NUMBER THEORY

Chapter 0: Preliminary

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GAUSS

MATHEMATICS IS THE QUEEN OF SCIENCES AND NUMBER THEORY IS THE QUEEN OF MATHEMATICS

 Theres a popular story that Gauss , mathematician extraordinaire, had a lazy teacher. The so-called educator wanted to keep the kids busy so he could take a nap; he asked the class to add the numbers 1 to 100. Gauss approached with his answer: 5050. So soon? The teacher suspected a cheat, but no. Manual addition was for suckers, and Gauss found a formula to sidestep the problem:

 Total=101100/2=5050

 Total=67/2=21

Exercise
1+2+.+n ?

Sequence

Logic and Set

I am from Kuantan, therefore I am from Pahang I am from Pahang, therefore I am from Kuantan

 I am CTS student, therefore I am Kulliyyah of Science student. I am Kulliyyah of Science student, therefore I am CTS student.

If raining, I am not going to school

Inverse: If not raining, then I am going to school. Converse: If I am not going to school, then it is raining. Contrapositive: If I am going to school, then no raining.

If I am CTS student, then I am Kulliyyah of Science student.

Inverse: Converse: Contrapositive:

Proof: Mathematical Induction

Working
P(1) is true P(N) is true then P(N+1) also true

Prove by Contradiction
The basic idea is to assume that the statement we want to prove is false, and then show that this assumption leads to nonsense. We are then led to conclude that we were wrong to assume the statement was false, so the statement must be true

Absurd!
- A rational number is not rational number. - The smallest element is not the smallest. - 1 is greater than 1. - An even number is odd. - A male is female. - divisible by 3 is not divisible by 3. - there is only n members, but we found 1 extra. - N has a non zero remainder when it is divided by 5, but found that N has zero remainder.

Example
There is no greatest even integer.

BINOMIAL EXPANSION