THIT Bj LP TRNH

1
Cm bin (Sensor)
1. Khi nim chung
2. Mt s tiu ch nh gi cm bin
3. Nguyn l lm vic ca mt s cm bin
1. Khi nim chung
L nhng thit b c kh nng cm nhn nhng
i lng in v khng in, chuyn i
chng tr thnh nhng tn hiu in ph hp
vi thit b thu nhn tn hiu.
L nhng thit b khng th thiu trong cc h
thng t ng ho v sn xut cng nghip.
THIT Bj LP TRNH
2
2.1 Phm vi cm nhn hoc khong cch cm nhn.
2.2 Sai s.
Sai s do mt tr
Sai s v phn gii
Sai s do tuyn tnh ho
2. Mt s tiu ch nh gi cm bin
2.1. Phm vi cm nhn
L gii hn cm nhn ca cm bin i vi i lng vt l cn
o.
V d:
Cm bin nhit c tn hiu ra bng in t l vi
nhit cn o. Do trong khong gii hn
nhit trn v di, mi quan h ny cn phi
tuyn tnh. Vng tuyn tnh c gi l phm
vi cm nhn.
i vi cm bin tim cn l khong gii hn
trn v di m cm bin c th pht hin ra i
tng, lm cho u ra chuyn tn hiu mt cch
chc chn.
THIT Bj LP TRNH
3
t
U
Cao
Thp
c tnh ra ca mt in tr nhit (RTD)
i tng
Cm bin
S
n
: Khong cch cm nhn
ca cm bin tim cn
Sai s do mt tr tn hiu
S khc bit ln nht gia gi tr u ra o c vi gi tr
u ra l thuyt khi tn hiu u vo tng hoc gim.
2.2. Sai s
t
V
Mt tr ca in tr nhit (RTD)
Di nhit ng vi in p V
1
Di in p ng vi t
1
t
1
THIT Bj LP TRNH
4
Sai s do phn gii
phn gii: L s thay i ln nht ca i lng vt l
cn o m khng gy ra s thay i v tn hiu u ra ca
cm bin.
phn gii ca in tr nhit
(RTD) vi u ra s
t
phn gii
+/- 0.25
o
C
Sai s do tuyn tnh ho
Vi mt sensor l tng th tn hiu u vo lun t l tuyn
tnh vi tn hiu u ra. Nhng trn thc t c tn hiu o
tuyn tnh, ngi ta lun phi tin hnh tuyn tnh ho.
iu ny s to ra sai s ca tn hiu
p
V
Tuyn tnh ho trong cm bin p sut
cao thp
thp
cao
di o
ng cong thc t
ng cong l tng
sai s ln nht
THIT Bj LP TRNH
5
3. Nguyn l lm vic ca mt s cm bin
3.1 Cc loi cm bin ng ct (dng ON-OFF).
Cng tc gii hn hnh trnh.
Cm bin tim cn.
3.2 Cc cm bin s dng b chuyn i (transducer)
3.3 Mt s cm bin v tr
Cng tc gii hn hnh trnh.
Cc k hiu in
Nguyn l lm vic
Kiu tc ng tc thi
Kiu tc ng c tr
B tr tip im
Cc k hiu in
Tip im thng h (NO)
Khi m
Khi ng
Tip im thng kn (NC)
Khi ng
Khi m
3.1. Cc cm bin ng ct dng ON - off
THIT Bj LP TRNH
6
T
Nguyn l lm vic
Hnh trnh nh
sai lch gia hai v tr
V tr nh
Qung
ng
chuyn
ng
V tr ng
Qung ng d tr
phn chp hnh
phn u
phn thn
Kiu tc ng tc thi
Tip im thng ng
Tip im thng h
Trc ng
Tip im tnh
Tip im ng
L xo phn hi
L xo cht
c im
Khi phn chp
hnh b tc
ng, l xo
cht s tr
nng lng,
n v tr ng
l xo cht gii
phng nng
lng
THIT Bj LP TRNH
7
Kiu tc ng c tr
c im
Tip im NO
ng trc,
tip im NC
b ngt sau
ng trc khi ngt Ngt trc khi ng
c im
Tip im NC
b ngt trc,
tip im NO
ng sau
c im chung
To ra mt khong thi gian tr nh gia hai loi tip
im
Trc ng
Tip im ng
L xo phn hi
Tip im tnh
B tr tip
im
(SPDT)
(DPDT)
THIT Bj LP TRNH
8
Cm bin tim cn.
Tim cn in cm (Inductive proximity)
Tim cn in dung (Capacitive proximity)
Tim cn siu m (Ultrasonic proximity)
Tim cn quang hc (Photoelectric proximity)
Tim cn in cm (Inductive proximity)
L loi cm bin s dng trng in-t pht hin
i tng bng kim loi.
in p lm vic DC, AC hoc AC/DC
Phn loi:
Theo chc nng c chia ra lm hai loi: PNP (sourcing)
v NPN (sinking)
Nguyn l hot ng:
Trng in t
Cun dy to t trng
B dao ng
B iu chnh in p
u ra ti
THIT Bj LP TRNH
9
Ni dy cho loi PNP (sourcing):
Ti
PNP transistor
Ni dy cho loi NPN (sinking):
NPN transistor
Ti
THIT Bj LP TRNH
10
Ti
Ti
Ti
Loi 2 dy PNP
Loi 3 dy PNP
Loi 4 dy PNP
Cu hnh cm bin loi transistor PNP
2 dy song song 3 dy
2 dy ni tip 3 dy
THIT Bj LP TRNH
11
Theo khong cch c chia ra lm hai loi: c bo v
(shielded) v khng bo v (unshielded)
B mt sensor
C bo v Khng bo v
Nhn xt:
Khong cch cm nhn t 0.6 - 20 (mm)
Tim cn in cm ph thuc vo mt s yu t
sau ca i tng:
Hnh dng i tng
dy ca i tng
Vt liu ca i tng
Tim cn in dung (Capacitive proximity)
L loi cm bin s dng trng tnh in pht hin
i tng bng kim loi v phi kim loi.
in p lm vic DC, AC hoc AC/DC
Phn loi:
Theo chc nng c chia ra lm hai loi: PNP (sourcing)
v NPN (sinking)
Tt c cm bin in dung ca siemens u c bo v
(shielded)
B mt sensor
i tng
THIT Bj LP TRNH
12
Nguyn l hot ng:
Nhn xt:
Khong cch cm nhn t 5 - 20 (mm)
C kh nng pht hin mc cht lng xuyn qua thng
trong sut (Cht lng phi c hng s in mi cao hn
v thng)
Mi trng lm vic phi kh, bi v khi c cht lng
trn b mt ca cm bin, cm bin c th tc ng
nhm.
THIT Bj LP TRNH
13
Hng s in mi ca mt s vt liu
Tim cn siu m (Ultrasonic proximity)
L loi cm bin s dng b thu pht tn hiu siu m,
tn s cao.
a/ Nguyn l lm vic
b/ c im
c/ Cc ch hot ng
d/ nh hng ca mi trng
THIT Bj LP TRNH
14
Nguyn l lm vic
Vng m:
Vng ny tn ti ngay pha trc cm bin, tu theo loi cm bin m
vng m ny c khong cch chng 6 - 80 cm. Nu i tng c t
trong vng ny s khin cho trng thi u ra khng n nh.
c im
THIT Bj LP TRNH
15
Cc cm bin t song song:
Gi thit 2 cm bin c cng khong cch cm nhn c t song
song vi nhau. i tng t vung gc vi ngun m. Vy khong
cch gia cc cm bin c xc nh thng qua khong cch cm
nhn.
V d nu khong cch cm nhn l 6 cm, th khong cch gia cc
cm bin l 15 cm.
Khong cch X (cm)
cm nhn
(cm)
6-30 > 15
20-130 > 60
40-300 > 150
60-600 > 250
80-1000 > 350
Nhiu giao nhau gia cc cm bin
Nhiu xy ra khi cc cm bin c t gn nhau, chm phn x ca
cm bin ny li tc ng n cm bin khc
Trong trng hp ny khong cch X cn c xc nh thng qua th
nghim.
THIT Bj LP TRNH
16
Khong cch ti thiu cho hai cm bin t i
nhau
Gi thit 2 cm bin c cng khong cch cm nhn c t i din
nhau. Khong cch X c xc nh sao cho 2 cm bin khng gy
nhiu cho nhau.
Khong cch X (cm)
cm nhn
(cm)
6-30 > 120
20-130 > 400
40-300 > 1200
60-600 > 2500
80-1000 > 4000
Gc nghing:
Gc nghing gia i tng vi phng truyn sng phi c cn
nhc khi lp t. Nu gc nghing qu ln sng phn x c th khng
n c cm bin.
THIT Bj LP TRNH
17
i vi cht lng v vt liu di dng ht:
i vi cht lng (v d nc) gii hn gc nghing 3
o
i vi vt liu di dng ht th gc nghing c th ln ti 45
o
.
Loi b i tng nhiu:
Mt i tng nhiu bt k c th nm trong phm vi cm nhn ca
cm bin. iu ny s gy ra tc ng nhm ca cm bin. loi b
i tng nhiu ngi ta dng mt loi vt liu c kh nng hp th
m, ch li mt khe h khin cho ngun m khng th ti i tng
nhiu c.
i tng nhiu
Khe h
Vt liu hp th m
THIT Bj LP TRNH
18
Cc ch hot ng:
Khuch tn
Phn x
Xuyn sut
Khuch tn:
y l ch lm vic ph bin ca cm bin siu m. Khi i tng
b pht hin trong phm vi cm nhn th cm bin s chuyn trng thi
u ra, ch ny hot ng nh mt cm bin tim cn.
Phm vi
cm nhn
Phn x:
Trong ch ny c dng thm mt b phn x c t trong vng
lm vic. B phn x c iu chnh sao cho cc sng m sau khi
p vo b phn x s quay tr v cm bin. Khi i tng cn pht
hin cn tr sng phn x th cm bin s tc ng.
B phn x thng c dng khi i tng c hnh dng c bit,
hoc hp th m thanh.
THIT Bj LP TRNH
19
i tng c hnh dng c bit
i tng hp th m
Xuyn sut:
Trong ch ny ngi ta s dng hai b thu pht ring bit, khi chm
m b gin on bi i tng th u ra cm bin s thay i trng
thi.
B pht
B thu
THIT Bj LP TRNH
20
nh hng ca mi trng:
Nhit : Nhit cao gy nh hng ti ch lm vic
ca cm bin, thng thng i vi cm bin siu m u
c b nhit
Ap sut: Khi p sut thay i 5% so vi p sut mt
nc bin, th tc m thay i khong 0,6%. Khi cm
bin t cao hn mc nc bin 3 km th tc m gim
3,6%. Cn iu chnh khong cch cm bin cho hp l.
Chn khng: Trong mi trng ny th cm bin khng hot
ng c.
m: Khi m tng th tc m tng
Tc gi: < 50km/h, cm bin khng b nh hng; 50-
100km/h, cm bin lm vic khng chc chn; > 100km/h,
cm bin khng lm vic c
Thi tit: Ma nh v tuyt nh khng nh hng ti hot
ng ca cm bin. Tuy nhin b mt ca b chuyn i
nn c gi kh ro.
Lp sng m: Ni chung l khng c nh hng g ti cm
bin, tuy nhin khng nn chng ng trn b mt b
chuyn i.
Bi: Mi trng bi lm gim phm vi cm nhn ca cm
bin xung 25-33%
THIT Bj LP TRNH
21
Tim cn quang hc (Photoelectric proximity)
L loi cm bin s dng chm tia sng c iu bin. Cu
to cm bin gm mt thit b pht v mt thit b thu
c im:
1/ Chm tia sng c iu bin
2/ H s khuch i nh sng
3/ K hiu
Cng ngh tim cn quang hc
1/ Xuyn sut
2/ Xuyn sut tch cc
3/ Phn x
4/ Phn x tch cc
5/ Lc phn cc vi cc i tng phn quang
6/ Khuch tn
Cc ch lm vic
1/ Ch ti
2/ Ch sng
Chm tia sng c iu bin:
Mc ch lm tng khong cch cm nhn v gim nh hng ca nh
sng mi trng. nh sng iu bin l mt chm xung c tn s t 5kHz
n 30 kHz. Ngun sng dng trong cc cm bin loi ny c ph sng t
nh sng xanh nhn c ti nh sng hng ngoi khng nhn c. Tiu
biu l ngun sng t LED.
THIT Bj LP TRNH
22
H s khuych i nh sng:
H s khuych i nh sng l lng nh sng pht ra vt qu lng
yu cu ca thit b thu.
Trong mi trng sch th h s ny bng hoc ln hn 1 l lng yu
cu ca thit b thu. Mi trng cng nhim th h s ny cng cao, do
mt phn nh sng pht ra s b mi trng ny hp th. Tuy nhin h s
cng cao th khong cch cm nhn thc t cng gim.
H s
khuych
i
Khong cch cm nhn
THIT Bj LP TRNH
23
K hiu:
Khuch tn
Khuch tn
dng tm chn
Phn x
Xuyn sut
Khuch tn u
ra tng t
Cm bin dng
si quang
Cm bin mu Cm bin vch
mu
Cm bin khe
hp
Xuyn sut:
Cng ngh ny s dng phn pht v phn thu ring
bit, hai phn ny c b tr sao cho phn thu c th
nhn c ti a chm xung nh sng t phn pht
Nu v l do g m chm tia sng khng ti c phn
thu, th u ra ca phn thu s thay i trng thi.
Thch hp i vi nhng vt chn sng v phn quang
Phm vi cm nhn ln ti 90 m (300 feet)
THIT Bj LP TRNH
24
Xuyn sut tch cc:
i tng c pht
hin khi ct chm tia tch
cc.
Chm tia tch cc c rng bng ng knh thu knh pht v thu
knh thu
Kch thc nh nht ca i tng bng vi rng chm tia
Pht Thu Pht
i tng
Pht
Thu
Chm tia
tch cc
Thu
Chm tia
tch cc
Phn x:
Cng ngh ny gn phn pht vi phn thu trn cng mt b. Khi nh
sng pht ra t phn pht gp mt phn x s quay tr li phn thu.
Nu c bt k i tng no chn ngang ng truyn sng th u ra
ca cm bin s chuyn trng thi
Phm vi cm nhn ti a c 10 m (35 feet)
Pht
Thu
i tng
THIT Bj LP TRNH
25
Phn x tch cc:
Chm sng tch cc pht ra t thu knh pht c rng ph hp vi
b mt phn x.
Kch thc ti thiu ca i tng bng vi b mt phn x
Mt phn x: Mt phn x tng ng vi tng kiu cm bin phn x,
c th hnh trn, hnh vung hoc di bng. Khong cch cm nhn tu
thuc vo vic s dng b mt phn x .
Pht chm tia
tch cc
Mt phn x
Lc phn cc i vi i tng phn quang:
i vi cm bin phn x vic pht hin i tng phn quang l
khng th, do cm bin khng phn bit c chm sng phn hi t
i tng hay t b mt phn x.
c th pht hin c ngi ta dng thm b lc phn cc t pha
trc thu knh pht v thu
Chm sng cha
phn cc
Thu knh
Lc phn cc
Chm sng phn cc
Mt phn x
Chm sng phn cc
THIT Bj LP TRNH
26
Cm bin khuch tn
Cng ngh ny cng gn phn pht v thu trn cng mt b. Chm
sng pht ra p vo i tng v b khuch tn di cc gc khc
nhau, nu phn thu nhn c nh sng th u ra cm bin thay
i trng thi
nng cao hiu qu ngi ta dng cng ngh tm chn trong cm
bin khuch tn. Khong cch cng ln th gc phn x nh sng cng
hp. Bng cch s dng tm chn PSD ngi ta c th thu c nh
sng t cc gc khc nhau.
PSD: Position Senser Detector
THIT Bj LP TRNH
27
Ch lm vic ti:
Khi cm bin quang lm vic ch ny, th u ra s chuyn trng
thi khi nh sng khng ti c thit b thu.
Pht
Thu
Thu
Pht
i tng
Ch lm vic sng
Khi cm bin quang lm vic ch ny, th u ra s chuyn trng
thi khi nh sng ti c thit b thu.
Pht
Thu
Thu
Pht
i tng
THIT Bj LP TRNH
28
3.2. mt s cm bin s dng b chuyn i
Cc phng php chuyn i
Chuyn i nhit (cm bin nhit )
Chuyn i lc (cm bin lc)
Chuyn i lu lng (cm bin lu lng)
Chuyn i v tr (Cm bin v tr)
Chuyn i tc (Cm bin tc )
THIT Bj LP TRNH
29
Cc phng php chuyn i.
K thut mch cu cn bng
K thut LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)
K thut mch cu cn bng.
Mch cu dng cc phn t in tr, tu theo cch cu
hnh cho cu cn bng m ta c hai kiu o theo dng
hoc theo p.
iu kin bnh thng (cu cn bng) th in p
U
output
= 0, hoc khng c dng in qua cu (I
cu
= 0).
Cu in p: L mch cu c in p U
output
t l vi
s thay i tr khng trong mch cu. Trn hnh bn th
D l thit b thu thp R
D
l ni tr ca n.
Vi cu ny th
tr s R
D
phi rt
ln. V d nh tr
khng u vo
ca module
PLC. Xt v d
hnh bn, khi R
4
thay i lm cu
mt cn bng. T
l ca tr khng
trong mch nh
sau:
4
3
2
1
R
R
R
R
=
THIT Bj LP TRNH
30
Cu dng in: Nhm to ra s thay i v dng
in u ra ca cu cn bng, gia 2 im A v B.
Thit b thu thp D c ni tr rt thp. V d nh nhng
module PLC khuch i dng c tr khng vo thp.

+ +

+ +

=
B 4 3
1
3
D B 4 2
1
2
4
D
R R
R
R
1 R R R
R
R
1
R U
I
.
Phng trnh dng I
D
Trong : R
4B
l tr khng ca R
4
khi cu cn bng
R
4
: chnh lch ln nht ca in tr nhit
R
D
: Tr khng u vo ca module thu thp
V d: Mch cu dng in tr nhit c tr khng 10k.
Dng module khuych i c tr khng u vo 300 ,
o nhng thay i nh v dng cn bng. Xc nh
tr s dng khi tr khng ca in tr nhit thay i
10%
THIT Bj LP TRNH
31
K thut LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer).
LVDT l mt c cu c - in to ra in p t l vi v tr
ca li bin p (BA) trong lng cun dy.
V thp khng g
Vnh chng nhiu
in-t v tnh in
Cun dy
Lp epoxy Li
Hn hp chng m,
n nh nhit
Nguyn l lm vic: in p AC a vo cun s
cp, to ra in p cm ng trn 2 u cun th cp.
Khi li chuyn ng lm cho in p u ra th cp
thay i. Cun th cp cun theo 2 chiu ngc
nhau, nn in p s thay i cc tnh khi li dch
chuyn.
in p vo
in p ra
S cp
Th cp Th cp
Li
THIT Bj LP TRNH
32
in p ra
V tr li (%) so vi v tr 0
Vng tuyn tnh
Vng
phi
tuyn
Vng
phi
tuyn
V tr 0% V tr 100% V tr 100%
Hng chuyn ng
Th cp
S cp
in p
ra
Hin nay cc my bin p LVDT thng kt hp thm vi cc mch
chnh lu to ra in p DC
THIT Bj LP TRNH
33
Chuyn i nhit (Cm bin nhit).
Cm bin nhit dng o v gim st s thay i nhit
. Trn thc t c hai loi chuyn i sau:
o s thay i in tr ni
o s chnh lch in p
u ra ca cm bin nhit c th di dng tn hiu dng
hoc p t l vi nhit cn o
Kiu 1 thng l RTD hoc Thermistor
kiu 2 thng l cp nhit ngu (can nhit)
RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) (Nhit in tr kim
loi)
RTD c ch to t cc dy dn nhy cm vi nhit
(phn t in tr), vt liu ph bin nht l platium,
nickel, ng, nickel-st. Chng c t trong ng bo v
i vi RTD th tr khng tng tuyn tnh vi nhit
cn o, do vy RTD c h s nhit dng
o nhit , RTD c mc theo k thut cu in
tr.
Phn t
in tr
Tm cch
in
V bo v
THIT Bj LP TRNH
34
Cch mc
gy sai s
Cch mc b
sai s.
Vi iu kin
R
L1
= R
L2
i vi module RTD ca PLC, th c mch b sai s,
do vy ta c th mc trc tip RTD vo module.
Trong trng hp dng module tng t, th ta cn thit
k thm cu cn bng, kt hp vi khuch i tn hiu.
Thermistor (Nhit in tr bn dn)
Thermistor c lm t cc vt liu bn dn, s thay
i in tr ca vt liu t l vi nhit trong di o.
Tuy nhin khi nhit tng th in tr li gim, do vy
Thermistor c h s nhit m. Mc d vy, cng c mt
s thermistor c h s nhit dng.
THIT Bj LP TRNH
35
T ng c tnh trn, th thermistor cho ta phn
gii cao hn so vi RTD. Rt thch hp vi nhng ng
dng c di nhit hp.
So snh 2 loi trn:
RTD: u im:
Tuyn tnh trong di nhit rng
o c nhit cao, di o ln
n nh tt hn nhit cao
nhc im:
nhy km
Gi thnh cao
B nh hng do rung ng, do in tr tip xc
THIT Bj LP TRNH
36
Thermistor: u im:
p ng nhanh
o c nhit di o hp vi chnh xc cao
Khng b nh hng ca in tr dy ni
C kh nng chng rung
Gi thnh thp
nhc im:
Kh nng tuyn tnh thp di o ln
Phm vi o nhit hp
Cp nhit ngu (can nhit)
c cu to t mt cp kim loi, lm t vt liu khc
nhau. 2 u ni vi nhau v t 2 vng nhit , s
chnh lch nhit to ra sc in ng trn 2 u cp
nhit ngu.
Kim loi A
Kim loi B
Nng
Lnh
T
1
: l nhit cn o
T
2
: l nhit mu
e
Kim loi B
Kim loi A
Nng
Lnh
n PLC
THIT Bj LP TRNH
37
Nhit mu chun (lnh) l 0
o
C, do vy trong
datasheet ca cp nhit ngu, in p u ra da trn
nhit mu 0
o
C.
Tuy nhin trong cng nghip vic to ra 0
o
C l rt bt
tin, cho nn cn phi tin hnh b nhit mu
Xt v d: Dng cp nhit ngu loi E, c tn hiu in p
u ra l 16,42 mV, nhit T
2
l 46
o
F, tm nhit cn
o T
1
(nhit ng)
Constantan
Crm
Nng
Lnh
e
Do nhit T
2
khng phi nhit mu, nn ta tin
hnh b, b c ta cn da vo c tnh ra ca cp
nhit ngu (xem hnh).
Ta c X = 0,458 mV,
do nu 0
o
C hay
32
o
F th in p
u ra s l:
16,42 + 0,458 =
= 16,878 mV
T gi tr tm
c ta li ni
suy v c
474,71
o
F
THIT Bj LP TRNH
38
Mt s cm bin trn thc t
Loi thermistor: LM35
Loi RTD: Pt - 100 c in tr 0
0
C l 100 , Pt - 300 c
in tr 0
0
C l 300, Pt - 500 c in tr 0
0
C l
500, Pt - 1000 c in tr 0
0
C l 1000, nhng loi c
in tr ln c nhy cao hn.
Cp nhit ngu:
Chuyn i lc (Cm bin lc).
Cm bin lc v p sut dng o lc trn mt n v
din tch
C 3 loi chuyn i lc ph bin l:
o sc cng
Dng ng Bourdon
Dng load cell
o sc cng (cm bin p tr)
L kiu chuyn i c kh dng o bin dng, sc
cng ca mt vt cng khi c lc tc ng.
Kiu chuyn i ny da vo s thay i v tr khng
trong dy qun khi b lc tc ng. Dy qun c th lm
t kim loi (ng, st, platium) hoc t cht bn dn
(silic, german)
THIT Bj LP TRNH
39
Kiu chuyn i ny c hai hnh thc l Dn
(mng mng) v T do
Dn: l hnh thc gn trc tip b chuyn i
ln b mt cn o (a).
T do: l hnh thc khng gn trc tip b
chuyn i ln b mt cn o (b).
Lc tc
ng
Dy qun
V tr
Dy qun
Lc tc
ng
o sc cng dng k thut mch cu cn bng, tuy nhin
nhit li lm nh hng n tr khng, do cn
thit k thm mch b
Ch c dy qun (R
4
) c chiu tng ng vi lc tc ng
, lc ch tr khng R
4
mi b thay i.
Nhit c b thng qua R
3.
Dy qun
chnh
Dy qun
ph Lc
THIT Bj LP TRNH
40
Dng ng Bourdon
L kiu chuyn i c kh (dng k thut LVDT) bin p
lc thnh dch chuyn theo v tr. V tr dch chuyn t l
vi p lc t vo.
Tn hiu vo
Tn hiu ra
ng Bourdon
Li
u g
ng p lc
L xo
Dng Load Cell
L cm bin o trng lng v lc da trn nguyn l
chuyn i o sc cng kiu dn. L loi cm bin dng
ch yu trong cn nng.
Chuyn i lu lng (Cm bin lu lng).
Cm bin lu lng dng o lu lng ca mt vt
liu bt k, di dng rn, lng, kh
o lu lng rn
Thng dng ch yu l b chuyn i Load Cell, o
trng lng ca sn phm.
THIT Bj LP TRNH
41
V d: Bi ton cn gi n nh lu lng ca vt liu
trn bng ti.
L
v P
Q
.
=
Trng lng (P)
Chiu di (L)
Load Cell
Tc (v)
Van
Phu
o lu lng lng
Tin hnh o 1 trong 2 yu t
chnh p sut
Chuyn ng ca cht lng.
o yu t th nht ngi ta c th dng ng Venturi
hoc tm orifice
o yu t th hai ngi ta dng ng h o lu lng
dng turbine.
ng Venturi v tm orifice: u da vo nguyn l
Bernoulli, th hin mi quan h gia tc v chnh
p sut gia 2 im o. ng venturi v tm orifice thch
hp vi o p sut thp
THIT Bj LP TRNH
42
Vo
Ra
Khe
hp
ng
cn
p
sut
Tc
P k v =
v: tc mi cht
P = P
1
- P
2
k: Hng s Bernoulli
P K
P k A
A v Q
=
=
=
.
. .
.
A: Tit din mt ct
ngang ca ng
ng Venturi
p
sut
Tm
Orifice
V
ng
L
Orifice
Tm
Orifice
Tm orifice
THIT Bj LP TRNH
43
ng h o lu lng dng turbine: da vo nguyn l cm
ng in t. V cu to, ng h gm mt rto gn vi
nhiu cnh, mt stato to ra tn hiu in. Khi roto
quay di tc ng ca lung cht lng, s to ra t
trng cm ng trong ng h. T trng ny c to
thnh nhng tn hiu in p nh (c 10-20mV). B
chuyn i in c th to tn hiu tng t hoc tn hiu
s (xung) t l vi lu lng mi cht qua ng
Xung ra
B chuyn i in
L loi cm bin pht hin v tr hin ti ca i
tng trong hnh trnh.
Cm bin v tr trc quay: Bao gm
nhiu tip im c sp xp theo mt
quy lut no .
Cm bin v tr dng photo-it:
Bao gm mt dy pht v mt dy thu.
Tuy vo v tr ca i tng m cc it
tng ng s tt
Pht
Chuyn i v tr (Cm bin v tr).
THIT Bj LP TRNH
44
Cm bin v tr dng b phn p
(potentiometer): S dng mt b
phn p, tu vo in p u ra m cho
ta v tr ca i tng cn pht hin.
in tr
Ngun DC
u trt
u trt
Ngun DC
in tr
Cm bin v tr dng k thut LVDT: S dng mt bin p
LVDT, tu vo v tr dch chuyn ca i tng m cho ta in p
tng ng u ra ca bip p.
Cm bin v tr dng encoder quang: L loi cm bin chuyn
du hiu v tr theo gc, theo ng thng thnh tn hiu nh phn
tng ng. i vi loi cm bin ny thng c chia ra lm hai
loi:
M ho lin tc
M ho tuyt i
M ho lin tc: Bao gm mt ngun pht quang, mt hoc hai a m
ho, ba cm bin quang, v mt b iu khin. Trn a m ho
c b tr cc khe hp, ngun sng c th lt qua
THIT Bj LP TRNH
45
a m ho cho encoder trn c th xc nh hng quay ca a
nh vo s lch pha 90
0
ca hai chui xung do hai cm bin A v B
to ra.
A
B
C
A
B
Ngc Thun
M ho tuyt i: Bao gm mt a quay lm t vt liu trong sut.
Trn a c chia thnh cc vng c gc bng nhau, s lng tu
thuc vo phn gii v s lng cc vng cung ng tm. Mt
vng cung s trong sut trong mt s vng, cc vng cn li s b
che khut
010 110
111 011
001
000
101
100
a m ho 8 vng cung
THIT Bj LP TRNH
46
Hnh trn ta thy a m ho c 3 vng cung, to thnh 8 vng (2
3
=
8) vi phn gii 360/8 = 45
o
(trn thc t thng t 8 12 vng
cung). Mi vng cung c mt cm bin quang. Tu vo tng thi
im m ta s c mt chui cc bt tng ng vi v tr hin ti ca
a.
V d: Nu chui bt l 010 th v tr tng ng s l 4h30' n 6h00'.
Nh vy cc chui bt phi c m theo chu k mt vng trn, 2
vng lin k ch c khc nhau 1 bt.
phn gii b gii hn bi s lng vng cung trn a. V d nu
a c 8 vng cung th phn gii s l
2
8
= 256 vng, hay 360/256 = 1,4
o
Chuyn i tc (Cm bin tc ).
Dng xc nh tc quay hin thi ca i
tng.
Cm bin tc quay t cm: Da trn s thay i
t thng qua cun dy c nh
a)
b)
THIT Bj LP TRNH
47
Cm bin tc bng my pht tc: Thc cht l mt
my pht in mt chiu, kch t bng nam chm
vnh cu. C c im in p pht ra t l vi s
vng quay rto.