PLANNING OF FACE PRESSURE - CLAY

Stability Number, N
Overburden Pressure Tunnel Support Pressure N= Undrained Shear Strength
Surcharge q

(zO + q t) N= cu

C zo D t P

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PLANNING OF FACE PRESSURE - CLAY

Stability Number at Collapse, Nc
For deep tunnels (C/D > 3), Nc = 9 when P/D = 0

9.0 8.6

Heading Geometry and Depth vs. Stability Number at Collapse, Nc

2.5

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PLANNING OF FACE PRESSURE - CLAY

Load Factor
Stability Number (Working Condition) Stability Number at Collapse

Load Factor =

LF = N/NC LF is the inverse of the factor of safety

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PLANNING OF FACE PRESSURE - CLAY

Load Factor vs. Volume Loss

0.49 0.42

Load Factor =

1 F

N (Working Condition) N (At Collapse)

Load Factor = 0.67 (F = 1.5) at Volume Loss = 4%

1.5

CIRIA Report 30, March 1996

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PLANNING OF FACE PRESSURE - CLAY

Load Factor vs Volume Loss Vl = 0.23e 4.4(LF) For LF>0.2 Vl in percentage
LF = 0.49, Vl = 0.23 * e (4.4*0.49) = 1.98 (approx. 2%)

Dimmock & Mair (2007) NUS CE5104 DWen L4

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TRANSVERSE SETTLEMENT TROUGH

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TRANSVERSE SETTLEMENT TROUGH

Green Field

Gaussian equation

i is the distance to the point of inflection

which can be expressed using the following expression based on experience i = K zo where K is the trough width parameter and zo is the depth to the tunnel axis
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TRANSVERSE SETTLEMENT TROUGH

Green Field

Volume Loss, V = Volume of surface

settlement trough (per m)/Volume of excavated tunnel (per m) Unit Volume = 2.5 i Smax. Expressed as a percentage Typical design figures in range 1% to 3% Governed by maximum surface settlement

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SUBSURFACE SETTLEMENTS

Mair, et al (1993) NUS CE5104 DWen L2

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TRANSVERSE SETTLEMENT TROUGH

Sub-Surface Settlement
To find the max subsurface settlement at 2m above crown of tunnel K = [0.175 + 0.325 * (1-z/zo) / [1-z/zo]
zo = 18m

zo = 18m,

z = 18-3-2 = 13m

K = [0.175 + 0.325 * (1-13/18)]/(1-13/18) = 0.955 i = K (zo-z) = 0.955 * (18-13) = 4.775 smax = 0.313 D2 V / i = 0.313 * 6 * 6 * 0.02/ 4.775 = 47.2 mm
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2m

smax = ?

D = 6m V = 2%
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TRANSVERSE SETTLEMENT TROUGH

Surface Settlement
Smax = ?

K = 0.5 i = K zo = 9m Smax = 0.313 D2 V / i = 0.313 * 6 * 6 * 0.02/ 9 = 25mm

zo = 18m

2m

D = 6m V = 2%
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