsm;eJ@ rdwaf qGrsm;udk xdcu kd o f mG ;vdrrhf nf?
'ga=umifh a&$@qikd ;f vdu k zf @kd qH;k jzwfvu
kd &f onf? aemifrS tajctaeay;v#if a&;Edifk zf @kd
‘ordik ;f tawG@tñuHEiS o hf ifcef;pmrsm;’ udk tcka&;vdu fk yf gonf? &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwaf qGrsm; ud;k um;csichf sed &f ef
taxmuftulðyvdrrhf nf[k ar#mv f ifyh gonf?
ygwñD uHc&hJ wJh tawG@tñuHawGu rsm;ygonf? xd@k twl oifcef;pmuvnf; rsm;ygonf? wd;k cs@J &efe@J
a&SmifusO&f eftwGuf &nf&, G +f yD; a&;ygonf? tawG@tñuHEiS o hf ifcef;pm a&maxG;aeygvrd rhf nf? ?

(League of Nations) pzG@J wek ;f uawmh ygciG hf r&cJyh g? 0dik ;f y,fcxH m;&onf? aemufyikd ;f usrS yg&onf?
tar&duefuawmh wrsKd ; jzpfonf? yxrurBmppftprSm ‘=um; aeonf’? ‘2’ bufpvH;k udk qufq+H yD;
ta&mif;t0,fvyk o f nf? t}uD;tus,f tjrwfxw k of nf? teD;tem;u wdik ;f jynfuav;awGukd odr;f ydu k o f nf?
(1917) ckEpS u f srS ppfEikd af wmhrnfb
h ufxJ 0ifygvukd of nf? 1918 rSm *smr%D ppf±;_H onf? 1920 rSm (LN) zG@J onf?
(LN) zG@J a&;udk tar&duefu pwifajymcJw h m jzpfayr,fh (LN) wu,fz@JG awmh r0ifcyhJ g? Oa&myt±_yxf J 0ifrygwmu
tar&dueftwGuf tusKd ;&Srd ,fxifv@kd yJ jzpfonf?
tDwvDe@J *syefuvnf; ‘LN pepf’ udk tpuvufco H nf? aemufusrS tmcHonf? olw@dk u ppfEikd w f bhJ ufu
Edik if aH wGjzpfayr,fh &wJah 0pku enf;onf? t*Fvyd f - jyifopfuyJ a0pkawG vuf0g;}u;D tky, f xl m;w,fq+kd y;D rauseyfv@kd
qef@usiw f m jzpfonf?
'Dupd u
P kd tus,af &;&wmu ygwpD wifxal xmifwek ;f u Edik if wH umhtajctaeeJ@ tcif;tusi;f udk odap
9
_ynf o l h t m%m
vdvk @kd jzpfonf? acwfopfrmS b,f a&;’ ‘t*F v d y f v uf a tmuf u wwfaeyg+yD?
awmhrqdk jynfwiG ;f a&;eJ@ jynfya&; vGwaf &;’ udk 0g'jzef@aeawmh rufcsif (1944) rS m ‘zwyv’
tjyeftvSeq f ufpyf ywfoufaew,f p&m}u;D jzpfaeonf? ‘t*Fvyd t f cuf a&Sma&Sm±ª ± ª z G J @ Ed k i f w m[m tawG ;
qdw
k mudk owdðyrd=uapzd@k jzpfonf? Armhtcsuf’ qHk;jzwfcsufuvnf; tac: r±_yv f @kd jzpfonf? (1945) rSm
ygwDaxmif+yD; (19 &uf &So
d nf? jynfv;kH u|wf *syefzufqpf awmfveS f
om;) t&G,rf mS 'kw, d urBmppf}uD; 'D v d k t ajctaerS m “19 a&; vkyEf ikd cf whJ m ‘zwyv’ . acgi;f
jzpfonf? ygwDu tpki,fuav; &ufom;ygwD” tzdk@ tawG;tac: aqmifr_ rSeu f efv@kd jzpfonf?
awGukd pkpnf;+yD; zG@J xm;&wmjzpfv@kd ±_yaf xG;wm rqef;yg? 1945 rSm ‘'kwd, uGef
tawG;tac:awG ±_yaf xG;onf? b,fvdkjzpfcJhw,f qdkwm *&uf’ usi;f yEdik jf cif;onf ‘Auy’ vl
ygwpD wifxal xmifwek ;f u awGuakd wmh tm;vH;k od+y;D jzpfv@kd ra&; vm;ajrmufvmwmukjd yonfh ordik ;f
uGefjrLepfEdkifiHwumh tzGJ@csKyf}uD; awmhyg? 0ifrw
S wf ikd f jzpfonf? zufqpf awmf
vSeaf &;omr&Sv d #if ‘Auy’ . Edik if H
a&; tqifhae&m jrifhwufvmrSm
r[kwyf g?

omrefat;csrf; aewJ h u mvrS m (3) ‘LN urBmph epf’ +yD;awmh ‘UN

ESpfeJ@csD+yD; oif,l&rnfh trSefw&m;udk urBmph epf’ay:vmonf? 'gukd (WO)
2 ck[k ajymvdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? ‘UN
ppf } uD ; twG i f ; rS m &uf y d k i f ; avmuf urBmph epf’ u tcktxd &Sad eonf?
oif , l ± H k e J @ &wwf y gonf ? ESpaf ygi;f (60) ausmcf +hJ yD?
ESpf (60) ausmt f wGi;f WO
udk xde;f !‡&d wmawGawmh trsm;}u;D
&Sdonf? odk@aomf tajccHuawmh
ajymif;roGm;yg?
(Comintern) &Sdonf? zufqpf *syefu Armjynfukd odr;f rd ‘LN pepf’eJ@ ‘UN pepf’
qef@usifa&;qHk;jzwfcsuf &Sd+yD;vnf; wm[m tawG;tac:±_yfaxG;r_ rSef rSm xifxif&mS ;&Sm;uGjJ ym;wmu (LN)
jzpfonf? 'gah =umifh Edik if w H umh (cGi)f or#ukd &Si;f ay;vdu k o f vdk jzpfomG ;vd@k rSmwkef;u Security Council
*GifrSm &efolb,folvJ - rdwfaqG ('Dbufu=unf&h if) *syefukd aus;Zl; (SC) vHðk caH &;aumifpD r&S?d (UN) rSm
b,fov l q J w
kd m &Si;f onf? *smr%D/ wif&vdrfhrnf? ppf}uD;twGif; jzpf &So d nf? Security Council qdw k m
tDwvD/ *syefwdk@udk &efoltjzpf vdk@vnf; trSefw&m; jrefjref&wm ay:vm&wmuvnf; 'kw, d urBmppf
owfrw S +f yD; qef@usiw f ukd yf 0JG if&rnf jzpfonf? omrefat;csr;f aewJu h mv wke;f u atmify&JG cJw h hJ r[mrdwf tzG@J
qdw k m &Si;f onf? rSm ESpfeJ@csD+yD; oif,l&rnfh trSef xJrmS qd&k , S v f pfpepfukd ud, k pf m;ðywJh
'gayrJh cufwmu Armjynf w&m;udk ppf}uD;twGif;rSm &ufydkif; qdAk , D uf (±k&mS ;) ygaevd@k jzpfonf?
&J@ vufawG@b0u t*Fvyd &f @J uv kd ekd D avmuf oif,±l ekH @J &wwfygonf? (SC) xJu ADwt kd m%mydik f (5) Edik if H
jzpfaeonf? 1300 jynft h a&;awmfykH zufqpfqef@usiaf &;vrf;pOf rSm (1945 ckEpS f UN zG@J wek ;f u) qdAk D
rSm emem=unf;=unf; cHxm;&wm [m tjreftqefzGH@òz;wdk;wuftm; ,uf±&k mS ;wEdik if w H nf;yJ qd&k , S vf pf
vnf; &So d nf? tcJraus vufpm;acs }uD;vmonf? 1943 rSm uGefjrLepf Edik if tH jzpf ygonf? w±kwu f kd KMT
csifonf? t*Fvdyfudk r[mrdwfðyzdk@ tifwmae&Sief ,f zsuo f rd ;f awmh ygwD tpdk;&u udk,fpm;ðyonf? 'gvnf;
qdw k mudk vufc&H cufaeonf? wzuf tzd@k bmt±_yaf xG;rS r&Scd yhJ g? ud, k hf UN &J@ xl;jcm;csuv f @kd ajymvd@k &onf?
uvnf; *syefu ‘Armjynfvw G v f yf vrf; ud,
k x f iG f ud,
k vhf rf;ud, k af v#muf (udv k edk w
D ydik ;f ) wdik ;f jynfu }u;D w}u;D
10
 _ynf o l h t m%m
tjzpf yg0ifcGifh&aewm jzpfonf? ‘zufqpfurBmhpepf’ eJ@ tpm;xdk;zdk@ vGeyf u
JG =umvdrrhf nf? ±_yf
'kwd,urBmppfrSm w±kwfawG oef; ppfpwdu k zf ;l onf? od@k aomf olw@kd ppf±;_H axG;vdrrhf nf? (1930 - 40) wke;f uvdk
aygi;f rsm;pGm taocH+yD; wdu k cf v hJ @kd 'D onf? 'ga=umifh ‘zufqpfurBmph epf’ jrefjrefjywfrnf r[kwyf g? ygwu D vnf;
tqifhae&m&wm jzpfonf? tar ray:vmbJ ‘UN urBmph epf’ yJ ay: touf (70) &S+d y?D [dw k ek ;f uvdk tawG;
&duefu aus;Zl;qyfwm jzpfonf? vmwm jzpfonf? tac:±_yrf nf r[kwyf g? ±_y&f ifvnf;
(udv k ekd )D tdE, dN uvnf; UN pwif tckawmh NWO ajymol acwfe@J tnD ±_yzf @kd yJ &So
d nf? [dw k ek ;f u
zG@J wek ;f u tzG@J 0ifEikd if t
H jzpf ygco hJ nf? UN urBmp h epfukd zsuo
f rd ;f vdo
k u
l e,f c sJ @ pepf a [mif ; acwf ? tck u
'gvnf; xl;jcm;csuf jzpfonf? 'kw, d ppf±;_H cJo
h l r[kwyf g? tar&dum; jzpf ‘e,fcsJ@pepfopf’ acwf jzpfonf?
urBmppftwGi;f rSm oluvnf; oef;eJ@
cs+D yD; tar&duef - t*Fvyd t f wGuf
taocHwu kd af y;cJ&h wm jzpfonf? UN [dkwkef;uawmh ‘urBmhpepf
p+yD;zG@J wek ;f u ppf±;_H Edik if aH wG vH;k 0ryg a[mif;’ udk zsufodrf;vdkv#if
&yg? tDwvDu (1955) rSm *syefu
(1956) rSm *smr%Du (1973) rSmusrS urBmppf wyGJwdkuf+yD;
yg=u&onf? zsufodrf;zdk@ óu;yrf; &onf?

(4) UN urBmhpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;

urBmhpepfopf NWO xlaxmifzdk@ aeonf? tar&dum;onf urBmppf e,fcs@J pepfa[mif;u &Si;f onf? jywf
tck tar&duefajymaeonf? (1990) r±H;_ zl;yg? urBmppf (2) yGaJ =umifyh J urBmh onf? =urf;onf? ‘iguocif rif;u
uwnf ; u ajymcJ h w mjzpf o nf ? eHygwf0rf; jzpfcJholyg? tckxd ol@ u|ef’ qdkwhJ qufqHa&; jzpfonf?
qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf (±k&Sm;) pwif pD;yGm;a&;udrk o D l r&Sad o;yg? ol@ppfa&; e,fcs@J pepfopfuawmh ‘vGwv f yfre_ @J
òyuGJwkef;u pdwf"mwfwufºu+yD; tif t m;ud k v nf ; rD o l r&S d a o;yg? 'Dru
kd a&pD’ udk tmayguaf tmif ajym
ajymwm jzpf o nf ? aemuf a wmh ork'N&mtm;vHk;udk olyJtkyfpD;xm; a[monf? ‘vGwv f yfa&;’ udv k nf;
NWO ajymoH a wG nH v monf ? onf? ppfpcef;awG urBmtES@H csxm; azmazmoDoaD y;onf? tD&wf ‘vGwf
“‘21’ &mpkukd tar&dum;&mpk jzpfap onf? NATO udk OD;aqmifaeonf? vyf’ oGm;+yD? udkqdkAdk ‘vGwfvyf’
&rnf” qdw k mwd@k / ‘orkid ;f ed*;kH ’ wd@k ay: NATO udk wd;k cs@J aeonf? olu tck oGm;+yD? ‘awmfveS af &;’ awGuv kd nf;
vmonf? 9§11 ta&;tcif; +yD;wJh awmh ‘urBmph epfopf’ cscsiaf eyg+yD? awmfawmfajymonf? ‘vdarRmaf &mif
aemufrmS awmh wqifw h ufvmonf? odk@aomf oljzpfcsifwmudk awmfveS af &;’ ‘opfcaG &mif awmfveS f
wnf&adS eaom ‘UN urBmh pepf’ udk wjcm;tiftm;}uD;Edik if aH wGu vuf a&;’ ‘ESif;qDa&mifawmfvSefa&;’
ajymifajymifwif;wif; wudk,fawmf rcHcsi=f uyg? ‘UN urBmph epf’ udk zsuf ponfponfw@kd ukd ajym+yD;+yD? ‘vGwf
pdeaf c:vmonf? tD&wf ppfyu JG kd ol@ odrf;rypfbJ ðyjyifwmyJ vkyfcsif=u vyfa&;’ ay;+yD;&if/ ‘ta&mifawmf
oabmeJ@ol 0ifwu kd o f nf? UN udk onf? vSeaf &;’ vky+f yD;&ifvnf; NATO xJ
ab;csw d v
f ukd of nf? tar&dum;u 0if±dk;wck wef;+yD;oGif;ay;onf? tar&dum;
[dwk ek ;f uawmh ‘urBmh pepf wnf; (ol@) udk A[dðk yvnfywf&onfh ajymwJh NWO qdw k mu ‘UN urBmh
a[mif;’ udk zsuo f rd ;f vdv
k #if urBm urBmph epf xlaxmifcsio f nf? wjcm; pepf’udk csnehf @J tm;aysmo h mG ;atmif
ppfwyGJwdkuf+yD; zsufodrf;zdk@ óu;yrf; tiftm;}u;D awGu 0if±;kd trsm; (olw@kd) vkyfzdk@eJ@ ‘NATO urBmhpepf’ udk
&onf? urBmppfwyGJ pwdu k o f nfo h l udk A[dðk yvnfywfonfh urBmph epf jzpf tm;}uD;atmifvyk zf @kd jzpfa=umif; &Si;f
uvnf; wcgu ppf±;H_ xm;olyJ jzpf apcsifonf? 'Dtjrif (2) ck tm; ae+yD? tar&dum;u (UN) &J@ tjyif
wwfonf? *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef òyifaeonf? vGeq f aJG eonf? oHwref bufxu G +f y;D wud,
k af wmf (&rf;) vdu k f
wd@k u ‘LN urBmph epf’ udk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D a&; upm;uGuaf wG vkyaf eonf? (UN) udk jyef+yD;toH;k csvu kd f vkyaf e
11
_ynf o l h t m%m
wm[m [dkwkef;ueJ@ vHk;vHk;rwlwJh §etz ppftkyfpkwdk@onf tJ'DvdkyJ wm0ef&adS =umif; odvmatmif ‘ygwD
vkyef nf;opfjzpfonf? [dw k ek ;f uawmh uyfvdkufcGmvdkuf vkyfcJh=uwm jzpf ordik ;f ynmay;a&;’ pmapmifpmwrf;
(LN) xJ ygaewJh tDwvDe@J *syefw@dk u onf? aemifrmS vnf; uyfvu kd f cGm rsm;udk a&;ay;&ygonf?
(LN) &J@tjyif bufxu G +f yD; wud, k f vduk f vky=f uOD;rnfqw kd m rarhoifyh g? (2) ESpf ‘70’ ygwDordkif;udk ‘ygwD
awmf (&rf;) +yD;v#if (LN) udk vH;k vH;k ±d;k taev#if cH&vdrrfh nf? pdw"f mwf’ wnfaqmufonfo h rdik ;f [k
*±krpdu k b f J aevdu k o f nf? (LN) udk ud,
k t hf ±_yu
f kd ud, k b
hf mom &Si;f &rnf? csKyf+yD;ajymEdik yf gonf?
jyefvmwm rvkyyf g? olrsm; 0if&iS ;f ay;rnf r[kwyf g? olrsm; 1939 ckESpfu ygwDwnf
±_yf±_yfaxG;axG;jzpfaewm u Armjynfupd aP =umifah wmh =urf;rSm axmifwek ;f u ygw0D if q,f*%ef;yJ
udk ud, k u f ±d;k ±d;k }u;D pOf;pm;vd@k rjzpfyg? &rf;rSm r[kwyf g? ,d;k ',m;0ef}uD;csKyf &Syd gonf? 'guvnf; cef@reS ;f +yD; ajym
wa=umif;wdu k pf Of;pm;v#if ±d;k t&m bmajymovJ ? awmif b uf u &onfh udef;*%ef;yg? ausmif;om;
usvrd rhf nf? rlqvifupd P (rav;&Sm;eJ@ ywfouf or*~ tEG,0f if tpk (3) pk &S&d mrSm
tD&wfudk tar&duefu w,f) ta&S@bufu uarBm'D;,m; ol@tpke@J ol eD;pyf&mudk odr;f oGi;f xm;
(UN) udk ab;csw d +f yD; ppfwu kd v
f u kd f ud p P (AD , uf e rf e J @ ywf o uf w ,f ) aom ygwD0ifrsm; &Sdygonf? ocif
awmh ArmjynfrmS vnf; tar&duef 'Dvjkd zpfaecsed rf mS Armjynfppftpd;k &udk A[de;f tpkrmS b,foal wG&o dS nf qdk
u 'DvdkyJvkyfvdrfhrnf xifcJholawG &efvyk af erSm r[kwyf g? w±kw/f tdE, dN wmudk olyo J yd gonf? ocifatmifqef;/
&So
d nf? olw@kd xifovdk tar&duefu uawmh ajymp&mrvdk? etz uyf ocifvaS zwd@k uvnf; xdt k wdik ;f yif
rvkyyf g? ‘em*pf’ udpjP zpfawmhvnf; xm;+yD; jzpfonf? ol@oabmeJ@ol odr;f oGi;f xm;wm jzpf
tar&duefppfoabFmawG ‘vlom; ygonf? ocifp;kd / ocifAwif (*d&k , S )f
csif;pmemr_ tultnD’ ay;zdk@qdk+yD; ygwDordkif;udk wd@k uvnf; xd@k twl jzpfygonf?
yifv,fjyifu apmifah eonf? rdrw d @kd b,f v d k y nmay;=urvJ pm&if;csKyf&Sd&atmifvnf;
xJu wcsKd @u R2P (umuG,f ay;&ef tajctae ray;yg? 'ga=umifh ygwD
wm0ef&rdS )_ udk udik +f y;D 0ifvm awmhrnf 0ifawGrSm ‘tpkpdwf"mwf’ yJ &Sd=u
xifonf? 'gayrJh r0ifyg? vSnfhjyef (1) ygwDordkif;udk ygwD0iftopf onf? ‘ygwpD w d "f mwf’ r&ifu h suyf g?
oGm;onf? ta[mif; tm;vH;k udk ynmay;&vdrhf Eke,fygonf?
a*smf * sD , mrS m usawmh rnf? ray;vd@k rjzpfyg? ygwo D rdik ;f udk ppf}uD;twGif; jzwfoef;&
wrsdK;? yifv,fjyifu apmifhaewm tus,ftjyef@/ ESpftvdkuf/ jzpfpOf awmh ‘tpkpw d "f mwf’ u ydv k @kd om
rvkyyf g? wdu k ±f u
kd yf J “vlom;csi;f pmem tvdu k af &;zd@k roifah o;bl;qdw k mudk tm;aumif ; vmonf ? ‘ygwD p d w f
onft h ultnDawG” ay;aeonf? trSmwGif wifjyxm;ygonf? "mwf’ rnfrnf&&r&Syd g? aemufyikd ;f
u|efawmfwdk@odxm;oifh Tod@k qo kd jzifh ygwo D rdik ;f usrS ‘ygwD p d w f " mwf ’ &vmwm
wmu urBmay:rSm qm;AD;,m; - udk vH;k 0ra&;&[k qdv k jkd cif; r[kwyf g? jzpfonf? yxru ud, k t hf pkuav;
tD&wfvdk EdkifiHcsnf; &Sdwmr[kwf? vdtk yfcsut f & a&;ae&ygrnf? twGi;f rSmyJ ,H=k unfpw d cf sonf? ud, k hf
umv/ a'o/ ya,m* rwlwmawG Auy ta=umif;udk rdwf tpkacgif;aqmifr_udkyJ A[dkðyxm;
xnfw h u G &f ygrnf? qufay;zd@k awmif;qdak om Edik if jH cm;rS onf? ‘zwyv’ ay:vm+yD;rS ‘ygwD
Armjynfu ppftkyfpkwdkif; ygwDrsm;&Sdv#if/ olwdk@odzdk@ vdktyf pdw"f mwf’ (enf;enf;) &Sv d monf?
[m b,ftcsed rf mS b,fo@l ukd uyf oavmuf u d k rd w f q uf p mapmif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD; ‘'kwd,
aygi;f &r,f/ b,foel @J cGm&r,fqw kd m uav; a&;ay;&ygonf? uGef*&uf’ usif;yEdkifrS ‘ygwDpdwf
udk em;vnf=uonf qdw k mudk rarh rdryd gw0D ifrsm;udk ygwD pdwf "mwf’ tajccH&vmygonf? tdE, dN
oifyh g? (1959 - 60) u tdraf pmifh "mwf & S d v matmif / &if h u suf v m uGejf rLepfygw. D tawG@tñu&H cJah om
ppftyk pf /k (1962 - 88) u rqv ppf atmif/ ygwDtwGuf *k%f,lwwf udo k ed ;f az (jrif)h udk *k%ðf y&ygrnf?
tkyfpk/ (1988 u tckxd) e0w atmif/ ygw&D @J *% k af &mif jri‡ w hf ifay;zd@k ygwpD w d "f mwf/ ygw0D ifwm0ef0wW&m;
12

owfowfrw S rf wS &f adS tmif olvyk af y;
cJhvdk@ jzpfonf? ygwD0ifuwfjym;
awmif xkwaf y;cJah o;onf? ‘Oya'
wGi;f &yfwnfciG ’hf &ojzifv h nf; 'Dvkd
vkyfEdkifwm jzpfonf?‘Oya'wGif;
&yfwnfr’_ udk wefz;kd xm;vGe;f tm;
}u;D wma=umifv h nf; udo k ed ;f az (jrif)h
udk tjypfajymEdkifjyefonf? xm;yg
awmh?
ocif p d k ; onf ‘tpk p d w f
"mwf’ udk ‘ygwpD w d "f mwf’ od@k jri‡ w
ray;Edik cf yhJ g? 'ga=umifh *d% k ;f *%0g'
vd_ufpm;jcif; cH&onf? Zmwfodrf;
raumif;cJhyg? (1946) rSm tvHeD
*d%
k ;f cGaJ wmh ygw0D iftrsm;pk}uD;onf
‘Auy A[d’k ESit hf wl &yfwnfcw hJ m
[m ‘ygwDpdwf"mwf’ (tajccHtm;
jzif)h &Sad e=uvd@k om jzpfonf? ocifp;kd
ajymonfh ‘ode;f oef; tacsmiform;’
rsm;udk ‘tpkpdwf"mwf’ eJ@ emcHae
=uvd@k r[kwyf g? ‘'kw, d uGe*f &uf’ &J@
(A[dk) udk emcHae=uwm jzpfonf?
'gu ‘tpkpw d "f mwf’ udk ‘ygwD pdwf
"mwf’ eJ@ tpm; xd;k Edik cf =hJ uvd@k om
jzpfonf?
‘1948’ aemuf y d k i f ; wG i f
jynfwiG ;f ppfumv jzwfoef;&onf?
‘'kwd,uGef*&uf’ . (A[dk) onf
‘wwd,uGef*&uf’ usif;yEdkifonfh
tajctae&SdygvsufeJ@ rusif;yEdkifcJh
onfrSm csdK@,Gif;ygonf? ‘wwd,
uGef*&uf’ udk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ
wduk af epOfrmS usi;f ycJo h ifo h nf?
(1960) ckESpfawG a&muf
awmh ‘wwd,uGe*f &uf’ usi;f yzd@k
rajymeJ@ A[dak umfrwDpn kH D pnf;a0;zd@k
yif cufomG ;+yD?
(1967) wGif ‘ygwDwGif;
awmfvSefa&;’ trnfcH+yD; ‘*dk%f;
_ynf o l h t m%m
tpkpw d "f mwf’ udk (ygwAD [d)k u oGwf oGm;jcif;/ ygwDwckvHk; ajratmuf
oGif;vmjcif;onf {&mrtrSm; jzpf qif ; &jcif ; rS m ‘aoavmuf a om
onf? ‘ygwpD w d "f mwf’ udk ‘*d% k ;f tpk trSm;’ a=umifh jzpfonf?
pdwf"mwf’ jzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufjcif; ‘ygwpD wd "f mwf’ &Sad eaom/
jzpfv@kd rSm;ygonf? rSm;wmuvnf; &ifu h suaf eaom ygw0D ifrsm; &Sad evd@k
=um&Sno f nf? jyifcsed v f nf; r&cJ&h mS om? 'guvnf; wwd,uGe*f &ufukd
=uyg? OuUX (2) a,muf usqHk;? (1985) wGif usi;f yEdik cf vhJ @kd om &ifh
acgi;f aqmifawG usq;kH ? vufeufcsawG usuv f mwm jzpfonf? (1988) vlxk
ay:+y;D yJc;l ±d;k r/ jrpf0u|e;f ay:/ txuf tHºk ur_}uD;&Scd I
hJ vnf; cHomoGm;jcif;
Armjynf/ jrpfzsm;a'o pwmawG jzpfonf?
hf if us±;_H oGm;onf?
‘ygwDwGif; awmfvSefa&;’ (3) ‘ygwDpdwf"mwf’ udk jr‡ifhwif
qdwk m}u;D udk rvkycf o hJ nfh a'oawGyJ ay;a&;onf ,ae@wGif t}uD;qHk;
useo f nf? w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwD wm0ef jzpfonf? &Jabmfarmfpw D ek ;f u
(CPC) . tultnD&vd@k e,fpyf ‘jynfoludk ,Hk=unf&r,f? ygwDudk
a'oawGrmS }uD;xGm;E_e;f jrefonf? ,H=k unf&r,f? 'D (2) ck[m t&if;cHrl
od@k aomf ‘ud, k thf m; ud, k f (2) &yf jzpfw,f? 'D (2) ck r&S&d if bmrS
udk;tajccH ysufcJhyg+yD?’rSDcdkae&yg+yD? atmifjrifrmS r[kw’f vd@k oGeo f ifchJ
trSDaysmufwJh ‘1989’ rSmusawmh ovdk rdrw d @kd vnf; jynfou l kd ,H=k unf
tusemawmhonf? b,fo@l tjypfrS &rnf? ygwDudk ,Hk=unfwJh ‘ygwD
r[kwyf g? ygwAD [dk (PB) &J@ tjypf pdw"f mwf’ jr‡iw hf if&rnf?
jzpfonf? A[dpk nf;±H;k a&; aumfrwD
‘udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;a&;’ (COC) . wm0efrm S ygwpD w d "f mwf
vkyfzdk@ tcsdeftrsm;}uD;&cJhvsufeJ@ jr‡iw hf ifay;zd@k e@J aemifrsKd ;qufo@kd ygwD
‘ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd vkyaf &;’ udk CPC tvHvcJ$ zhJ @kd jzpfonf? yxrrsKd ;qufrmS
u tawG;tac:t&/ ±kyf0wˆKt& aoolao=u+yD? &Sifaeol tdkvS+yD?
tultnDay;cJyh gvsuef @J olw@kd u pdwf COC onf 'kw, d rsKd ;qufjzpfonf?
&Snf&Snfwm0ef&Sd&Sd ulnDcJhygvsufeJ@ olwdk@vnf; touf}uD;=u+yD? (60)
rdrdwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm; oEMdXmefrcdkif ausmf (70) wef; jzpfonf? wwd,
rmvd@k jzpfonf? pGe@f vw $ pf eG @f pm; vkyf rsKd ;qufukd tvHvaJ$ y;&rnf? jzpfEikd f
v#if tcsed t f rsm;}u;D &onf? ud, k t hf m; v#if (jzpfEikd v f #i)f ‘pwkwu ˆ eG *f &uf’
ud, k uf ;kd tajccHa'o wckEpS cf k {&m usif ; yzd k @ óu;pm;&rnf ? pwk w ˆ
0wDjrpf0rS ;f twGi;f azmfEikd cf o hJ ifo h nf? uGe*f &ufu ‘A[dak umfrwD’ udk a&G;&
Auy . arG;&yfZmwd/ Auy rnf? 'Dvv kd yk +f yD;rS wwd,rsKd ;qufo@kd
. atmifjrifr_&cJh&ma'owGif jyef tvHvEJ$ ikd v f #if aumif;ygonf? ‘ygwD
vnf t ajcrcsEd k i f j cif ; onf ao pd w f " mwf ’ xuf o ef a eygrS ygwD
avmufaomtrSm;udk usL;vGerf jd cif; touft"Ge@f &n S yf gvrd rhf nf? ?
jzpfonf?
vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG xd;k &yf

13
 Auy eJh tvkyform;

‘"e&S i f v l w ef ; pm;ES i f h ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;t=um;

&ef b uf twd k u f t cH j zpf r _ E S i f h ywf o uf I
jzpf E d k i f r nf h &S i f ; vif ; jywf o m;aom tod u d k
tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;twG i f ; od k @ oG w f o G i f ;
ay;&ef uG e f j rLepf r sm;onf c%wmr#yif
r&yf e m;cJ h a y?’ (uG e f j rLepf a =unmpmwrf ; )

uGejf rLepfjzpfcsio
f w
l ikd ;f a=unmpmwrf;udk avhvm=uonf?

(1939) ckEpS rf mS Auy rxlaxmifru D wnf;u ausmif;om;rsm;/ ynmwwfrsm;onf uGejf rLepfa=unm

pmwrf;udk avhvmcJ=h uonf? avhvmtm;aumif;aomolukd q&mwif+y;D avhvma&;tpkrsm; zG@J c=hJ uonf? Tod@k jzifh
‘avhvma&;tpkrsm;’ ay:vmonf? Auy onf xdk ‘avhvma&;tpkrsm;’ udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh ay:vmwm jzpfonf?
Auy zG@J pnf;cgpu acgi;f aqmifrt _ zG@J u=kd unfv h #if &Si;f ygonf? trsm;pk}u;D u wuUov kd af usmif;om;or*~ acgi;f aqmif
awGcsn;f jzpfaewmudk awG@Eikd o f nf?
uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;udk avhvmv#if "e&Siv f w
l ef;pm;ESihf ypPn;f rJvh w l ef;pm;. twdu k t
f cHjzpfrE_ iS hf
tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;udk vlwef;pm;tod oGwo f iG ;f ay;&rnfqwkd mudk odjrifvm+rjJ zpfonf? uGejf rLepfw@kd .wm0ef
bmvJqw kd mudv k nf; odjrifvm+rJjzpfonf? tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;udk awmfveS af &;tod oGwo f iG ;f ay;wJt
h vkyu f kd
c%uav;r# r&yfem;&[laom oGeo f ifcsuu f udAk [de;f udk a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;qDo@kd yd@k ay;cJw
h m jzpfonf? &Jabmf
Adv
k yf wk @kd a&eHajrausmif;om;rsm;&J@ oydww f ukd yf u
JG vkd nf; a&S@aqmifz@kd udAk [de;f oGm;cJw
h m jzpfonf? avhvma&;tpk0if
wdik ;f u eD;pyf&m tvkyo f rm;xktwGi;f 0if+yD;pnf;±H;k =uonf?

Armjynftvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;&J@ xl;jcm;csu?f

t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;u tdE,dN udtk ajccH+yD; Armjynfukd wd;k cs@J cw

hJ m&J@ tusKd ;quftjzpf ArmjynfwiG f
pay:onfh "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;onf ukvm;rsm; jzpf=uonf? "e&Sif vlwef;pm;ESit hf wl ay:+rJjzpfonfh tvkyo f rm;
vlwef;pm;uvnf; ukvm;rsm;yif jzpfonf?
acwfroD ,f,l yd@k aqmifa&; vkyif ef;}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh oabFmeJ@ rD;&xm; vkyif ef;rsm;ud=k unfvh #if "e&Siu
f
t*Fvdyf/ tvkyform;u ukvm;rsm; jzpfaewmudk awG@&rnf? oabFm}uD; ukefwifukefcs vkyfief;udk yifv#if
14
 _ynf o l h t m%m
ukvm;tvkyo f rm;rsm;jzifh vkycf w
hJ m
jzpfonf? urf;±d;k wef;oGm; pufavS
vkyfief;eJ@ &mbmvkyfief;/ yk*~vdu b,folu &efolvJ/ b,folu
qefeJ@qm;vkyfief; vkyf=uonfh/ rdwfaqGvJ/ b,fol@udk
a&mif;0,fa&; vkyif ef;uav;rsm; vkyf
=uonfh w±kw"f e&Sief @J w±kwf tvkyf
rSDcdk&rvJqdkwJh
orm;wcsKd @ukd awG@Eikd o f nf? olw@kd u aoe*F A sL[mtjrif r S m
odyrf rsm;yg? =unfvifjywfom;aezdk@
Armjynf wdkif;&if;om;
tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;u qm;
vkyif ef;/ qefpufvyk if ef;vdk 0g}udwf
pufvyk if ef;vdk vkyif ef;rsm;rSm ,m,D aoG;pnf;a&;pdw"f mwf’ &Sad e=uonf? rSwaf csre_ ;f =u’ [k aºu;a=umfoH xkwf
&moD a y: tvk y f o rm;rsm;tjzpf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD xlaxmif=u xm;onfh ‘ppftkyfpk’ udk rdrdwdk@u
vky=f u&onf? rnfh &Jabmfrsm;eJ@vnf; wzufu rdwf &efol[k rowfrSwfbJ rdwfaqGvdk@
qufay;xm;ojzifh tquftpyf owfrSwfv#if rdrdwdk@avmuf rdkufrJ
xl;jcm;csuaf =umifh ay:&wJh &Sad e=uonf? xdo k @kd aom ta=umif; onfo h l urBmrSm &Srd nfr[kwyf g? ppf
tm;enf;csu?f rsm;a=umifh Auy onf b,fwek ;f ur# tkypf u k xdak ºu;a=umfou H kd ±kyo
f rd ;f +y;D
vlrsKd ;a&;t"du±k%;f axmifacsmufxJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yGJrSm vmxdkif
t*Fvyd "f e&Siu f ukvm;eJ@ od@k rusa&mufcw hJ m jzpfonf? v#if u m; ‘aqG ; aEG ; buf ’ [k
Arm/ w±kwef @J Armudk tvG,w f ul vl r sd K ;a&;qef @ usif b uf owfrw S &f rSm jzpfonf? ‘aqG;aEG;buf’
aoG;cGaJ y;Edik o f nf? wcgw&HrmS t"d jzpfr/_ t"du±k%;f jzpfr_ axmifacsmuf onf &efol r[kwyf g? rdwaf qGvnf;
u±k%;f udyk if zefw;D ay;Edik o f nf? Arm xJo@kd rusa&mufz@kd qv kd #if b,fou l r[kwyf g?)
jynfwiG f jzpfco h J nfh vlrsKd ;a&;t"du±k%;f &ef o l v J / b,f o l u rd w f a qG v J /
rsm;ud=k unfv h #if &Si;f ygonf? b,fol@udk rSDcdk&rvJqdkwJh aoe*F Oya'wGi;f umv (3) ESp?f
AsL[mtjrifrSm =unfvifjywfom;
tm;enf;csuu f akd cszsuo f nfh aezd@k ta&;}uD;ygonf? Auy taejzifh toufom
tm;omcsu?f & e f o l q d k w m u v n f ; (70) jynfhoGm;onf? U/G rvkyf
worwfwnf; r[kwyf g? tajymif; &wJu h mvu (3) ESpo f m &Scd o
hJ nf? xdk
w±kwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygwD tvJ &S d w wf y gonf ? 'guawmh (3) ESpt f wGi;f wGif tvkyo f rm; vl
ESifh tdENd,jynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@udk acwfe@J qdik yf gonf? t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J ukd wef;pm;ESihf tus,jf yef@q;kH qufo, G f
1920 vGefumvrsm;uwnf;u zGJ@ t"du&efov l @kd owfrw S &f onfah cwf pnf;±Hk;EdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf tòyif
pnf;xlaxmif+yD;jzpfonf? w±kwf &So d vd/k *syefzufqpfukd t"du&efov l @kd tqdik rf sm;vSonf? uGejf rLepf/ qd&k , S f
uGejf rLepf (U/G) eJ@ ukvm;uGejf rLepf owfrSwf&wJhacwf &Sdonf? jynfy vpf/ jynfol@&Jabmf pojzifh ygwD
(U/G) rsm; Armjynfa&mufvmonf? usL;ausmrf u _ kd &efov l @kd owfrw S &f csed f wdik ;f u tòyiftqdik f pnf;±H;k =uojzifh
olw@kdu w±kwt f vkyo f rm;ESihf ukvm; &Sod vdk jynfwiG ;f zdEydS rf u _ kd &efot l jzpf tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk aoG;uGaJ ponf?
tvkyform;wdk@udk (uGefjrLepfwdk@&J@ owfrSwf&csdef &Sdonf? 'gudkawmh *d% k ;f *%pdwf yGm;aponf? ‘trsKd ;om;
wm0ef t &) vl w ef ; pm;tod acwfumvtvdu k f towfrw S &f rSm nD!w G af &;’ &Sad ev#if omrefjynfol
oGwo f iG ;f ay;=uojzifh ukvm;/ w±kwf jzpfonf? wGi;f yËdyuQr# jzpfaomfvnf; ‘trsKd ;
tvkyo f rm;acgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f wGif (pum;csyf? ‘jynfwGif;jynfytzsuf om;nD!w G rf ’_ òyuGv J #iu
f m; tjyef
‘wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k &Sd tvkyo f rm;rsm; orm;rsm;tm; bH&k efot l jzpf owf tvSef tðywfwu kd af &;qDo@kd / &efbuf
15
_ynf o l h t m%m

yËdyuQqo D @kd wGe;f yd@k awmhonf? pmtk y f p mwrf ; awG r S m wpG e f ; wp tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;
(pum;csy?f aemifwiG f Tod@k rjzpfapzd@k awG@Eikd yf gonf? wckyJ ajym vdok nf? uvnf; olw@kd &@J b0udk olw@kd o=d u
t}uaH y;vdo k nf? or*~/ tpnf;t±H;k / olwdk@rodwmawG trsm;}uD;&Sdonf onf? olw@kd a&;wmudk (b0ay;tod
tzGJ@csKyf b,femrnfudkay;ay; ay; qdw
k mudyk J ajymvdo k nf? uGejf rLepf t&) v$wx f m;vdu k yf gonf?
csiwf ehJ mrnfay;yg? tvkyo f rm;tzG@J ygwD &Sdaeor# uGefjrLepfa=unm a&;aeolawG udk,fwdkifu
tpnf;wckwnf;om &So d ifoh nf? 'Drkd pmwrf;yg wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif vnf; od=uyHak y:ygonf? olw@kd a&;
ua&pDtajccHay:wGif vkyf=uv#if aeygrnf? wmudk vli,fynmwwftenf;pkuyJ
jzpfEikd yf gonf? ‘wuUov kd af usmif;om; Auy pGe@f pm;&ovdk tvkyf zwf=uwm olwdk@odonf? touf
rsm;or*~’ udk pHerl,l+yD;vkyfv#if orm;awGuvnf; pGe@f pm;=u&ygonf? (30) 0ef;usiu f vlwpkyJ zwf+y;D olw@kd
jzpfEifkd af umif;ygonf? tawG;tac: xufi,fou l rzwf=u? }u;D olawGu
t,ltq/ wdrf;!ïwfr_ rnfodk@yif a&S@c&D;? róuuf[k qdyk gonf? olw@kd a&;wmudk
&Sdygap/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;usvkyfv#if zwfwJholwcsdK@uawmh w,fvDzkef;
jzpfEdkifygonf? pOf;pm;csifhcsdefEdkif&ef 'D r d k u a&pD a wmf v S e f a &; quf+y;D uef@uu G =f uonf[k qdo k nf?
t}uHðyjcif; jzpfygonf?) c&D;um; quf&ef&adS o;onf? yef;wdik f w,fvDzkef;t}udrf (100) vmv#if
u eD ; vd k u f a 0;vd k u f ? tck a wmh (99) }udru f uef@uu G w
f m[k qdyk g
Oya'y (67) ESpf? tawmf a v; a0;aeao;onf [ k onf?
xifygonf? udpPr&Sdyg? ppftkyfpk pdwf
uGejf rLepfa=unm pmwrf; ppftkyfpkudk,fwdkifu tck "mwf p pf q if a &;u óuuf y gonf ?
yg wm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmif acwfrmS NLD udyk J OD;wnf&efov l @kd quf+yD; a&;=uyg? ppftyk pf u k ‘2010
onf? wzufu rdrd&J@ wnf&SdcGifh owf r S w f + yD ; xd k ; ES u f w d k u f c d k u f a e a&G;aumufy’JG bm;wef;udk ausm+f yD;
twGuf vufeufuikd w f ukd yf JG wdu
k af e &onf? Auy udk xd;k ESuzf @kd wm0efukd v#ifum; rajymwwfyg? olwdk@.
&onf? tvkyform;awGqdkwmu ‘Auy opPmazmufrsm;ESifh Auy toH;k 0ifrt _ cef; uke+f yD[k txifc&H
òr@jyrSmom &So d nf? xd@k a=umifh òr@jyod@k ysurf sm;’ udk v$aJ y;xm;onf[k xif& v#if jr0wDr*~Zif;u ‘tvif;a&muf
au'grsm;ydk@+yD; pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;+yD; onf? olw@kd xu J (wcsKd @u) tawG; pma&;q&m’ rsm;&J@ uH=urRmrsdK;yJ
vk y f c J h & onf ? xd c d k u f e pf e mr_ a wG tac:ppfrsuEf mS zGi+hf yD; xd;k ESuaf ewm wdk;ygvdrhfrnf? 'ga=umifh a&;}uD;cGif
rsm;vS o nf ? od k @ aomf wm0ef u d k awG@&onf? zlu, l m;rm;/ [efwifwef us,f Auy rvkyfyg? vl}uD;awG
rysuu f u G af pcJyh g? bmawGukd b,fvkd ponfph onfh yk*Kd~ vfrsm;udk ppfu, l +l y;D jzpfonfh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;u
vk y f c J h o nf qd k w mrsm;ud k a wmh Auy udk xd;k ESuw f ukd cf u
kd af e=uonf? róuuf? tvkyform;vli,fawGu
u|efawmfwdk@ ajym&efr&nf&G,fyg? olw@kd a&;or#ukd (wm0eft&) Auy rzwfqakd wmh b,fo@l twGuf a&;wm
&efoal xmufvrS ;f a&;ESihf axmufvrS ;f zwfygonf? wHk@jyefavmufonf[k vJqw kd m &Si;f aeyg+yD?
a&;&J@ opPmawmfcrH sm; a&;=uonfh rxifojzifh rwH@k jyefyg?

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
uGejf rLepfygwD &Sa
d eor#
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
uGefjrLepfa-unmpmwrf;yg
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifaeygrnf?
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678
16
 _ynf o l h t m%m

Auy eJ‹

orkid ;f 0ifv,form;v+y&
f mS ;r+rsm;

v,form;vlwef;pm;ukd rodrf;oGif;Ekdif&if awmfvSefa&; ratmifEkdif

ta&twGuef @J &mckid Ef e_ ;f t& tajymif;tvJ&adS yr,fh ArmjynfrmS v,form;vlwef;pm;[m

vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H vlwef;pm; jzpfw,fqw dk t
hJ csu[f m 'Duae@txd rSeu f efaeqJy?J aemuf+y;D 'Dvl wef;pm;trsm;pk[m
b0t& qif;&JraJG w+yD; ol@vw l ef;pm;ADZt& awmfveS af &;ukd vkv d m;axmufcu H m wufwufºuºu yg0ifEidk o f al wG
jzpf=uw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dvw l ef;pm;rygbJ ArmjynfEidk if aH &;&J@ ta&;ygwhJ Ekid if aH &;tvSnt hf ajymif;}uD;awGudk vkyv f @dk
r&bl;? ArmjynfrSm b,fvlwef;pm;u awmfvSefa&;ukd acgif;aqmif - acgif;aqmif v,form;vlwef;pm;ukd
atmifatmifjrifjrif pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f wmrvkyb f J b,fawmfveS af &;rS ratmifEidk b f ;l ? 'g[m ArmjynfEidk if aH &;&J@ u-
}uD;/ c-auG; yJ?

v,f o rm;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;[m

a=umifvdrfavSum;vkd wqifhcsif; ajymif;vJjrifhwufvmcJhw,f

ArmjynfrmS oufwrf;t&ifq h ;Hk ygwjD zpfwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD rarG;zGm;rDuwnf;u v,form;

v_y&f mS ;r_awG &Scd w
hJ myg? 'gayrJh ygwu D odr;f oGi;f a&S@aqmifcw hJ hJ v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;[m ygwD rarG;zGm;cifu
v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;eJ@ tESpo f m&eJ@oiG jf yifvuQ%mt& tjcm;em;}uD; jcm;em;oGm;yg+yD?
ygwrD ay:aygurf u D v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_ta=umif; t=urf;zsi;f jyefvnfiahJ pmif; =unfjh rif+yD;rS
ygw&D @J tESpf 70 orkid ;f twGi;f u v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_awGta=umif; avhvm&if Armjynfv,form; vlwef;pm;
v_y&f mS ;r_awG tqifq h ifah jymif;vJw;dk wufvmr_udk ykrd edk m;vnfEidk v f rd rhf ,fv@dk ,lqygw,f?
17
_ynf o l h t m%m
e,fcsJ@t*FvdyfudkawmfvSefcJhwJh AdkvfcsdKwdk@om;tz
ukdvkdeDacwfrwkdifrD
v,f o rm;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;
orkdif;t&=unfh&if Arm
jynfrSm a&S;a[mif;acwf 0rf;=um
wku d f twGi;f uae ajr&Sipf epf pwif
ay:cJhwmyg? ysLacwfrSm ajr,mykdif
qkid rf e_ @J ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfpepf wa&G@
a&G@ xGe;f um;vm[ef &Syd gw,f? yk*H
acwf a &muf w J h t cg ajr&S i f y a'
o&mZfpepf ododomom xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; jzpfay:vmygw,f? a&S;a[mif;
acwfuae ukdvkdfeDacwftxdjzpfwJh
oufO;D qHyid k yf a'o&mZfacwfumvrsm;
rSm ajr&Sifya'o&mZfrsm;eJ@ v,f
orm;vlwef;pm;rsm;t=um; vlwef;
pm; yÉdyuQrsm; rkcsay:ayguv f rd rhf ,f
qk d w m oH o ,&S d p &m rvk d y gbl ; ?
acwfòyif tdE, dN eJ@ w±kwjf ynfw@dk rmS
v,form;tkºH ur_rsm;eJ@ v,form;
olyek rf sm; t}udr}f udrf ay:cJyh gw,f?
18
rSefuefapa&;qkdwJh jyKjyifa&;awG
avmufuvGv J @dk v,form;vlwef;pm;
b0vGwfajrmufa&;eJ@ v,fvkyfol
v,fyidk af &;qkw
d mukd b,fvrdk S &nfreS ;f
csuftjzpfxm;vkd@ r&EkdifwJh acwf
umvawGyg?
w±kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrS
ypP n f ; rJ h t vH a wmf a y;yk d @ +yD ;
axmufcH*k%fjyKcJhwJh
ukdvkdeDacwfu v,form;olykef
ya'o&mZf rif;qufawGrmS
rif;r_xrf;ppfom;awGqw dk m wu,f
wrf;usawmh v,form;uvmol
trsm;pkyg? 'ga=umifh t*Fvyd f - Arm
ppfyaJG wGrmS v,form;vlwef;pm;[m
}uD;}uD;rm;rm; ay:cJyh gw,f? txif t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J udk qef@usiaf wmfveS f
t&Sm;ay:cJyh gw,f? ArmjynfrmS awmh wJh t"dutiftm;pk jzpfw,fv@dk qk&d
ya'o&mZf&Sifbk&ifawGta=umif; ygr,f? oDaygb&k if ygawmfro l mG ;+yD;
t"duxm; a&;om;wJh ‘&mZ0if’ aemufyidk ;f t*Fvyd u f dk qufvufwu dk f
qkdwmu v,form;wkdufyGJawG cdu
k cf =hJ uwJh tiftm;pkrsm;[m aus;
ta=umif; ta&;w,lrw S w f rf;wifz@dk vufudk tajccH=u+yD; v,form;vl
cJ,Of;ygw,f? rif;avmif;ay:vkd@ wef;pm;ukd t"du rScD t dk m;uk;d +yD; ckcH
&Sifbk&ifawGu oGm;a&mufESdrfeif; ykeuf efrv _ yk cf =hJ uwmyg? rif;nDrif;om;
&w,f qkdwmawGuawmh v,f eJ@ apmfbmG ;awGtygt0if e,fcs@J qef@
orm;ykeu f efra_ wGygy?J awmifo}l uD; usiaf &; ol&aJ umif;tm;vk;H [m v,f
rif;wk@d / rkq;dk +cKH&mG u OD;atmifaZ,s orm;vlwef;pm;ukd tajcjyKcJh&wm
qkdwmwkd@ukd=unfh&if v,form;eJ@ csn;f ygy?J
v,form;ykeu f efru _ tm%m&oGm; ukv d edk eD ,fcs@J orm;u Arm
wmvnf; &Sw d ,fqw dk mukad wmh odjrif jynfrmS vk;H 0tajcckid cf idk t f yk cf sKyfEidk w
f hJ
Ekid yf gw,f? acwfumv trsm;ykid ;f rSm tcsed rf mS awmh v,form; vlwef;pm;
v,form;awG ESpfaygif;&mcsD+yD; [m t&ifuxuf ykrd q dk ;dk 0g;pGm tzdEydS f
ajr&Sifya'o&mpepf/ oufOD;qHykdif cHvm=u&ygw,f? Armv,form;awG
ya'o&mZfpepf&J@ zdESdyfr_ukd cHcJh=u [m Armajr&Si/f cspw f ;D ajr&Si/f t*Fvyd f
&rSmyg? ya'o&mZfrif;tqufquf&@J tpk;d &qkw d hJ awmif}uD;ok;H vk;H &J@ zdEydS f
acwfumvawG[m v,form;awG r_awGa=umifh rao±kH ajrmhajrmhav;om
[m qnfajrmif;wmwrH wnfaqmuf touf&iS af e&wJb h 0yg? ya'o&mZf
ay;wJh jyKjyifa&;eJ@ tav;wif;awmif; acwf u vk d rif ; avmif ; ay:wJ h yk H
 _ynf o l h t m%m
o¿mefrsKKd;eJ@ ukdvkdeDacwfrSmvnf;
v,form;vl wef;pm;awG&@J xºu
ykefuefr_uav;awG ay:cJhygw,f?
trsm;pku ya'o&mZfacwfuvkd rif;
avmif;ay:wJh yko H ¿mefrsKKd;eJ@ ay:cJh
wmyg? ukv d edk aD cwfrmS txif&mS ;qk;H
awmifov l ,form;awG&@J xºur_u
awmh q&mpHv,form;olyek yf gy?J
1926-27 ckEpS u f q&mawmf
OD;0dpm&wk@d / q&mawmfO;D OwWrwk@d u
v,form;xk}uD;tm; vlcGefawmf
raqmifz@dk vSnv hf nfa[majympnf;±k;H
cJw
h ,fqw dk meJ@ 1930 ckEpS f arv 30
&ufae@rmS pwifwnfaxmifvu dk wf hJ
wkd@Armtpnf;t±kH;eJ@twl 'DtzGJ@
tpnf;&J@vufatmufrmS v,form;
tpnf;t±kH;w&yfukd pwif wnf
aqmufEid k v f u dk w f ,fqw d k mvnf; xnfh
oGi;f ajymqkzd @dk vkt d yfygvrd rhf ,f?
1930 'DZifbmv 22 &uf
ae@rmS pwifvu dk w f hJ q&mpHv,form;
olykef[m vufeufukdifykefuefr_yg?
e,fcs@J wyfom; 2000 ausmf usq;Hk
onftxd wkdufckdufEkdifcJh+yD; v,f v,form;olykefacgif;aqmif q&mpH
orm;olykef 2000 ausmf touf
ay;cJ h & ygw,f ? q&mpH t ygt0if q&mpHv,form;olykef&J@ tkid /f vufz@JG / *gxm/ rEW&m;tay:rSm
}uK;d ay;towfc&H ol v,form;olyek f t"duaºu;a=umfoHawGuawmh æ tm;ukd;,kH=unfwmpwJh wjcm;
302 a,muf/ woufwu|ef;tykd@ tcG e f a wmf r ay;a&;/ v,f v k y f o l csK@d ,iG ;f csuaf wGvnf; &Syd gao;w,f?
cH&wJh v,form;olyek f 890 OD; &Scd hJ v,fyidk af &;eJ@ uk,
d b
hf &k if uk, d o hf cif
ygw,f? 'Dvdk aoG;ac|;toufaygi;f ay:aygufa&;aºu;a=umfoHwkd@yg? 'D
rsm;pGm pGe@f vw $ pf aw;cJ&h wJh v,f orkdif;0ifv,form; olykef}uD;[m
orm;olykef}uD; jzpfyGm;aepOfrSm }uD;jrwfygw,f? 'gayrJh orkid ;f tajc v,form;vlwef;pm;u
w±kwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygwu D ypPn;f rJh taet& csKd @ ,G i f ; csuf a wG v nf ; tvk y f o rm;/ ausmif ; om;/
vlwef;pm;tvHawmfukd ay;ykd@+yD; ra&Smifv$JEkdifcJhygbl;? ya'o&mZf wjcm;tajccH v l w ef ; pm;rsm;eJ @
axmufcH*k%fjyKcJhygw,f? 'DypPnf;rJh oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfukd jyefvnf vufwGJwkdufyGJ0ifvmjcif;
tvHawmfukd om,m0wD&J@ ta&S@ wrf;w+yD; &nfreS ;f csux f J xnfo h iG ;f
buf&dS &efuif;awmifudk t*Fvyd w f @dk xm;wmu t"duuswhJ csK@d ,iG ;f csuf
wkdufckdufpD;eif;pOf odrf;ykduf&&SdoGm; yg? tvkyform;/ ausmif;om;pwJh q&mpH v,form;olyek }f u;D
ygw,f? tajccHvw l ef;pm;awGe@J us,u f s,f ta&;edrfhoGm;+yD; q&mpH }uKd;ay;
jyef@jyef@ r[mrdwf rzG@J Eidk cf w
hJ m/ tif;/ towfcv H udk &f wJh 1931 ckEpS f Ek0d if
19
_ynf o l h t m%m
bmvaemufykdif;rSmvnf; Armjynf a&$wd*kHukef;awmftxd ajcvsifc&D; nGef@aygif;tpkd;&ukd ðywfusoGm;ap
EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m &yfpJ+idrf; &Snf csw D ufwhJ ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; jzpf jcif;qkw
d hJ atmifo;D atmifyiG u hf adk wmh
at;oGm;wm r[kwfygbl;? 1933 vmcJw h ,f? qGwcf ;l Ekid cf yhJ gw,f?
ckESpfrSm a&eHajrvkH;qkdif&m wkd@Arm 'DrSm t"duazmfjycsifwm xkdacwfxkdumv&J@ tae
tpnf;t±kH;ukd zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif uawmh 'D t a&;awmf y k H } uD ; rS m txm;t& v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_yJ
cJw
h ,f? 1936 ckEpS rf mS jynfv;Hk u|wf ysO;f rem;/ awmifi/l yJc;l / jynf/ om,m jzpfjzpf/ 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}Hk uD;yJ
ausmif;om;oydwf}uD; ay:xGef;cJh 0wD/ tif;pdef tp&SdwJh te,fe,f jzpfjzpf t"du tm;enf;csuu f awmh
w,f? 1939 ckESpfrSm e*g;eDpmtkyf t&yf&yfu v,form;awG[m tvkyf (uGefjrLepfygwD ray:aygufao;wJh
twGuf uGejf rLepfygwrD w S qif)h tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;&J@ acgi;f aqmifru _ dk
tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;eJh r&&Sad o;jcif;ygy?J
r[mrdwzf hEJG idk w
f m[m
v,form;vlwef;pm; v+y&f mS ;r+twGuf zuf q pf * syef a wmf v S e f a &;eJ @
wqifhw;dk _rifhrm;vm_cif;yJ? v,form;vlwef;pm;

toif ; ay:xG u f v m+yD ; Armjynf orm;/ ausmif;om;/ òr@ae qif;&Jom; orkdif;vkdtyfcsuf/ acwf
jynfov l x l u k dk rsupf zd iG ahf y;wJh vuf0J rsm; pwJhvlwef;pm;awGeJ@ &efol umvtajctae&J@ awmif;qkcd suw f @dk
pmaytygt0if wkd;wufwJh pmay qef@usifa&;rSm vufwGJyl;aygif;rdwJh eJ@ ukdufnDpGm ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
awGudk pwifjzef@jzL;vmEkid cf w hJ ,f? tcsufyJ? acwfrDpufr_ vkyfief;eJ@ ygwDukd 1939 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 15
1938 ckESpfuawmh }uD; qufo, G af ewmrk@d acwfrw D hJ vlwef; &ufae@rSm pwifzGJ@pnf;awmh ygwD
rm;wJh Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG ay:wJEh pS f pm;/ vkyfief;obm0t& ADZt& zGJ@pnf;a=umif; a=unmcsufeJ@ ppf
vk@d qk&d rSmyg? 'DZifbmv 20 &ufae@ pnf;vk;H r_ pdw"f mwf&w dS /hJ pnf;urf;&Sw d /hJ wrf;ukd xkwjf yefcw hJ ,f? 'Dppfwrf;xJrmS
rSm ausmif;om;xku twGi;f 0ef±;Hk ukd tem*wfukd }uKdwifawG;ac:EkdifwJh Armjynf[m ukdvkdeDwykdif;/ ya'
0kdif;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; ay:cJh+yD; Akdvf tajrmftjrif&w dS hJ vlwef;pm;/ ADZt& o&mZfwykdif; EkdifiHjzpfw,fqkdwJh
atmifausmf usq;Hk cJ&h w,f? 1300 aESmif}uKd;uvGJvkd@ ykdifqkdifr_ bmrS vuQ%mowfrw S cf suf yg&o dS vkd ygwD
jynfh ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D uawmh tJ'ED pS f r&Sw d thJ wGuf uk, d u f sK;d tpGe@f Eidk q
f ;Hk / uvmyfpnf;rsm;ukd tvkyform;/
arv 1 &ufae@u pwifcw hJ myg? Arm tjywf o m;qk H ; / awmf v S e f a &;uk d v,form;eJ@ ausmif;om;xktwGi;f
jynf&J@ yxrqkH;tvkyform;ae@ukd ukepf ifatmif tqifEEJ$ idk q f ;Hk vlwef;pm; zG@J pnf;+yD; 'Dvw
l ef;pm;rsm;ukd pnf;±k;H
a&eHacsmif;òr@rmS usi;f ycJw h ,f? tJ'D jzpf w J h tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;eJ @ odr;f oGi;f oGm;&ef qk;H jzwfcsuv f nf;
v_y&f mS ;r_uae qufvuf+y;D a&eHacsmif;/ r[mrdwfzGJ@Ekdifwm[m v,form; yg&cdS whJ ,f?
acsmuf/ a&eHcsy/f vrf;&Gmwk@d rS tvkyf vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf wqifw h ;dk oufwrf;Eke,fao;wJh ygwD
orm; 2000 ausmw f @dk u pwif oydwf jrifrh m;vmjcif;yJ? twGuf rdr&d @J pnf;±k;H a&;pGr;f &nfudk prf;
arS m uf = uw,f ? 'D a &eH a jrtvk y f tajccHvw l ef;pm;rsm; 'Dvdk oyfppfaq;zk@d tylwjyif; awmif;qkd
orm;oydw}f u;D [m us,jf yef@}u;D xGm; awmfvSefa&;r[mrdwf zGJ@EkdifcJhwJh vmwmuawmh zufqpf*syefqef@usif
vm+yD; ausmif;om;awG/ v,form; twGuf 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}Hk uD; a&; vkyif ef;wm0ef}uD;yg? ajratmuf
awG/ wjcm;tajccHvlwef;pm;awG [m t"du &nfreS ;f csujf zpfwhJ atmif ygwb D 0a&mufaewJh ygw[ D m 1942
yg0ify;l aygi;f +y;D e,fcs@J tpk;d &&J@ wm;qD; yGJ yef;wkid x
f d ra&mufEidk af o;apumrl ckESpfrSm zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&;
r_trsK;d rsK;d ukd ausmv f m$ ;um &efuek f xkad cwfxu dk mvu a'guw f mAarmf&@J twGuf jyifqifr_vkyfief;ukd jrpf0
20
 _ynf o l h t m%m
u|e;f ay: a';'&J aus;vufa'orSm vkdvkd ay:xGufvmwJh v,form; wyfuek ;f òr@e,f taemufjcrf;rSm xºu
ajratmuf X mecsKyf w ck / ocif v_yf&Sm;r_uawmh &ckdif- ysOf;rem;- cJ=h uwmyg? 'Dv,form;olyek x f rJ mS
oef;xGe;f &Sw d hJ &efuek rf mS XmecsKyfwck
ewfarmuf v,form;olyek rf sm;yg? v,form;awGtjyif *syefawmfveS f
vk y f i ef ; wm0ef c G J + yD ; aqmif & G u f c J h (ysOf ; rem; ewf a rmuf a&; ajymufusm;wyfom;a[mif;awG/
w,fv@dk qk&d rSmyg? ygw&D @J ajratmuf ta&;uk d » wwk d i f ; jynf v k H ; u wyfzsucf v H u dk &f wJh wyfom;a[mif;
pnf;±k;H a&;vkyif ef;[m tajccH vlwef; axmufcaH pzG,f » olyek f bma=umifh awGvnf; yg0ifygw,f? wyfzsufcH
pm;toD;oD;ukd pnf;±k;H cJw h myg? 'gayrJ@
x&w,f » » » qif;&JvSwJh vk d u f & w,f q k d w mu t*F v d y f e J @
trsm;pk pnf;±k;H cJ&h wmuawmh aus; v,fr, hJ mrJh ypPn;f rJu h dk csKycf s,v
f @dk &,f zqyv 11 OD;yg uk, d pf m;vS,f tzG@J
vuf e J @ v,f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;yg? olykefxw,f » &mZ0ifar#mfawG; wzG@J w@dk csKyfqv dk u dk w f hJ ‘uEND pmcsKyf”
ygw&D @J ajratmuf XmecsKyftygt0if aoG;eJ@ a&;&r,f » » ») qkw d hJ t& ArmhrsK;d cspw f yfrawmfudk zsuf
ygwD&J@ vkyfief;wm0efawGeJ@ ygwD v,form;olyek f oDcsi;f pmom;awG odr;f vku d wf mukd qkv d w dk myg? v,fa0;
&JabmfawGtrsm;pkukdvnf; v,f ukdyJ =unfhvkduf&if v,form;awG òr@e,frSmqkd&if Akdvfe*g;ac: e*g;
orm;awGu umuG,fapmifha&Smuf bma=umifh ykeu f efxºu&w,fqw dk m xGe;f &Sed w f @dk &@J wyfrawmfom;a[mif;
ay;cJ=h uvk@d ygw&D @J ajratmuf pnf;±k;H
&Si;f ygw,f? (v,form; olyek o f cD si;f rsm;tzGJ@[m xif&Sm;ausmf=um;yg
a&; vkyfief;awG atmifjrifchJwmyg? uk d oD ; oef @ azmf j yxm;ygw,f ? ) w,f? ygw&D aJ bmf (aemifrmS ygw&D @J
ygwu D BDA wyfwiG ;f rSmvnf; ajr zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;t+yD;rSm A[k d a umf r wD 0 if jzpf v m+yD ; ,ck
atmufyo Hk ¿mefe@J pnf;±k;H cJyh gw,f?
+Aw d o d #w@dk ArmEkid if u H dk jyefvnfa&muf uG,fvGefoGm;ol) &JabmfOD;&JxGef;
BDA wyfqw dk mrSmvnf; wyfom;
&Spd ;dk rk;d =uygw,f? olw@dk oabmxm; [mvnf; v,form;olyek w f yfom;
awG[m v,form;awG/ v,form; uawmh ArmEkid if u H kd +Awd o d #"eo[m& wOD;yg? ol[m ysOf;rem;c±kdif c±kdif
om;orD;awGu trsm;pkyg? pk;d rk;d r_abmiftwGi;f qufvufxm;&Sd aumfrwD0ifwOD;yg? vGwfvyfa&;
}u;D us,cf rf;em;+y;D atmifyJG
a&;ygy?J Armhvw G v f yfa&;ukd rpOf;pm; r&rDuwnf;u zqyv xJu qk&d , S f
qGwcf ;l Ekid cf whJ hJ 'Dorkid ;f 0ifzufqpf*syef
ao;wJh oabmxm;ygyJ? 'Dtcsdef vpf*% dk ;f om;awGe@J zqyv vuf,m
awmfveS af &;rSm tiftm;pktoD;oD; ArmEkid if H v,form;awG[m v,fq;Hk *k% d ;f om;awGu jynfoq l ef@usiaf &;
yg0if=uaomfvnf; t"du pnf;±kH; ajrqk;H +yD; v,form;b0rS ol&if;iSm; rSm vufapmif;xufaecJh=uwmyg?
azmfaqmifcJholu ygwDyg? zwyv b0ok@d av#musa&muf&adS e=uw,f? &JabmfO;D &JxeG ;f ukd qk&d , S v f pf*% dk ;f u
zGJ@pnf;a&;rSmvnf; ygwDu t"du +Adwo d #w@dk Ekid if jH cm;rS ac:oGi;f vmwJh vky}f uHz@dk vkycf w hJ ,f? 'gudk ykvyd u f
tcef;u ygcyhJ gw,f? wrsK;d om;vk;H cspw f ;D rsm;vufokd@ u|JEGm;tkd;tdrfrS jyef+yD; owif;ay;wJt h wGuf &Jabmf
yg0ifw,fv@dk qkEd idk w f hJ zufqpf*syef
tp orD;ysKrd sm;tqk;H Armv,form; OD;&JxeG ;f awmck&d ygw,f? vufeuf
awmfvSefa&;[m vlwef;pm;yg0ifr_ awGu xk;d tyfae=u&w,f? qefpyg; ukid f wku d yf x JG 0J ifz@dk ole@J twl wyfuek ;f
bufu=unf&h ifawmh t&if;ppfvu dk f
a&mif;0,fa&;utp ArmEkid if &H @J pD;yGm; òr@e,faumfrwD0if &JabmfpHnGef@ukd
&if aus;vuftajccHwhJ v,form; a&;ukd EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; 0ifa&muf vnf; ygwu D wygwnf; xnfah y;vku d f
ppfyyJG gy?J aoG;pkycf iG jhf yKwJh pepfw&yfudk usio hf ;Hk ygw,f? tvkyo f rm;eJ@ v,form;
aewJh tcsed yf g? vlxu k dk umuG,zf @dk ygwu D zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ
ysO;f rem;v,form; olyek f wyfe(D jynfo@l &aJ bmf uGt J +yD; wyfeD
&ck d i f - ysOf ; rem;-ewf a rmuf qkw d m +cKHiaHk c:wmyg? ysO;f rem;awmif jzpfvm=u) tzG@J tcsK@d [mvnf; v,f
v,f o rm;ol y k e f r sm; ykid ;f v,fa0;e,frmS “bke;f }uD;acgi;f orm;olykefeJ@ aygif;rd cJh=uygw,f?
atmif}uD;” acgif;aqmifwJh v,f &JabmfO;D &JxeG ;f &J@nt D &if; v,fa0;
orm;olykeftzGJ@wzGJ@/ “&Sm;awm Akv d n
f eG @f armif[m tJ'w D yfex D u J yg?
zufqpf*syef awmfveS af &; at;armif” acgif;aqmifwJh tpku tJ'Dumvu qkd&S,fvpf ykvdyfu
t+yD;rSm ra&S;raESmif; wqufwnf; wpk / 'D v ,f o rm; ol y k e f t pk u owfv@dk usq;Hk cJo h vkd Akv d of ed ;f aqG
21
_ynf o l h t m%m
[mvnf; ysO;f rem; v,fa0;rSm usq;Hk
cJyh gw,f?
ysOf;rem;c±kdiftv,fykdif;
usnfawmifuefòr@e,fxJrSmqkd&if
AkdvfApdefacgif;aqmifwJh v,form;
ol y k e f &S d y gw,f ? Ak d v f A pd e f [ m
usnaf wmifuefòr@e,f&@J òr@e,fygwD
aumfrwD0ifwOD;yg? aemifrmS ol[m
wku d yf t
JG wGi;f usq;Hk oGm;cJ&h ygw,f?
'Dv,form;olyek af wG[m
&GmawGrmS
a+Amifaejuwmyg?
“jrref;” "m;jy*k% d ;f qkw
d m
ysO;f rem;c±kid x
f rJ mS v,form;awGu
"m;jyxwku d w f hJ *k%
d ;f yg? 'D"m;jy*k%d ;f
[m tiftm;}u;D xGm;vm+y;D aemifrmS
olwkd@vnf; v,form;olykefawG
jzpfvm=uygw,f?
'Dv,form;olyek af wG[m
&GmawGrmS ajAmifae=uwmyg? v,f
orm;olyek af wG[m vufeuf tusK;d
tyJhawGeJ@ p=u&wmyg? zufqpf
*syefawmfvSefa&;u ºuif;usefcJhwJh
vuf e uf a wG / wyf z suf w J h t cg
vufeufrtyfbJ ygvmwJh vufeuf
awG/ wyfeaD wGu ygvmwJh vufeuf
awGeJ@ wpwp vufeuftiftm;
awmifhwif;atmif vkyf,l&wmyg?
wcsKd@v,form;olykefawG/ wyfeD
tzGJ@awG[m 0g;c|efukdif wyfzGJ@awG
awmif zG J @ xm;=uygao;w,f ?
“bkef;}uD; OD;rJoD;” qkdol[mvnf;
emrnf a usmf v,f o rm; ol y k e f
22
acgif;aqmifwa,muf jzpfygw,f? ygw,f? +Aw d o d #uv dk edk t
D jzpf wnf&q dS J
'gt
h jyif Akv
d w f m&m&J@ ysO;f rem;olyek f umvuwnf;u &ckid w f idk ;f &J@ Ekid if aH &;
e,fajr qkw d mvnf; &Scd yhJ gao;w,f? tajctaerSm wnf+idrfr_ r&SdcJhyg?
Akv
d af tmifqef;wk@d t*Fvef zufqpfawmfveS af &; t+yD;rSmvnf;
oGm;+y;D vGwv f yfa&;twGuf ta&;qkd Ekid if aH &;rwnfr+ird jf zpfre_ @J tkºH ur_awG
aepOfumvrSmyJ ewfarmuf v,f ykeu f efra_ wG &Scd yhJ gw,f? txift&Sm;
orm;olyek f ay:cJyh gw,f? *syef awmf ykefuefr_uawmh OD;pdEWmeJ@ AkHayguf
vSefa&;rSmygcJhwJh ArmhrsKd;cspf wyf omausmfwkd@&J@ &ckdifawmifykdif;u
rawmfom; “Akv d &f mjzwf” (aemifrmS ykefuefr_yg? olwkd@[m 1947 ckESpf/
{+yDv 1 &ufae@rmS “ajrykn H v D mcH”
tjzpf ajrykòH r@rmS wyfaygi;f pknv D mcH
w&yfudk zqyv tzG@J e@J pifòyif jyKvkyf
usif ; ycJ h y gw,f ? zqyv tzG J @ eJ @
oabmuGJvGJr_ }uD;ygw,f? 'D&ckdif
ajymufusm;rsm;twGi;f ygw&D @J =oZm
}uD ; ygw,f ? ygwD u OD ; pd E W m wk d @ &J @
ykeu f efru_ dk axmufccH yhJ gw,f?
xkpd Ofu ygw[ D m ysO;f rem;/
ewfarmufe@J &ckid v f ,form; olyek f
jynfol@&Jabmf) u acgif;aqmif a'orsm;ukd awmfveS af &; pwifjrpf
ygw,f? qkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;om;awGeJ@ zsm;cH&m tajccHa'otjzpf owfrw S f
vuf,m*kd%f;om;awG }uD;pkd;aewJh cJyh gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;rwkid rf u D wnf;
zqyv tzG@J udk wl;wl;cg;cg; rke;f wD; u ArmjynfrmS a&S;OD;ay:cJw h hJ 'D v,f
aewma=umifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; orm;olykefrsm;[m trSefyJ 1948
xdef;wmawmif r&bJ v,form; rwfv 28 &uf jynfol@'Drkdua&pD
olyek rf mS yg0ifco hJ l jzpfygw,f? aemif vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;&J@ a&S@awmf
rSm 'DtzG@J udk ygwu D pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f ajy;yg?
Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
ysO;f rem;/ ewfarmuf v,f
orm;olyek u f twdtvif; v,form; 1946 ckESpf vlwef;pm;
olykefyg? 46 ckESpf aemufykdif;rSm tk H º ur_ r sm;
ppfuidk ;f / jrif;+cH/ tif;pdeef @J jynfc±kid f
rsm;rSm v#K@d 0u S v f ufeufuidk w f yfrsm; 1945/1946/1947 ck E S p f
toGifeJ@ wcsKd@wyfzGJ@awG &Sdae=u awG[m Armwjynfv;Hk vlxt k ºHk ur_
ygw,f? awG ay:aygucf w hJ hJ ta&;}uD;wJh ESpf
*syef a wmf v S e f a &;t+yD ; umvawGyg? 'Dvy_ &f mS ;xºur_awG[m
orkid ;f 0if zqyv &J@ a&$w*d t Hk v,f t"dutm;jzifh e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;eJ@
ypP,HnDvmcH&J@ qkH;jzwfcsufxJrSm v,form;awG&@J ajr&Sipf epfqef@usif
&ckdifv,form;olykefukd axmufcH a&;wkud yf aJG wGygy?J 'DtcgrmS t*Fvyd f
a=umif; twdtvif; azmfjyxm; u tkºH uvmwJh jynfoal wGudk ykvyd f
 _ynf o l h t m%m
wyf/ ppfwyfw@dk e@J ESrd ef if;ckid ;f w,f? 'D tusKKd;quftjzpf 1947 t±k;H qkw d mawGudk vku d zf @JG vmw,f?)
Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGxrJ mS zqyv&J@ ckEpS rf mS +rK@d ay: tvkyo f rm;wku
d yf rJG sm;/ ygwAD [ku d v,form;vlxk ta&;ukd
a&$wd*kHtv,fypP,H nDvmcH[m oydwrf sm; qufvufjzpf ay:vmcJw h hJ v,form;xke@J xad wG@ pnf;±k;H +y;D pepf
vnf; ta&;}uD;ygw,f? (xkt d csed u
f enf;wl v,form;wkd@&J@wkdufyGJrsm;/ wus a&S@wqifw h ;dk wku d yf 0JG ifz@dk vSr;f
zqyv wGi;f vuf,m*k%;f eJ@ qk&d , S v
f pf tiwfwyfcsw D ufyrJG sm; qeford ;f yGrJ sm; vku d wf hJ ajcvSr;f awGy?J &efo&l @J tm;
ygw*D % dk ;f wk@d r}u;D pk;d ao;?) 'Dnv D mcH&@J òrifòrifqidk q f idk }f u;D ay:xGuv f mcJw
h ,f? tenf;qk;H / rdr&d @J pnf;±k;H a&;tm;
qk;H jzwfcsux f rJ mS tvkyo f rm; v,f qeford ;f yGaJ wGrmS zqyv taumif;qkH; ae&mawGukd a&G;+yD;
orm;wk@d &@J Ekid if aH wmfudk wnfaqmuf qk&d ,S v f pf*% dk ;f u olw@dk acgi;f aqmifr_ v,form;nDvmcH (uGefz&ifhrsm;)
oGm;&efqw dk hJ tcsuyf g&cdS o hJ vkd &nfreS ;f &zkd@ }uKd;pm;cJhayr,fh wu,fwrf; usi;f ycJw h m jzpfygw,f? (v,form;
csurf sm; qGwcf ;l Ekid &f ef vufeufuidk f usawmh olw@dk acgi;f raqmif&=J ubl;? pnf;±k;H a&; atmifjrifcw hJ hJ ygw&D @J v,f
wku d yf eJG @J Oya'wGi;f wku d yf rJG sm; qifEJ$ 'Dvx l [ k m ygwpD nf;±k;H xm;wJh vlxyk ?J orm;nDvmcH ykpH rH sK;d rqv acwfu
oGm;&efqkdwJh tcsufvnf; yg&SdcJhyg 'ga=umifh qeford ;f yGaJ wGudk ygwu D yJ vkdufvkyfcJhayr,fh twkta,mif
w,f? 'Dq;Hk jzwfcsu[ f m v_@H aqmfcsuf acgif;aqmif qifE$JcJh&w,f? tpkd;& nDvmcHawGom jzpfwmrk@d bmtESpf
w&yf jzpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? rD;&xm;u qefwaJG wGudk azmuf+yD; om&rS r&Scd yhJ gb;l ?)
1946 ckEpS rf mS jzpfysucf w hJ hJ qeford ;f yGJ awG vkycf w hJ ,f? aemufyikd ;f jzL;nDvmcHukd ajr&Sifu
Ekid if aH &;v_yh &f mS ;r_awGxu J t"duus aus;vuf v,f,majrrSm xGefwkH; *syef a cwf 3 ES p f p moD ; pm;c jyef
wJh ta&;tcif; 2 ckudk azmfjyygr,f? wku d yf aJG wG vkycf yhJ gw,f? awmif;aepOf usi;f ywJh 'Dnv D mcH[m
wcku 1946 ckEpS /f arv ygwjD yefwufvmwJh trSwt f om; jzpf
18 &ufae@rmS t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J &@J vuf cJw
h ,f? (ygw[ D m uef@owfcsKyfcs,f
yg;apwkd@u tif;pdef xef;wyifrSm 947 ckESpfrSm
1947 cHae&wmrk@d bmtpnf;ta0;rS rvkyf
v,form;vlx}k uD;ukd aoewfe@J ypf v,f o rm;nD v mcH EkdifwJh tajctaeuae yxrqkH;
cwfv@kd v,form; 4 OD; usq;kH cJyh g (uGefz&ifh) rsm; usif;y jyefvyk w f hJ v_y&f mS ;r_yg?) 'Dnv D mcHudk
w,f? qeford ;f wku d yf rJ G mS anmifav;yif 1947 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 25 &ufae@
ol touf t &G , f Ek e ,f a o;wJ h ygwuD v,form; v_y&f mS ; rSm usi;f ycJw h ,f? 'Dnv D mcHrmS v,f
“raqmif;wif” ypfowfcv H ud k &f w,f? r_rsm;ukd wqifhwkd;+yD; pepfwus orm;wodef;ausmf wufa&mufcJh
ygwDu pnf;±kH;+yD; tmZmenf azmfaqmifEidk zf @dk twGuf ArmEkid if v
H ;Hk w,f? jynfrSm v,form;nDvmcH
raqmif;wif&@J psmyeyGrJ w S qifh qENjyyGJ qk d i f & m awmif o l v ,f o rm;rsm; vkycf w hJ ,f? tmvmuy` v,form;
w&yf jzpfvmatmif azmfaqmifcyhJ g or*~udk zG@J pnf; xlaxmifvu dk w
f ,f? nDvmcHukdawmh ocifoef;xGef;eJ@
w,f? &efo&l @J vyk &f yfudk vlx}k uD;u (awmifov l ,form;or*~awG aus; ocifZifwkd@ukd,fwkdif wufa&muf
rcHEidk v f @dk qlyu G vf m=uw,f? vufawGrmS tus,t f jyef@ jzpfvm cJ h w ,f ? ausmuf q nf n D v mcH r S m
1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmv awmh zqyv qk&d , S v
f pfawGu ygwD c±kid wf iG ;f rS v,form;awG aomif;eJ@
5 &ufae@rSm tvkyform;oydwf/ eJ@ pifòyifawmifov l ,form; tpnf; csD+yD; wufa&mufyg0ifw,f? ABC
pmwku d o f ydw/f tjcm; tpk;d &Xmersm;
rS tr_xrf;aygif;pkH&J@oydwfrSwqifh ygwD u
aemufq;Hk taxGaxGoydw}f uD;txd
jzpfay:vmcJw h ,f? ygwu D 'D vlwef;pm; 'Dvlwef;pm;tkHºur_rsm;rSwqifh
tkHºur_rsm;rSwqifh a&S@okd@ xyfqifh a&S@okd@ xyfqifhwGef;wif+yD;
wGe;f wif+yD; wku d yf 0JG if=u&ef aqmf=o wkdufyGJ0if=u&ef
vku d w f ,f?
aqmf=ovkdufw,f
23
_ynf o l h t m%m
(ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m awmifolv,f tzG@J csKyfw@dk u OD;pD;usi;f ywJh “ta&S@ a&;twGuf wku d yf 0JG if+yD;v#if touf
orm; tr_aqmifaumfrwD) u OD;pD; awmif t m&S vl i ,f n D v mcH ” eJ @ ESifh ylaZmfoGm;=uaom &Jabmfrsm;
usi;f ywm jzpfw,f? tdE, dN jynf uGejf rLepfygw&D @J 'kw, d tm; Ttpnf;ta0;}u;D u rSww f rf;
t}urd f ygwn D v D mcHo@dk ocifoef;xGe;f wifygonf? usq;Hk ol &Jabmfw@dk . r+y;D
uk, d w f idk f OD;pD;+y;D wufa&mufchJ ygw,f? rjywf use&f pfcahJ om wku d yf u JG dk tqk;H
ork d i f ; a&;t& umvuwWm;nDvmcHt+yD;rSm tJ'D owf atmifjrifonftxd qufvuf
}uD ; rm;av;euf a om EkdifiHjcm;uGefjrLepfygwDrS ukd,fpm; wku d o
f mG ;&ef Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;u
t"dy`m,f&SdwJh vS,ftcsKd@[m ysOf;rem;nDvmcHokd@ }uKd;yrf;rnf?
ysOf ; rem; v,f o rm;nD v mcH quf v uf yg0if w uf a &muf c J h = u 2? vGwv f yfa&; &r_twGuf +Adwo d #/
ygw,f? *syef/ qmay:xGe;f tpk;d &ESihf zqyv
'Dvdk Ekid if jH cm;uk, d pf m;vS,f tpkd;&wkd@ukd &J&ifhpGmjzifh wGef;vSef
ysOf ; rem; nD v mcH u k d rsm; wufa&mufwt hJ jyif ysO;f rem; wkdufckdufcJhaom &ckdif vGwfvyfa&;
ysOf;rem;awmifbuf *sifvkdukef;rSm nDvmcHo@dk jynfwiG ;f rS v,form;xk wkud yf 0JG if &Jabmfrsm;. owWu d dk cs;D usL;
vkyfcJhygw,f? um;vrf; taemuf 2 ode;f ausmf wufa&mufcv hJ @dk ygw&D @J a=umif; Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;u rSwf
bufu v,fuiG ;f jyifus,}f uD;xJrmS pnf;±kH;a&; tiftm;ukd jyoEkdifwJhyGJ wrf;wifygonf?
vkycf whJ myg? vk@d vnf; qkEd idk yf gw,f? 3? ,cifu tiSm;csxm;aom ajr
ysO;f rem;nDvmcHudk 1948 wufa&mufvmwJh v,f ,mtm;vkH;ukd twif;0ifa&muf+yD;
ckESpf rwfv 13 &ufae@rSm pwif orm;awG [ m txuf A rmjynf / v#if ajr&Siw f @dk oabmwlonfjzpfap/
usif;ycJhygw,f? 'DnDvmcH t}uKd atmufArmjynf a'otoD;oD;rS rwlonfjzpfap/ xGe, f ufvyk u f idk &f ef
rwfv (12) &ufae@rmS yJc;l / tif;pde/f v,form;awG yg0ifw,f? a&$b/dk rk&H mG / Ttpnf;ta0;}u;D u jyÏmef;onf?
[Hom0wDc±kdifwkd@rS csDwufvmwJh ppf u k d i f ; / rEW a v;/ ausmuf q nf / 4? &efukefòr@wGif jzpfyGm;aeaom
awmifolv,form;xk[m ajr&Sif jrif;+cu H v,form;awG[m um;awG bDtkdpDoydwfESifh tjcm;oydwfrsm;
qef@usiaf &;/ AsL±ku d &uf qef@usiaf &; &xm;awGp;D +y;D vm=uw,f? a0;vHwhJ ukv d nf; Ttpnf;ta0;}u;D u vk;H 0
qENjyyGw J &yfudk &efuek f r[mAE<Kv &ck d i f a 'orS v,f o rm;uk d , f p m; axmufco H nf?
yef;+cHxrJ mS usi;f ycJ=h uygao;w,f? vS,rf sm;yifv#if ysO;f rem;nDvmcHo@dk 5? awmifov l ,form;rsm;ESihf v,f
wcsed w f nf;rSm rwfv (8) vmwufc=hJ uw,f? ,mtvkyform;rsm;vnf; ukd,fykdif
&ufae@u pwifwhJ "edawm bDtpdk D nDvmcHt}uKd rwfv 12 v,frsm; &&Sad p&ef awmifov l ,fo
ukr`%DeJ@ tvkyform;xk yÉdyuQ &ufae@rmS tvkyo f rm;eJ@ v,form; rm;or*~ r sm;ES i f h v,f , mtvk y f
ta&;twGuf ygwu D acgi;f aqmifr_ xk[m rD;&xm;wGJawGukd odrf;ykduf orm;or*~rsm; zG@J pnf;&ef Ttpnf;
wm0efcGJ+yD; oGm;a&mufOD;pD;ae&yg =uw,f? rD;&xm;awGuvnf; v,f ta0;}uD;u jyÏmef;onf?
ao;w,f? wqufwnf; zl;um;/ pwD; orm;awG &xm;pD;Ekid af tmif &yfay; 6? zufqpf0g' (zqyv) ukd rnfonfh
b&m;om;eJ@ tazmif opfpufrsm;/ =uw,f ? tvH e D a wG vG i f h x l + yD ; enf;ESiyhf ifrqkd acsre_ ;f okwo f ifypf&ef
{&m0wD zvkww f , D m oabFmusi;f / nDvmcHo@dk csw D ufc=hJ uwmyg? Ttpnf;ta0;}u;D u jyÏmef;onf?
BBTCL ukr% ` rD sm;rS tvkyo f rm; ysO;f rem;nDvmcH[m awmf 7? wwd,t}udrfajrmuf ArmEkdifiH
rsm; oydww f u dk yf 0JG ifvmatmif ygwD vSeaf &; ol&owWad wGudk azmfaqmifwhJ vkH;qkdif&m awmifolv,form;
u azmfaqmifaecsed v f nf; jzpfygw,f? &J&aJ wmufnv D mcHyg? nDvmcHq;Hk jzwf nDvmcHtpnf;ta0;ukd yJcl;òr@wGif
'DnDvmcHrwkdifrD azazmf csuaf wGuydk J =unfyh g? usif;y&ef Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;u
0g&DvtwGif; tdENd,jynf umv 1? wkid ;f jynfEiS hf awmifov l ,form; jyXmef;onf?
uwW m ;òr@rS m urB m h ' D r k d u &uf w pf wk@d tusK;d tjyif e,fcs@J EiS hf ajrykid &f iS }f u;D 'gt
h jyif 'Dnv D mcHrmS ocif
vli,ftzGJ@csKyfeJ@ urBmhausmif;om; rsm;ukd tjrpfygrusef wGef;vSefypf oef;xGe;f u“uGejf rLepfygwu D dk jzpfap/
24

uGejf rLepfowif;pmukjd zpfap/ uGejf rLepf
acgif;aqmifawGukd jzpfap/ &efolu
wkud cf udk vf m&if Armwjynfv;Hk rSm &Sw
zufqpftzG@J tpnf;rSeo f r# tjrpfu
vSeyf pf&r,f? &So d r#tiftm;eJ@ wk@H jyef
wkdufckduf&r,f”vkd@ ajym=um;cJhyg
w,f? (rwfv 12 &ufae@u zqyv
tpk;d &rS qk&d , S v f pf*%dk ;f ocifviG ef @J
ocifvaS ºuwk@d u taygi;f yg vlru dk f
awGe@J “jynfo@l [pfwidk ”f “tk;d a0” eJ@
“jynfaxmifp”k (pD;yGm;a&;) owif;pm
wkdufawGukd 0ifa&mufzsufqD;cJhyg
w,f? Auy&J@ “uGejf rLepfae@pOf”eJ@
“jynfo@l tm%m”*sme,fwu dk uf adk wmh
tvk y f o rm;eJ @ &J a bmf a wG u
umuG,f apmifah &Smufaewma=umifh
vmrcs&=J uygb;l ? 'gudk &nfne$ ;f +yD;
ocifoef;xGe;f u ajym=um;cJw h myg?)
'g[m orkid ;f 0if v_@H aqmfcsujf zpfovkd
rwfv (28) &uf jynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pD
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;}u;D twGuf
a&S@awmfajy; wyfveS @f ov H nf; jzpfchJ
ygw,f?
nD v mcH r S m v,f o rm;
uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;vnf; pum;ajymcJh
=uygw,f? A[kdqkH;jzwfcsuftjyif
c±kdiftvkduf qkH;jzwfcsufcswmawG
vnf ; &S d y gw,f ? Oyrm tif ; cG e f
yvyfa&;/ tif;rsm;ukd vlxyk idk o f rd ;f
a&;(ppfuidk ;f c±kid )f ? ajrEku|e;f wku d yf JG
azmfa&;(jrif;+cH/ ppfuidk ;f / rk&H mG c±kid )f
ponfjzif?h
nDvmcHrmS twufºuqk;H
v_y&f mS ;olawGuawmh ygw0D ifawGe@J
v,fuv l aD wG jzpf=uygw,f? oD;pm;
ray;a&;/ v,fceG rf ay;a&;qkw d mu
'Dvw l ef;pm;eJ@ rqkid w f mrk@d v,fvyk o
v,f y k d i f a &; aºu;a=umf o H t jyif
ygwu D 'Dvw l ef;pm;twGuf w&m;
r#wwJh vkycf &&Sad &;ukd aemufyidk ;f rSm
jyefvnf jyÏmef;ay;cJ&h ygw,f?
d hJ ysOf;rem;nDvmcHukd wuf
a&mufvmwJh rav;&Sm;uGefjrLepf
acgif;aqmifrsm;u “u|efawmfwkd@
Ekid if rH mS qk&d if vl 2 axmif/ 3 axmif
avmuf pkzkd@awmif cJ,Of;w,f? ck
'Dnv D mcHrmS awmh vl 2 ode;f ausm[ f m
acgi;f aqmif pum;ajymaew,fq&dk if
tyf u soH a wmif =um;&avmuf
atmif +idrf+yD;em;axmifae=uwm
th=H orqk;H bl;? cs;D usL;rdygw,f?”vk@d
xkwaf zmfajymqkcd w hJ ,f?
‘zd&ifcsr,f xd&ifºur,f’
aºu;a=umfou H kd oufaoxlvu dk w
f m
uawmh tJ'ED pS f rwfv 28 &ufae@rmS
pwifqifEv J$ udk wf hJ jynfo@l 'rD u
dk a&pD
vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;}u;D ygy?J
jynfol@'Drkdua&pD
vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;[m
t&if;ppfvkduf&if
v,form;awmfvSefa&;yJ
1948 ckEpS f rwfv 28 &uf/
jynfo@l 'rD u
d k a&pDvufeufuid k af wmfveS f
a&;}u;D [m ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_
orkid ;f xJrmS tav;eufq;Hk / tcrf;em;
qk;H / t}uD;jrwfq;Hk / toufaoG;ac|;
tpGe@f vw $ &f qk;H / awmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;
r_xrJ mS vufeufuidk pf JG wku d yf 0JG if&wJh
txd tjrifrh m;qk;H Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_
}uD; jzpfygw,f? 'DawmfvSefa&;}uD;
twGif; toufpGef@v$wfoGm;&wJh
awmf v S e f a &;orm;aygif ; axmif
f l aomif;csD &Sad e+yD; usq;Hk oGm;olawG&@J
t±kd;awGukdom pkvkdufr,fqkd&if
awmifvkdykHrwwf &SdaerSmjzpfovkd
olw@dk &@J pHerlemuswhJ pGe@f vw $ rf a_ wG
_ynf o l h t m%m
[m rGejf rwfonfEiS t hf r# *k%af &mif
ajymifvyS gw,f?
'DawmfvSefa&;}uD;twGif;
Zmwf0ifcef;aygif; tajrmuftjrm;
&Syd gw,f? awmfveS af &; 'Da&twuf
tus/ tedrt hf jrif/h t±_;H tEkid /f ta&;
tcif;aygif;trsm;tjym; a&m,Suf
aeygw,f? 'DawmfvSefa&;}uD;[m
wenf;qk&d if Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf
ygy?J Armjynf[m ,ae@txd ppfreS w f hJ
+idrf;csrf;a&; r&&Sdao;wmu 'D
awmf v S e f a &;}uD ; r+yD ; qk H ; wmuk d
oufaojyaeygw,f? wcsK@d awmfveS f
a&; tiftm;pkawG ppf±;H_k wm jzpfcsif
jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? wku d yf t JG oGio
f ¿mef
ajymif;wm jzpfcsifjzpfygvdrfhr,f?
enf;y&d,m,fajymif;vJwm jzpfcsijf zpf
ygvrd rhf ,f? acgi;f aqmifr_ vlwef;pm;
vnf; ajymif;vJoGm;Ekdifygw,f?
aemufqw k wf u dk &f wm/ tqifah v#mch s
wku d &f wmawG &Sad umif;&Syd gvrd rhf ,f?
'gayrJh 1948 rwfv 28 &ufae@uae/
&S p f a v;vk H ; ta&;tcif ; / 'D y J , if ;
ta&;tcif;/ (2007 ckEpS )f &[ef;&Siv f l
awG&J@ pufwifbm ta&;tcif;eJ@
2010 ckESpf etz &J@ a&G;aumufyGJ
txd tm;vk;H [m jynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pD
vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;}uD;&J@
tcef;quf wku d yf aJG wGygy?J
'Dvdk }uD;us,fcrf;em;+yD;
rG e f j rwf v S w J h jynf o l @ 'D r k d u a&pD
vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;}uD;[m
t&if;ppfvu dk rf ,fq&dk if v,form;
ppfyyJG J jzpfygw,f? Auy &J@ vufeuf
ukdif awmfvSefa&;yJjzpfjzpf/ wjcm;
vlenf;pk trsK;d om;rsm;&J@ vufeuf
ukid af wmfveS af &;awGyjJ zpfjzpf t&if;
ppfvkduf&if v,form;ppfyGJyg? 'D
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;awG twGi;f
rSm v,form;eJ@v,form; om;orD;
25
_ynf o l h t m%m

awG axmifaomif;cs+D y;D touf ay;cJh awG@usifhokH;&mrSm trSm;usL;vGefr_ 0kid ;f 0ef;tm;xkw=f uzk@d ygwu D arwWm
&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Djynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pD awGvnf; renf;vSyg? &yfcH yef=um;wmawmif vkycf yhJ gao;
vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;}uD;[m ajr,mvrf;pOfeJ@ ajr,m w,f?
tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; acgi;f aqmif ay:vpDrSm EkdifiHjcm;ukd ykHwlul;cswJh tck aemufq;Hk tajctae
r_atmufu v,form;vlwef;pm; trS m ;rsKd ; vnf ; }uKH c J h z l ; ygw,f ? t& ppfAsL±du k &uftpk;d & ajr&Sipf epf
t"duyg0ifwJh t}uD;rm;qkH;aom ygw[ D m trSm;awGudk oifcef;pm,l/ vk@d ygwu D jrifaeyg+y?D jynfph rHk eS u f efwhJ
v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;vkd@ qkdEkdifygw,f? 'D trSeaf &mufatmifjyif/ rSeu f efwhJ ajr tcsut f vufrsm; &&Sad tmif quf
ta=umif;awG tao;pdwaf rmfueG ;f ,mvrf;pOfeJ@ rSefuefwJh aus;vuf vufvkH;yef;tm;xkwf&ygvdrfhr,f?
wifz@dk qk&d ifawmh pmwapmifaywzG@J / vlwef;pm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcsuf &&Sd aemifjzpfay:vmr,fh v,form;
pmtkyw f tkyEf pS t
f yk f a&;±kH avmufe@J atmif ,ae@txd rqkwrf epf vk;H yef; tkºH ur_}uD;rsm;twGuf ,cktcsed [ f m
b,fenf;eJ@rS jynfph EHk idk rf mS r[kwyf g? tm;xkwaf eqJyg? ajr,m vrf;pOfrmS ajr,mvrf;pOf jyifqifa&;umvvk@d
tajctae tcsd e f t cgtvk d u f vnf; qkEd idk yf gvrd rhf ,f?
ajr,mvrf ; pOf rSefvkduf/ rSm;vkduf/ jyefjyifvkdufeJ@ ,ae@ ArmjynfrmS qif;&J
jyif q if a &;umv aemufqkH; vkH;0trSef jzpfvmrSmyg? 'kuaQ =umifh rdom;pkvu dk f uk, d u hf , dk u f dk
awmf v S e f a &;wk d u f y G J a wG r S m vnf ; owfao=uwJh v,form; rdom;pkawG
wku d v f u
dk /f &_;H vku
d /f xyfwu dk v f u dk ef @J ay:aeyg+yD? 'gu awmfveS af &;orm;
aemuf x yf pmwapmif aemufq;Hk rSm atmify&JG rSm rkcsygy?J awGbufrS aus;vufpnf;±kH;a&;
aywzG@J avmufe@J jynfph aHk tmif razmf ,l*sDumvrSm aus;vuf wqifw h ;dk tm;xkwzf @dk vkad ea=umif;
jyEk d i f w muawmh ygwD & J @ ajr,m pkpH rf;avhvma&;[m tawmfu h dk cufcJ oufaojyvkdufwmygyJ? “iwf&if;
vrf;pOfe@J aus;vufajr,m okaw vSygw,f? 'gayrJh ygwDu }uKd;pm; rao/ wku d &f if;aor,f”h wku d yf 0JG if
oe tcsut f vufqidk &f mrsm; udpyP g? tm;xkwfcJhygw,f? 'DbufacwfrSm pdwf"mwfrsKd; v,form;xkxJrSm
Auy [m ygwv D rf;pOfxrJ mS ajr&Sipf epfe@J ywfoufwhJ okawoe tus,ftjyef@ pdrfh0ifoGm;atmif
ajr,mawmfveS af &;[m awmfveS af &; pmwrf ; wapmif u k d awmf v S e f a &; qufvuf}uK;d pm;oGm;=u&ygvrd Oh f ;D r,f?
&J@ 0if±kd;vkd@ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm csrSwf tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vkH;avhvmEkdif Auy [m twdwu f tjzpf
wku d yf 0JG ifcyhJ gw,f? v,fvyk o f l v,f atmif ygwDu xkwfa0cJhygw,f? tysufawGukd oifcef;pm,lwJhbuf
ykid af &;ukd wav#mufv;Hk a&S@wef;wif+y;D ajr,mtajctaeawG [ m acwf rS m yJ tav;xm;ygw,f ? a&$ x D ;
wpkdufrwfrwf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhygw,f? umvtvkduf ajymif;vJaewmyg? aqmif;wJah cwfudk jyefwrf;wwmrsK;d
awmfvSefa&;twGif; tcsdefumv etz acwfrmS ay:ayguv f mwJh cspw f ;D vkyfavhr&Sdygbl;? 'gayrJh tcgtcGifh
tvkduf rSefuefwJh ajr,mvrf;pOf vufopf ajr&Siaf wGta=umif; ygwu D oifh&ifawmh ygwDeJ@ jynfolawG&J@
csrSwfEkdifa&;twGuf wav#mufvkH; apmpGmuwnf;u jynfol@tm%m *k % f a &mif a jymif w J h tpOf t vm
usm;ukwfusm;cJ }uKd;yrf;vmcJh&yg uae zGichf swifjycJyh gw,f? v,form; aumif;awGudk pHerlemtjzpf jyefvnf
w,f? ajr,mvrf;pOfrmS vuf0u J s awG cHpm;ae&wJh 'kut Q 00ukv d nf; azmfxw k yf gw,f? &Jabmfrsm; jynfol
wm &SdcJhovkd vuf,muswmawG tcGio hf if&h if oifoh vkd wifjyaewmyg? rsm; ygwDukd ,kH=unfwJhpdwf"mwf/
vnf; &Syd gw,f? ajrawGudk tukeo f rd ;f 'gt h jyif awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ jynfou l dk ,k=H unfwphJ w d "f mwf jrifrh m;
tukeaf 0 vkycf o hJ vkd ajr&Siv
hf uf ajr ynm&Sifrsm;ukd rSefuefwJh ajr,m vmapzkd@yg? ?
jyeftyfwmvnf; &Scd zhJ ;l ygw,f? vuf okawoetcsut f vufrsm;&atmif
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

26
 _ynf o l h t m%m

v,form; olye
k o
f cD sif;

(ysOf ; rem; ewf a rmuf t a&;uk d

v,form;olykefoDcsif;)

(ysOf ; rem; ewf a rmuf t a&;uk d » » wwk d i f ; jynf v k H ; u

axmufcHapzG,f »» olykef bma=umifh x&w,f » » qif;&JvSwJh
v,frJh,mrJh ypPnf;rJhukd csKyfcs,fvkd@&,f olykefxw,f » » &mZ0if
ar#mfawG; aoG;eJ@ a&;&r,f » » » ) 2

v,f o rm;ol y k e f » atmif j rif z k d @ ta&; »

tm%mawG odrf;&r,f » ukd,fh=urRm ukd,fzef zkd@ta&; » trSefyif
ol y k e f x vk d @ aoG ; ajrusatmif wk d u f = ujyef w ,f » csD ; usL;zG , f »
OD;nGwfzG,f » v,form;olykef}uD; » }uD;xGm;vm+yDuG,f »

(e,f c sJ @ orm;awG n‡ O f ; yef ; r_ a =umif h vl a rG ; vl a wmif

rajymifw,f » qif;&JwGif;u eufcJhygvkd@ olykefrD;ukd ar$;=u&w,f) 2
wkdufr,f » ckdufr,f » e,fcsJ@orm;ukd ðywfatmif wkd@wkdufr,f » »
ysOf;rem; ewfarmufta&;udk » » wwkdif;jynfvkH;u axmufcHapzG,f
» » olykef bma=umifh x&w,f » » qif;&JvSwJh v,frJh,mrJh
ypP n f ; rJ h u k d csKyf c s,f v k d @ &,f ol y k e f x w,f » » &mZ0if ar#mf a wG ;
aoG;eJ@a&;&r,f » » » ) 2

v,f o rm;ol y k e f » atmif j rif z k d @ ta&; »

tm%mawG odrf;&r,f » ukd,fh=urRm ukd,fzefzkd@ta&; » trSefyif
ol y k e f x vk d @ aoG ; ajrusatmif wk d u f = ujyef w ,f » csD ; usL;zG , f »
OD;nGwfzG,f » v,form;olykef}uD; » }uD;xGm;vm+yDuG,f »

(e,f c sJ @ orm;awG n‡ O f ; yef ; r_ a =umif h vl a r$ ; vl a wmif

rajymifw,f » qif;&JwGif;u eufcJhygvkd@ olykefrD;ukd ar$;=u&w,f) 2
wkdufr,f » ckdufr,f » e,fcsJ@orm;ukd ðywfatmif wkd@wkdufr,f »

27
_ynf o l h t m%m

Auy eJh
ausmif;om;or*¾

wuo/ Auo eJ@ wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk;

(ocifygwD) wdk@txJrSm Auy
oaE< w nf + yD ; 1939 ck r S m arG ; zG m ;vmwm
jzpf y gw,f ?

Auy . ZmwdZmpfjrpf

wuo/ Auo eJ@ wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k (ocifygw)D wd@k txJrmS Auy oaE<wnf+yD; 1939 ckrmS arG;zGm;vmwm
jzpfygw,f?
Armjynfu acwfynmwwfawG[m 1917 ±k&Sm; atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;tajrmufoHudk 1920
rwdik rf u
D wnf;u =um;ygw,f? 1920 vGeaf wmh ArmjynfrmS tdE, dN uGejf rLepfygweD @J w±kwu f eG jf rLepfygww D @kd &@J
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;uwqifv h nf; atmufwb kd mawmfveS af &;/ abmf&ADS pfygwD uGejf rLepfygwo D abmw&m;rsm;udk avhvm
rSwo f m;&ygw,f? bdvyfjyefrsm;u ,lvmwJh rmhupf v f eD ifpwmvifw@kd &@J uGejf rLepfoabmw&m; pmtkyrf sm;udv k nf;
avhvm&ygw,f? 'Dvekd @J (wuo/ Auo) ausmif;om;awG/ ocifygwx D u J ocifygw0D ifawG[m rmhupf 0f g'avhvma&;
tpkrsm;zG@J +yD; rmhupf 0f g'avhvm=uygw,f? pmtkypf mwrf;a&;+yD; xkwaf 0=uw,f?
1936/ 1938 ausmif;om;oydwrf sm;eJ@ 1300 jynft h a&;awmfykH +y;D wJah emufrmS awmh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
zG@J pnf;zdk@ tajctaeay;vmw,f? zG@J pnf;awmh obm0uspGmyJ avhvma&;tpk acgif;aqmifawG[m Auy &J@
acgi;f aqmifawG jzpfvm=uw,f? tpk0ifawGu ygw0D ifawG jzpfvm=uw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG ifumvu wd;k wufwhJ Edik if aH &;ausmif;om;rsm;[m wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k (ocifygw)D
0ifp+rJy?J 'ga=umifyh J Auy &J@ acgi;f aqmifa&m/ ygw0D ifawGyg ocifb@JG co H al wGcsn;f jzpfvm&wmyJ?
ñuHóuufv@kd tjzpftysuu f av;wckukd ajymcsiw f ,f? KIO eJ@ Auy r[mrdwzf @JG wek ;f u jzpfwmyg? Auy
u KIO udk vufeufawG ulncD w hJ ,f? vufeufray;cif KIA wyfz@JG awGukd jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDvyk if ef;pOf oabmw&m;
oifwef;ay;w,f? oifwef;q&mu ‘Auy ordik ;f ’ ajymawmh ygwaD cgi;f aqmifawG tm;vH;k u ocifb@JG co H al wGcsn;f
jzpfaew,f? em;uavmvmvd@k xifyg&@J KIA Adv k w
f a,mufu x+y;D aumw,f? ‘ocifa,±_wa,mufyJ =um;zl;w,f?
ckawmh Auy rSm ocifawG rsm;vSygvm;’ vd@k ajymzl;w,f?
28
 _ynf o l h t m%m
1945 tvGef Auy &J@ a&aomufjrpf Auo acgi;f aqmifawGcsn;f yJ? 'gayrJh
Auo udk &efbufv@kd yJ owfrw S =f u
a&aomufjrpfu ‘Auo’ w,f? Auo udk Auy (,l§*s)D vd@k yJ
‘tvkyo f rm;or*~’ ‘awmifol v,f oHo,&S=d uw,f?
orm; or*~’ pwmawG jzpfvmw,f? OD;Eku yg;pyfe@J yJ +crd ;f ajcmuf
ocifygwDu wZmwfodrf;oGm;+yD? w,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f u aoewfe@J +cdr;f 'D w cgrS m vnf ;
azmufjyefomG ;+yD? ajcmufw,f? Adkvfcifarmifav;u
tJ'Dwkef;u Auy vnf; awmh olu, kd w
f ikd f aoewfazmuf+yD;
Auy eJ@ Auo
Oya'wGi;f O/G ygwD jzpfovdk Auo/ +cd r f ; ajcmuf w ,f ? 'gu ‘Auo’ tjrif w l /
tvkyo f rm;v,form;or*~awGvnf; acgif;aqmifa[mif;awG&J@ &efvkyfyHk tawG ; wl /
w&m;0ifawGcsn;f jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh jzpfw,f?
bmrS v#Kd @v#Kd @0u S 0f u
S f vkyaf ep&m rvdk tvkyfwl =uvdrfhr,fvdk@
bl;? Auy &J@ uGezf &ifah wG/ tpnf; 1962 tvGerf S tcktxd ,H k = unf y gw,f ?
ta0;awGrmS Auo ausmif;om;awG
wuf+rJ jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf;
b,fausmif;om;u uGejf rLepfyJ qdk ppf t m%mod r f ; tpd k ; &
wmudk tm;vH;k u od=uwmyJ? Auy acwf r S m vnf ; Auo ud k Auy
&J@ wif;usyw f hJ pnf;rsO;f udk rvdu
k ef m (,l§*s)D vd@k yJ oHo,&Sw d ,f? olw@kd u
Edik af wmhv@kd udo k ef;xGe;f (a'guw f m ‘Auo’ rSm wcgrS rvkyfzl;bl;?
oef;xGe;f ) u ygwu D xGu+f y;D ausmif; oHa,mZOfr&Sb d ;l ? 'ga=umifh aoewf t}uD;tus,fjyefvnfpkpnf;r_}uD;
q&mvkyfw,f? EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmf eJ@ +cdr;f ajcmuf±rkH ubl; aoewfe@J ypf jzpfr,fv@kd Auy u ajrmfjrifygw,f?
oif oGm;zd@k av#mufawmh ynmoif w,f? ypfwmuvnf; aoatmif b,foal wG b,fvv kd yk =f urvJ rajym
a&G;cs,af &;tzG@J u vlac:awG@w,f? csed yf pfwm? tpkvu kd t
f ðyHvukd f ao wwfyg? owif;awGawmh trsm;}uD;
tzG@J OuUÏOD;ausm+f ird ;f u ol@ukd uGejf rL atmif ypfwmyJ? =um;ygw,f? ‘a&G;aumufyJG Oya'’
epf ,l§*sD vkyaf ew,fv@kd oHo,jzpf 'Dvekd @J Auo vnf; ajrv#Kd ; xGuv f m&if &Si;f vmygvrd rhf ,f?
+yD; ar;jref;ppfa=umcJhwmyJ? ar;yHk &+yD? ajrv#Kd ;&wm ESpf (50) eD;ae+yD? 'DwcgrSmvnf; Auy eJ@
ajzyHu k kd ‘igajymcsio h a=umif;’ a&S@rmS vnf; ajrv#Kd ;ae&OD;rSmyJ?
f r# igt Auo tjrifw/l tawG;wl/ tvkyw f l
rSm zwf&w,f? =uvd r f h r ,f v d k @ ,H k = unf y gw,f ?
a&S@wac:ar#m=f unfh csw
D uf&r,fch &D; a0;ygw,f? tcuf
1948 tvGeu f mv tcJawG wif;usrf;jzpfaeygw,f?
Auo eJ@ Auy &yfwnf bmyJjzpfjzpf rdrwd @kd u oEMÏd mef cdik rf m
Auy ygwD u awmxJ csufwlaevdk@ tjrifwl/ tawG;wl/ pGmeJ@ csw D uf&if ausmef if;Edik rf ,fv@kd
a&mufomG ;+yD? Auo u w&m;0if tvkyw f cl =hJ uw,f? a&S@wac: ar#mf ,H=k unfygw,f? 'g[m Auy &J@ ESpf
tzGJ@tpnf;yJ? tm%mydkifawGu =unfh awmh ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ eJ@ (70) jynfh o0%fv$m jzpfygw,f?
‘Auo’ udk r,Hkbl;? OD;Ekup+yD; ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG udp[ P m bDv;l Auo u (73) ESpf yg? r=umrD (75)
OD;ausmf+idrf;/ Adkvfcifarmifav;wdk@ pnf; - vlpnf; cGrJ ,fh pnf;a=umif;vd@k ESpf jynfhygr,f? ydkrdkaumif;rGefwJh
uvnf; Auo udk &efbufvdk@yJ jrifygw,f? wjynfvHk;rSm t}uD; awmufywJh tem*wfqo D @kd csw
D uf
oabmxm;w,f? olw@kd u wcsed u f tus,f uGjJ ym;r_}uD; jzpfr,f? +yD;&if =uygp@kd ?

29
_ynf o l h t m%m
Auy eJh
vlrsdK;pktiftm;pkrsm;
(u)
ordkif;udkzefwD;wm jynfolvlxkyJ
jzpfw,f? 'g[m rmhufpf&J@ tckdif
trmqHk; ordkif;tjrifyJ jzpfw,f?
rmhufpf0g'DawG[m 'Dordkif;tjrif
tay: enf;enf;rS oHo,r&Sdyg?
uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[mvnf; 'Dordik ;f
tjrift& rdrdygwDudk }uH@cdkifatmif
wnfaqmufygw,f? 'Dordkif;tjrif
csdK@wJholawGudkvnf; ygwD0iftjzpf
vufcHavh r&Sdyg? uGefjrLepfygwDudk
ord k i f ; ±k y f 0 g'tjrif t &om wnf
aqmuf&wm jzpfygw,f? uGejf rLepf
ygw0D ifawG[m ordik ;f ±ky0f g'udk vufcH
,H=k unfoal wGom jzpf&ygw,f?
vl@ordkif;rSm yk*~vduydkif
qd k i f w J h p epf ay:vm+yD ; aemuf
vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;oGm;+y;D a&S;OD;bHpk epf
òyuGJoGm;+yD;wJhaemufrSm ,Ofaus;r_
wpwp xG e f ; um;vmcJ h y gw,f ?
30
'ga=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay: ESdyfcHjynfolvlxk}uD;vdk@ qdkygw,f?
wd;k yGm;vmwm[m vlwef;pm; wdu k yf JG tzdEydS cf jH ynfov l x l }k uD;xJrmS vlrsKd ;
eJ@om jzpfay:vmw,fv@kd rmhupf 0f g'D aygi;f pHk yg0ifygw,f? 'ga=umifh tzdEydS f
awGu em;vnfygw,f? 'Dt h jyif vl cHvrl sKd ;aygi;f pHk jynfov l x l }k u;D w&yfv;kH
wef;pm;wdu k yf eJG @J yJ vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm zdEydS rf t_ aygi;f u vGwaf jrmufa&;[m
vlwef;pm;uGJjym;r_udk csKyf+idrf;ap+yD; Auy &J@ t"duwm0efwck jzpfygw,f?
vlwef;pm;rJh vl@avmu}uD;/ ,Of zdEydS rf t
_ aygi;f udk wcsw D nf;
aus;r_ ydrk jkd rifrh m;wJh vl@avmu}u;D udk eJ@ wdu k zf suyf pfz@kd vH;k 0rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ?
vlom;w&yfvHk; a&muf&SdoGm;vdrhf wcsDrSm t"dutusqHk; &efoludkyJ
r,fv@kd rmhupf 0f g'aD wGu ,H=k unfyg a&G;+yD; OD;wnfwu kd &f ygr,f? OD;wnf
w,f? uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m 'Dtjrif &efolu ajymif;Edkifygw,f? t"du
tay: tcdkiftrm&yfwnf+yD; rdrd zdESdyfol[m t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@ jzpfzl;yg
ygwu D kd wnfaqmufygw,f? w,f? *syefzufqpfvnf; jzpfzl;yg
vl w ef ; pm;uG J j ym;aewJ h w,f? aemufvGwfvyfa&;&awmh
vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm tkypf ;dk olvw l ef;pm; tqufqufaom AsL±du k &uft&if;&Sif
'grSr[kwf zdESdyfaoG;pkyftkyfcsKyfwJh vlwef;pm; ud, k pf m;vS,t f pd;k &awG
vlwef;pm;eJ@ tzdESdyfcH aoG;pkyfcH jzpfvmygw,f? (1948) u (1962)
tkyfpdk;cH vlwef;pm;qdk+yD; uGJjym;r_ txd (14) ESpf twGif;rSm t"du
&Syd gw,f? zdEydS cf /H aoG;pkycf /H tkypf ;kd cH &efolu zqyv qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&
vlwef;pm;awGtm;vH;k udak wmh tzd jzpfcJhw,f? zq - qdk&S,ftpdk;&udk

qef@usifwJh vlrsdK;pktiftm;pkawG
tm;vHk;eJ@ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;&zdk@
Auy u óu;pm;cJhygw,f? olwdk@&@J
Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuef @J Auy &J@ Edik if H
a&;&nfreS ;f csuf rwlb;l qdw k mudk odyg
w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'gukd t"durxm;bJ
zqyv qd&k , S v f pftpd;k & qef@usiaf &;
twGuf b,fae&mrSm nD!w G Ef ikd rf vJ
qdkwmudkyJ &SmcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh
vnf; rEWav;bufukd csw D ufvmwJh
KNDO wyfawG jrpfi,fww H m;udk
rjzwfausmfEdkifbJ zqyv qdk&S,f
vpfwyfawGe@J ol@r[mrdwf jynfo@l
&Jabmfwyfz@JG &@J ckcrH u _ kd cHae&vd@k wef@
aecsed rf mS Auy u jywfjywfom;om;
ul n D c J h y gw,f ? 'ga=umif h v nf ;
rEWav;udk odr;f Edik cf w hJ myg? tus,f
csKyfcHae&wJh u&ifppfonfawGudk
olw@kd u,fxw k +f yD; rEWav;u qkwf
oG m ;awmh v nf ; Auy u ul n D
vkdufwmygyJ? olwdk@xlaxmifcsifwJh
‘aumfo;l avwdik ;f jynf’ qdw k hJ oD;jcm;
Edik if x
H al xmifa&;udk Auy u oabm
rwlygb;l ? wdik ;f jynfwpnf;wvH;k wnf;
&Sad &;/ vlrsKd ;wdik ;f wef;wln! D wG af &;
udyk J Auy u vdv k m;ygw,f?
aemuf v nf ; ‘r'w eJ @
Auy yefqef;aqG;aEG;yG’J rSm olw@kd &@J
EdkifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufudk Auy u
oabmrwlayr,fh ppfa&;t& yl;l wG+J y;D
rqv ppfAsL±du k &uftpd;k &udk OD;wnf
wdkufEdkifzdk@ ppfa&;t&yl;aygif;Edkifzdk@
tpGrf;ukefóu;pm;cJhygw,f? olwdk@
uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J e@J oabmwlncD suf
&cJyh gw,f? toHvi$ chf yhJ gw,f? csuf
csif;yJ KNU A[dku tJ'Doabm
wlnDcsufudk wzufowf zsufodrf;
cJw
h ,f? oabmwlncD surf mS vufrw
xdk;cJhwJh olwdk@udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@
udv k nf; ta&;,lygw,f? u|eaf wmf
_ynf o l h t m%m
wd@k pdwrf aumif;jzpf±u kH vG+J yD; bmrS b,fov
l yk v
f yk f rSm;wmcsn;f ygy?J
wH@k jyefa0zefwm/ wdu k cf u kd w
f m rvkyf
bJ aecJyh gw,f? (2) buf oabmwl (c)
pmcsKyfcsKyf+yD;&if wzufowfzsuf
odr;f wm[m apmfum;wmyg? t"du uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m tzd
&efol rqv tpdk;& 0rf;omr,fh ESyd cf v H rl sKd ;aygi;f pHk jynfov l x l t k usKd ;
tvk y f r d k @ u|ef a wmf w d k @ onf ; cH c J h pD;yGm;udk tajccH+yD; rdrdygwD&@J rl0g'
ygw,f ? 1958 td r f a pmif h t pd k ; & vrf;pOfay:vpDawGudk csrSwf&wm
acwfwkef;uvnf; Auy tðywf jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxk&J@ b0udk
wdkufa&;twGuf Adkvfarmifarmif/ trSeu f efq;kH xif[yfEikd w f hJ tcgrmS
Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfatmifa&$wdk@eJ@ uGefjrLepfygwDawG&J@ rl0g'vrf;pOf
}uw d +f y;D KNU u em;vnfr, _ cl w
hJ m ay:vpDawG[m rSeu f ef+yD; vufawG@
od y gw,f ? aemuf a wmh v nf ; uswwfygw,f? vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_}uD;eJ@
udu k ;kd u|e;f jyef u|eaf wmfw@kd &aJ bmfawG wom;wnf; jzpfoGm;avh&Sdygw,f?
jzpf w J h &J a bmf a tmif a 0/ &J a bmf vlxkwdkufyGJudkvnf; taumif;qHk;
^m%f0if;/ &Jabmfwifarmif0if;eJ@ a&S@aqmifEikd yf gw,f? jynfov l x l &k @J
&J a bmf a tmif a bmf w d k @ ud k aoG ; b0udk tvGv J t JG rSm;rSm; xif[yf&if
at;at;eJ@ owfcJhw,f? Auy u ygwD&J@ rl0g'vrf;pOfay:vpDawG[m
}ud w f r S d w f o nf ; nnf ; cH c J h y gw,f ? tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm;jzpf+yD; vlxkb0
(z'drk ef;&SmeJ@awG@awmh 'Dupd t P wGuf wdu k yf eJG @J uif;uGmoGm;wwfygw,f?
Auy u }uw d rf Edik cf rJ & jzpf&a=umif;/ tJ't D cgrsKd ;rSm uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m
&efopl pftyk pf k 0rf;omr,fh tvkyrf @kd epfemqH;k ±H;_ r_e@J ñuaH wG@&ovdk vlx}k u;D
vl o d & S i f = um; rvk y f b J aewmyJ rSmvnf; xdcu kd ef pfemr_awG }uD;rm;
jzpfa=umif;udk ajymvdu k yf gw,f?) wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifh uGefjrLepf
erl e mtjzpf y J KNU eJ @ ygwaD wG[m b,ftcsed /f b,fae&m/
quf q H a &;ud p P u d k tck x k w f a zmf b,ftajctaerSmrqdk vlxk}uD;eJ@
ajymvdkufwm jzpfygw,f? wjcm; wom;wnf;jzpfaeatmif rjywfv;kH
wjcm;aom vlrsKd ;pkrsm;eJ@ qufqaH &; yef;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
rSmvnf; 'DvdkyJ jzpfcJhwmyg? &efol 'gayrJh &efolvlwef;pm;eJ@
ppftyk pf k tóuufjzpfapr,fh udpaP wGr@kd &ifqdkif&mrSm wcgw&HrSm tiftm;
}udwrf w dS of nf;cHcyhJ gw,f? Auy u tcsKd ;tpm;tay: rlwnf+yD; ,m,D
oD;jcm;EdkifiH xlaxmifa&;jzpfjzpf/ ±H;_ edrrhf /_ aemufqw k &f r_/ epfemqH;k ±H;_
cG J x G u f a &;jzpf j zpf b,f [ mud k r S r_awGe@J ñuHawG@&wwfygw,f? &efol
oabmrwlygb;l ? oabmrwla=umif; vlwef;pm;u rdrdtvpftidkufudk
udkvnf; oufqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf; zrf;+yD; vufO;D r_,o l mG ;Edik w
f t hJ cgrsKd ;
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; rSmvnf; ñuaH wG@&avh &Sw d wfygw,f?
ajymjyygw,f? 'gayrJh vlo&d iS =f um; tJ't D cgrsKd ;rSm rdr[ d m vlxek @J wu,f
S f atmf } uD ; [pf u s,f rvk y f c J h y gbl ; ? uif;uGmoGm;&ifawmh wu,fq;kH ±H;_ r_
t"d u &ef o l t óuuf jzpf o G m ;rS m }u;D rm;rSmyg? tu,fI vlxek @J ruif;
pd;k vd@k yg? &efo@l tóuuf vdu k v f yk &f if uGm&if enf;emtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk vlxt k ul
31
_ynf o l h t m%m
tnDeJ@ }uHqEdkif+yD; vufOD;r_jyef& u zrf;awmh Auy uyJ ol@vGwf ‘Auy [m uifqmuvmyfpnf;eJ@
atmif vkyEf ikd yf gw,f? vl@ordik ;f rSm ajrmufa&;twGuf vlxq k ENjyyGv J yk +f y;D wlw,f? enf;enf;uav;uae rsm;rsm;
uGejf rLepfygwaD wG&@J v_y&f mS ;r_ordik ;f vGwaf jrmufatmif vkyaf y;cJw h myg? }uD; yGm;oGm;wwfw,f’ ‘uGejf rLepf
rSm &efov l w l ef;pm;eJ@ tzdEydS cf H vl wjcm; ytd;k 0fawG/ &Sr;f awG/ "EkawG/ wcgjzpfz;l &if woufv;kH uGejf rLepf
wef;pm;awG&@J t=um; bwjyef usm; vD a &S m awG / yavmif a wG e J @ vnf ; jzpfwmyJ’ ‘tck&xm;wJh ppf&yfpaJ &;
wjyefjzpfr_awG[m 'Dvdk ta=umif; tquftpyfu tapm}uD;uwnf; oabmwl n D c suf u d k zsuf c J h & if
tcsufawGa=umifh ay:ayguf&wmyJ u &Sdygw,f? 0awG/ udk;uef@awG/ b,f o l z suf z suf zsuf w J h o l u d k
jzpfygw,f? tcgawGe@J uawmh w±kwjf ynf uGejf rL u|eaf wmfw@kd 0dik ;f +yD;wdu k =f uwmayg’h
1989 rSm Auy [m ta&; epfygwD rdwq f ufay;rSyJ odchJ (quf qdw k phJ um;awG wGiw f iG af jym+yD; odr;f
ed r f h r _ } uD ; eJ @ ñuH & ygw,f ? vl r sd K ;pk pyfc)hJ &wmyg? oGi;f cJw h myJ? 'ga=umifv h nf; ‘tb
tiftm;pkawG cGx J uG =f uw,f? ‘Auy olwdk@wawG cGJxGufawmh Adv
k cf if!eG @f ’ vd@k wcsKd @u ac:=uw,f?
&J@ vlrsKd ;pkay:vpDrmS ;vd@k y’J vd@k wcsKd @u vnf; olw@kd [m Armppftyk pf ek @J =um (aiGawG/ vlawG trsm;}uD; ðzef;wD;+yD;
pGypf yJG gw,f? r[kwyf gb;l ? olw@kd cx JG u
G f =umaygif;vdk@r&bl;qdkwmudk wGuf Auy &J@ ajrwvufr&zd@k vkycf &hJ wJh
wm[m Auy A[d&k @J “ppftpd;k &/ ppf =unf+h yD;om;yg? 'ga=umifyh J olw@kd ukd ppfAdkvfawGu Adkvfcif!Gef@ajczsm;
tkypf /k ppftm%m&Sipf epf” qef@usif &Jabmf (a[mif;) rdwaf qGrsm;vd@k yJ axmufwmudk rke;f =uw,f?)
a&;udk oabmrwl=uvdk@yg? cGx J Guf oabmxm;cJyh gw,f? t}uHay;p&m 'Dy, J if;t+y;D rSm Advk cf if!eG @f
+yD;+yD;csif; e0w eJ@ yl;aygif;oGm;=u &S&d if ay;ygw,f? ay;wJt h }uu H kd vkud f ðywfomG ;awmh olw@kd (ppf&yftzG@J awG)
wmyJ =unhfyg? e0w &J@ ‘vlrsdK;pk vkyrf vkyu f awmh olw@kd oabmyg? wtm;i,f=uw,f? tckawmh BGF
ay:vpD’ u ydkaumif;w,fxifvdk@ 'ga=umifv h nf; óuuf&ifvyk /f róuuf (e,fjcm;apmifhwyf) qdkwJh"m;rdk;wm
olw@kd yl;aygi;f oGm;=uwm r[kwyf gb;l ? &ify,fygv@kd ajym+yD; t}uHay;wmyJ? cH a e&+yD ? Auy uawmh jynf o l
ppfqufwu kd &f rSm ¡txl;ojzifh Edik if H oifwef;uay;wJh Edik if aH &; w&yfv;k H ppfu|eb f 0u vGwaf jrmufa&;
wumhtultnD (w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepf tawG@tñuHxuf ud, k yf ikd v
f ufawG@ twGuq f &kd if b,ftcef;u yg&yg&
ygwD&J@ tultnD) r&bJ ppfquf tawG@tñuHu yd+k yD;tzd;k wefygw,f? ygrSmyg? ppftkyfpkudk qef@usifwm
wdu k &f rSm¢ udk pd;k &drv f @kd yJ jzpfygw,f? olw@kd [m e0w Adv k cf if!eG @f e@J q&kd if rSeo f r#ukd axmufcrH mS yg? ppftyk pf u k kd
olwdk@eJ@ Auy [m 1967 rwdkifrD odyf+yD;&if;ESD;ygw,f? Adkvfcif!Gef@udk yvl;yvJvyk w f mrSeof r#ukd qef@usif
uqd k & if b,f v d k r S tquf t pyf tm;vnf;ud;k ygw,f? rSmyg?
r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? jynfwiG ;f u vlrsKd ;pkawGe@J Adv
k cf if!eG @f uvnf; ‘Auy
urS acwftqufqufrSm tquf udk enf;y&d,m,feJ@ atmifEdkifol (*)
tpyf&cdS w hJ myg? u&ife@J u&ifeeD @J q&kd if }uD;’vd@k ol@u, kd o
f l txifa&muf+yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygw[ D m
*syefacwfuwnf;u qufpyfr_&SdcJh ajczsm;axmufygw,f? 'ga=umifh rmhufpf0g'udk avhvmwJh tpktzGJ@
wmyJ? apmoef;wif (odik ;f oef;wif) vnf; ‘Auy Armqdk&if b,folrS uav;awGu Armjynfjynfov l x l &k @J
udk awmifirl mS t*Fvyd f CAS (B) vufcHrxm;eJ@ armif;xkwfvdkuf’ e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; tHºk uwdu k yf 0JG ifr_
jzpfwhJ 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}kH uD;rSm
yg0ifjzwfoef;vdu k +f y;D wJt
h cgrS arG;zGm;
Auy uawmh oef@pifvmwm jzpfygw,f? Armjynf
jynf o lw&yf
w&yfvHk; ppfu|efb0u uGefjrLepfygwDudk 1300 jynfhta&;
awmf y H k } uD ; u arG ; xk w f v d k u f w m
vGwfajrmufa&; twG u f q d k & if jzpf y gw,f ? Armjynf u G e f j rLepf
b,f t cef ; u yg&yg& ygrS m yg? ygw[ D m pwifay:ayguv f muwnf;
u vlxw k u
kd yf eJG @J b,fwek ;f urS ruif;
32
 _ynf o l h t m%m

uGmcJhyg? 1939 ckESpf =o*kwfv 15

&ufae@rSm v#dK@0SufpGm pwifzGJ@pnf; rsd K ;±d k ; u
&ayr,fh 1300 jynfh vlxw k u kd yf eJG @J aoG ; pk y f o l v l w ef ; pm;u
ruif;uGmcJyh g? zufqpf*syefukd awmf jzpf a ee&if &if v nf ;
vSefzdk@ pnf;±Hk;pOfa&m/ zufqpf*syef
awmfveS af &; qifEp$J OfrmS yg v#Kd @0u S f oludk,fwdkifu
ajratmufygwb D 0eJ@ v_y&f mS ;cJph OfrmS ‘awmf v S e f a &; orm;’
&;orm;’
vlxb k 0/ vlxw k u kd yf eJG @J ruif;uGmcJyh g?
urBmhjynfolvlxk&J@ e,fcsJ@qef@usif
jzpfae&i f
a&;/ zufqpf*syefqef@usiaf &;wku d yf eJG @J
Armjynfov l x l &k @J e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ touf 18 ESpf jynfo h l A[du k kd ‘ygwu D vmyfpnf;’ wckvykd J
zufqpfqef@usiaf &;wdu k yf u
JG kd aygi;f rSeo f r# v_y&f mS ;cJ&h wmyJ? ‘A[d’k rSmuvnf;
qHkrdoGm;atmif óu;yrf;EdkifcJhw,f? udk ygwv D yk if ef;pOfvrf;pOf vufc&H if/ ocifp;kd uvG&J if tm;vH;k u wuUov kd f
'Denf;eJ@ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m ygwv D yk if ef; wufwufºuºu aqmif ausmif;om; Edik if aH &;orm;awGcsn;f
Armjynfoal wGukd aumif;pGmtvkyf &Gu&f if/ qH;k jzwfcsuef @J pnf;urf;vdu k f yJ? &Jabmf*&kd , S u f pnf;±H;k odr;f oGi;f &if
tau|;ðy&if ; urB m h j ynf o l v l x k em&if / ygwD a =u;ay;&if ygwD 0 if b*F g vD y nmwwf jzpf a erS m yJ ?
twGuf wa'giw hf ae&muae tvkyf jzpfEikd w f ,fv@kd yJ owfrw S xf m;ygw,f? udkA[def;/ udkvSaz (Adkvfvusfm)/
tau|;ðycJyh gw,f? vlrsdK;udk tajcrcHygbl;? Armjynf udkatmifqef;wdk@u odrf;oGif;&if
Auy [m vlrsKd ;a&;EGx H u J kd om;vnf;jzpf/ aoG;pkyw f vhJ w
l ef;pm; vnf ; tnmom;ausmif ; om;eJ @
b,fwkef;urS tusrcHygbl;? ygwD vnf; rjzpf&if w±kwf/ ukvm;/ ocifuyJ trsm;pk jzpfaerSmyg? 'g
rxlaxmifcifuwnf;u ukvm;Arm t*Fvyd f b,fojl zpfjzpf vufcyH gw,f? rqef;ygb;l ? ynmwwfjzpf&ifvnf;
t"du±k%f;udk rjzpfoifhwJh udpPvdk@ vlrsdK;pkwdkif;u Armjynfom;awG rdbuawmh wpHk w&m acsmifvnfol
oabmxm;cJyh gw,f? tJ'v D ykd J w±kwf csnf;yg? uGefjrLepfjzpfcsif&if jzpfEdkif (aoG ; pk y f o l ) jzpf a ewwf y gw,f ?
Armt"du±k%f;udkvnf; qef@usif ygw,f/ 'ga=umifh ‘ADZt"du’ wdrf;!ïwfr_
ygw,f? 'ga=umifyh J ygwD pxlaxmif vlwef;pm;udk tao;pdwf trSm; rjzpfatmif a&;xm;&w,f?
pOfu ygwDxJrSm b*FgvD&JabmfawG azmfjyxm;wmuawmh wcsKd @u rdb ‘awmfveS af om yk*Kd~ v’f qdw k m e,fcs@J
trsm;}uD; ygcJhygw,f? w±kwfArm rsdK;±dk;t& aoG;pkyfol jzpfaew,f qef@usio f /l ya'o&mZfqef@usio f /l
ujym;awG trsm;}u;D ygcw hJ ,f? Auy qd&k ifow l @kd vnf; (0ifcsi&f if) 0ifEikd zf @kd AsL±du
k &uf "e&Siq f ef@usio f l (wckck
u vlrsKd ;ADZeJ@ r=unfyh gb;l ? vlwef;pm; ‘tjcm;awmfvSefaomyk*~dKvfrsm;’ awmh) jzpfaerSmyg?
ADZeJ@ =unfhygw,f? ygwD&@J pnf;rsOf; qdkwmudk wrifxnfhxm;ygw,f?
yk'rf (1) rSmqdx k m;wmu rsKd ;±d;k u aoG;pkyo f vl w l ef;pm;u jzpfae (C)
aoG;rpkyfol Armjynf &ifvnf; olu, kd wf ikd uf ‘awmfveS af &; 1989 aemufydkif;rSm ygwD
om; tvkyo f rm;/ v,f orm;’ jzpfae&if 0ifEikd zf @kd yg? wGi;f rSm ±_yaf xG;+yD; qkw, f wk uf sqif;
,m tvkyo f rm;/ qif;&J ygwD pwifxlaxmifpOfu r_awGe@J vH;k axG;aeygw,f? urBmrSm
aomv,form;/ tvwf ygwD0ifjzpfcJholawG trsm;pk}uD;u vnf; ppfat;wdkufyGJumv +yD;qHk;
wef;pm; atmufv $ m "e&S i f a yguf p aomf v nf ; aumif ; / oGm;um tar&duef[m Adv k wf Adv k f
v,form;/ òr@ae qif;&J wdik ;f &if;om;"e&Sif vlwef;pm;rdbu wnf; jzpfvmw,f? qdAk , D uf òyuGJ
om;/ wjcm; awmfveS f qif;oufvmwJh ynmwwfawGyJ oGm;w,f? urBmu h eG jf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_
aom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/ vlrsKd ; jzpfwwfygw,f? aemufqkwf&wJhumv jzpfay:vm
ra&G ; usm;r ra&G ; / ygwD x l a xmif p u ygwD ygw,f? 'Dvu kd mvrSmyJ ArmjynfrmS
33
_ynf o l h t m%m

8 av;vH;k vd@k ac:wJh vlxt k ºkH ur_}uD;
ay:aygufvmw,f? 'Drdkua&pDa&;
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;ygyJ? 'g[m 1300
jynfhta&;awmfyHk tESpf 50 jynfh
ESpfeJ@vnf; wdkufqdkifaeygw,f? 'D
ta&;awmfy}kH u;D rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygw[ D m ud, k t hf wGi;f a=umif;eJ@u,
jzpfaewma=umifh wwyfwtm; yg0if
Edik cf ahJ yr,fh tajctae&J@ awmif;qdrk _
udk rjznfq h nf;Edik af wmhyg? 'ga=umifh
'D t a&;awmf y H k } uD ; &J @ atmif o D ;
atmifyGifhawGudk qufvufwdk;csJ@
xdef;odrf;zdk@ vHk;yef;&wJhumvrSmyJ
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m tajccH
a'otm;vH k ; vuf e uf u d k i f w yf
tm;vH;k qH;k ±H;_ cHvu kd &f ygawmhw,f?
vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ A/S
qif;ol trsm;pk}uD;u vlrsdK;pk
vuf e uf u d k i f tif t m;pk a wG q D
a&mufygw,f? tar&duefukd u,f
wif&iS v f @kd txifrmS ;=uwJh umv}u;D
vnf; jzpfygw,f? ‘uGejf rLepf0g' ed*;kH
csKyf+y’D ‘ordik ;f ed*;kH csKyf+y’D pwJ[ h mawG
acwfpm;ygw,f? Auy ‘usq;kH cef;’
a&;olawG/ ‘Armjynfta&; u|r;f usif
ol’ awGu Auy &J@ ocsKõ if;rSww
pdkufay;ygw,f? Auy qef@usifa&;
av±l;wdu k cf whJ ,f? KNU u ‘awmf
vSefa&; q&m}uD;’ jzpfvmygw,f?
olO;D aqmifwhJ wyfaygi;f pkawG trsm;
}u;D ay:w,f? (xm;ygawmh) tckawmh
tJ ' gawG ord k i f ; jzpf o G m ;+yD ? ppf
tm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;rSm jzwf
vrf; r&Syd gb;l ? a&&Snrf ,f/ ZG&J &dS r,f/
oEMXd mefcikd rf m&r,fqw kd mudk ESpf (20)
vufawG@u jyaeyg+yD? ‘vGwaf jrmuf
a'o’ qdkwmuvnf; yxrawmh tm%mudk ‘xdef;’cJhwmjzpfa=umif;
e,fpyfrmS aemuf wzufa&mufomG ; owdðyoifyh gw,f?
w,f? tckawmh ydkIa0;&mqDodk@ twdwu f zqyv tcsi;f
a&mufomG ;+yD? csi;f / uGejf rLepftcsi;f csi;f udk &efwu kd f
'Dawmh bmjzpfovJ? (wpf) ay;cJ h w mud k rajymawmh y g? tck
,H=k unfcsuf ysuw f ,f? (ESp)f tcsi;f NLD tcsi;f csi;f / 88 rsKd ;quf tcsi;f
kd f csi;f w&m;cH&mS w,f? (oH;k ) ‘ta&; csi;f &efwu kd af y;aeygw,f? KNU udk
awmfyv kH n
S ;f }uD;’ udk awG@u&mvlu (KNU cGx J u G )f DKBA u vufeuf
wufarmif;zd@k vkyv f mw,f? vlrsKd ;pku eJ@ wdkufaeyg+yD? r=umrDrSm BGF
Armudk r,H/k Armu vlrsKd ;pkukd r,Hk vufcHwJh ucsifu BGF pDrHcsuf
jzpfvmw,f? (av;) jynfwGif;u vufrcHwhJ ucsiu f wkd u
kd af tmif &ef
opPmazmufawGu 2008 tajccH wdu k af y;ygvrd rhf ,f? u&ifet D csi;f csi;f /
Oya'udk vufcv H ukd zf @kd aqmf=ow,f? u,ef;tcsif;csif;/ ytdk;0ftcsif;csif;
pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;u *sme,fpm rwdu k rf =d uapzd@k a&Smifoifyh gw,f?
apmifawG xkww f ,f? (ig;) Edik if jH cm; aoG;cGaJ y;wmudk vufcrH w d hJ
om; rke;f wD;a&;/ w±kwu f v
k m; rke;f wD; vlrsdK;pkwdkif; tcsif;csif;wdkuf=u&
a&; av±l ; awG wd k u f v mw,f ? ygvd r f h r ,f ? tJ ' D a xmif a jcmuf x J
(ajcmuf) cgawmfrD Edik if aH &;orm;awG rusa&muf a tmif rd w f a qG r sm;
‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG ar#m=f uw,f? a&Smif&Sm;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ Auy u
'D v d k tajctaerS m ar#mv f ifyh gw,f?
tm;vH;k u awmfveS af &;tay:/ vlrsKd ;pHk Armtcsif ; csif ; / tajccH
jynf o l t ay: opP m &S d = ur,f v d k @ vlwef;pm;tcsif;csif; &efbufjzpf
ar#mfvifhygw,f? pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf atmif vkyw f ehJ nf;uawmh ‘'Dy, J if;
a&;udk t"duxm;/ aoG;uGaJ &;udk z,f enf;’ jzpfygw,f? tckq&kd if ‘'Dy, J if;
&Sm;=uzdk@ vdkygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif enf;’ u wjynfvHk;tESH@ jyef@oGm;
f ikd f pepf qef@usifolwdkif;eJ@ vufwGJ=u cJhyg+yD?
zd@k [m tckacwf&@J t"duawmif;qdk tckaemufqHk; aoG;cGJwJh
csuf jzpfa=umif;yg? enf;wcku BGF rzG@J csi&f if ‘jynfo@l
ppf ’ zG J @ zd k @ ajymwJ h e nf ; jzpf w ,f ?
(i) rdwaf qGrsm;u jiif;y,fvu kd =f uwmudk
od&vd@k cs;D usL;*k%ðf yygw,f?
ppftyk pf k Edik if aH &;tm%m&wm &mpk rdwfaqGrsm;taeeJ@ udk,fh
ESpfw0uf &SdcJhyg+yD? zqyv tcsif; twG i f ; yd k i f ; nD ! G w f a &;eJ @ vl r sd K ;pk
csi;f udk &efwu kd af y;wJeh nf;eJ@ tm%m tcsif ; csif ; nD ! G w f a &;ud k wnf
‘odr;f ’ cJ&h mup+yD; tcktxd olw@kd aqmufEdkif=uvdrhfr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifh
[m tcsi;f csi;f &efwu kd af y;wJeh nf;eJ@yJ ygw,f?

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678

34
 _ynf o l h t m%m

ygwDxrJ mS
wnf&SdaewJh
pnf;±H;k a&;jy\emrsm;
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678

(1) jy\emu }uD;ygw,f? ygw&D @J pnf;±H;k a&; (rl) jzpfwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDA[dck sKyfuikd rf _ (DC) ysujf ym;oGm;+yD;csnehf @J aewm
jzpfv@kd yg? 1989 wke;f u tjzpftysuaf =umifh DC ysujf ym;wm jzpfygw,f? vlrsKd ;pkygw0D ifawGu ‘uGejf rLepftvH’
atmufu ‘vlrsdK;pk trsdK;om;a&;0g'tvH’atmufudk jywfjywfom;om; ul;ajymif;oGm;=uwmom jzpfw,f?
uGejf rLepfygwt D vHukd rvkygb;l ? tJ'v D kd acwfysut f ajctaerSm ygww D iG ;f u ArmvlrsKd ; ygw0D ifwcsKd @u ‘uGejf rLepf
tvH’ udu k ikd +f yD; wpifaxmifz@kd óu;pm;vm=uw,f? (DC) csnehf @J omG ;w,f?
olw@kd u ygwAD [d&k @J acgi;f aqmifru _ kd oabmrawG@ jzpfae=uwm =umyg+yD? ‘cGx J u G af &;awG’ ay:awmh
csuaf umif;&+yDq+kd yD; oD;jcm;ygwD (uGejf rLepfygw)D cGaJ xmif=uw,f? 'gayrJh oufq;kd r&Sn=f ubl;? cGx J u G w f t hJ zG@J awGu
olw@kd ukd vufc+H yD; aeEdik af yr,fh Adv k cf if!eG @f u uGejf rLepfq&kd if b,fo@l rS rxm;eJ@ armif;xkwyf pfvu kd zf @kd !ïe=f um;vd@k
armif;xkwyf pfvu kd =f uw,f? 'Dvekd @J olw@kd wawG Zmwfacgi;f uG+J yD; vufeufcsomG ;=uw,f? ‘uGejf rLepf’ b0uae+yD;
‘vpfb&,f'rD u kd &uf’ b0udk ajymif;oGm;=uw,f?
ae0if;a=umifh qd&k , S vf pftrnfcH ygwaD wGvnf; tm;vH;k uG,af ysmufuek yf g+yD? uGejf rLepftvHxx l m;wm
Auy yJ &Syd gawmhw,f?

(2) 'gayrJh (DC) udk ajAmifcsKd ;azmufomG ;olawG aysmufomG ;ayr,fh ygwx D rJ mS (DC) uawmh csnehf @J use&f pfygw,f?
'Dvkd jzpf&wmrSm ta=umif; (2) ck &Sw d ,fv@kd oH;k oyfygw,f?
yxrta=umif;u ygwDudk A/S ygwu D U/G ygwDodk@ csufcsif;ul;ajymif;vdkuf&wm jzpfw,f?
pdraf jyeajy tcsed , f +l y;D ul;ajymif;&wm r[kwb f ;l ? ygwAD [dek @J uif;uGm+y;D z±dzk &JjzpfomG ;wJh ygw0D ifawG
wdik ;f jynftES@H jyef@usu J se&f pfcw hJ ,f? olw@kd u A[dak cgi;f aqmifre_ @J tqufjywfomG ;=uw,f? A[du k kd
vnf; t,Ht k =unfro hJ mG ;=uw,f? wcsKd @u u±k%ma'gaomeJ@ tjypfwif=uw,f? A[du k vnf;
b,fob l ,fa&mufaew,f rodygb;l ? olw@kd u qufo, G vf mrSyJ odw,f? A[db k ,frmS &Svd qJ wkd mudk
vnf; ygw0D iftrsm;pku rodb;l ? Auy A[drk &Sad wmhb;l qdw k mudv
k nf; jynfwiG ;f jynfyrSm a&;=u
ajym=uw,f? jynfwiG ;f U/G (4828) uvnf; &efo@l vufukd tm;vH;k avmuf usuek w f ,f? 'gbmrS
rqef;bl;? cGx J uG af wG oHawmfO;D wifv@kd cif!eG @f u tm;vH;k avmuf odae+yD? vufeufcsomG ;wJh
35
_ynf o l h t m%m
‘xd@k a=umifh Tod@k ’ tpk&@J tppfccH sut f & tajccHa'ou ta=umif;vnf; cif!eG @f oad e+yD?
ygw0D ifwcsKd @uykd J A[du
k pDrcH ef@cEJG ikd w
f m jzpfomG ;w,f?
'kw, d ta=umif;u ArmjynfEikd if aH &;rSm vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDvi_d ;f vH;k }uD; ±duk cf wfvmwm jzpfw,f?
ygwAD [du k kd t,Ht k =unfro hJ mG ;wJh ygw0D ifawGu ‘vpfb&,f0g'’ usio hf ;kH vm=uw,f? &Jabmf
armfpw D ek ;f u w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwx D rJ mS vpfb&,f0g'o¿mef (11) rsKd ;udk azmfjycJzh ;l w,f? (1937
rSma&;wJh vpfb&,f0g'qef@usi=f u) olu (11) rsKd ; tjyif wjcm;trsKd ;tpm;awGvnf; &Sad o;ayr,fh
t"duuawmh (11) rsKd ;yJv@kd qdw k ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwx D rJ mS ay:wJh vpfb&,f0g'eJ@ rwlb;l ? Auy
xJu vpfb&,fu wrsKd ;wzHk jzpfw,f?

(3) Auy xJu vpfb&,f0g'rSm t"dutm;jzifh o¿mef (2) rsKd ; &Syd gw,f? wjcm;o¿mefawG&adS yr,fh razmfjy
awmhyg?ta&;w}uD; ajz&Si;f &r,fu h pd aP wG r[kwv f @kd yg? ta&;w}uD;ajz&Si;f rSjzpfr,fh (2) rsKd ;udyk J tckaqmif;yg;rSm
wifjyygr,f?
yxrtrsKd ;tpm;? 1990 eJ@ aemufyikd ;f umvawGrmS ArmjynfEikd if aH &;twGuf }uD;us,w f hJ ta&;tcif;}uD;awG
ay:ygw,f? wjynfv;kH vuQ%maqmifwjhJ y\emrsm; tqufrjywfay:ygw,f? tck 2009 ckEpS t f xdvnf; ay:aeqJyg?
aemif ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG umveJ@ tJ'u D mvtvGerf mS vnf; tqufrjywfay:aeOD;rSmyg?
tJ'v D kd wjynfv;kH vuQ%maqmifwhJ jy\em}u;D awGukd b,fvakd y:vpDe@J vky[ f efe@J Auy u csO;f uyf&rvJ
qdwk mudk A[du k om qH;k jzwfEikd yf gw,f? A[du k aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwfxw k jf yef&ygw,f? 'ga=umifyh J tcsed rf D wygwv D ;kH udk
od&adS p&ef A[d&k @J tmabmfukd xkwjf yefEikd w f hJ ‘ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o dS w l OD;’ udk xm;&Syd gw,f? tcsed rf v D nf; xkwjf yefaeygw,f?
wcgw&HrmS tus,w f 0ifh A[d&k @J oabmxm;udk wifjyzd@k v&kd if taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;&J@ tpD&ifcpH m xkwyf gw,f?
wjynfv;kH vuQ%maqmifwhJ jy\emeJ@ ay:vpDukd wjcm;ygw0D ifrsm;u xkwjf yefciG rhf &Syd gb;l ? 'gukd ygwD
pnf;rsO;f rsm;&J@ yk'rf (24) rSm &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDvnf;&Sd A[dck sKyu f ikd rf v
_ nf;&Sw d hJ vkyef nf;udk
a&;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? wygwv D ;kH avhvmoifyh gw,f?
1989 umvysu}f uD;wke;f uawmh A[dek @J uif;uGmaewJh ygw0D ifawG rsm;ygw,f? 'Dvjkd y\em}uD;awGukd
vGwv f w G v f yfvyfyJ tmabmfxw k jf yefwmawG &Syd gw,f? Edik if aH &;tajymif;tvJawGuvnf; odyjf refqefwmqdak wmh
tmabmfukd tcsed rf D ay;Edik zf @kd vdyk gw,f? 'ga=umifh vGwv f w G v f yfvyf ay;=uygw,f? A[dck sKyfuikd rf r_ &Sb d J ay;=uawmh
olwrsKd ;ud, k w f zHk jzpfuek yf gw,f? tJ'v D ekd @J ygw0D ifawG[m rdru d , kd u f kd A[dðk y+yD; pOf;pm;awG;ac:wwf vkyu f ikd wf wf
jzpfvm=uygw,f? 'g[m vpfb&,f0g' vky[ f efygy?J wcsKd @uqd&k if taxGaxGvyk if ef;pOf vrf;pOfuakd wmif rdrw d OD;wnf;
oabmeJ@ a&;om;jzef@a0wm &Scd yhJ gw,f?
A[dek @J uif;uGmaecsed rf mS vkycf w hJ mawGjzpfv@kd cGiv hf w $ &f rSmygy?J 'gayrJh 'Dvyk [ f efu tusi}hf uD; jzpfvm+yD;
qufvyk af e=uwm &Syd gw,f? 'guakd wmh cGirhf v$wEf ikd af wmhyg?
ygwAD [du k kd wifjyEdik w
f v hJ rf;vnf; &Sw d ,f? 'gayrJh rwifjybJ wud, k af wmf tmabmfvi$ ahf ewm[m oabm±d;k
r[kwyf gb;l ? DC udk wrifcsKd ;azmufaewmvd@k owfrw S &f rSmyg? 'Duo kd ed ;f az (jrif)h vkyef nf;udk cGiðhf yxm;&if wae@rmS
ygwu D kd tEW&m,fay;vmygvrd rhf ,f? udo k ed ;f az (jrif)h [m ygww D iG ;f 'Dru kd a&pDukd tjynft h 0usio hf ;kH cGi&hf cJyh gw,f?
rdrwd ud, k af wmf oabmxm;eJ@vrf;pOfukd tjyifrmS xkwjf yefv@kd ta&;,lccH &hJ wm jzpfw,f? uGv J w
JG hJ oabmxm;eJ@
vrf;pOf&v dS @kd ta&;,lc&H wm r[kwyf gb;l ?
ocifp;kd u ajAmifcx JG u G w f ,f? udo k ed ;f az (jrif)h u ajAmifcrJG xGub f J uGv J w JG hJ oabmxm;vrf;pOfukd tjyifo@kd
wrifxw k jf yefwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvyk ef nf;udk ygwu D onf;cHae&if ygwyD surf mS yJ? tpktzG@J uav;awGukd pkpnf;+yD;
(1939) wke;f u ygwaD xmifc&hJ wmyJ? touf}uD;rS tpktzG@J uav;awGay:&if ygwyD surf mS yJ?
'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;? wud, k af wmf vpfb&,f0g' vGwv f wG v f yfvyfusio hf ;kH Edik zf @kd wrifwum ygweD @J a&&Snu f if;uGm
atmifaewm jzpfw,f? ygw0D ifwOD;[m cdik v f w kH hJ ta=umif;tcsurf &Sb d J ygweD @J (6) vausmf uif;uGmae&if tvdk
36
 _ynf o l h t m%m

tavsmuf EkwfxGuf+yD;jzpfw,fvdk@ jynfwiG ;f ppftpu ygw0D ifawG Ekwf ygwv D v kd m;ol tjzpfyJ ae=uw,f?
oabmxm;&r,fqw kd mudk yk'rf (13) xGuo f mG ;=uwm renf;ygb;l ? olw@kd ukd tJ'DvdkyJ woufvHk; aeoGm;olawG
rSm a&;xm;ygw,f? ygwpD nf;urf;eJ@ rudik Ef ikd yf gb;l ? wlcsif wyH}k uD;yJ? wcsKd @usawmh ygwx D J vH;k 0
qEN&&dS if ajrmuf0if±;kd pGe;f rSm wJt h cg wlr,f? uGcJ siw f t hJ cg uGrJ ,f? r0ifb;l ? 'gayrJh aoonftxd ygwD
aeae tckacwfrSm A[dkeJ@ tquf olwdk@ vGwfvyfygw,f? &efol@vl vdv k m;oltjzpf aeoGm;wmyJ?
rjywfEikd yf gb;l ? wrifuif;uGmaecsif jzpfroGm;or# ygwu D bmrSajymrSm ‘vd k v m;ol ’ awG [ m
vd@k om vpfb&,f0g' vkycf siv f @kd om r[kwyf gb;l ? vGwv f w G v f yfvyfawG;w,f/ a&;w,f/
rqufoG,fbJ aewmyg? olwdk@udk ygwDzGJ@pnf;xm;wmudku ajymw,f? 'guvnf; raumif;wm
Ekwx f u G cf ikd ;f &rSmyg? rEkwx f u G vf nf; tawG ; wl / tjrif w l / ajcvS r f ; wl r[kwb f ;l ? ygwx D u J &Jabmf rjrifEikd f
pm&if;u y,fzsu&f awmhrmS yJ? wyf olawGukd wnDw!Gww f nf; pkpnf; wmudk olw@kd jrifEikd w f ,f? 'gukd ygwu D
ysuef @J awmfveS af &;vkyv f @kd r&vd@k yg? Edkifzdk@yJ? wnDw!Gwfwnf; wdkufyGJ ‘a0zefa&;vkyfwm’ vdk@yJ oabm
a&S@rSm =urf;wrf;cufcJwJh 0ifz@kd y?J ) xm;&vdrrhf ,f?
c&D;udk ygwu D vSr;f &awmhrmS aocsm ‘vdv k m;olrsm;’ jy\em? ñuHwkef;rSm ajymp&mwck
ygw,f? wcsdK@u NLD r&Sd&if wdk@ rmhufpf0g'udk vdkvm;ol/ &Sw
d ,f? (1966 - 1975) umvydik ;f u
‘wwd,vdkif;orm;awG’ wGifus,f Auy udk vdv k m;olq+kd yD; (2) rsKd ; &Syd g ygwu D ðzwfxw k o f wfa&m*g ief;zrf;
awmhr,fv@kd xifa,mifrmS ;=uw,f? w,f? rmhupf 0f g'udk vdv k m;olrmS vnf; aewke;f u ygwv D v kd m;olawGukd xd;k
olwdk@tygt0if wjynfvHk; ppfu|ef olw@kd óuufwt hJ ydik ;f yJ uGu+f y;D vdv k m; ESuw f u kd cf u kd af 0zefwmudk vufvw G f
jzpfrmS udk olw@kd rod=uygb;l ? wm &Sdw,f? rmhufpf0g'&J@ tpdwf py,f vky=f uwm &Sw d ,f? 'gu rqef;
'ga=umifyh J ygwu D DC udk tydik ;f }u;D (3) ckrmS (1) ckyv J v kd m;wm/ ygb;l ? ygwAD [du k , kd w f ikd u
f ygwx D uJ
}uH @ cd k i f a tmif vk y f & ygawmh r ,f ? (2) ckvv kd m;wmvnf; &Srd mS yg? (3) ydik ;f acgi;f aqmifawGukd okwo f ifaecsed yf ?J
tawG;wl ajcvSrf;wl wnDwnf; pvH;k udk vufcOH ;D awmh t"dym` ,fziG hf ‘rd;k óurkew f ikd ;f ’ qdw k hJ pmtkyu f av;
vSr;f Edik =f urS ygww D nfwrhH ,f? ygwD wmuvnf; trsdK;rsdK;&SdrSmyg? tJ'D [m ief;zrf;wke;f u ay:wmyJ? ta&S@
cdik +f rrJ ,f? &efwumudk &ifqikd Ef ikd rf ,f? vd k y gyJ Auy ud k v nf ; vd k v m;yH k ajrmufA[dXk mecGu J r&Jw&JyJ wm;qD;
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd vpf trsKd ;rsKd ; &Sad ewmyJ? Auy &J@ vkyif ef; cJ h & wmyg? bma=umif h v J q d k a wmh
b&,f0g'eJ@ wdu k zf suv f @kd r&bl;qdw k m pOf/ vrf;pOfukd vdv k m;OD;awmh vky[ f ef &efuek f U/G vkyif ef;udk A[dXk mecsKyf
&Si;f aeyg+yD? rvdv k m;wmrsKd ;vnf; &Scd si&f rdS mS yg? uyJ ud k i f a evd k @ yg? rEW a v; U/G
(ñuHvdk@ ajymp&mwck? rmhufpf0g' uG e f j rLepf y gwD 0 if w d k i f ; ud k a wmh ta&S @ ajrmuf X mecG J u
vdv k m;ol ygwyD u rmhupf 0f g'aD wGu rmhupf 0f g'aD wGjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh rmhupf f udkifwmjzpfvdk@ &J&JyJ 'grsdK;rvkyfeJ@/
olw@kd oabmxm;eJ@ tjrifukd vGwf 0g'w D ikd ;f uGejf rLepfrjzpfEikd b f ;l ? DC vky&f ifrmS ;w,fv@kd !ïe=f um;Edik w f myJ?
vGwv f yfvyf ajym=ua&;=uygw,f? udkemcH&if yk*~vduvGwfvyfcGifhudk ygwDu vrf;pOfrSm;ae&if
'g[m jy\emr[kwyf gb;l ? DC u wif;jynfu h syjf ynfh roH;k Edik b f ;l ? A[du k kd ygwjD yifyu trSm;udk óu+yD;jrifwwf
ygwD 0 if a wG t wG u f o m &S d w myg? emcH&w,f? trsm;pk&@J q;kH jzwfcsuu f kd ygw,f? 2 ESpt f wGi;f ppfEikd af &; rSm;ae
'ga=umifyh J ygwv D v kd m;olwa,muf vdu k ef m&w,f? wOD;csi;f vGwv f w G f wma&m/ ‘zxo’ rSm;aewma&m
rmhupf 0f g'udk pGe@f y,fomG ;&if ygwu D vyfvyf a&;r,f/ ajymr,fqw kd hJ qEN jyifyu yk*~dKvfawGu óu+yD;jrifcJh=u
‘opPmazmuf’ vd@k rowfrw S yf gb;l ? &So
d [ l m uGejf rLepfygwu D 0kd ifv@kd rjzpf w,f? olwdk@u vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
ol u ygwD e J @ wl c sif w l E d k i f w ,f ? ygb;l ? *syefacwfrmS zufqpfqef@usif awG;/ vGwv f w G v f yfvyfa&;Edik =f uvd@k y?J
cGcJ sicf EJG ikd yf gw,f? a&;vrf;pOfuókd uufv@kd ygwx D J 0ifvm 'ga=umif h y gwD y rS m vd k v m;ol a wG
ygwD 0 if x m;ol u awmh olawG renf;ygb;l ? 'gayrJh zufqpf rsm;rsm; &Sw d mudk óuqd&k r,f? vdv k m;ol
ud, k o hf u d mQ ud, k af v;pm;&if Ekwx f u G f awmfveS af &;+y;D awmh tawmfrsm;rsm; awG&@J toHukd em;pGi&hf r,f?
&rSmyg? *syefawmfvSefa&;+yD;cgpeJ@ ygwu D Ekwx f u G =f uw,f? ygwyD rSm
37
_ynf o l h t m%m
[dkwkef;u vkyf[efawGudk
jyif&r,f? [dw
k ek ;f u ygw[
D m ‘rmhupf f
0g'tm%mydkif w&m;ol}uD;’ vdk
usifhcJhw,f? vkyfvnf; vkyfcJhw,f?
tJ'g rSm;w,f? jyif&ygr,f?
(4) DC ysufjym;apwJh ta=umif;
w&m; (2) ck?
DC ud k ysuf j ym;apwJ h
ta=umif;udk atmufajcuom vkyf
Edkifwm r[kwfbl;? A[dku ygwD0if
tcG i f h t a&; (6) csuf u d k azmuf
zsuf&if A[dku DC udk csdK;azmuf
wmyJ? DC udk ysujf ym;apwmyJ?
ygwAD [du k kd tcGit
hf m%m
awG trsm;}uD ; ay;xm;wmyJ ?
ygwDwckvHk; A[dkudk emcH&r,fvdk@
awmif a&;xm;wmyg? ygw0D ifawGukd
tcGifhta&; ('Drdkua&pD) ray;bJ
A[dkcsKyfudkifr_udkcsnf;vkyf&if ygwD
A[dkudk tmcHwmawG rkcsjzpfrSmyJ?
rif;rJh0g' ay:rSmyJ? vpfb&,f0g'
ay:rSmyJ? wm;r&ygb;l ?
ygwAD [du k vrf;pOftrSm;
usL;vGefrd&if ed*Hk;csKyfcsufvkyf+yD;
wygwv D ;kH udk wifjy&r,f? a0zefru
cH&r,f? ‘2 ESpftwGif; ppfEdkifa&;’
trSm;usL;vGefwkef;u A[dku ‘ed*Hk;
csKyfcsu’f rvkycf w hJ m[m }uD;av;wJh
trS m ;yJ ? tJ ' D u mvuwnf ; u
ygww D iG ;f rSm tpktzG@J awG ay:cJw h myg?
DC p+yD;ysuw f m tJ'u D mvu pyg
w,f?
'Drdkua&pD tajccHay:rSm
rwnfaqmufwJh A[dkcsKyfudkifr_[m
AsL±dkua&pD0g'yJ? A[dkcsKyfudkifr_udk
wzufowfusio hf ;kH &if atmufajcrSm
vpfb&,f0g'/ rif;rJ0h g' ay:rSmyJ?
A[du k tcsed rf eS t f pD&ifcpH m
wif&r,f? A[du k bmawG;aew,f/
38
bmvkyfaew,f/ b,fvdktpDtpOf rjzpfEikd af wmhygb;l ? 'gayrJh 'Dru
kd a&pD
&Sw
d ,fqw kd mudk wifjyaerS atmuf tajccHukd zGiahf y;vd@k &ygw,f? b,f
ajcu a0zefEikd rf ,f? t}uaH y;Edik rf ,f? tcgrqdk b,ftajctaerSmrqdk &yg
ðyjyifp&m&d&S if tcsed rf D ðyjyifEikd rf ,f? w,f? atmufajcu 'Drdkua&pDudk
A[du k ‘ewfrsupf ’d &xm;wm r[kwf usifhoHk;+yD; ppfwrf;awG (yk*~vdu
bl ; ? rS m ;Ed k i f w ,f ? rS m ;aewmud k wifjycsuaf wG) a&;wifcyhJ gw,f? DC
atmufajcu jrifvG,fw,f? 'Drdk &J@ abmifxJujzpfvdk@&Sd&if jy\em
ua&pDay;xm;rS A[du k kd &J&wJ ifjy=u r&Syd gb;l ? wcsKd @uawmh vufeufcs+yD;
rSmyJ? &efolqD ppfwrf;a&;wifjyygw,f?
A[dkudk emcHa&;yJajym+yD; 'guawmh DC udk csdK;azmufwm
'Dru kd a&pDray;&if ud, k ahf jcaxmufukd omru opPmazmufwmyg? ‘csr;f at;
ud, k ±f ukd cf sKd ;wmyJ jzpfr,f? 2 ESpf ppf w rf ; ’ - wif j r&J @ ‘bH k b 0’
twGi;f ppfEikd af &;umvu v,fa0; ‘atmifol - pde0f if; roH;k vH;k ppfwrf;’
òr@ord ;f wdu k yf JG t}udr}f udrw f u kd w f ,f? wd@k [m opPmazmufwmyg?
t}udrf}udrf emcJhw,f? aemufqHk; csrf ; at;/ wif j rwd k @ &J @
v,fa0;òr@wdkufyGJ wdkufcdkif;awmh pmwrf ; awG u d k &ef o l u tus,f
wyf&if;rª;wa,mufu 'DwdkufyGJrSm tjyef@jzef@ay;ygw,f? ‘atmifol -
olrkcsusqHk;rSmyJ? usnfqef r&SdwJh pde0f if;ppfwrf;’ udak wmh jzef@ray;yg
wyfukd 0g;vSpH yG x f ;kd wku d yf JG olO;D pD;&r,f? bl;? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh olwdk@
olusq;kH &if ol@trd u f kd ay;vdu k zf @kd q+kd y;D róuuf w J h pmyd k ' f a wG ygaevd k @ yg?
qif+rD;vufpGyfuav;c|wf+yD; ay;cJh pmtkypf mwrf; xkwaf 0wm rvkyaf y
zl;w,f? olusq;kH ygw,f? ol@qENjznfh r,fh Auy txufArmjynfe@J eD;pyfwhJ
ay;cJ&h ygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,frSmawmh vufodyfxdk;
txufArmjynfrSmawmh jzef@ygw,f? &efou l xd;k ppfqifvm+y;D
wHwm;OD;eJ@EmG ;xd;k }uD;udk t}udr}f udrf xdk;ppf ppfa=umif;udk OD;pD;vmwJh
_ kd wduk cf ikd ;f w,f? ppfa&;vrf;pOf rSm;ae+yD ppfAv kd u f Auy &Sr;f jynfe,faumfrwD
qdw k mudk A[du k tajymrcHb;l ? awGqDudkay;zdk@ pmtdwftvHkydwf+yD;
'g[m A[du k DC udk csKd ; &Gmol}uD;wOD;qDrSm xm;cJhygw,f?
azmufwm&J@ om"uwckyJ jzpfw,f? b,folb,f0gudkawG@&if ay;vdkuf
1954 avmufup+yD; ygwD ygq+kd y;D xm;cJyh gw,f? tJ'D ‘atmifol
rSm uGe*f &uf/ uGezf &ifh rac:Edik cf b hJ ;l ? - pdef0if; ppfwrf;’ rSmu A[dk&J@
udpPr&Sdygbl;? tajctaeray;&if vrf;pOfrmS ;vd@k olw@kd u wwdik ;f vH;k udk
rac:bJ aeEdik w f ,f? 'gayrJh 'Dru kd a&pD !ïe=f um;+y;D vufeufcswm jzpfw,f?
udk us,u f s,zf iG ahf y;xm;&rSmyg? A/ ygwD u ol w d k @ ud k ta&;,l r S m yJ ?
S umvrSm us,fjyef@wnf+idrfwJh wwd,uGef*&ufus&if t,lcHr,f
tajccHa'o&Srd S uGe*f &uf§uGezf &ifh qdkwJh pmydk'fygaew,f? Auy eJ@
ac:Edik rf mS yJ? em;vnfEikd yf gw,f? “2 oHa,mZOf rjywfwyhJ pkH H jzpfaew,f?
ESpt f wGi;f ppfEikd af &;” +yD;uwnf;u (wwd,uGe*f &uf (1985) rSm usi;f y
ygwrD mS wnf+idrw f thJ ajccHa'o r&Sd cgeD;rSm atmifol - pdef0if;wdk@udk
awmhygb;l ? uGe*f &uf§uGezf &ifah c:zd@k t,lcH=uOD;rvm;? t,lcHpmwrf;

wifEdkifw,fvdk@ ta=umif;=um;cJh
w,f? pde0f if;u olrmS ;ygw,f? aorSm
a=umufv@kd vufeufcswmyg? typf
ay;wmud k t,l r cH a wmh y gbl ; vd k @
ta=umif;jyefvmw,f?)
‘ygwDwGif;awmfvSefa&;’
vd@k ac:wJh (ðzwfxw k of wf) uawmh
A[du k , kd wf ikd uf tod&&dS edS @J 'Dru
udak &m/ A[dck sKyfuikd rf u _ ykd g csKd ;azmuf
ypfvdkufwmyJ? w±kwfygwD&J@ tul
tnD&vd@k ta&S@ajrmufa'oudk xl
axmifxm;Edik v f u kd v f @kd om wygwv
ausysuf r oG m ;wm jzpf y gw,f ?
(tJ'DudpP aqmif;yg;owfowf a&;
xm;ygw,f ? ) A[d k u DC csd K ;
azmuf&if ydk+yD;txdemavh&Sdw,f?
wygwv D ;kH udk xdcu kd vf @kd yg?
'kwd,ta=umif;w&m;u atmuf
ajcu csKd ;azmufwmyJ? atmufajcu
csdK;azmuf&if }udwf0dkif;eJ@ pw,f?
tpkuav;awG jzpfvmw,f? =um&if
‘roH;k vH;k ’ vdk *d% k ;f wck jzpfvmwwf
ygw,f? tpkuav;jzpfjzpf/ *dk%f;
jzpfjzpf A/S umvrSmawmh vufeuf
cswmeJ@ ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;avh &Sdygw,f?
pifòyifA[dk xlaxmifEdkifwJh tajc
tae r&Syd gb;l ?
atmufajcu csKd ;azmufwhJ
tjzpftysufawGuawmh rsm;vSyg
w,f? ygwAD [du k vrf;pOfrmS ;ae&if
rsm;rsm;ay:ygw,f? a'otvdkufyJ
ay:Edik yf gw,f? =um=umvnf; rcHyg
u|efawmfwdk@ A[dkvnf; 'DvdkygyJ? jynfwGif;rSmyJ aZmufcs+yD;
awmfvSefa&;udk a&S@aqmifoGm;wm jzpfygw,f? 'DtpOftvmudk
+rJ+rJ+rH+rHxdef;odrf;=u&ygr,f?
_ynf o l h t m%m
bl;? A/S umvrSmjzpfv@kd &efou l ygwD&J@ ESpf ‘70’ c&D;rSm
odr;f oGi;f wm cH=u&ygw,f? A[dkacgif;aqmifr_ pOfqufrjywfcJh
1989 &J@ 'Dbufyikd ;f U/G wm[m ‘Auy’ &J@ tm;omcsuf jzpf
umvrSmawmh 88§ vGef EdkifiHa&; ygw,f? A/S ysuaf yr,fh ygwyD suf
tcif;tusi;f a=umifh DC csKd ;azmuf roG m ;wm 'ga=umif h y gyJ ? 'D t pOf
wJh tpktzG@J uav;awG[m a&&Sn&f yf tvmudk xde;f odr;f =u&ygr,f?
wnfEikd af cs &Syd gw,f? A/S umvvdk 2010 vGeu f mv Armjynf
kd a&pD jywfom;wJh &ef§ig pnf; a=umif; Edik if aH &; tcif;tusi;f twGuf óuwif
r&Sv d @kd yg? Edik if jH cm;a&muf twdu k t
f cH jyifqif=u&ygr,f? tawG;tac:t&
awGuvnf; rsm;vd@k yg? ppfat;acwf jyifwma&m/ pnf;±H;k a&;t&jyifwmyg
Edik if wH umhtajctae r[kww f mu vkyf=u&ygr,f? U/G ygwDtjzpf
D ;kH vnf; ta=umif;wa=umif; jzpfw,f a&&Sn&f yfwnfae&r,ft h vm;tvm
vdk@ xifygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;awG twGuf jyifxm;ovd/k A/S ygwt D jzpf
A[dak wGuvnf; rsm;vSygw,f? IT ul;ajymif;zd@k vnf; jyifxm;&ygr,f? A/
acwfvnf;jzpfvdk@ b,favmufyJ S ygwDjzpf&if acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@u
vlenf;ygap toHus,fus,fawmh EkysKd ae&ygr,f? (zufqpfawmfveS af &;
ay;Edik yf gw,f? uGeyf sLwmwvH;k &S+d yD; A/S wk e f ; u acgif ; aqmif a wG u
tifwmeufquf xm;Edik &f if tmabmf touf 20 ywf0ef;usiaf wGyg? PDR
zefwD;Edkifygw,f? ppfat;vGefEdkifiH jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS af &; A/S
wumh tcif;tusif;vnf; jzpfjyef/ vkyw f ek ;f uvnf; touft}u;D qH;k u
ppftpd;k &uvnf; txD;useq f ;kH tpd;k & (30) ywf0ef;usiyf ?J ) tdrk if;rpGr;f ol
jzpfaevd@k urBmrh 'D , D mawGu Armjynf awG acgi;f aqmifv@kd r&ygb;l ?
ta&; pdw0f ifpm;=uygw,f? =umvm
awmh ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;u ‘rD'D,m (6) jynf w G i f ; a&;ud k a Zmif ; ay; -
Edik if aH &;’ vdk jzpfaeygw,f? jynfwiG ;f rSmaZmufcs
'Dvt kd ajctaersKd ;rSm A[dk
±k&SawmfvSefa&;jzpfawmh
ua&m/ atmufajcuyg 'Drdkua&pD vDeif jynfwiG ;f udk jzpfwehJ nf;eJ@ jyef0if
A[dck sKyfuikd rf u _ kd xde;f odr;f =uzd@k ta&;
ygw,f ? w±kwfawmfvSefa&;rSm
}u;D ygw,f? armfpDwkef; jynfyudk rxGufygbl;?
u|efawmfwdk@ A[dkvnf; 'DvdkygyJ?
(5) ygwD&J@ A[dkacgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@ jynfwiG ;f rSmyJ aZmufcs+yD; awmfveS f
pOfqufrjywfa&;? a&;udk a&S@aqmifomG ;wm jzpfygw,f?
'DtpOftvmudk +rJ+rJ+rH+rHxdef;odrf;
=u&ygr,f? ?
39
_ynf o l h t m%m
'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr+
(ygwD 0 if r sm;od k @ wd k u f ± d k u f w if j ycsuf )
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
ygwD&J@touf ESpf (70) jynfhcJh+yD?
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;avmurSm 'Dvdk
oufwrf;&SnfwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsdK;
r&Scd zJh ;l bl;? ygw[ D m (3) ESpf eD;yg;yJ
w&m;0ifygwDtjzpfeJ@ Oya'wGif;rSm
aecJ h & zl ; w,f ? (67) ES p f u awmh
vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG (A/S) wdu k af e
wJh ygwDb0eJ@ ajratmuf (U/G)
ygwb D 0eJ@yJ &yfwnfc&hJ wm jzpfw,f?
'D v d k & yf w nf E d k i f w m[m ygwD r S m
wduswJh vkyfief;pOf&Sdvdk@/ wduswJh
pnf;rsO;f Oya'&Sv d @kd yJ jzpfw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygw[ D m
ArmjynfrSm ay:aygufvmcJhwhJ EdkifiH
a&;ygwDtajrmuftjrm;xJu EdkifiH
a&;ygww D ckyJ jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ol@&@J
xl;jcm;csufuawmh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;
pm;&J@ wyfOD;tcef;uygwJh EdkifiHa&;
ygwDwck jzpfwm&,f/ rmhufpf0g'/
vDeif0g'/ armfpw D ek ;f tawG;tac:udk
vrf;!ïeo f abmw&m;tjzpfc, H ul m
Armjynf v uf a wG @ rS m taumif
txnfazmfwm&,f/ tJ'Dtaumif
txnfazmfrt _ & taxGaxG vkyif ef;
pOf u d k csrS w f E d k i f w m&,f / ygwD
40
taqmufttHu k kd tckid t
f rmzG@J pnf;
wnfaqmuf+yD; vkyfief;vnfywf
v_yf&Sm;apEdkifwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkudk
csrSwfEdkifwm&,f/ vdktyfwJhay:vpD
t&yf&yfukd tajctaeeJ@tnD csrw S f
Edik w f m&,f pwmawGyJ jzpfygw,f?
'Dvxkd ;l jcm;wJh Edik if aH &;ygwD
jzpf w ma=umif h Armjynf E d k i f i H a &;
avmu/ urBmhEdkifiHa&;avmurSm
c&D;=urf;trsdK;rsdK; rkefwdkif;tzHkzHk/
tcuftcJtoG,foG,fudk &ifqdkif
awG@ñucH pH m; ausmjf zwfc&D;ESiEf ikd w f myJ
jzpfygw,f? 'DurBmhEdkifiHa&;avmu/
ArmhEikd if aH &;avmu yifv,f}uD;rSm
ul;cwf&if; epfðryfaysmufu, G o f mG ;wJh
Edik if aH &;ygwtD rsm;tjym; ArmjynfrmS
&Syd gw,f? wcsKd @ w'*FyaJ y:+yD; aysmuf
uG , f o G m ;ygw,f ? wcsd K @Ed k i f i H a &;
tm%m&ygwD jzpf&muae ESpf
q,ftcsdK@rSmyJ aysmufuG,foGm;cJh
ygw,f? 'gayrJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygw[ D m pwifxal xmifwhJ 1939 ckEpS f
=o*kwv f 15 &ufae@up+yD; uae@
txd tm%m&ygwDtjzpf wcgrS
&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;cGirhf &Sad yr,fh Edik if aH &;
avmuxJrmS ta&;ygwhJ tcef;u¾
uae ,ae@txd yg0ifaeEdik yf gw,f?
tem*wf u d k ,H k = unf r _ t jynf h e J @
c&D;ESiaf eqJ jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepf
ygw[ D m +idr;f csr;f om,m+yD; ajcarG;
rD;ravmif vufarG;rD;ravmifwJh
tajctaeeJ@ zGH@xGm;&SifoefcJh&wm
r[kwfyg? jyif;xef=urf;wrf;vSwJh
wd k u f y G J t oG , f o G , f u d k qif E $ J & if ;
&S i f o ef v m&wJ h y gwD jzpf y gw,f ?
aovkarsmyg;tajctaersdK;eJ@vnf;
&ifqdkifcJh&ygw,f? qHk;±_H;r_trsdK;rsdK;/
xdcdkfufepfemr_toG,foG,fudkvnf;
ñuHawG@c&hJ wJyh gwD jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m aysmuf
ysuf roGm;cJhyg? ta=umif;uawmh
ygwDrSm jynfolvlxktusdK;pD;yGm;
uvG+J yD; ygw&D @J oD;jcm;tusKd ;pD;yGm;
bmrSr&Sb d ;l vd@k ,H=k unfwhJ ygw0D ifawG/
jynfov l x l o k m ordik ;f zefw;D ol jzpf
w,fv@kd jynfou l kd tºuif;rJh ,H=k unf
wJh ygw0D ifawGe@J zG@J pnf;xm;wJyh gwD
jzpfv@kd y?J 'Dvkd ygw0D ifawGu rsKd ;quf
wquf+yD;wquf vufqifhurf;
 _ynf o l h t m%m
wma=umif h ygwD [ m t+rJ w rf ; &ifqikd &f wJh tcgrmS ygw[ D m epfem oabmaygufatmifvkyf&rSm jzpfyg
vef;qef;wufºuaewm jzpfygw,f? qH k ; ±H _ ; r_ }uD ; rm;wwf y gw,f ? w,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m
ygwD [ m epf e mqH k ; ±H _ ; r_ } uD ; awG e J @ 'DtjzpftysufrsdK; ygwD[m trsm; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ zGJ@pnf;
&ifqdkif&+yD; tiftm;ao;ñuH@oGm; tjym; ñuHc&hJ zl;w,f? odomxif&mS ; tkycf sKyfyt kH & ygw0D if&aJ bmfrsm;eJ@ zG@J
onfjzpfap/ aovkarsmyg;tajctae +yD; tvGe}f uD;rm;wJh epfemqH;k ±H;_ r_ukd pnf;wnfaqmufxm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;
rSmjzpfap/ atmifyaJG wGe@J tiftm;}u;D ajym&ifawmh 1946 ckESpfrSm ygwD taqmufttHkwck jzpfygw,f? 'g
xGm;aewJt h ajctaerSmjzpfap ol@&@J uGJwm/ 1967 ckESpfrSm ygwDwGif; a=umifh ygwzD @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyykH g pnf;
vef;qef;wufºuwJh ygww D iG ;f b0udk awmfvSefa&;qdk+yD;vkyfwm/ 1989 rsOf;pnf;urf;awGudk ygwD0ifwdkif;u
xde;f odr;f Edik yf gw,f? ykefuefr_jzpfwmawG[m todom vdu k ef musio hf ;kH vkyaf qmif&rSm jzpfyg
ygwDrSm b,ftajctae txif&mS ;qH;k ygy?J w,f? tJ'grS ygw[ D m ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;
rSmrqdk &efoel @J &ifqikd &f wJw h u kd yf eJG @J 'Dv}kd uD;rm;wJh emusirf e_ @J rS }uD;xGm;}uH@cikd rf mS yJ jzpfygw,f? ygwD
ygwDwGif;wdkufyGJqdkwJh wdkufyGJawGeJ@ &&Sw d o hJ ifcef;pmudk vuf&ydS gw0D ifawG 0if w d k i f ; om ygwD & J @ zG J @ pnf ; yH k t &
rjywfñuaH wG@&ygw,f? 'Dvw kd u fkd yf aJG wG [m wefz;kd xm;wwf&rSm jzpfygw,f? vdu k ef musio hf ;kH wm rvky&f if ygw[ D m
[m vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;r_ &Sad ewJh vl@ tJ'guawmh ygwD&J@ 'Drdkua&pDA[dk csKyf+idr;f ysupf ;D oGm;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
tzG@J tpnf;/ vlwef;pm;wdu k yf &JG adS ewJh csKyu f ikd rf a_ tmufrmS vef;qef;wufºu ygwD0if[m zdESdyfaoG;pkyfcH
vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm rvGrJ aoG &ifqikd f wJh ygww D iG ;f b0udk zefw;D =uzd@k yJ jzpf vlwef;pm;xJuvmol/ awmfvSef
&wJh wdkufyGJyJ jzpfygw,f? &efol ygw,f? ygww D iG ;f wduk yf u
JG kd 'Dru kd a&pD aom yk*~dKvfrsm;xJuvmol jzpf&
vlwef;pm;eJ@ &ifqdkif&wJh wdkufyGrJ Sm A[dkcsKyfudkfifr_t& ,Hk=unfr_tjynfh ygr,f? ygw&D @J taxGaxGvyk if ef;pOfe@J
uawmh &efigpnf;jcm;+yD; wdkuf&wJh t0eJ@ wdkufyGJqif&if wu,fwef; zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf pkH nf;rsO;f rsm;udk vufcH
wdu k yf jJG zpf+yD; ygww D iG ;f wdu k yf u JG awmh vef;qef;wufºuwJh ygww D iG ;f b0udk oljzpf&ygr,f? ygwD&J@ tzGJ@tpnf;
ygwDzGJ@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;yg pnf;rsOf;/ &&Srd mS rvGyJ g? 'Dvkd vef;qef;wufºuwJh wckcrk mS yg0if+yD; ygwv D yk if ef;rsm;udk
pnf;urf; oabmxm;awGt& wdu k yf JG ygwD 0 if [ m (au'gjzpf a p/ au'g wufwufºuºu aqmif&u G o f l jzpf&
qif&wm jzpfygw,f? wcGe;f xJajym& r[kwo f l jzpfap) ygw&D @J ay;tyfwhJ r,f? ygwq D ;kH jzwfcsurf sm;eJ@ pnf;urf;
&if ygwDwGif;wdkufyGJ[m ygwD&J@'Drdk wm0efukd OD;vnfrokex f rf;zd@k toifh rsm;udk vdkufemaqmif&Guf&r,f?
ua&pDeJ@ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_qdkwJhrludk t+rJ & S d w ,f ? ygwD t vk y f u d k v nf ; ygwaD =u;rsm;udk ay;aqmifol jzpf&
+rJ+rJqyk u f ikd +f yD; wdu k yf q JG if&wm jzpfyg t+rJvyk af eavh&w dS ,f? ygwt D wGuf ygw,f? ygwDudk wOD;csif;0ifa&muf
w,f? tJ'grS ygwDwGif; vef;qef; toufpGef@zdk@vnf; toifh&Sdwwf jcif; rlt& ygwx D J 0ifa&mufvmol
wufºuwJb h 0udk &&SEd ikd rf mS jzpfygw,f? ygw,f? tJh'Dvdk ygwDwGif;wdkfufyGJudk jzpf&ygr,f? touf 18 ESpf jynf+h y;D ol
ygww D iG ;f wdu k yf uJG kd rSew f rf;usatmif rSewf rf;usatmif vkyw f wfuikd w f wf jzpf&ygr,f?
rqifEEJ$ ikd w f t hJ cgrmS ygweD pfemqH;k ±H;_ r_ &if ygwDwGif;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk 'Dvkd t&nftcsi;f &Sw d hJ ygwD
}uD;rm;wwfwm/ aovkarsmyg; b0 wnfaqmuf+y;D om; jzpfomG ;rSmjzpf+y;D 0ifwa,muf[m wm0efowW&m; (9)
txd a&mufoGm;wm ñuHawG@&yg yGifhvif;wJh/ ±dk;om;wJh/ wufºuwJh/ csuu f kd rysurf uGuf vkyaf qmif&ovdk
w,f? ygww D iG ;f wdu k yf u JG kd rSew f rf;us pmemaxmuf x m;wJ h / &if ; ES D ; wJ h / ygw0D ifwa,muf&@J tcGit hf a&; (6)
atmif rqifEEJ$ ikd w f t hJ cg vlxu k ygwD cspcf ifav;pm;wJh &Jabmfpw d "f mwfukd csuf u d k v nf ; tjynf h t 0usif h o H k ;
tay: pdwyf suo f mG ;wwfygw,f? 'Dvkd rvGrJ aoG&&S=d urSm jzpfygw,f? &ygr,f?
tajctaersKd ;rSm &efo&l @J jyif;xefwhJ ygww D iG ;f wdu
k yf u JG kd rSew f rf; ygw0D ifawG[m (au'gjzpf
xd;k ESucf suu f kd rwH@k jyefEikd w f myJjzpfjzpf/ usatmif vkyfwwfzdk@/ 'Drdkua&pD ap/ au'gr[kwfoljzpfap) rdrd&J@
&efoludk jyif;jyif;xefxefxdk;ESufzdk@ A[dck sKyfuikd rf u _ kd em;vnfz@kd / &Jabmf wm0ef0wW&m; (9) csuef @J tcGit hf a&;
tcGit hf vrf;vufvw G o f mG ;wmrsKd ;yJ pdwf"mwfarG;zdk@qdk&if ygwDqdkwm (6) csuu f kd vdu k ef musi}hf uv H yk af qmif
jzpf j zpf pwJ h t ajctaersd K ;awG e J @ bmvJ qdw k mup+y;D &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; &mrSm ygw&D @J 'rD u kd a&pDA[dck sKyfuikd rf _
41
_ynf o l h t m%m

pepfukd twdtusvu kd ef m&ygr,f? 'Drkd jyef+yD; rvdrrf nmbJ rdrb d mom &J&J A[dck sKyu f ikd rf p_ epfukd t,Ht k =unf r&Sd
ua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkfifr_pepfudk ygwD jyefa0zefwwfwt hJ avh csKd @wo hJ [ l m awmhwmjzpf+y;D t&m&mudk oHo,eJ@
zGJ@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;xJrSm tcsuf (8) olwyg;udk a0zefa&;ay;wJhtcgrSm csOf ; uyf w mawG jzpf u k e f y gw,f ?
csuef @J &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f? 'Dtcsuf (8) oabmxm;rrSefwmawG jzpfwwf tJ'DvdkeJ@yJ trSm;oHo&mxJ w0J
csufudk wu,fwrf; oabmayguf avh &Sdygw,f? tJ'Dvdk jzpfvm&if vnfvnfe@J jzpf+yD; t&m&mudk tqd;k
atmifvyk +f y;D tajctaeeJ@tnD usihf rdrdbmom pdwfusOf;usyfzdpD;r_udk jrifbufu csOf;uyf=unfhjrifavh
oH;k wwfz@kd ta&;}uD;ygw,f? jyefcpH m;&avh &Syd gw,f? tqifrajyr_ &Syd gw,f?
ygwD 0 if w d k i f ; [m ygwD & J @ awGe@J yJ vH;k csmvnfae+yD; vef;qef; wu,f a wmh ygwD [ m
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;yg tcsuf wufºuwJh ygww D iG ;f b0udk vufvw G f omreftajctaersKd ;&,fv@kd jzwfoef;
awGudk tajctaeeJ@tnD usifhoHk; qHk;±H_;oGm;wwfygw,f? ygwDwGif; cGifh wcgrS r&SdcJhwm&,f/ zGJ@pnf;yHk
wwfz@kdqw kd m[m wDxiG zf efw;D wwfwhJ wdkufyGJudk rSefwrf;usatmif rvkyf pnf;rsO;f yg yk'rf wckcsi;f &J@ vkyyf ikd cf iG hf
pGrf;&nf&SdrS &ygw,f? wDxGifzefwD; aqmifEdkifbJ aemufqHk;ygwDuae awG&J@ tjyeftvSefqufpyf tjyef
wwfwphJ rG ;f &nf&&Szd @kd qdw k m[mvnf; uif;uGmoGm;avh &Syd gw,f? tvSefwGef;uef+yD; waygif;wnf;
tajrmf t jrif & S d r S jzpf j yef y gw,f ? ygwD & J @ 'D r d k u a&pD A [d k zGJ@pnf;xm;r_awGudk rjrifwwfwm
tJ'gawG &&Szd @kd q&kd ifvnf; avhvma&; csKyfuikd rf p_ epfukd em;rvnf/ usio hf ;kH awGa=umifh tJ'v D kd rSm;,Gi;f wJh wzuf
udk enf;rSefvrf;rSefeJ@ pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf &mrSmvnf; rSeu f efpmG oabmayguf owfuswJh tjrifawG jzpfay:wmyJ
vkyu f ikd &f jyefw,f? em;vnfzdk@ vdkygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD jzpf w ,f ? vuf & S d t ajctaerS m
uGefjrLepfygwD0ifawG[m A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepfyg tcsufawGudk ygw[ D m acgi;f aqmifr_ tzG@J tpnf;udk
avhvma&;udk pl;pl;pdu k pf u kd v f nf;rvky/f tao=unfh+yD; wzufowfuspGm yk'fr (33) t& vkyfaqmifzGJ@pnf;
enf;rSefvrf;rSef pepfuswJh avhvm em;vnfae&ifvnf; trSm;usL;vGezf @kd xm;&wm jzpfw,f? aemifvmr,fh
a&;rsKd ;udk rvky&f if tajrmftjrifenf; 0efrav;wwfyg? ArmjynfueG jf rLepf pwkwˆuGef*&ufrSm twnfðywm/
yg;+y;D wDxiG zf efw;D r_&pdS mG tvkyrf vkyf ygwo D ufwrf;[m ESpaf ygi;f (70) &S+d yD y,fzsuw f m vkyyf gvrd rhf ,f? tJ'v D kd
wwf w ma=umif h ygwD z G J @ pnf ; yH k jzpf w ,f ? 'D E S p f (70) twG i f ; rS m vkyfaqmifwm[m zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
pnf ; rsOf ; yg ud p P & yf r sm;ud k yH k a o uGe*f &ufukd 3 }urd yf J usi;f yEdik yf gw,f? Oya't& tajccHrludk vufawG@
oabmeJ@ =unfjh rifem;vnfwwfwm/ pwifz@JG pnf;wJh 1939 ckEpS rf mS w}udr/f tajctaerSm wDxGifr_&Sd&Sd usifhoHk;
wvG J w acsmf r S m ;,G i f ; pG m od j rif 1945 ckEpS rf mS w}urd ef @J 1985 ckepS rf mS vdu k w f myJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dvrkd S rvkyf
em;vnfwm ponfjzifh jzpfoGm; w}urd pf wJh oH;k }urd yf J jzpfw,f? zG@J pnf; aqmif&if ygwDrSm acgif;aqmifr_
wwf y gw,f ? tJ ' gqd k & if ygwD yHkpnf;rsOf;xJrSmawmh omreftajc rsKd ;quf jywfomG ;rSmjzpf+yD; ud, k yhf gwD
pnf;urf;awGukd csKd ;azmufrv d suo f m; taerSm uGef*&ufudk 5 ESpfw}udrf udk,fjyefzsufqD;wmyJ jzpfoGm;yg
jzpf o G m ;wwf y gw,f ? tJ ' D v d k ac:qd&k r,fv@kd qdx k m;ygw,f? 'Dvkd vdrrhf ,f?
jzpfomG ;wJt h cgrmS rdru d , kd u f kd a0zef uGe*f &ufukd yHrk eS rf ac:Edifk w f ma=umifh 'Dvkd wzufowfrmS ;,Gi;f pGm
a&;eJ@ a0zefa&;ukd &J&v J yk w f wfz@kd vdyk g ygww D iG ;f rSm 'Dru kd a&pDusio hf ;kH r_[m em;vnfodjrifwm[m ±dk;om;wJh
w,f? tJ'v D kd rSerf eS uf efuefvyk Ef ikd rf S tm;enf;w,f/ 'grrS [kwf r&So d avmuf tajccHoabmxm;eJ@ =unfhjrifwm
trSm;jrifciG hf trSm;jyifciG q hf wkd m[m jzpfw,fv@kd em;vnfomG ;&if 'Dojd rif qd k & if omref r S m ;,G i f ; r_ y J j zpf + yD ;
tJ't D rSm;usL;vGeo f t l wGuf toH;k em;vnfrr_ sKd ;[m wzufowfuswm/ ðyjyifz@kd vnf; vG,u f yl gw,f? tJ'gu
0if tusdK;&Sdygvdrfhr,f? rdrdudk,fudk rSm;,Gi;f wmyJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'u D ae+y;D ygwD&J@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;udk
a0zefa&;udk &J&Jvkyfzdk@qdkwm[m 'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepfqdkwm txyfxyfjyefzwf+yD; bma=umifh
trsm;ol i ga&S @ rS m ud k , f h u d k , f u d k jynf0h wJ'h rD u kd a&pD r&&Sb d ;l vd@k xyfrH tJ'v D kd vky&f w,fqw kd mudk qifjcif
jyef+yD;a0zef 0efcsawmif;yefa&;vkyzf @kd em;vnfomG ;jyefw,f? tJ'u D rSwqifh vdu k &f if tvG,w f ulyJ tjrif&iS ;f oGm;
ajymwmr[kwfyg? rdrdudk,fudk rdrd wufoGm;wmu ygwD&J@ 'Drdkua&pD +y;D vef;qef;wufºuwJh ygww D iG ;f b0
42
 _ynf o l h t m%m
udk &&So d mG ;rSmygy?J r±d;k om;wJh tajccH awG@tvkyu f akd wmh ygwu D csrw S w f hJ (jrifh) yg aemufqHk;awmh ae0if;&J@
oabmxm;eJ@ =unfhjrifoluawmh vrf;pOfay:vpDawGudkyJ taumif (rqv) vrf;pOfukd tvkyt f au|;ðy
ol@udk,fol &J&Jjyefa0zefwmvkyfzdk@ txnfazmf&r,f? tJ'v D kd taumif ol a wG jzpf o G m ;ygw,f ? 'g[m
0efav;aerSma=umifh tJ'v D kd ygw0D if txnfazmf&mrSm atmifjrifr_awG ‘oHr%dpnf;rsO;f ’ udk ‘vuf0’J buf
&JabmfrsdK;[m qkwf,kwfysufpD;wJh &&Swd ,fq&kd if ygw&D @J vrf;pOf ay:vpD u csKd ;azmufonfjzpfap/ ‘vuf,m’
bufuykd J OD;wnfomG ;rSm jzpfygw,f? awG rSefw,f? rdrdtjrif rSm;w,f? bufu csKd ;azmufonfjzpfap aemuf
aemufrSm;,Gif;wwfwm ratmifjrif&if ygw&D @J vrf;pOfay:vpD qH;k Zmwford ;f u wae&mrSmoGm;+yD;
wrsdK;uawmh rdrd&J@ ygwDeJ@rwlwJh awG rSm;,Gif;+yD; rdrdwifjycsufawG aygif;pnf;rdoGm;wwfw,fqdkwmudk
tjrifoabmxm;udk wifjy&mrSm rSeu
f efw,fv@kd yq J +kd yD; vufawG@jzwf jyygw,f?
vufrcHy,fcswm cH&ygrsm;vmwJh oef;+y;D rS trSm;trSeu f kd qH;k jzwf&r,f? ygwD t "d u wm0ef c H
tcgrmS ygwrD mS 'Dru kd a&pDr&Sb d ;l vd@k tJ ' D v d k vk y f a qmif & if ygwD w G i f ; acgi;f aqmifwOD;[m rdrdwifjycsuf
,lqvmwmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd ,lq wdkufyGJ[m rSefwrf;us+yD; vef;qef; awGudk olwOD;wnf;oabmeJ@ qHk;
wwfoal wGrmS jzpfwwfwmuawmh wufºuwJh ygwDwGif;b0udk &rSmyJ jzwf+y;D y,fcsw,fv@kd em;vnfoal wG
rdrt d ,ltqudk wifjywmeJ@ wòyif jzpfygw,f? [m rSm;,Gif;r_wrsdK;yJ? ,ae@ ajr
euf ygwu D csrw S x f m;wJh ay:vpDudk ygw&D @J ordik ;f rSm }uD;rm;wJh atmufygwDtjzpfeJ@ v_yf&Sm;&wJh
y,fzsu+f yD; olwifjywJh t,ltqudk oifcef;pm}uD; (2) ck &&Sdzl;w,f? umvrSm yHrk eS t f ajctaevdk tpnf;
ay:vpDtjzpf csrw S af y;rSom ygwrD mS taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;a[mif; (2) ta0;ac:!SdEd_if; pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfwm
'Dru kd a&pD wu,f&w dS ,fv@kd xifol a,muf&@J ‘ygww D iG ;f vrf;pOfwu kd yf ’JG b,fvdkrS r&SdEdkifyg? 'gayrJh ygwD&J@
awG jzpfw,f? tJ'v D x kd ifoal wG[m twGi;f rSm rSm;,Gi;f wJh vkyaf qmifr}_ u;D t"duwm0efc[ H m wjcm;ygw0D ifawG
trsm;tm;jzifh t"duwm0ef,&l wJh (2) ck jzpfz;l ygw,f? &J@ oabmxm;awGuv kd nf; awmif;cH
vl[m qHk;jzwfcsufawGudk ol@wOD; yxrwcgu ocif p d k ; yg? wm t+rJ v k y f a ewm jzpf y gw,f ?
wnf; oabmeJ@vkyfwm/ !ïef=um; trsm;pk&J@ qHk;jzwfcsufudk remcHbJ 'ga=umif h ud k , f h w if j ycsuf a wG u d k
wmvdk@ ol,lqaevdk@yJ jzpfygw,f? pifòyifygwD (tvHeDygwD) axmifwJh wjcm;&JabmfawG&@J wifjycsuaf wGe@J
tJ'Dvdk vlawG[mvnf; vef;qef; txd vkyfoGm;ygw,f? Zmwfodrf; !‡Ed i_d ;f +yD;rS ud, k t hf ,ltqudk vufcH
wufºuwJh ygwDwGif;b0udk qHk;±H_; raumif;yg? wm y,fcswm vkyw f ,fv@kd em;vnf
wwfavh &Sdygw,f? tcsdK@uvnf; 'kw, d wcgu ocifoed ;f az ,Hk=unfxm;&ygr,f? tJ'ga=umifh
ud, k t hf ,ltqudk pum;Edik v f k jiif;ckH (jrifh) yg? ol@udk trsm;pku ygwD ygwDt"duwm0efcH&J@ jyef=um;csuf
yGJrSm tEdkif&a&; oabmavmufeJ@ uGezf &ifrh mS ‘pifòyifvrf;pOf’ wifjycGihf awG[m trsm;pkoabmxm; t+rjJ zpf
yGq
J al tmifvyk w f wf=uygw,f? rdr&d @J ðycJyh gw,f? uGezf &ifu h vufrcHb;l ? +yD; udk,fh&J@wifjycsuf ty,fcH&&if
rwlwJhtjrifudk xdef;odrf;xm;cGifh 'Dawmh emrnf0u S ef @J ygwyD owif;pm uk, d tfh ,ltq[m tenf;pk jzpfv@kd yJ
qdkwmudk tJ'Dvdk wvGJem;vnf=u rSm aqmif;yg;a&;ygw,f? 'g[m ygwD vd@k em;vnfvufc&H vdrrhf ,f? tJ'v D kd
jyefw,f? pnf;rsO;f udk csKd ;azmufrj_ zpfv@kd ol@ukd em;vnfvufcw H wfw,fq&kd if yk*Kd~ vf
wu,f a wmh ygwD & J @ ta&;,l&wJhtxd jzpfoGm;ygw,f? pG J / *d k % f ; *%pd w f tmCmwpwJ h
vrf;pOfay:vpDawG csrw S +f yD;+yDq&kd if oluawmh ocifp;kd vdk uGejf rLepfygwD wzufowfuswhJ tjrifawGukd ausmf
rdrdoabmwlw,f rwlbl;/ b,f oD;jcm;axmifwmtxd rvkyfygbl;? v$m;oGm;Edkifygvdrfhr,f? ygwDwGif;
tcsuu f kd jyifoifw h ,f/ rjyifoifb h ;l ol@vrf;pOfukd vufawG@vyk zf @kd ‘ygw’D wdu k yf uJG kd Ed;k Ed;k =um;=um; wufwuf
ponfjzifh ygweD @J rwlwhJ xifjrifcsuf awmh axmifygw,f? ol@vrf;pOfudk ºuºu vef;vef;qef;qef;eJ@ rSefrSef
&Sd&if yGifhyGifhvif;vif; jynfhjynfhpHkpHke@J ol@pdwfóuuf vkyf=unfhawmhvnf; uefuef qifEo J$ mG ;Edik yf gvrd rhf ,f?
jyefwifjyEdkifw,f? rdrdt,ltqudk ratmifjrifygbl;? vuf&SdtajctaerSm ajr
qkyu f ikd x
f m;cGi&hf wdS ,f? 'gayrJh vuf ocifp;kd a&m/ ocifoed ;f az atmufygwDjzpfwma=umifh quf
43
_ynf o l h t m%m
oG,fa&;pepf[m a'gifvdkufpepfe@J yJ oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? axmifxaJ &muf ygw,f?
oGm;rSmjzpfw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f aewJh ygw0D ifrmS yifv#if ygwt D vkyf od@k aomf ygw0D ifwa,muf
a&;rª; &SdwJhae&m[m ygwDA[dkXme &SEd ikd wf mygy?J vkyw f wf&if b,fae&m [m (ygw0D if au'gjzpf/ au'gr[kwf
csKyfyjJ zpf+yD; A[dXk mecsKyfe@J qufo, G f a&mufa&muf vkypf &m &Sad erSmyg? ol ygwD0ifjzpfap) ygwD&J@ zGJ@pnf;
wmrSm A[dkXmecsKyfuay;wJh vrf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0if tkyfcsKyfyHkpnf;rsOf;yg ygwD0ifwOD;&J@
a=umif;t&yJ qufo, G &f ygr,f? vHðk cH tm;vHk;[m ygwDzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkyg &Sd&r,fh EdkifiHa&;a&csdef awmif;qdk
a&;pnf;urf;awGukd wif;wif;usyu f syf tcsuaf wGukd vufawG@ae@pOf vkyif ef; csuaf wG/ ygw0D if0wW&m;awG/ ygw0D if
vdu k ef m&ygr,f? 'Dvv kd yk af qmifwm eJ@ qufpyf+y;D usio hf ;kH &rSm jzpfygw,f? tcGit hf a&;awGukd vufawG@usio hf ;kH
rSmvnf; oHo,pdwf/ tmCmw/ 'Dz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyykH g tcsuaf wGxu J wmrSm tjrifr=unfvifwm/ ±_yaf xG;
rme/ t!dK‡ ;taw;pdwaf wG uif;&Si;f &Edik w f w hJ ckcu k kd taumiftxnfazmf vmwmawG jzpfvm&if rdrdudk,fudk
+yD; ,H=k unfpw d t f jynfeh @J vkyaf qmif aqmif&Gufaew,fqdk&ifawmif 'D a0zefa&;eJ@ a0zefa&;udv k nf; rSerf eS f
Edkif&r,f? vkyfaqmifwwf&ygr,f? ygwD 0 if [ m rarh r avsmh Ed k ; Ed k ; uefuef rusio hf ;kH wwfwm jzpfvm
tJ'v D rkd S vkyif ef;vnfywfr_ tqifajy =um;=um;&SdwJh ygwD0if jzpfaerSm wwfygw,f? tJ'Dvdkjzpfvm&if 'Drdk
acsmarmapygvdrfhr,f? aocsmygw,f? 'DzGJ@pnf;yHkyg tcsuf ua&pDcsKyfudkifr_qdkwmudk rSefrSef
ygw0D ifwOD;[m b,fae&m awGuk d vuf&ad S y:vpDawGe@J ,SOaf vhvm uefuef em;rvnfEdkifawmhyg? 'Drdk
rSma&mufaeae ygwD&J@tvkyf &Sdae vdu k &f if ygw0D ifwikd ;f rSm ae@pOfe@J tr# ua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepfudk t,Hk
&ygr,f? ygw&D @J xw k jf yefa=unmcsuf tvkyu f , fkd pf &D adS erSm jzpfw,f? rdr&d @J t=unfuif;rJv h mwJt h cgrmS usO;f usyf
jzpfjzpf/ Edik if aH &;tpD&ifcpH m xGuv f m rSm;,Gi;f wJt h jrifawGuv kd nf; awG@&+dS y;D r_ a0'em cHpm;vm&ygw,f? tJ'D
wmyJjzpfjzpf tJ'rD mS ygw&D @J tvkyaf wG tcsed rf D ðyjyifEikd rf mS jzpfw,f? rdr&d @J tcgrmS ol@&@J vw G v f yfr[ _ m ygwjD yify
t+rJygvmavh &Syd gw,f? tJ'v D kd pm rSeu f efwhJ tm;omcsuaf wGuv kd nf; udk xGu+f yD; ajymqdv k yk u f ikd w
f mom
apmifawG/ ay:vpDawG/ a=unmcsuf wqifw h ;kd yGm;apEdik yf gvrd rhf ,f? jzpfw,fvdk@ xifvmwwfygw,f?
awG/ Edik if aH &;tpD&ifcpH mawG xGuv f m ygwD0ifwdkif;om tJ'Dvdk ygwDudkjyef+yD; &efawG@wwfygw,f?
+yDq&kd if ygw0D ifwOD;[m ygwzD @JG pnf; Ed;k =um;wufºupGm vkyaf qmif=ur,f ygwDwGif;wdkufyGJudk uarmufur
tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;rSmygwJh ygwD0if qdk&if ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m jzpfatmif vkyfwwfygw,f? wdkwdk
wOD;&J@ wm0ef0wW&m;eJ@ tcGit hf a&; *d k % f ; *%pd w f / yk * ~ d K vf p G J / qEN p G J / ajym&&if w mh ygwD x J r S m ae&wm
awGrSmygwJh tcsufawG/ 'Drdkua&pD tmCmwpdwpf wJh rSm;,Gi;f wJh tawG; rvGwfvyfbl;/ rdrdwifjycsufwGudk
A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepfyg tcsufawGeJ@yg tac:vkyf[efawGudk rSefwrf;uswJh ta&;w,l*±kwpdu k v f yk w f m rcH&bl;/
,SOw f aJG vhvm+y;D rdrv d ufawG@b0rSm ygwDwGif;wdkufyGJeJ@ ausmfeif;Edkif+yD; tESrd cf &H w,f qdw k mrsKd ;awG jzpfwwf
bmud k v k y f E d k f i f o vJ q d k w m pl ; prf ; pnf;vH;k nD!w G w f hJ }uH@cikd af wmifwh if; ygw,f? wOD;csif;xif&mpkdif;cGifhudk
avhvmr,fq&kd if ae@pOfb0rSm ygw&D @J wJh/ EkdifiHa&;tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;wJh/ ygwx D rJ mS b,fvrkd S &Edik rf mS r[kwyf g?
tvkyw f ckcu k kd vkyaf eEdik w f m jzpfyg EdkifiHa&;tuif;yg;wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwD 'DvdkjzpfvmolawGtwGuf ygwDu
vdrrhf ,f? tJ'v D kd tywfwukwf pl;prf; w&yf jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? ygw0D ifwikd ;f rSm vnf ; vrf ; zG i f h a y;xm;ygw,f ?
avhvmvkyfudkif&rSef; rodol[m/ vef;qef;wufºuwJh EdkifiHa&;b0udk ygwDuae at;at;omom vrf;cGJ
rvkyw f wfo[ l m b,fawmhrmS vnf; cHpm;&&Syd gvrd rhf ,f? oGm;/ xGucf mG oGm;Edik yf gw,f? ygwrD mS
ygwDtvkyfudk vkyfwwfrSm r[kwf ordkif;u ay;tyfvmwJh t0ifcuf+yD; txGuv f , G w f hJ ay:vpD
awmh y g? tJ ' gqd k & if ygwD z G J @ pnf ; ordik ;f ay;wm0efukd ausyeG pf mG xrf; usifhoHk;ygw,f? qdkvdkwmu ygwD
tkyfcsKyfyHkrSmygwJh ygwD0ifwOD;[m aqmifEdkfifwJh ypPnf;rJhEdkifiHa&; ygwD wGi;f rSm vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDtwGuf
ygwD t zG J @ tpnf ; wck c k r S m yg0if + yD ; w&yftjzpf &Sio f ef}uD;xGm;aeygvrd hf ae&mr&Sdyg? ygwDwGif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD
ygww D m0efukd xrf;aqmif&r,fqw kd hJ r,f? ,ae@ ygwD0ifwdkif;[m ygwD csKyfudkifr_pepf usifhoHk;wJh'Drdkua&pD
tcsuf u d k csd K ;azmuf + yD ; om; jzpf wm0efawGukd ausyeG af ezd@k vdt k yfvS tjynft h 0&Syd gw,f? ?
44
 _ynf o l h t m%m

12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
ygwDordkif;
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
ynmay;jurnfqdkv#if
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 (1) ygw0D ifopfrsm;udk ‘ygwo D rdik ;f ’ ynmay;zd@k vdyk gw,f? ygw0D ifvo kd rl sm;
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 udv k nf; ‘ygwo D rdik ;f ’ rdwq f ufay;zd@k vdyk gw,f? 'ga=umifh vdt k yfoavmuf
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 a&;ygw,f?
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 ygwo D rdik ;f udk ynmay;r,fq&kd if ygw&D @J ESpf (70) c&D;rSm jzwfoef;
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
cJ&h wJh “rSww f ikd ”f rsm;udk azmfjy&rSm jzpfw,f? rSecf w hJ ma&m/ rSm;cJw h ma&m
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 azmfjy&rSmyJ?
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 rSecf whJ mtwGuf *k%, f zl @kd oufoufr[kwb f ;l ? aemifrmS 'Dxuf
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
aumif;atmif wd;k cs@J r,fqw kd hJ oEMXd mefcsapzd@k jzpf+y;D rSm;cJw h mtwGuf aemifrmS
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 rrSm;atmifoifcef;pmxkw, f zl @kd jzpfygw,f?
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 (2) rSecf w hJ mawG[m ygwu D kd *k%af &mifajymifapygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 [m ygwDudk yxrqHk;*k%fa&mifajymifapwJhrSwfwdkif jzpfygw,f? 'DudpPudk
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 a&;wJo h al wG rsm;ygw,f? OD;Ek&@J ‘ig;ESp&f moD’ pmtkyq f &kd if jyefxw k af ewm
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 awG@&ygw,f? ygw&D @J *% k af &mifajymifru _ kd tckxd rarh=uao;ygvm;vd@k q+kd yD;
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 *k%, f &l ygw,f? ygwrD mS wjcm;*k%, f pl &mawGvnf; &Syd gw,f? tJ'guawmh
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 b,fwek ;f urS t"du&eforl aysmufwmyJ? ygwu D tiftm;}uD;onfjzpfap/
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 enf;onfjzpfap rdr&d @J vyk if ef;pOftay: opPm&Syd gw,f? b,foal wG b,fvykd J
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 ,H=k unfcsuyf suyf suf ygwu D ,H=k unfcsut f ay:rSm }uH@}uH@cikd cf ikd f &yfwnfchJ
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
ygw,f? ygwDacgif;aqmif}uD;awG[mvnf;; awmfvSefwJhol&Jaumif;0g'&J@
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 erlemjy+yD; usq;kH cJw h myg?
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 (3) tckaqmif;yg;rSm t"duwifjycsifwmu trSm;xJu oifcef;pm
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890 xkw, f cl yhJ u
kH kd wifjycsiw f myg? ygwo D ufwrf;ESpf (70) twGi;f rSm t}uD;qH;k
trSm;u ‘ðzwfxw k o f wfvrf;pOf’ trSm; jzpfygw,f? ¡w&m;0iftrnfu
45
_ynf o l h t m%m
‘ygww D iG ;f awmfveS af &;vrf;pOf’ jzpfonf? ygww D iG ;f Aef;pum; (jargon) u ‘ðzwfxw k o
f wf’ jzpfonf? tJ'AD ef;pum;u
opPmazmufawGe@J &efo&l @J 0g'jzef@ra_ =umifh wGiu f s,af eonf? 'gah =umifh wGiu f s,af ewJh Aef;pum;udyk J ,lo;kH vdu k jf cif;
jzpfonf? (pum;csy)f ¢
‘ðzwfxw k of wfvrf;pOf’ ESiyhf wfouf+yD; xl;jcm;csu}f uD;rsm; &Syd gw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh
(u) ygwo D rdik ;f rSm t&Sn=f umqH;k trSm;jzpfjcif; (1967 rS 1975 xd (8) ESpf =umonf?)
(c) trSm;udk acgi;f aqmifpu k jrifcsed /f jyifcsed f r&vdu k b f J usq;kH ukejf cif;?
(*) trSm;udk ygw&D @J xyd yf ikd ;f (PB) xJrmS yJ ed*;kH csKyfvyk Ef ikd jf cif;/ wygwv D ;kH udk csrjyEdifk jf cif;wd@k jzpfygw,f?
tJ'xD ;l jcm;csu}f uD; (3) ck bma=umifjh zpf&ovJqw kd mudk tck (tus,)f wifjyygr,f?
t&Sn=f umqH;k jzpfjcif;? ygwv D rf;pOftrSm;awG trsm;}u;D &Szd ;l ygw,f? tJ't D rSm;awGukd csrw S cf w
hJ hJ acgi;f aqmifrsm;uyJ
tcsed w f t kd wGi;f jyifqifEikd cf w hJ mcsn;f jzpfw,f? bmha=umifv h q J akd wmh ygww D iG ;f 'Dru kd a&pD &Sad evd@k / A[dck sKyu f ikd rf u_ ckd sn;f
tav;ray;vdk@ jzpfw,f? ‘zxo’ rSmusawmh ygwDwGif;'Drdkua&pD oif;owfcHae&w,f? A[dkcsKyfudkifr_vnf;
zsuo f rd ;f cHae&w,f? A[dck sKyfuikd rf t _ pm; *d% k ;f tpkawG&@J csKyfuikd rf u _ kd tpm;xd;k wmcHae&w,f? vrf;pOfu, kd w f ifkd u
f
*d%
k ;f zG@J z@kd / tpkz@JG z@kd tm;ay;aewm jzpfv@kd ygy?J
trS m ;&J @ a&cH a jrcH ?
yxra&cHajrcH? š ygwAD [du k kd atmufajcu t,Ht k =unfrahJ ewm =um+yD? ‘2 ESpt f wGi;f ppfEikd af &;’ trSm;vky+f yD;
uwnf;u ay:aewmyg? yxrawmh wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfyJ eD;pyf&mrSm aqG;aEG;=uwmyJ? “'D
acgi;f aqmifre_ @J awmh awmfveS af &;ratmifEikd b f ;l ? w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwrD mS armfpw D ek ;f ay:ovdk
Auy rSmvnf; armfpw D ek ;f vdk acgi;f aqmifrsKd ;ay:rS atmifjrifrmS yJ” qdw k mudk }udw+f yD;aqG;aEG;
=uw,f? ‘}uw d 0f ikd ;f ’ awG trsm;}u;D ay:ygw,f? ‘ppfwrf;’ awGvnf; a&;=uw,f? vuf,mbuf
wdr;f !ïwo f al wGu “r ‘3’ vH;k ppfwrf;” vd/k ‘csr;f at;ppfwrf;’ vd[ k mrsKd ; a&;=uw,f? (‘r 3
vH;k ’ u *d% k ;f axmifw,f? ‘csr;f at;’ uawmh ol@taetxm;t& wud, k af wmfy?J ‘*d% k ;f ’
rzG@J Eikd yf gb;l ?) aemufq;kH awmh olw@kd tm;vH;k ‘vufeufcs’ =uw,f?
š trsm;pkuawmh ‘armfpw D ek ;f ’ vdvk l &Sm=uw,f? rawG@ygb;l ? A[dak cgi;f aqmifpu k kd A[dk
aumfrwDpn kH D tpnf;ta0;uyJ ðzwfcsEikd w f myg? A[dak umfrwDukd uGe*f &ufuyJ topfvEJ ikd f
wmyg? uGe*f &ufu rac:wm =umcJ+h y?D A[dak umfrwDpn kH t D pnf;ta0;uvnf; rxdik Ef ikd w f m =um+y?D
aemufawmh t,Ht k =unfr&St d qdu k A[dak umfrwDxt J xd a&mufvmw,f?
'kw, d a&cHajrcH? “1962 Zlvikd f 7 &uf” +y;D awmh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG awmcdv k mw,f? olw@kd u &efot l ay:
odyjf ywfom;w,f? ygww D iG ;f tajctaeudv k nf; tm;r&bl;? 1963 rSm ae0if;eJ@ ‘aphpyfa&;’
udk ta=umif;ðy+yD; w±kwjf ynfu &JabmfawG jyefvmw,f? olw@kd Armjynfu xGuo f mG ;wke;f u
tajctaersKd ; r[kwb f J tajctae edru hf saewmudk awG@w,f? olw@kd uvnf; tm;r&bl;?
wwd,a&cHajrcH? 'guawmh w±kwjf ynfrmS ‘,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;’ qdw k m}uD; jzpfw,f? armfpw D ek ;f udk A[dðk ywJh
awmfveS af &; trnfcH *d% k ;f awG ay:w,f? 'D ‘a&cHajrcH’ u txufrmS ajymcJw h hJ a&cHajrcHawGukd
‘xGu&f yfvrf;’ jyvdu k o f vdk jzpfomG ;w,f? yDuif;a&'D,u kd vnf; ‘4’ OD;*d% k ;f &J@ tmabmfawG
v$iahf eawmh - toHvi$ w hf mem;axmif+yD; *d% k ;f *%tpkpw d "f mwfawG wzGm;zGm;ay:wmyJ?
'Da&cHajrcH (3) cku aygi;f pnf;rdomG ;awmh ‘ygww D iG ;f awmfveS af &;’ ay:wmyJ? (CPC) rSmu ‘,Ofaus;r_
awmfveS af &;’ udk xde;f csKyfEikd w f hJ ygwx D u J wjcm;tiftm;pkawG &Sw d ,f? (4) OD;*d% k ;f yJ&w
dS m r[kwb f ;l ?
(CPB) u|eaf wmfw@kd rm S uawmh xde;f csKyfEikd w f hJ wjcm;tiftm;pk r&Sb d ;l ? Armjynf&@J x;l jcm;csuq f +kd yD; ‘owf’
wmawGtxd vufveG u f ek w f ,f? [kww f ,fav? ArmjynfrmS u ðzwfxm; xkwx f m;olukd e,fEiS w f m/ tdrcf sKyfcswm/
axmifxw J nfw h m vkyEf ikd w f mrS r[kwb f ?J ‘owf’ ypfrS &wmyJ? tJ'v D ekd @J “Arm vsLa&Smufcs”D qdw k hJ (&Jabmf}u;D *d&k , S )f
wd@k ‘Armwde@f a&Smifyif’ qdw k hJ (&JabmfaX;) wd@k towfc&H wmyJ? w±kwjf ynfrmS u wde@f a&Smifyiftppfu jyefay:vm
46
 _ynf o l h t m%m

Edik wf ,f? ArmjynfrmS (emrnfay;cH&wJ)h wde@f a&Smifyifuawmh towfcv H ukd &f w,f?
'gvnf; xl;jcm;csuyf ?J ArmjynfrmS u t&Sed o f wfay;Edik o f l r&Sbd ;l ? cgwikd ;f rSmawmh ocifoef;xGe;f yJrmS ;/ olyJ
trSm;jyifEikd cf w hJ myJ? tckawmh olu apmapmuyJ vky}f uHcv H u kd &f +yD; ocifZifw@kd / ocifcspw f @kd u trSm;udk ‘jrif’
OD;awmh ‘jyif’ zd@k rvG,af wmhygb;l ?
‘yJcl;±dk;r[m atmifajr’ qdkwJhtpGJ? txufArmjynfrmS xk;d ppf}uD;udk a&Smif&if;wdr;f &if;eJ@ (A[d)k u rd;k ukwb f uf
a&mufvmw,f? jynfo@l &aJ bmfu vufeufcsomG ;vd@k a&mufvmwmyJ? rd;k ukwef ,frmS &Sw d hJ ygw&D @J ajymufusm;wyfe@J
vnf; tqufr&bl;? A[d[ k m wu,fu h kd ‘vdyyf ufvuf’ b0yJ? qufajy;&if w±kwjf ynfxJ ajy;zd@k y&J w dS ,f? 'Dtcsed rf mS
A[du k *k%af &mifajymifwq hJ ;kH jzwfcsuf csvu kd w f ,f? yJc;l ±d;k rudk UG vrf;uaeqif;zd@k qH;k jzwfw,f? PB awG vlc+GJ yD;
qif;w,f? wavmu *sme,fwckxrJ mS 0rf;td0k rf;ausm0f if;armif&@J aqmif;yg; zwfvu kd &f w,f? &Jabmf}uD;*d&k , S u f kd
rEWav;txd ac:xkwv f mwm olyv J @kd od&w,f? aus;Zl;wifygw,f? PB tm;vH;k yJc;l ±d;k rudk acsmacsmarmarm
a&mufw,f? tJ'u D wnf;u yJc;l ±d;k rudpk eG @f &if qH;k ±H;_ w,f? yJc;l ±d;k r[m atmifajrqdw k t hJ pG}J uD; pGaJ wmhwmyJ?
tpGeJ @J wif &yfae&if awmfao;w,f? ppfa&;vrf;pOftjzpfyg ocifoef;xGe;f u qH;k jzwfxm;cJah wmh OuUX
ocifZif/ ocifcspw f @kd jyifv@kd r&awmhb;l ? yJc;l ±d;k rudk cGmcJzh @kd ta&S@ajrmufe@J &Sr;f jynfe,fu b,fvykd w J ifjyygap olw@kd
rjyif0ahH wmhb;l ? 'Dppfa&;tjriftrSm;u used pf moifo h vdk jzpfawmhwmyJ?
'Dvekd @J yJ (jrif) csed f (jyif) csed rf & jzpfomG ;vk@d ‘zxo trSm;’ u a&&Sno f mG ;wmyJ? rD;pmukeq f cD ef;jzpfrS tvdv k kd
+ird ;f oGm;&wmyJ?
*Guswt hJ aetxm;? ocifAode;f wif/ ocifwifxeG ;f wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ ta&S@ajrmufa&m/ &Sr;f jynfe,fyg ðzwfxw k o f wf
rSm;ae+yq D w
kd mudk (CPC &J@ tultnDe@J ) odaewm =um+y?D ud, k thf xufu (A[d)k udk ajymzd@k usawmh ody*f u G saew,f?
A[d&k @J vrf;pOfrmS ;udk wdu k &f mrSm rwdu k w f wf&if ygwu D w JG wfygw,f? ('gvnf; CPC &J@ tultnD? olw@kd &@J tawG@tñuH
t&ay;wJh t}uH^m%fy?J )
ocifZif/ ocifcspw f @kd ukd a&mufatmifyJ vkyyf g? a&mufvm&ifvnf; cifAsm;wd@k u ‘zxo vrf;pOfta=umif;’
wcGe;f rS r[yge@J ? CPC u olw@kd ukd w±kwjf ynfxJ tvnfvm&if óuqdw k ,fqw kd mavmufyJ ajymjyyg? w±kwjf ynfxJ
a&mufrS olw@kd u ‘azsmif;zsajymqdyk gr,f’ qdw k mtxd enf;vrf;ay;ygw,f?
w±kwjf ynfrmS uvnf; ±_yaf xG;aewmyg? ‘,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;’ uvnf; vkyq f yJ g? qdAk , D ufuckd mG +yD;
tar&duefe@J &if=um;apha&;uvnf; vkyq f yJ ?J (4) OD; *d% k ;f uvnf; wefc;kd xGm;qJyg? ±_yyf gw,f? Edik if aH &;tuGuaf wG
rsm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd rodEikd w f hJ t±_yaf wGyg? OyrmwckyJ ay;ygr,f?
1971 rSm CPB u CPC udk o0%fvm$ ay;aeus xH;k pHtwdik ;f ay;ygw,f? a&;aeustwdik ;f yJ Armjynfu
tajctaeudk a&;ygw,f? tar&duef&J@aemufvdkufacG; ae0if;ppftpdk;&qdkwm ygw,f? tJ'DawmhrS CPC u
o0%fvm$ rSmygwhJ tar&duef&@J aemufvu kd af cG; qdw k mudk tjzpfreS ef @J rudu k v f @kd jyifay;ygv@kd ajymygw,f? (tJ'w D ek ;f u
xH;k pHu o0%fvm$ udk (2) bufu wòyifwnf; toHvi$ w hf m/ rD', D mrSmwifwm vky&f vd@k rwwfombJ olw@kd u
ajymvmwm jzpfygw,f?) Edik if aH &;t&ajym&if ae0if;ppftyk pf [ k m qdAk , D uf*% kd ;f udk rScD akd ewmyJ? b¾ma&;t&ajym&if
*syefu tulnq D ;kH yJ? ppfa&;t&ajym&if tar&duef/ +Aw d ed /f tpPa&;vf pwmawGuyJ ulnaD ewmyJqw kd mudk axmufjy
ygw,f? tJ'u D wnf;u ‘e,fcs@J aygi;f pHu k kd rScD akd ewJh ae0if;ppftyk pf ’k qdw k hJ toH;k tE_e;f udk ygwu D ajymif;oH;k wmyg?
xm;ygawmh? ñuHv@kd a&;wmyg?
‘*Gusw’hJ taetxm;[m tJ'u D wnf;u pygw,f? ‘zxo a=umif’h *Guswm r[kwyf gb;l ? ppftpk;d &u
CPB &J@ t"du&efojl zpfae+yD; CPC &J@ rdwaf qG jzpfaewm[m *Guswt hJ aetxm; jzpfapygw,f?
‘zxo ed*Hk;csKyf’ udk bma=umifh PB xJrSmyJ xm;&ovJ?
zxo vkyw f mudk tm;ay;wJo h al wG&@J *% kd ;f CPC xJrmS &Sw d ,f? olw@kd a=umifyh J e,fpyfrmS tajccHa'oawG/
wyfawG azmfEikd w f myJ? tckraS wmh rxl;ygb;l ? &efou l vnf; cGx J u G af wGuwqifh odaewmrd@k ta&;r}uD;awmhygb;l ?
[dw k ek ;f u 'gawGukd CPB u zGiahf jymvd@k rjzpfygb;l ? CPB [m nDtpfuykd gweD @J qufqaH &;udk v#Kd @0u S x f m;&ygw,f?
47
_ynf o l h t m%m
ol@ta=umif;vnf; udk,frod Edkifyg wdkif;jynfwjynfeJ@wjynf &Sw d ,f? ygwu D csrw S w f hJ vkyif ef;pOf/
bl;? odoavmufvnf; rajymoifh ord k i f ; jzpf a y:r_ wl z d k @ qd k w m yd k + yD ; vrf;pOf/ ay:vpD/ ajcvSr;f awGomru
ygb;l ? wm0ef&&dS dS xde;f odr;f &ygw,f? a0;w,f? Edik if w
H umh uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_e@J qikd w f hJ
w±kwf ‘,Ofaus;r_awmfveS f a&;’ u ‘zxo’ &J @ (yxrqH k ; jy\emrsm;rSmyg ygw0D ifwikd ;f yg0if
1978 usr+S yD;w,fv@kd ajym&ygr,f? trSm;) u w±kwjf ynfe@J Armjynf wl aqG;aEG;Edik cf iG hf ay;xm;w,f? trsm;pk
CPB &J@ PB u ‘zxo ed*;kH csKyf’ udk ovdv k kd yHwk u l ;l cswmyJ? w±kwef @J Arm &J@ qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd oabmrwl&ifvnf;
(1975) rSm vkyw f myg? 'g a=umifh PB rwlb;l qdw k mudk w±kwaf cgi;f aqmif rdrx d ifjrifcsuaf wGukd xde;f odr;f xm;Edik f
u tJ'D ‘ed*;kH csKyfpmwrf;’ udk rjzef@ }u;D awG odovdk u|eaf wmfw@kd e,fpyf w,f? rdryd g0ifwhJ ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rSm
ygb;l ? xde;f odr;f xm;ygw,f? zH;k w0uf u acgi;f aqmifawGuvnf; odaewm jzpfap/ txuftzG@J tpnf;od@k jzpfap
zdw0ufvnf; rvkycf sib f ;l ? ud,
k ef @J yJ? wifjyEdik cf iG &hf w
dS ,f? A[d&k @J qH;k jzwfcsuf
xdawG@cJh&wmawGuvnf; wydkif; - w±kw, f Ofaus;r_ awmf udk oabmrwl&if jynfv;kH u|wyf gwD
wpyJ jzpfw,f? CPC rSmu *d% k ;f vSeaf &;u awmfveS af &;atmifjrif+yD; uGe*f &uftxd wifjyEdik cf iG &hf w dS ,f?
tpkawG trsKd ;rsKd ;&Sw
d ,f? ud, k o
f wd m (17) ESpaf erS vkyw f mjzpfw,f? csef ‘zxo’ u tJ'pD nf;±H;k a&;
av;eJ@ wwfa,mifum; 0ifajymvd@k au&Sw d u f xdik 0f rfajy;ae&+yD? tar rlawGukd zsuq f ;D ypfwmyJ? ‘zxo’
rjzpfbl;? ‘zxo’ uvnf; olwdk@ &dum;u qdAk , D ufuykd J t"duxm;ae umvrSm (A[d)k r&Sad wmhb;l ?
qD u twk , l x m;wmqd k a wmh &+y?D w±kw, f Ofaus;r_ awmfveS f
‘w±kwf,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;’ u|eaf wmfw@kd uawmh awmf a&;rSmu (A[d)k udk zsuo f rd ;f rypfb;l ?
ta=umif; rajymvd@k r+y;D bl;? 'ga=umifh vSeaf &;u wtdtu d sqif;aewmyJ? zsufodrf;vdk@vnf; rjzpfbl;? olu
rxkwjf yefbJ xm;wmyg? ae0if;uvnf; rdik t f enf;i,fyaJ 0;wJh w±kwjf ynf}u;D wckv;kH udk ud, k pf m;ðyae
tck a wmh ,Of a us;r_ &efukefrSm txdkifusaew,f? yJcl; &wJh tpd;k & (tm%m&) ygwD jzpfw,f?
awmfvSefa&;qdkwmu twdwfjzpf ±dk;rqdkwmu &efol0dkif;0dkif;vnfae &JabmfcsdKtifvdkif; OD;pD;wJh tpdk;&
oGm;+y?D 'ga=umifh ‘zxo’ u &vdu k f w,f? rdred @J &efot l iftm;tcsKd ;tpm; tzGJ@u tpdk;&wck&J@tvkyfudk yHkrSef
wJh oifcef;pmudk (vdo k avmuf) a&;Edik f u 1;1000 avmuf jzpfaew,f? vnfywfatmif vkyaf ewm jzpfw,f?
yg+yD? ‘&efoluvnf; xdk;ppf rdrduvnf; u|efawmfwdk@u olykefx
xd;k ppf’ qdw k hJ ppfa&;vrf;pOfu urBm ae&wke;f yJ? ygwAD [drk &S&d if bmrSr&Sd
rwl&ifrwkeJ@qdkwJh rSm b,fwek ;f urS r&Szd ;l wJh aoe*FAsL[m awmhwmyJ jzpfr,f? ta&S@ajrmufrmS
yxroif c ef ; pm? tjrifyJ? zxo rvkyfbaJ ewm[m wu,f
awmh (A[d)k udk qef@usiw f myJ? wzuf
wdik ;f jynfwjynfe@J wjynf 'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_udk uvnf; (A[dkppfppf) vkyfzdk@ wifjy
rajymeJ@ ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynfwjynfxrJ mS rzsufqD;eJ@qdkwJh aewmyJ? pifòyifA[dkaxmifcsif&if
yifjzpfap c|wpf w G f - xyfwl jzpfw,f 'k w d , oif c ef ; pm? vG,fygw,f? udk,fhrSm wyf}uD;}uD;
qd k w m avmurS m r&S d E d k i f y gbl ; ? rm;rm; &Sdw,f? wnf+idrfwJhtajccH
(1939) (1940) (1941) awGwek ;f uvdk uGejf rLepfygw&D @J pnf;±H;k a&; a'o}uD; &Sw d ,f? Edik if w H umhtquf
tjzpfrsdK; u|efawmfwdk@ ArmjynfrSm rl[m 'Dru kd a&pDA[dck sKyfuikd rf _ (DC) toG,f &Sw d ,f? toHvi$ ±hf kH &Sw d ,f?
xyfrjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? qifw, l ;kd rSm;awmh jzpfw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDukd zsuo f rd ;f &if pifòyifvyk cf si&f if vG,yf gw,f? 'gayrJh
jzpfEifkd yf gw,f? ygwwD iG ;f b0udk zsuq f ;D wmyJ? *d% k ;f b,fvrkd S rvkycf b hJ ;l ? OuUXocifZif&@J
urBmhtajctaeuvnf; awG/ tkyfpkawG/ }udwf0dkif;awG rkcs rde@f ceG ;f awGukd (wnf;jzwf+yD;) v$iahf y;
xyfrjzpfEdkifbl;? qifwl,dk;rSm;awmh ay:rSmyJ? “ygwD&J@zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk ygw,f? wnf;jzwfwm[m A[dck sKyf
jzpfEdkfifw,f? c|wfpGwf xyfwlawmh pnf;rsOf;” rSm ygwD0ifawG&J@ tcGifh udkifr_udk tjynfht0 emcHwmawmh
b,fawmhrS rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? ta&;awG azmfjyxm;w,f? (6) csuf r[kwfbl;? 'gayrJh rwnf;jzwfvdk@
48
 _ynf o l h t m%m

rjzpfb;l ? wygwv D ;kH ‘zxo’ vky=f u yk'rf (33) udk jyXmef;cJw h m jzpfonf? t"du oifcef;pm}uD; (3)
qdw k mrsKd ;udak wmh wnf;&rSmyJ? jzwf& yk'rf (33) u 'Dvkd qdo k nf? “uGe*f &uf &yfukd wifjy+yD;yg+yD?
rSmyJ? 'g[m A[dck sKyfuikd rf u _ kd wpdwf ac:Ed k i f o nf h t ajctaevnf ; r&S d /
wydik ;f csKd ;azmufwmvd@k qdEk ikd w f ,f? ygwAD [dak umfrwDukd wd;k cs@J z@JG pnf;&ef aemuf q H k ; wif j ycsif w m?
'Dvdk csdK;azmufzdk@ vdkaevdk@ rwwf tylwjyif; awmif;qdak eom ta&;
ombJ vky&f wmyJ? rD;pmukeq f cD ef; w}u;D tajctaersKd ;wGif A[dk aumfrwD ygwD & J @ ouf w rf ; (70)
jzpf+yD; yJcl;±dk;rrSm (A[dk) r&SdawmhrS onf æ æ A[dak umfrwDw;kd cs@J z@JG pnf; twG i f ; rS m trS e f a wG / trS m ;awG
1975 A[dkqdkwmudk azmfxkwfwm jcif ; ud k ¹cif ; csuf t aejzif h ðyvk y f trsm;}uD;vkyzf ;l ygw,f? 'gayrJh *k%f
jzpfw,f? Auy tvHvv J @kd rjzpfb;l ? Edik o f nf” vd@k a&;xm;onf? ,ckygwD ,l+y;D ajymEdik w f mu trSm;awG b,fvkd
'ga=umifh tvHxv l u kd w
f myJ? 'kw, d u A[dpk nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD COC udk yJ usL;vGeu f sL;vGef ‘&efolraysmuf
uGe*f &uf (1945) u wifajr‡mufcw hJ hJ zG J @ pnf ; xm;jcif ; [m xd k y k ' f r t& ygbl ; ?’
vufuseAf [dak umfrwDawGukd tajc jzpfonf? pwkwu ˆ eG *f &uf usi;f yEdik w
f hJ ‘zxo’&J@ trSm;[m ao
cH+y;D wd;k cs@J vu kd w f m jzpfw,f? ygwo D pf tcsed t f xd COC u A[dw k m0efukd avmuf w J h t rS m ;yJ ? 'gayrJ h ol u
axmifwm r[kwb f ;l ? ,laerSm jzpfonf? (Tum; pum; ‘&efolaysmufoGm;wm’ r[kwfbl;?
'kwd,uGef*&ufu 1945 csyf)¢ ‘jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'’ om;pOfajr;
rSm vkycf w hJ mjzpfv@kd =umcJyh g+y?D wwd, quf b,fawmhrS ray:apzdk@qdkwJh
uGe*f &ufukd ‘75 A[dak umfrwD’ u wwd , oif c ef ; pmu (vGrJ mS ;wJ&h nfreS ;f csu)f eJ@ ud, k yhf gwD
1985 usrS vkyfEdkifw,f? ESpf (40) *dk%f;tkyfpkzGJ@wmudk b,fawmhrS wGi;f rSm ‘&efo’l &SmcJv h @kd jzpfw,f?
=umoG m ;w,f ? uG e f * &uf u d k tm;ray;eJ @ ? jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQ (ygww D iG ;f yËdyuQ)
jzpfuwwfqef;vkyfvdk@ rjzpfygbl;? udk ‘&ef§ig yËdyuQ’ tjzpf jr‡iw hf if
ocifpdk;u 1944 ckESpfrSm tJ'Dvdk ygwAD [du k kd r,H=k unfawmh vdu k v f @kd rSm;wmyJ?
jzpfuwwfqef; “v,fwu J eG *f &uf” &if *d%k ;f tkypf q
k w kd m ay:p+rJyg? ygwD wu,fu ‘ygww D iG ;f vrf;
vkycf v hJ @kd 1946 rSm tvHecD rJG _ ay:cJh A[duk kd r,H=k unfawmhwmu ‘zxo’ pOfwu kd yf ’JG udk ‘ygw&D @J pnf;rsO;f Oya'’
wmyJ? 'Doifcef;pmudk b,fawmhrmS ray:cifuwnf;uyg? (u) w±kwjf ynf t& qifE$Jwmudk tm;ay;&rSmyg?
rarhz@kd vdyk gw,f? txl;ojzifh U/G rSm ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;ay:wm (c) ‘ygww D iG ;f rSm vrf;pOfwu kd yf ’JG u b,f
umvrSm t"duacgi;f aqmif vkyaf e ae0if;u w±kwq f ef@usiaf &;vky+f yD; awmhrqdk &Sad erSmyJ? r&Sed @J q+kd y;D uGy! f y‡ f
olu owd}uD;}uD;xm;&ygr,f? ygwD rl}u;D (5) csuu f kd csKd ;azmufay;wm (*) vdk@ rjzpfygbl;? ‘'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyf
uGe*f &uf usi;f yEdik w f hJ tajctae&Sd w±kwjf ynfygwrD mS ‘4’ OD;*d% k ;f u udkifr_’ abmifxJrSm vrf;pOfwdkufyGJ
ae&if ygwAD [du k uGe*f &uf ac:ay;& tm%mwpdwfwydkif;&aewm tJ'g wdu k w f mudk tm;ay;&ygr,f? ‘ygwD
rSm jzpfovdk jzpfuwwfqef; uGe*f &uf awG (rawmfwq) aygi;f pyfro d mG ;vd@k wGi;f vrf;pOfwu kd yf ’JG udk 'Dru kd a&pD
rsdK;udkvnf; rvkyfrdzdk@ owdxm;& ta&S@ajrmuf NE ay:wmyJ? NE vnf;&S/d A[dck sKyfuifkd rf v _ nf;&Sw d t hJ ajc
ygr,f? 1985 rSm ‘45 A[dak umfrwD’ ay:vmvd@k vnf; ‘Auy &J@oufwrf; taerSm wdu fk =f uzd@k tm;ay;&ygr,f?
u rsm;rsm;pm;pm; usefawmhwm &Snw f myJ’? 'D (uGi;f quf) udk tod txl;ojzifh tiftm;}uD;
r[kwfbl;? toufquf±Hkuav;yJ trSwrf ðy&if rSm;ygw,f? EdkifiHawG urBmhpepfopf (NWO)
useaf wmhwmyJ? ¡vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG ¡'D (uGi;f quf) udk odae&if vGeyf q JG aJG ecsed rf mS jynfwiG ;f rSmvnf;
wdu k af ewJyh gwt D zd@k uGe*f &ufukd yHrk eS f bma=umifh ‘Auy’ rSm cGx J u G af wG NLD-SPDC vGey fq
JG aJG ecsed rf mS owd
usi;f yEdik zf @kd qw kd m rjzpfEikd yf g? 'Dvykd J ay:ovJ/ bmha=umifh w±kwu f eG jf rLepf xm;&r,fh xm0&oifcef;pmjzpfa=umif;
Edik if w
H umrSm vkycf =hJ uwm jzpfonf? tpdk;&u (e0w§etz) eJ@ &if;ESD; wifjyygw,f?
'DcsdK@,Gif;csufudk jyifwJhtaeeJ@ ‘75 cspf=unfae&wmvJ qdkwmawG&J@ 1234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345
A[dak umfrwD’ u ygwpD nf;rsO;f wGif tajzu ay:vmrSmyg? (pum;csy)f ¢ 1234567890123456789012345
49
_ynf o l h t m%m
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
“&efoludkrdwfaqGjzpfatmi
tmiffvkyfa&;”
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
eJ@ ywfoufwJh tawG;tac: (aqG;aEG;csuf)
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
avhvma&; 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456

(1) &efou l kd rdwaf qGjzpfatmifvyk w f hJ tawG@tñuHawG rdrw d @kd rmS vnf; &Syd gw,f? jynfytawG@tñuHawGvnf;
avhvmzl;ygw,f? awG@&&dS wmu rdrw d @kd &efyxJG uf yd+k yD;}uD;us,w f hJ +cdr;f ajcmufr}_ uD;/ tEW&m,f }uD;udk (2)
bufpvH;k u jrif=urS/ todtrSwðf y=urS rdwaf qGjzpfatmifvyk af &; atmifjrifwmyJ?
1938 - 39 u rdrw d @kd e@J t*Fvyd [ f m &efbufy?J 'gayrJh *syefzufqpf0g'&J@ +cdr;f ajcmufr}_ uD;
tEW&m,f}u;D ay:vmawmh rdwaf qGjzpfa&;udk pwif+y;D óu;pm;cJw h myJ? t*Fvyd b f ufu tifwifwifvyk cf ahJ yr,fh
aemufq;kH usawmh rdwaf qGjzpfomG ;=uwmyJ? 'gu ud, k yf ikd tf awG@tñuH jzpfw,f?
jynfytawG@tñuHukd avhvmawmhvnf; 'Dvykd J awG@&wmyJ? ±k&mS ;eJ@t*Fvyd f &efbufjzpfaewm
uae [pfwvmemZDw@kd &@J +crd ;f ajcmufr}_ u;D ppftEW&m,f}u;D usa&mufvmawmh rdwaf qGjzpfomG ;=uwmyJ?
tdref ;D csi;f w±kwjf ynfuakd vhvmawmhvnf; 'Dvykd J awG@&w,f? tckq&kd if w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwD (CPC)
eJ@ ulrifwef (KMT) wausmjh yef+yD; rdwzf ufjzpfae=ujyef+yD? bma=umifv h ?J yd}k uD;wJ+h cdr;f ajcmufr}_ uD;udk
(2) bufpvH;k u jrif=uvd@k y?J
(2) bufpvH;k u jrif=urS/ todtrSwðf y=urSvnf; atmif jrifwmyJ? wzufwnf; jrifaevd@k uawmh
bmrSjzpfrvmEdik b f ;l ?

(2) vufawG@ususpOf;pm;&r,f? e0w§etz u NLD udk “bH&k efo”l vd@k owfrw S x f m;w,f? xGuo f r#
pme,fZif;rSm a&S@q;kH uae+y;D azmfjycdik ;f xm;w,f? acsre_ ;f =u&r,fv@kd vnf; qdw k ,f? 'Dvo kd abmxm;&So
d u l kd
‘rdwaf qG’ jzpfatmif b,fvrkd S rvkyEf ikd yf gb;l ? 'ga=umifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; &if=um;aph&atmifv@kd NLD
u tmaygurf wwf ajymaewmyJ? SPDC Adv k o f ef;a&$w@kd uawmh tJ'v
D kd rjrifb;l ? ‘2008 tajccHOya'’
&J@tm%m oufa&mufvm&if “acwfrzD @HG òz;wd;k wufwhJ Edik if aH wmfopf” jzpfvmr,fv@kd jrifaew,f? ‘jynfwiG ;f
jynfy tzsuo f rm;awGukd bH&k efotl jzpf’ acsre_ ;f ypf&r,fv@kd aqmf=oaew,f? vufawG@vnf; vkyaf ew,f?
tckq&kd if tif;pdeaf xmifxrJ mS NLD acsre_ ;f a&; vkyaf ew,f? rdwaf qGjzpfvmzd@k aeaeomom &efyu JG
yd+k yD;}uD;vmr,fh tajctae &Sad ew,f?

(3) ol@bufu rjrif&ifvnf; jrifwb hJ ufu av#mah y;vdu k v f @kd ajym&ifawmh tJ'g[m ‘rl’ rJw h hJ ausat;a&;yJ?
opPmazmufryl J jzpfvrd rhf ,f? ‘rl’ ay:rSm }uH@}uH@cikd /f enf;emrSmaysmah ysmif;zd@k yJ vdw
k ,f?
‘rl’ rJw
h hJ ausat;a&;vky&f if jynfou l vufrcHb;l ? '%fcwfvrd rhf ,f? OD;Ek ‘yxp’ tusemwmudk
oifcef;pm ,l&r,f? OD;Ekvnf; ‘&efou l kd rdwaf qGz@GJ cw hJ myJ’ r[kwv f m;? 'Dt&ifuvnf; ‘apmpdeaf rmf’
tusemcJwh ,f r[kwv f m;?
50
 _ynf o l h t m%m

(4) &efoul rdwaf qGjzpfz@kd q&kd if “jynfwiG ;f jynfy tzsuo f rm;rsm;tm; bH&k efot l jzpf acsre_ ;f =u” qdw k hJ
oabmxm;udk ðzwfay;wmu tpcsyD g? 'kw, d u “Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k v$waf y;yg?” wwd,
ajcvSr;f u “aphpyfaqG;aEG;yg?” tJ'aD jcvSr;f (3) vSr;f SPDC u vSr;f &if rdwaf qGjzpfz@kd eD;pyfyg+yD? etz u
'DajcvSr;f vSr;f r,fh t&dyt
f a,mifrawG@ygb;l ? 'DajcvSr;f (3) vSr;f omvSr;f &if b,foel @J rqdk rdwaf qGjzpfrmS yJ?

(5) ‘vufawG@Eikd if aH &;’ axmifu h csO;f uyf+y;D wJah emufrmS tawG;tac: (tbd"rRm) axmifu h csO;f uyf=unf=h u
ygO;D pd@k ? uGejf rLepfawG ,H=k unfwmu qef@usib f ufcsi;f aygi;f pnf;a&; (nD!w G rf )_ [m tajctaewckom
jzpfygw,f? ,m,Dom jzpfygw,f? Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut f &om jzpfygw,f? qef@usib f ufcsi;f wdu k cf u kd rf u
_ awmh
tºuif;rJjh zpfw,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
nD!w G rf ,fq&kd if bmtwGuf nD!w G rf mS vJ? &efjzpf&rSm a=umufomG ;vd@k vm;? ysi;f oGm;vd@k vm;?
ud,k b hf ufu ±H;_ rSmyJ xifv@kd vm;? tJ'v D kd nD!w G af &;rsKd ;qd&k if =um&Snrf cHygb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J OD;ode;f az
(jrif)h [m ‘&Suu f ;kd &Suu f ef;rmhupf 0f g'’D tjzpfe@J yJ b0ed*;kH csKyfomG ;&ygw,f? ol[m OD;Ek/ OD;ausm+f idr;f /
Adv
k af e0if;wd@k e@J rdwaf qGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f uqd&k if ‘Auy’ udk rw&m;oif;ra=unmbJ xm;yg
ao;w,f? OD;ode;f az (jrif)h u ‘Auy’ udk tydik pf ;D Edik v f rd rfh ,f xifv@kd yg?
tJ'OD ;D ausm+f ird ;f &J@ vSnu hf u G af =umifyh J txufArmjynfrmS jy\emay:zl;w,f? uGejf rLepfzrf;yGu J ae
xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufvmwJh c±dik af cgi;f aqmifawG rwfv 30 &ufae@rmS ‘rd;k pyfawmifaqG;aEG;yG’J vkyw f ,f?
‘3’ c±dik f jrif;+c/H ppfuikd ;f / ausmufqnfuvlawG wufygw,f? trsm;pku vufeufuikd w f ukd zf @kd ajym=uw,f?
jrif;+cHoHr%darmifarmif (udkatmifol) uawmh ygwDudk rw&m;oif;a=unmwm r[kwfbl;? A[dk&J@
!ïe=f um;csuf (vufeufuikd w f u
kd yf wJG ukd zf @kd ) vnf; r&Sb d ;l ? vuf0u J |aH ewJh cifAsm;wd@k uo
kd m zrf;wmyJ? òr@ay:rSm
ygwq D ikd ;f bkwaf wG ðzwfrypfbx J m;wm =unfyh g? 'ga=umifh oluawmh jrif;+cHjyefr,f? A[dek @J qufr,f?
cifAsm;wd@k ukd vuf0u J |w
H v hJ al wGtjzpf ygwu D xkwyf pfwhJ a=unmcsuf xkwrf ,fv@kd ajym+yD; jrif;+cHjyefomG ;
wmyg? aemufusrS od&wmu olrEWav;axmifxJ a&mufaew,fqw kd m od&wmyJ? udo k ed ;f az tjzpfr&Srd eS ;f
udak usm+f idr;f odrS rw&m;oif; a=unmwmyJ? 'Dupd aP &;wmu ‘NLD’ tpOf;pm;rrSm;zd@k a&;wmyJ?

(6) tck zqyv wd@k / qd&k , S v f pfygwwD @kd jyef+yD;xlaxmifr,fq&kd if etz tay: olw@kd &@J oabmxm;vnf;
od&&if tm;ay;rSmyg? 'gukd ‘&efou l kd rdwaf qGjzpfatmif’ vkyw
f myJv@kd ajym&if &ygw,f? xm0&&efo/l xm0&
rdwaf qGqw kd m r&SEd ikd yf gb;l ? b,fordik ;f wauG@rmS b,fv&kd yfwnfovJqw kd mudyk J =unf&h rSmyg? jynfya&;&mrSm
qd&k ifvnf; 'Dvykd J csO;f uyf&ygr,f? ordik ;f qdw k m aemufjyef&pf=unfv h @kd om &ygw,f? a&S@u&kd pf=unfv h @kd
r&ygb;l ? 'Dupd P aemifrmS aqG;aEG;oifh aqG;aEG;=uwm aumif;ygw,f? tckawmh ypPKy`eef @J tem*wfuykd J
=unfw h m aumif;ygvrd rhf ,f?

xm0&&efo/l xm0& rdwa f qGqwkd m r&SEd ikd y

f gbl;?
b,fordik ;f wauGr ΠmS
b,fv&kd yfwnfovJqw kd mudy k J -unf&
h rSmyg?

51
_ynf o l h t m%m
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
jzwfoef;cJwh hJ ESpf (70) twGi;f u
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
xl;jcm;wJh ordi k ;f umvrsm;
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 1939 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 15 &ufae@rmS pwifwnfaxmifcw hJ hJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygw[ D m 2009
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 ckEpS rf mS ESpf 70 jynfch +hJ yD jzpfygw,f? ygwD jzwfausmcf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f (70) twGi;f &&Scd w hJ hJ
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 tawG@tñuHe@J oifcef;pmawG trsm;tjym;&Sdygw,f? tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;tajymif;tvJ
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 trsKd ;rsKd ;udk ñuHc&hJ ovdk awmfveS af &;tajctae trsKd ;rsKd ;udv k nf; jzwfoef;cJ&h ygw,f?
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 ñuHvm&wJh tajctaetrsKd ;rsKd ;rSm ygw[ D m wdik ;f jynfe@J tzdEydS cf jH ynfov l x l &k @J tusKd ;udk
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 a&S@±+_ y;D taumif;qH;k pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfum &J&&J if&h if&h ifqikd w f u kd yf 0JG ifcyhJ gw,f? 'Dvt kd awG@tñuH
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 awGxu J 1948/ 1968/ 1989 ckEpS u f mvrsm;&J@ tjzpftysuaf wG[m xl;jcm;xif&mS ;wJh
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
ordik ;f tauG@tcsKd ;rsm; jzpfcw hJ m awG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
1948 -- 1939 rSm ajratmufygwt D jzpf pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ ygw[ D m t*Fvyd f
123456789012345
123456789012345 e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ *syefe,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;rsm;rSm a&S@wef;u &J0phH mG yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? zufqpf
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 *syef awmfvSefa&;twGif;rSm EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktoD;oD;eJ@twl wdkufyGJcJhwJh ygwD[m
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 *syefawmfveS af &; atmifjrif+y;D qH;k oGm;csed w f iG f Oya'wGi;f rSm w&m;0ifay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f?
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 Oya'wGi;f jzwfoef;cJw h hJ tcsed u f mv twGi;f tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ òr@aeqif;&Jom;/
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 0efxrf;aygi;f pHu k kd pnf;±H;k +yD; tajccHvw l ef;pm;rsm;&J@ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifEikd cf hJ
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 ygw,f? wdik ;f jynfe@J tajccHvw l ef;pm;rsm;&J@ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf jynfov l x l u k kd pnf;±H;k
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 wdu k yf 0JG ifvmwJh Oya'wGi;f umv (3) ESpf twGi;f rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J vrf;pOfukd
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 axmufcHwhJ vlxktiftm; wpwp wdk;rsm;vmcJhygw,f? 'Dvdk jynfolvlxkaxmufcHr_
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
wpwp wdk;rsm;vmwJh tajctaeudk zqyv tpdk;&u olwdk@twGuf tEW&m,fvdk@
123456789012345
123456789012345 =unfjh rifygw,f? Oya'wGi;f rSm twdu k tf cHòyifbuf ygwt D jzpf ae&mray;vdyk gb;l ? 'ga=umifyh J
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd tjywfacsre_ ;f zd@k vkyaf qmifygw,f? 1948 rwfv 28 rSm wjynfv;kH
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 u uGefjrLepfygwD0ifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;cJhygw,f? 'DumvrSm wyfrawmfxJu
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 uGefjrLepfygwD0ift&m&SdwOD;&J@ owif;ay;r_t& ygwD&J@xdyfydkif; acgif;aqmiftrsm;pk
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 a&Smifwrd ;f Edik cf w hJ myg? a&Smifwrd ;f vGwaf jrmufvmwJh ygwx D yd yf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 aqG;aEG;yGðJ yvky+f y;D zqyv tpd;k &&J@ 'Dvkd t=urf;zuf acsre_ ;f wdu k cf u kd rf u_ kd wH@k jyefz@kd enf;vrf;
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 &SmazGc=hJ uygw,f? 'g[m ygw&D @J Oya'wGi;f w&m;0if wnf&+dS yD; 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us vlxu k kd
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ; wdu k yf 0JG ifru _ kd vH;k 0ydwyf ifacsre_ ;f vdu k w f m jzpfygw,f? ygw[ D m 'Dtwdik ;f om
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
iH@k cvH ukd &f if ygww D nf&rdS _ ysupf ;D oGm;rSmjzpf+y;D jynfov l x l k tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk qufvufO;D aqmif
123456789012345
123456789012345 wdu k yf 0JG ifay;r_vnf; &yfqikd ;f oGm;awmhrmS jzpfygw,f? 'DtajctaersKd ; ta&mufrcHEikd w f hJ
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 ygwaD cgi;f aqmifp[ k m Oya'wGi;f &yfwnfwu kd yf 0JG ifciG hf r&awmh&ifvnf; &wJeh nf;eJ@ ckcH
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if+yD; &yfwnfoGm;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcsuf cscJh=uygw,f? 'DvdktajctaersdK;rSm
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 wdik ;f jynfe@J jynfov l x
l &k @J tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf qufvuf wdu k yf 0JG ifr,fq&kd if 'Dvrf;a=umif;
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345
123456789012345 uvG+J y;D wjcm;vrf; a&G;p&mr&Syd g? 'g[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J *k%af jymifwhJ vufeufuikd f
123456789012345
awmfveS af &;udk ay:ayguaf pcJw h m jzpfygw,f? rmhupf v f eD if0g'eJ@ armfpw D ek ;f tawG;tac:udk
52
 _ynf o l h t m%m
udik pf w JG hJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D Armjynf&@J tzdEydS cf H tm;vHk; EdkifiHa&;t&/ pnf;±Hk;a&;t&/ tiftm;t&
tvk y f o rm;/ v,f o rm;eJ @ jynf o l w &yf v H k ; &J @ ,kwaf vsmah ecsed f jzpfygw,f? 'DtajctaerSm &&Sv d mcJw h hJ
tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf Oya'yrSm qufvuf &yfwnf+yD; Edik if w
H umhtultnD[m ygwt D wGuf wefz;kd }uD;rm;vS
vufeufuikd cf ck pH pfyJG qifEcJ$ w hJ m jzpfygw,f? ygwAD [d&k @J ygw,f? 'DtcGiahf umif;udk qkyu f ikd +f yD; ygw[ D m vufeuf
wjynf v H k ; &S d ygwD t zG J @ tpnf ; toD ; oD ; ud k &&m udik af wmfveS af &; t&Sed u f kd jri‡ w
hf ifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? jynfwiG ;f u
vufeufqu JG ikd +f yD; tkypf ;dk ol zqyv tpd;k &udk qef@usif awmfveS af &;tiftm;pk toD;oD;udk wdu k ±f ukd ef @J o,G 0f u kd f
wdkufyGJ0ifzdk@ aqmf=ocsufa=umifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;&Sd&m tultnDawG ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkif
a'otoD;oD;rSm vufeufuifkd w f u kd yf rJG sm; tus,t f jyef@ tiftm;pk toD;oD;udv k nf; }u;D rm;wJh ±ky0f wˆK tultnD
jzpfay:cJyh gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD ESpf (70) vH;k vH;k awG ay;Edik cf v hJ @kd vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;t&Sed f jrifrh m;
&Sifoef&yfwnfEdkifcJhwm[m &efol&J@ zdESdyfr_udk iH@k rcHbJ vmcJyh gw,f?
jywfjywfom;om; qef@usiw f u kd yf 0JG if&w J hJ pdw"f mwf &Scd v hJ @kd 1968 tjzpftysu[ f m xl;jcm;wJt h ajctae
jzpfygw,f? 'g[m Oya'wGi;f ygwt D jzpfuae vufeuf a=umifh a&Smifwcif ay:ayguv f mcJw h m jzpfygw,f? tcGihf
udik f awmfveS w f hJ ygwt D jzpf ajymif;vJomG ;cJ&h wJh ordik ;f aumif; ñuHóuufcsed rf mS jynfwiG ;f awmfveS af &; tiftm;
tauG@tcsKd ;wck jzpfygw,f? rsm; csnehf @J ae+yD; vlxu k kd vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;xJ
1968 -- 1948 u pcJhwJh vufeufudkif yg0ifvmatmif pnf;±H;k Edik rf _ rvHak vmufcv hJ @kd atmifyJG
awmfveS af &; c&D;=urf;[m ESpf (20) twGi;f twuftus &onftxd rcsw D ufEikd cf ahJ yr,fh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
trsdK;rsdK;udk ñuHcJh&ygw,f? vufeufudkifwyftiftm;/ taeeJ@ 'DtcGifhaumif;udk taumif;qHk;aygif;pyf+yD;
ygwD&J@ ttajccHv_yf&Sm;Edkif&ma'o/ twdk;tavsmh/ awmfveS af &;twGuf tusKd ;&Sad tmif vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f?
twuftus trsdK;rsdK;udk &ifqdkif+yD; tqufrjywf 'g[m vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tajctaeedrahf e&mu
qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if&if; ausmv f m$ ;cJyh gw,f? 1967 rSm jrifrh m;vmcJw h hJ ordik ;f tcsKd ;tauG@wckygy?J
awmh Adv k af e0if;ppftyk pf [ k m w±kwq f ef@usiaf &; zefw;D cJh 1989 -- ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ ordkif;
ygw,f? 'g&@J tusKd ;quftjzpf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd wav#mufrSm rñuHzl;wJh tjzpftysufawG ay:ayguf
w±kwu f eG jf rLepfygwu D Edik if w H umhtultnDawG AH;k ayg vmcJw h EhJ pS w f ESpyf gy?J 1981 ckEpS rf mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
vatmay;cJ h w J h t ajctae ay:ayguf v mcJ h y gw,f ? ygwD&J@ EdkifiHwumhtajctaeeJ@ jynfwGif;tajctae
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J ordik ;f wav#muf b,fwek ;f urS tay: oH;k oyftuJjzwfcsurf sm;t& ArmjynfrmS jynfwiG ;f
r&Scd zhJ ;l wJh vufeufc, J rf; t}uD;ti,frsKd ;pHu k kd &&Scd +hJ yD; ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufzdk@ vkyf
ordik ;f wav#muf r&Scd zhJ ;l wJh wyftiftm;/ tajccHa'oawG aqmifoifw h ,fv@kd ,lqr_&cdS yhJ gw,f? 'Dajrmfjrifr&_ v'f
jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? t&ifu rodczhJ ;l wJh vlrsKd ;pktiftm;pk tjzpf rqv eJ@ awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;vkyzf @kd jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
awG[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw0D ife@J wyfrawmfom;awG 'DaqG;aEG;yGJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu Armjynf&J@
jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? ygwt D iftm;r&Scd zhJ ;l wJh Armjynf&@J tpGef tusKd ;udk ar#mu f ;kd +yD; r+yD;pD;Edik w f hJ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd &yfpJ
tzsm;a'oawGrSm }uD;rm;wJh wyftiftm;eJ@ tajccH Edik zf @kd enf;vrf;rsm; wifjycJyh gw,f? 'Dwifjycsuaf wGxrJ mS
a'oawG ESpt f csKd @twGi;f ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? 'Da'o ArmjynfrSm ‘ygwDpHpepf’ usifhoHk;zdk@ wifjywm yg0if
rsm;twGi;f jzpfay:cJw h hJ ppfa&;wdu k yf rJG sm;rSm &J0phH eG @f pm;pGm ygw,f? taumiftxnfray:cJyh gb;l ? +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;
wduk cf u kd cf rhJ &_ @J &v'frsm; jzpfygw,f? &efo[ l m jynfwiG ;f ppf yGu J kd Adv k af e0if;u wzufowf&yfqikd ;f ypfcyhJ gw,f? 'Dvkd
twGif; rñuHzl;wJh xdcdkufqHk;±H_;r_awG tajrmuftjrm; aqG;aEG;yGJ ysuo f mG ;ayr,fh ygw[ D m “ygwpD pkH epf” ay:
ñuHawG@cyhJ gw,f? ayguaf &;udk enf;y&d,m,fwcktjzpf qufvufusio hf ;kH cJh
'Dumv jynfrrSm&Scd w hJ hJ ygw&D @J tiftm;eJ@a'o ygw,f? 'Denf;y&d,m,ft& jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &;tiftm;
rsm;&J@ tajctae[m tvGeftiftm;csnfheJ@wJh tajc pk toD;oD;udv k nf; pnf;±H;k cJyh gw,f? 1987 ckEpS /f rwfv
tae jzpfaeyg+yD? ðzwfxw k o f wf vrf;pOftrSm;a=umifh 28 &uf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;ae@rmS rqv tpd;k &udk
acgi;f aqmiftiftm; ,kwaf vsmch +hJ yD; ygw&D @J tiftm;pk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D ,m,Dtpd;k &w&yfxal xmif=uzd@k ygwAD [du k
53
_ynf o l h t m%m

a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? rqv &J@ (16) ESpf oufwrf;twGif; bufpHkratmifjrifr_awGudk pdwfukef+yD;

tajctaeopfukd ar#mv f ifah ewJh jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &; tiftm;pka[mif;/ tiftm;pkopfrsm;eJ@ ygw[ D m vufwJG
v_y&f mS ;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'Dvkd Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;&J@ tiftm;&S&d dS v_y&f mS ;r_&,f/ 16 ESpv f ;kH vH;k rqv vufatmufrmS
zdEydS cf aH e&wJh vlx}k uD; w&yfv;kH &J@ rauseyfra_ ygi;f pHak =umifh qef@usit f ºkH uvdrk &_ ,f/ rqv wGi;f rSm Adv k af e0if;&J@
vrf;pOfeJ@acgif;aqmifr_udk pdwfukefvm=uwJh 0efxrf;aygif;pHkwdk@&,f aygif;qHkrd+yD; 1988 rSm vlxktHkºur_}uD;
ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ygw[ D m 'Dvy_ &f mS ;r_}u;D twGi;f rSm 'Dumv&J@ enf;y&d,m,ft& ,m,Dtpd;k &w&yf ay:ayguf
a&;udk OD;wnfvyk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? 'DO;D wnfcsuu f kd taumif txnfrazmfEikd rf D e0w ppftyk pf &k @J tm%modr;f r_
ay:ayguv f mcJw h ,f? 1988 vlxk tHºk ur_}uD;[m &nfreS ;f csuf ra&mufbJ qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if&zd@k jzpfvmcJyh gw,f?
1968 up+y;D ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrmS ygvm=uwJh ta&S@ajrmufppfa'ou vlrsKd ;pk
vufeufuikd t f iftm;pk toD;oD;rSm awmfveS af &;&Sn=f umr_a=umifh awmfveS af &;tay:rSm +iD;aiG@pw d "f mwfusvm
ae=uwm 1988 rwdik rf u D wnf;u jzpfygw,f? Edik if w H umhtajctae tajymif;tvJrsm;t& w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepf
ygwu D ay;aewJh Edik if w H umhtultnDrsm; &yfqikd ;f oGm;cJw h m[mvnf; pdw"f mwfusqif;r_twGuf ta=umif;tcsuf
wck jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taeeJ@Eikd if w H umhtultnD&rS awmfveS af &;vkyrf ,fqw kd hJ pOf;pm;r_rsKd ; r&Scd zhJ ;l yg?
ta=umif;tcsuw f ckcak =umif/h tajctaewckcak =umifh tultnD&vmcJ&h if,+l yD; tiftm;&S&d edS @J qufvufwu kd yf JG
0ifomG ;rSm jzpfovdk tultnDr&awmhwhJ tajctaerSmvnf; &Sw d t hJ ajctaet& qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifomG ;rSmom
jzpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfygww D &yftaeeJ@ tiftm;csnehf @J omG ;vd@k tav#mah y;tnHch o H mG ;±d;k xH;k pH r&Syd gb;l ? Armjynf
jynfoal wGb0 rvGwaf jrmufao;ygb;l ? rzG@H òz;rwd;k wufao;ygb;l ? ppftyk pf ek @J aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;eJ@ taygi;f ygrsm;om
csr;f omºu,f0zG@H òz;wd;k wufaewm jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taeeJ@ 1988 vlxt k ºkH ur_}u;D t+y;D rSm atmifyJG
r&bJ qufwu kd zf @kd jyifqifaecsed rf mS yJ ygw&D @J ta&S@ajrmufppfa'ou tiftm;pktoD;oD;[m ygwaD cgi;f aqmifr_
atmufuae cGx J u G o
f mG ;=u+y;D ppftyk pf ek @J aygi;f oGm;=uygw,f? 'Dvkd vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm; qH;k ±H;_ oGm;wJh Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygw[ D m ajratmufygwt D jzpf ajymif;vJ&yfwnf+y;D qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifcyhJ gw,f? 'g[m 1989 rSm jzpfay:cJw h hJ
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;qifEaJ$ ewJh ygwt D jzpfrS ajratmufygwt D jzpfo@kd ajymif;vJc&hJ wJh ordik ;f tcsKd ;tauG@wck
jzpfygw,f?
'Dordik ;f jzpf&yf 3 ckukd =unfv h u kd &f if ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m awmfveS af &;twGuf ta&;}u;D wJt h ajctae
ñuaH wG@vm&csed rf sm;rSm wdik ;f jynfe@J jynfov l x l &k @J tusKd ;udk OD;wnfaqmif&u G Ef ikd rf ,fh awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;udo k m
jywfjywfom;om; a&G;cs,af v#mufvrS ;f cJw h mudk awG@&rSm jzpfygw,f?
'Dae@ 1989 +yD;aemuf ESpf (20) &Sv d mcJch sed rf mS jynfwiG ;f &J@ Edik if aH &;wdu k yf [
JG m qufvufjyif;xefaeqJ
jzpfygw,f? etz ppftyk pf [ k m rqv ppftyk pf v k ykd J tajrmftjrifenf;yg;vGe;f ygw,f? Adv k af e0if;vdyk J ppftyk pf t k usKd ;udk
=unfv h eG ;f ygw,f? 'Dae@acwf&@J Eikd if w H umhtajctaet&/ jynfwiG ;f tajctaet& jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk
toD;oD;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDenf;vrf;usus aphpyfaqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f +yD; wwdik ;f jynfv;kH +idr;f csr;f om,m zG@H òz;wd;k wufEikd rf ,fh
vrf;a=umif;udk av#mufv@kd &aeygvsuef @J rav#mufyg? jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &;tiftm;pktoD;oD;udk xdyw f u kd q f ef@usif
xdef;csKyf+yD; emrnfcH±kyfao;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ ppftkyfpkeef;quf a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;udk tmrcHr,fh/ emrnfcH
t&yfom;tpd;k &w&yf ay:ayguaf &;udo k m acgi;f rmpGm qufvufvyk af qmifaeygw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m 'Dae@umv&J@ tajctaet& wnf&v dS mr,fh tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ vufw+JG y;D ppftyk pf k
rif;quf w&m;0ifwnf&adS &; jyXmef;xm;wJh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya'udk ysuo f nftxd qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifomG ;rSm
jzpfygw,f? ygw[ D m ESpf (70) ordik ;f twGi;f ordik ;f tcsKd ;tauG@rsKd ;pHrk mS &Sio f ef&yfwnf+yD; wdik ;f jynfe@J tzdEydS cf H
jynfov l x l t k usKd ;twGuf &yfwnfwu kd yf 0JG ifcahJ =umif; vufawG@tjzpftysurf sm;u azmfjycJ+h yD; jzpfygw,f? 2010
a&G;aumufyu JG mvrSm jzpfwnfvmr,fh tajctaersm;t& qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifomG ;zd@k jyifqif+yD; jzpfygw,f?
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
54
 Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD
A[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf