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Subsurface Fluids (Mostly Water) : Pore Space
Subsurface Fluids (Mostly Water) : Pore Space
Pore Space
Sedimentary rocks have 0 - 40% open space (porosity) Typically 5 - 20% Filled with: Mostly water Rarely oil, natural gas, CO2, etc
Types of Water
Quartz Sandstone
Kaolinite (clay)
Clay Structure
Sources of Water
Juvenile Water Meteoric (surface water) Connate Water (deep basin water)
Juvenile Water
From magmatic or metamorphic sources Not common in petroleum systems Important for metallic mineral deposits Distinguished by O isotopes (enriched in 18O relative to seawater)
Meteoric Water
Surface water Relatively Fresh (low salinity, 3.5% or less) Oxidizing Acidic (organic acids) High bicarbonate (HCO3 -) Low Ca, Mg
Selley, 1998
Hunt, 1995
Salinity vs Depth
Wyoming
Environmental Issues
Contamination of Ground water Contamination of Surface water Disposal of produced water Injection wells Recycling Treatment (desalination) Frac Water withdrawals