1- What are the main KPI to measure the performance of 3G cell - Accessibility ( RRC , RA , C!!

R" - Retainability (speech , #i$eo , P! %CR" - &obility (!'( , IRA) '( success rate" *- What resources affect '!%PA throu+hput in 3G system - (%, po-er, %, co$e an$ transport capacity" 3- What parameter tuning can be done to improve HSDPA throughput in any 3G cell - increase the %, channeli.ation co$es for '!%PA - chan+in+ the sche$ulin+ al+orisms /- 'o- can -e reach *1 &bps in P0 - 11 co$es in %, an$ 2/ 3A& 1- -hat is the usa+e of the follo-in+ si+nalin+ messa+es in RRC protocol - Acti4es setup up$ates (A%%5Remo4e5Replace R, in !'(" - R reconfi+uration (channel s-itchin+ bet-een Cell6%C' an$ Cell67AC' RRC stats" - Physical channel reconfi+uration (I7 '(" 2- -hat is the use of GP8' tool in 8ricsson system - tool use$ to recor$ RA9 an$ internal e4ents in 8ricsson system an$ the tracin+ files can be analy.e$ by )8&! 4isuali.ation 0- -hat types of con+estion can affect the ser4ices accessibility in any 3G cell - %, po-er ( A&R - %irecte$ retry - re$ucin+ 'i+h R:;; RA users !7<< parameters" - =,5%, C8 ( re$ucin+ 'i+h R:;; RA users !7<< parameters" - %, co$e (re$ucin+ static co$es for '!%PA >A&R-%irecte$ retry" - )ransport capacity ?- -hat is the $ifference bet-een R!CP an$ 8C59o measures for pilot channel - R!CP is recei4e$ si+nal co$e po-er for CPIC' channel - 8c59o is )he recei4e$ ener+y per chip $i4i$e$ by the po-er $ensity in the ban$ : it reflects the @uality of CPIC' channel ;- -hat is the $ifference of usin+ *n$ carrier an$ hi+h po-er amplifier in e<pan$in+ the capacity for any 3G cell - *n$ carrier +i4es capacity in %, po-er an$ %, co$es

- 'i+h po-er Amplifier +i4es capacity in %, po-er only 1A- -hat is the ma< bit rate that can be achie4e$ in =, -hen usin+ 1Ams 8=, an$ * ms 8=, - 1:1 &bps for 1A ms 8=, - 1:02 for * ms 8=, 11- ho- many '!!CC' channel can be confi+ure$ in '!%PA cell ( - 7our that allo-s four users per ))I

3G KPIs and optimi ation!

"# $%W &SS'!
*: When a lo- C!!R is $etecte$ on a cell the first thin+ to checB is if A$mission Control is reCectin+ the RRC5RA setup attempt (pm9oRe@%enie$A$m" or if it is failin+ after a$mission (pm9o7aile$AfterA$m": 7or hi+h pm9oRe@%enie$A$m refer to the DA$mission ControlE sections belo-: 7or hi+h pm9o7aile$AfterA$m refer to the D7ailure After A$missionE sections belo-: &auses! Admission &ontrol! D$ Po(er 1: ,on+ term solutions are to increase the po-er capability of the sector *: re-en+ineerin+ the site to re$uce fee$er len+ths 3: )he short term solution is to re$uce the traffic carrie$ by the site Admission &ontrol! D$ &hannelisation &odes 1: )his -ill typically affect the P! Interacti4e R;; (%C'57AC'" C!!R -orse than the !peech C!!R as the P! Interacti4e R;; RA re@uires channelisation co$es at a lo-er sprea$in+ factor (usin+ more of the co$e tree": *: In the P/ soft-are release a cell that supports R;; an$ '!%PA typically has 1 sprea$in+ factor 12 %, channelisation co$es reser4e$ for '!%PA: )his means that appro<imately 3*F of a4ailable co$es are reser4e$ for '!%PA: When this is the case it is common for %, channelisation co$e con+estion too occur 3: )he lon+ term solution is to a$$ another cell in the co4era+e area to taBe some of the trafficG this may be achie4e$ by intro$ucin+ a secon$ carrier, another sector, or another site /: )he short term solution is to re$uce the traffic carrie$ by the site

1: the re@uire$ solution is sectorisation of the inbuil$in+ antenna system or implementation of a secon$ carrier fre@uency Admission &ontrol! Hard(are )sage *&hannel +lements, 1: too fe- channel elements a4ailable *: )he channel element capacity of an R ! may be soft-are limite$ (accor$in+ the soft-are license confi+ure$ for the R !" or har$-are limite$ (accor$in+ to the )H s an$ RAH s installe$ in the R !": 3: Al-ays compare channel element usa+e to the channel element capacity of the Wcell

-# $%W D&'!
1: If a cell has poor retainability it is typically $ue to either *: missin+ nei+hbour $efinitions (WC%&A an$5or G!&" 3: o4ershootin+ cell(s", PI,,() pollution: /: a misbeha4in+ nei+hbour site 1: a har$-are5soft-are fault or a misconfi+uration: 2: It is also possible that there is some e<ternal source of interference (such as a

micro-a4e linB on the same fre@uency" affectin+ the retainability:

'o-e4er, in the maCority of cases the factors that affect the !peech retainability -ill also affect the retainability of the other RA s: When a hi+h speech %CR is $etecte$ on a cell the first thin+ to checB is the type of $rops occurrin+ as in$icate$

So.t Handover Drops !oft '( failures $ue to missin+ nei+hbour or )-o common reasons are a nei+hbourin+ cell that is misbeha4in+ (often $ue to faulty har$-are5soft-are" or a misconfi+uration resultin+ in a failure to perform an inter-R9C !('( across the Iur interface /issing 0eighbour Drops )$ Synchronisation Drops 1: missin+ IRA) nei+hbour relation $efinitions resultin+ in the connection Dhan+in+ onE to the 3G net-orB until the call is $roppe$ -hen it -oul$ be better ser4e$

han$in+ the call o4er to the *G net-orB: )his may be especially true for cells on the bor$er of the 3G co4era+e area *: y i$entifyin+ such areas any missin+ *G nei+hbour relations may be a$$e$G or perhaps a misconfi+uration $isco4ere$, such as ha4in+ an IRA) nei+hbour relation $efine$ in an R9C to-ar$s a *G cell that is not $efine$ as an outer cell in the 3G &!C !er4er

3: : Another means to impro4e the situation may be to lo-er the threshol$s use$ to tri++er IRA) '(s /: 7or e<ample, tri++erin+ compresse$ mo$e at 8c59oI-11$ m instea$ of -1*$ m may pre4ent $rops as calls are han$e$ earlier to the G!& net-orB that typically has better co4era+e than the 3G net-orB 1: : It is recommen$e$ to resol4e any !('( an$ missin+ nei+hbour $rop problems before attemptin+ to resol4e =, sync $rops as often the cause of such $rops -ill resol4e =, synchronisation $rops too:
1# %ther 'easons .or Drops

If none of the abo4e reasons for a poor %CR may be establishe$, then it is liBely to be a more complicate$ problem to resol4eG often relatin+ to a soft-are5har$-are fault, or perhaps an e<ternal source of interference in the area

HSDPA
&onsiderations .or HSDPA! D$ &hannelisation &odes 1. i:e: 3*F of the a4ailable $o-nlinB channelisation co$es are reser4e$ for '!%PA *: feature calle$ '!%PA %ynamic Co$e Allocation maBin+ it possible for the '!%PA !che$uler to only use the channelisation co$es a4ailable after R;; usa+e 3: )his may help -ith $o-nlinB channelisation co$e con+estion, but at the e<pense of re$uce$ throu+hput for '!%PA users: It is still possible to reser4e a limite$ set of co$es for '!%PA
3# &onsiderations .or HSDPA! Iub 2and(idth

1: the capacity of the Iub interface bet-een R ! an$ R9C becomes an important factor effectin+ '!%PA performance an$ customer perception

*: i:e: across the Iub interface the R;; traffic has priority o4er the '!%PA traffic 3: As the R;; traffic on the site increases, so the Iub ban$-i$th a4ailable for '!%PA $ecreases /: )o alle4iate the problem some traffic may be offloa$e$ to G!& 1: but ultimately a$$itional Iub ban$-i$th is re@uire$ unless an a$$itional site, perhaps an inbuil$in+ site at a shoppin+ centre, may be commissione$ to carry part of the loa$:

HSDPA throughput counters

%verall 3lo(chart .or &apacity /anagement

I'A4 cell reselection! 3rom 1g to 3g! 5searchI*6%I&+,7P*GP'S,! 8 enable$ ( &! -ill looB for 3G nei+hbours

measurements"
3dd5ualmin9 :"; +c0o (threshol$J meanin+ if 3G cell is becomin+ better -ith +oo$

@uality :: then reselect to 3G cellKlo-er 4alues (-?,-2" means that reselection -ill be $elaye$ as mush better @uality is re@uire$ on 3G si$e:"

3rom 3G to 1G! <5ualmin7 5r=levmin! :">7 :";?d2m ()he minimum re@uire$ @uality le4el in the cell

(8c59o":"
Ssearch'A491:-d2

G!& measurements -ill happen -hen it is not possible to maintain call -ith +oo$ @ualityJ CPIC' 8c9o L !search6RA) M 3@ualmin ($efaultJ 8c9o L -1/ $ "

ID$+ mode trials! ", Improved D&' a. 5r=levmin! :""@d2m :";?d2m b. 5<ualmin! :"Ad2 :"@d2 c# *Ssearch'A491d2B .dd5min9:"1d2, *on border cells, +c0o C :";d2 2) Objective: Improve the RRC Connection Access Complete Ratio, and as a result the CSSR, by improving the required radio coverage conditions at the edge o coverage. !he initial synchroni"ation #ill be made easier #ith a better coverage. Also the possibility o inter$system ping$pong #ill be reduced #ith a higher hysteresis bet#een technologies.

3, ''& &onnection Access 3ailures on $A&:border cells decreased AdDs5%..set191d2 and -d2 has been applied on the ADES at the $A& border#4he de.ault (as ;d2

!he ob%ective o the tested parameter changes is to reduce the amount o &ocation 'pdates, and to ensure that they are per ormed in better radio conditions in the target cell. !#o parameter values #ill be tested. Statistics monitored: RRC Connection Access Complete Ratio, Amount o RRC Connections due to registration and inter$RA!. !he RRC Completion Ratio might also improve.

-, So.t Handover Parameters .or 0'4 Objective: Reduce the So t (andover )verhead or *on$Real !ime Services, and as a consequence reduce the load and congestion occurrence

Statistics monitored: So t (andover )verhead, +C( Setup ,ailure due to Iub AA&2 !rans or -S data bac.ground, /ac.ground RA/ Completion Ratio, -S /ac.g Allocated +&

In $uganoF the tested change decreased the So.t Handover %verhead .or 0'4F (ithout degrading the 'A2 &ompletion ratio Addition Windo(9-d2 1#@d2 Drop (indo(9>d2 -d2

In 2iel there is a very small decrease 4he 'A2 Setup 3ailures (ere probably due to '0& issuesF they have appeared (ith 'A0;- and disappeared (ith &D1#"

Proposal &reate 3/&S G> (ith Add91#@d2 7 Drop9-d2 on all '0&s Apply 0rt3mcsId9> to de:congestion sites or areas

@, 4rial -! Do(nlinH tra..ic volume measurement high threshold Objective: Re$uce the number of 1*?Bbit5s 3?/ Bbit5s up+ra$es for little $ata 4olumes: A4oi$ inefficient use of Iub an$ W!P capacity: Duration: 1 (eeHs Statistics monitored: PS 2acHg Allocated tra..ic .or "1A Hb7s and 3A- Hb7s in D$F 'adio 2earer 'econ.igurationsF 0'4 D&H 'e<uests in D$ Changes: o Do(nlinH tra..ic volume measurement high threshold *4ra.6ol4hresholdD$High,! ";1- *"K2, -;?> *-K2,

H% 2et(een 1G and 3G!

3rom 1g to 3g! 5search&! 8 enable$ ( &! -ill looB for 3G nei+hbours measurements in $e$icate$

mo$e"

minimum &PI&H +c7Io level */+4, 9 :AI"; db *threshol$J meanin+ if 3G cell is becomin+

better -ith +oo$ @uality :: then '( to 3G cellKlo-er 4alues (-?,-2" means that '( -ill be $elaye$ as much better @uality is re@uire$ on 3G si$e": With this parameter you $efine the minimum CPIC' 8c5Io le4el of an a$Cacent WC%&A RA9 cell for an inter-system han$o4er attempt: )he threshol$ le4el must be e<cee$e$ before the !C is allo-e$ to tri++er a han$o4er attempt to-ar$s the a$Cacent WC%&A RA9 cell:
3rom 3G to 1G! HHo'scp4hreshold 9:";@ *0ormal,7 :";; *3ast ISH%, HHo+c0o4hreshold9:"1 *0ormal,7 :"; *3ast ISH%,

)he parameter ''oRscp)hreshol$ $etermines the absolute CPIC' R!CP threshol$ -hich is use$ by the =8 to tri++er the reportin+ e4ent 17: When the measure$ CPIC' R!CP of all acti4e set cells has become -orse than or e@ual to the threshol$ in @uestion, the R9C starts inter-fre@uency or inter-RA) (G!&" measurements in compresse$ mo$e for the purpose of har$ han$o4er:

d) setting!

'elated Parameters!

3or 'S&P!
HHo'scp4hreshold 'elated parameters HHo'scp4imeHysteresis HHo'scp&ancel HHo'scp&ancel4ime GS/cause&PI&Hrscp I3H%cause&PI&Hrscp -1A1 (9ormal"5 -1AA (7ast I!'(" 1AAms51*?Ams($=" -1A* $ m 2/Ams5 3*A($=" enable$5$isable$ enable$5$isable$

3or +c0o!
HHo+c0o4hreshold 'elated parameters
HHo+c0o4imeHysteresis ''o8c9oCancel

I-1* (9ormal"5 -1A (7ast I!'(" 2/Ams52/Ams($=" -; $ 1AAms53*Ams($=" enable$5$isable$ enable$5$isable$

HHo+c0o&ancel4ime GS/cause&PI&H+c0o I3H%cause&PI&H+c0o

HHo'scp4imeHysteresis9";;ms

)he parameter ''oRscp)ime'ysteresis $etermines the time perio$ $urin+ -hich the CPIC' R!CP of the acti4e set cell must stay -orse than the threshol$ ''oRscp)hreshol$ before the =8 can tri++er the reportin+ e4ent 17:

GS/cause&PI&Hrscp o. 3/&G

)his parameter in$icates -hether a han$o4er to G!& cause$ by lo- measure$ absolute CPIC' R!CP of the ser4in+ cell is enable$:

I3H%cause&PI&Hrscp o. 3/&I

)he parameter in$icates -hether an inter-fre@uency han$o4er cause$ by lomeasure$ absolute CPIC' R!CP of the ser4in+ cell is enable$: $ifference is nee$e$ bet-een tri++er an$ cancel

HHo'scp&ancel 9 -102 dBm (3$

parameters:" I the inter$ requency or inter$RA! 01S2) handover caused by lo# measured absolute C-IC( RSC- is enabled, the R*C starts the inter$ requency or 1S2 measurement in compressed mode #hen all active set cells have triggered the reporting event 1, or C-IC( RSC-. !he R*C cancels the event 1, o an active set cell, i the C-IC( RSC- measurement result o the active set cell becomes better than or equal to the threshold ((oRscpCancel and the '3 transmits the corresponding event 13 triggered measurement report to the R*C.

HHo'scp&ancel4ime 9>-; ms

!he parameter determines the time period during #hich the C-IC( RSC- o the active set cell must stay better than the threshold ((oRscpCancel be ore the '3 can trigger the reporting event 13.

AdDs+c0o%..set:( CPIC' 8c59o (ffset" )he CPIC' 8c59o (ffset $etermines an offset 4alue, -hich the =8 a$$s to the CPIC' 8c59o measurement result of the nei+hbourin+ cell before it compares the 8c59o 4alue -ith the reportin+ criteria:

AdDsD+''*%isable 8ffect on Reportin+ Ran+e,)his parameter in$icates -hether the nei+hbourin+ cell is forbi$$en
to affect the reportin+ ran+e (a$$ition5$rop -in$o-" calculation, if it belon+s to the acti4e set:

ISH% process!

&all setup in 3G

''& &%00+&4I%0 S+4)P 4I/+'S!

"#"

Test Procedures
)8!) CA!8! %RI#8 )8!) &8)'(%(,(GN %ri4e )est to be $one usin+ t-o =8s an$ a !canner: (&!1-in i$le &o$e an$G &!* >in %e$icate$ &o$e": oth =8s are ,ocBe$ to 3G (nly: 1: Co4era+e performance of each sector ( est !er4er R!CP" *: 3uality performance of each sector( est !er4er 8c9o" !hort callsJ !tatic test on each sector: Call $uration is *A secon$s an$ 1A secon$s i$le: ,on+ CallsJ %ri4e aroun$ -ithin the co4era+e obCecti4e of each sector:

Ra$io %esi+n Performance ChecB

Co4era+e an$ @uality performance checB Call Performance ChecB:

'an$o4er Performance ChecB

'an$o4er performance to be 4erifie$ by $ri4in+ in clocB -ise an$ anti clocB -ise aroun$ the !ite, for all three sectors: )hen perform han$o4er test to-ar$s its surroun$in+ nei+hbors (at least 3 nei+hbors"

%ata Performance ChecB

R;; O '!PA test for the follo-in+J 1: P%P conte<t acti4ation (1 attempts" *: )hrou+hput test (base$ on *& $o-nloa$e$ file from the 7)P ser4er:

!upplementary !er4ices ChecB

3 !&!5&&! per cell at $ifferent locations -ith 1A sec breaB after each !&!5&&!

Acceptance &riteria!

=sin+ R;; 3?/Bbps bearer, a4era+e 7)P %, throu+hput shoul$ not be less than 3/ABbps: =sin+ '!%PA bearer, a4era+e 7)P throu+hput shoul$ not be less than 3&bps (Without transmission limitation": )est metho$J )he $ata transfer -ill be from a test 7)P ser4er: )he file format shoul$ be a t<t or $ata file: Acceptance &riteria! )he !'( bet-een the sectors of same site shoul$ be successful )he !'( bet-een the sites shoul$ be successful: !ite acceptance performance test shoul$ be performe$ in static mo$e an$ in +oo$ R7 con$itions, CPIC'6R!CP P -?A$ m O CPIC'68c9o P -?$ Acceptance &riteria!
)he scramble confi+uration is consistent -ith the planne$ confi+uration: 9o cross )H fee$er obser4e$:

"#1

Drive Test Route )he $ri4e to be performe$ consi$erin+ that the !cramblin+ co$e of the $esire$ WC%&A cell is the primary ser4er for most of the time:
Coverage observation Quality observation The average Ec/No is larger than -10

Sector 1

The average coverage within 800m is about -75dbm. No obstruction observed

Sector 2

The average coverage within 1Km is about -75dbm. No obstruction observed The average coverage within 1Km is about -75dbm. No obstruction observed

The average Ec/No is larger than -10

Sector

The average Ec/No is larger than -10

Coverage performance Scanner mode

Acceptance &riteria!
If no special note is for a cell, the relate$ CPIC' R!CP shoul$ be lar+er than >0A$ m -ithin 1AAm from the 9o$e :

"#3

Quality !er"ormance # Scanner $ode %&c'o(

Acceptance &riteria!
If no special note is for a cell, the relate$ CPIC' 8c5Io shoul$ be lar+er than >1A$ -ithin 1AAm from the 9o$e :

"#-

Coverage Per"ormance # Dedicated $ode %CP'C) RSCP(

Acceptance &riteria!
If no special note is for a cell, the relate$ CPIC' R!CP shoul$ be lar+er than >01$ m -ithin 1AAm from the 9o$e :

"#@

Quality Per"ormance # Dedicated $ode %&c*+o(

Acceptance &riteria!
If no special note is for a cell, the relate$ CPIC' 8c5Io shoul$ be lar+er than >1A$ -ithin 1AAm from the 9o$e :

"#>

Active Set Si e Plot

Acceptance &riteria!
)he plots of Acti4e !et (A!" si.eI3 shoul$ not be more than plots of Acti4e !et si.eI* or 1:

343*!S5

hese different events that a UE reports.. like: Event 1x: related to intra freq events. Event 2x: related to interfreq measurement Event 3x: related to inter-RAT measurement here x !an "e a# "# !# d# e# f these are the 3 important !ate$ories... There des!ription is as follo :

Event 1A:

%A &rimar' (&)(* enters the reportin$ ran$e%# it is defined "' the E!+o or !an "e R,(& lev- depends on the !ritera hether it is E!+o or R,(&. )n du !ase it is E!+o and parameter related to event 1a is %A..)T)/+ 0)+./0% hi!h is set to "e either 3d" or 1 d" here. ,impl' e !an sa' that addition of a !ell in a!tive set is tri$$ered "' event 1a.

Relate$ Parameters 8#89) 1AJ A$$itionWin$o A$$ition)ime A$$itionReportin+Inter4al Acti4e!etWei+htin+Coefficient &a<Acti4e!et!i.e are use$ in case of e4ent 1A
deletion of a !ell from a!tive set# .rop 0indo

(/ $ $efault" (1AAmsJ 2 internal 4alue" (A:1 sec J * internal 4alue" (A"/ (3"

Event 1B: %A primar' (&)(* leaves the reportin$ ran$e% similar to the a"ove "ut is for
is set to "e either 2 or 3d" here.

Relate$ Parameters 8#89) 1 J %ropWin$o %rop )ime Acti4e!etWei+htin+Coefficient

are use$ in case of e4ent 1 :

06 d/) (2/A msJ 1* internal 4alue" (A"

Event 1C: %A non-a!tive primar' (&)(* "e!omes "etter than an a!tive primar' (&)(*%
it is "asi!all' for repla!ement of a (&)(* in A, 4a!tive set5. A, si6e is 3 hi!h means 7ax no of (&)(* in soft hand over !an "e 3. +o suppose there are 3 !ells in A, and a 1th pilot "e!omes stron$er than an' of the 3 in A,# onl' repla!ement !an "e a solution hi!h is tri$$ered "' event 1!. This is taken !are "' a 2d" repla!ement indo and of !ourse h'st as ell.

Relate$ Parameters 8#89) 1 J Replacement)ime ReplacementWin$o ReplacementReportin+Inter4al are use$ in case of e4ent 1C: (1AAmsJ 2 internal 4alue" (*$ J $efault" (A:1 secJ* internal 4alue"

Event 1D: (han$e of "est !ell Event 1E: A &rimar' (&)(* "e!omes "etter than an a"solute threshold...it is "asi!all' related to !an!ellation of *ard handover..related params in nokia are **/E!+o(an!el or if !riteria is R,(& then **/R,(&(an!el. Event 1F: %A &rimar' (&)(* "e!omes orse than an a"solute threshold%...."asi!all' tri$$ers **/ to 8,7 in nokia 4 heras hua ei is usin$ event 2. to do the same5...related params are **/E!+oThreshold or **/R,(&Threshold...if event 1f is reported "' all!ells in A,# UE $oes into !ompressed mode and if all !riteria met..tri$$ers **/ to 8,7. ,o this is a"out event 1 des!ription....all these events !an "e seen9anal'6ed in la'er 3 messa$es...

Huawei Interview questions: :ind of question asked "' *ua ei durin$ intervie s:

*,&.A : *i$h speed do nlink pa!ket a!!ess 4*,.&A5# it is like in 8,7 have ed$e9$prs for data servi!e. )n 38 *,&A 4*,.&A# *,U&A5 do provide hi$h speed data. 2: *,U&A: *i$h speed uplink pa!ket a!!ess# it provides hi$h speed &, data in uplink like *,.&A does in the .;.

3:<T,

and R+( if possi"le hard are des!ription 4 <oards and elements used5:

'ua-ei is usin+ )!3;AA, -hich is attache$ here::

1:(apa!it' !al!ulations hat is the ,*/ overhead# ho man' !hannel elements ill "e needed# ho "i$ ill "e the )u"# "ased on presented traffi! model

!'( o4erhea$ is aroun$ 3A-/AF, 3?/ C8s are confi+ure$ on each cell, Iub base$ interface here is IP base$ -ith ra$ios upto *1&bps per sector:

2:.ifferen!es

"et een plannin$ "ased on !overa$e and on !apa!it'

&ain i$ea is same as is in *G, here one has to be more careful to control o4ershoots to ha4e +oo$ 8c9o an$ less or no pilot pollution:

3:0hat

does it mean a noise raise of 3d"= 2>? !overa$e redu!tion

)his is 9oise rise at 9o$e ie in the =,, -hich correspon$s to 1AF loa$in+ of the net-orB: the Fa+e is of pole capacity -hich is basically theoretical ma< cap:

@:0hat

is the expe!ted noise floor in uplink and in do nlink=

)he term noise floor is relate$ to =,, in term of R)WP it is less than -1AA$bm, -ith loa$in+ noise floor Beep risin+::

A: ,ite sear!h !'!le 4from nominal plan site sele!tion# site surve' site rankin$# final sele!tion# final report# a!quisition5
Qust similar to *G::: After integration

B: ,ite health !he!ks: 4Alarms# site a!!eptan!e drive test. Cootprint !he!k# ,( !he!k5
'!%PA O R-;; )hrou+hput, sector s-ap, han$ o4er tests, IRA) '(s, reselection, functionality test that sites co4era+e is normal, #!WR an$ other alarm checBs: 1>:Explain !riteriaDs thresholds and pro!ess of !luster a!!eptan!e: Example A>? of sites radiatin$ ithout pro"lems Cluster acceptance $epen$s on customers moo$J" Generally -e ha4e to ha4e C%R less than *F, RA set up sucess rate is ;?F for all types of RA s

11: 0hat sort of !he!ks to do in a Swap case takin$ in !onsideration that 'ou need to have the same :&)Ds "efore and after
12:.es!ription of used tools Acti<, )ems, &*AAA for $ifferent reports +eneration, ,&) for chan+in+5confi+ params, =-9et plannin+ tool: 9astar for 4ie-in+ R9C lo+s ($ata" $ump an$ other R9C $ata can be loa$e$ $irectly to 9astar an$ from there all states can be 4ie-e$:

13: Ela"orate on 7onte (arlo simulations and on /komura *ata propa$ation model
(Bumara 'ata &o$el is on the same lines as is in *G or in theory:

&onte Carlo !imulations are tool base$ analysis to analy.e access failures un$er $ifferent loa$in+ con$itions -hich are confi+ure$ before simulations are run:

CHIP: The bits in the spreading code are called chips.

GMSK shifts one bit at the time, QPSK two bits at the time, and 8-PSK three bits at a time

The effective bandwidth for !"M# is $%8& M'(, and with g)ard bands the re*)ired bandwidth is + M'(% The g)ard bands are needed to red)ce the interference between different + M'( !"M# carriers% Soft HO capacity gain:
#s a concl)sion it can be stated that soft and softer handovers cons)me radio access capacit, beca)se the -. is occ)p,ing more than one radio lin/ connection in the -) interface% 0n the other hand, the added capacit, gained from the interference red)ction is bigger and hence the s,stem capacit, is act)all, increased if soft and softer handovers are )sed%

&odes : What and (hyJ

# code is a specific se*)ence of bits applied to data to scramble the information%

# symbol is an information )nit, transmitted via the radio interface% "ownlin/ each s,mbol represents two bits% 0ne bit of the code signal )sed for signal m)ltipl,ing is called a chip% The code signal bit rate, which is hereafter referred to as the chip rate, is fi1ed in !"M#, being $%8& million chips per second 2Mcps3s4% ith this chip rate the si(e of one chip in time is 5 3 $ 8&6 666 seconds%

Spreading .actor
K = 2k, 7or instance, if / 8 9, the spreading factor K gets the val)e 9&, indicating that one s,mbol )ses 9& chips in the !"M# radio path% #nother name for spreading factor is processing gain 2Gp4, and it can be e1pressed as a f)nction of )sed bandwidths: The scrambling codes are divided into +5; code sets, each of them containing a primar, scrambling code and 5+ secondar, scrambling codes%

<n some cases, we are able to perform so-called in case the bit rate is somewhat higher than certain allowed bit rate% P)nct)ring means that we remove some of the red)ndant bits from the channel coding, th)s red)cing the bit rate down to the wanted level%

p)nct)ring

'ate matching
#fter the error protection, the baseband data rate is matched to the bearer bit rates )sed in the -MTS radio interface% The data rates are given with the available channelisation codes, resp% with the given spreading factors% <n the fig)re below, ,o) can see different bit rates that ma, be applied for )ser data% The bit rates range between 5+ and =96 /ilobits per second%

Please note that these bit rates are not the same as the application or )ser data rates% To e1emplif, this, let )s imagine a speech call at 5;%; /ilobits per second% These bits m)st )ndergo channel coding in order to enable error correction% #fter this channel coding 2convol)tional coding4, the bit rate is aro)nd ;& /bit3s% >ow we need to rate match this data to the closest allowed bit rate in -MTS, which in this case is $6 /bit3s 2as ,o) can see from the fig)re above4% e repeat some of the encoded data bits according to a certain pattern in order to increase the bit rate to the wanted level%

)/4S channel structure

'adio 'esource &ontrol ''& states

hen we have a dedicated channel open for a s)bscriber 2for e1ample, if we are )sing video4, we sa, that s)bscriber is in Cell_DCH state% 2The "!' is derived from the name of the channel in the air interface4% <n this state the -. is sending meas)rement reports to the networ/, th)s the s,stem can control the dedicated bearer and perform handovers% <f the mobile is onl, sending small pieces of information, for e1ample intermittent <nternet based traffic or for signalling, then the ??! can be in a mode /nown as Cell_FACH 2the 7#!' stands for 7orward #ccess !hannel4 and is different from the previo)s state as no dedicated channel is )sed% The networ/ does not perform handovers as the mobile moves from one cell to another% The -. @)st informs the

networ/ of its c)rrent location% "epending on the bearer we have and how it is being )sed, the ?>! will move the ??! between the different states% <n addition to the !ellA7#!', if the networ/ finds that the bearer is not being )sed for a long time, it can move the connection to a Cell_PCH mode 2Paging !hannel4, where the mobile is still /now to a cell level b)t can onl, be reached via the P!'% <n this state the -. is )sing a "iscontino)s ?epetition 7)nction 2"?B4 to save batter,% #gain, )nli/e in the !ellA"!', as the s)bscriber moves, the mobile informs the ?>! which cell it has moved to% The final state is the URA_PCH% This state is similar to the Cell_PCH% C)t, instead of monitoring the connection on a cell level, it is now on a ?>! level% -?# stands for -T?# ?egistration #rea and the -. monitors the broadcast channel for -?# identities%

Admission control
The main tas/ of admission control is to estimate whether a new call can have access to the s,stem witho)t sacrificing the bearer re*)irements of e1isting calls% Th)s the #! algorithm sho)ld predict the load of the cell if the new call is admitted% <t sho)ld be noted that the availabilit, of the terrestrial transmission reso)rces is verified, too, meaning that there is no limiting factor in the rest of the -T?#> either% Cased on the admission control, the ?adio >etwor/ !ontroller 2?>!4 either grants or re@ects the access%

Planning uplinH admission control

PRX_Target 2?eceive Power level4 val)e% The area from 6 to this val)e is /nown as the planned load% 0nce the load is approaching this val)e, traffic reason handovers 2TRHO4 are performed%

#s -MTS traffic is variable and constantl, changing, it is more than feasible that

the traffic admission ma, e1ceed the P?BATarget% To handle this sit)ation, there is a second level )sed called the PRX_TAR !T_"#% This is a parameter )sed b, the CTS to stop sit)ations of congestion% 0nce this val)e is reached, the CTS ta/es actions to red)ce the load in the cell%

&ode allocation
Coth scrambling and channelisation codes )sed in the -) interface connections are maintained b, the ?>!% <n principle the, co)ld be maintained b, the CTS, b)t then the s,stem wo)ld e1perience lac/ of radio reso)rce control, namel, so$t han%o&ers, which will be e1plained later in this mod)le% hen the codes are maintained b, the ?>!, it is easier to allocate <)b data ports for m)ltipath connections% The -) interface re*)ires two /inds of codes for proper f)nctionalit,% # part of the codes )sed m)st correlate with each other to a certain e1tent, and the others m)st be orthogonal 2the, do not correlate at all4% .ver, cell )ses one scrambling code% #s ,o) alread, /now, this code acts li/e a cell <"% -nder ever, scrambling code the ?>! has a set of channelisation codes% This set is the same )nder ever, scrambling code% The C!' information is coded with a scrambling code val)e, and th)s the -. m)st first find the correct scrambling code val)e first in order to access the cell% hen a connection between the -. and the networ/ is established, the channels )sed m)st be separated% The channelisation codes are )sed for this p)rpose% The information sent over the -) interface is spread with a spreading code per channel% #prea%ing co%e b, definition is the same as scrambling co%e ' channelisation co%e%

&hannelisation code allocation and handovers

Fragmentation o$ co%e tree

phenomenon where the probabilit, of the bloc/ed branch of the code tree increases too m)ch and th)s it starts to prevent new accesses to the s,stem% 7or e1ample, if an active call )ses high bit rate over the -) interface, the spreading factor val)e in )se is small% <t f)rthermore means that a ver, high-level branch of the code tree is bloc/ed 2see the fig)re below4% hen this call is finished and sim)ltaneo)sl, new calls access the s,stem, the bloc/ed code tree branch is not DreleasedE before the new accesses% <n this sit)ation the s,stem wastes capacit, beca)se the code channels allocated for new calls are not necessaril, allocated in the best possible wa,% #s codes are released in different branches, the tree can become fragmented and the ?>! sho)ld alwa,s tr, to reorganise the tree to ma/e the best )se of the reso)rces% Therefore in -MTS networ/s, it is possible that the channelisation codes co)ld change d)ring a connection% #lso, if the scrambling code in the )plin/ 2that is, the )ser4 is being )sed b, another person in another ?>! as the s)bscriber performs a soft handover, the

handover is ref)sed and the serving ?>! m)st allocate a new scrambling code to the s)bscriber%

Po(er control
<nacc)rac, in power control immediatel, increases interference, th)s decreasing the capacit, of the networ/%

%pen loop po(er control

hen the -. accesses to the networ/, the initial level for accessing is based on an estimate% This estimate in t)rn is based on the signal level received from the >ode C when the -. is in idle mode% The basis for the -. estimate is the downlin/ power level that the -. detects from the ph,sical channel !P<!'%
&losed loop po(er control

hen the radio connection is established, the power control method is changed% ")ring the connection, the method )sed is called the closed loop power control% ithin this method, the >ode commands the -. either to increase or to decrease its transmission power with the pace of 5%+ /'( 25+66 times per second4 in the 7"" mode% 2<n the T"" mode closed loop power control is performed 566 to 866 times a second%4 The decision whether to increase or decrease the power is based on the received Signal-to-<nterference ?atio 2S<?4 estimated b, the >ode C%
%uter loop po(er control

")e to the macro diversit, 2the -. is sim)ltaneo)sl, attached to the networ/ thro)gh more than one cell4, the ?>! m)st be aware of the c)rrent radio lin/ conditions and *)alit,% The ?>! /nows the allowed power levels of the cell and target S<?%

PacHet scheduler
Pac/et sched)ler is a general feat)re, which ta/es care of sched)ling radio reso)rces for non-real-time 2>?T4 radio access bearers for both )plin/ and downlin/ directions% The gap between real-time 2?T4 traffic and the load target of the cell can be filled b, the pac/et sched)ler% #n acti&e set is a list of cells, thro)gh which the -. has a connection to the networ/, that is, thro)gh which the radio link set-up has been made% This is, the -. ma, have active radio connection between itself and the networ/ thro)gh three cells sim)ltaneo)sl,% <n soft handover, the -. is connected to 2at least4 two >ode Cs at the same time% <n the )plin/ direction, the two signals come via the base stations to the ?adio >etwor/ !ontroller 2?>!4% <n the ?>! the signal to be transported forward to the core networ/ is selected% The selection is done frame b, frame for the speech, and in smaller bloc/s for data

slotte%( compresse% mo%e

The possibilit, to perform an inter-s,stem handover is enabled in the -MTS b, a special f)nctioning mode, slotted mode% hen the -. )ses -) interface in the slotted mode, the contents of the -) interface frame is DcompressedE in order to open a time window, thro)gh which the -. is able to pee/ and decode the GSM C!!' information%

Intersystem handover .rom GS/

The handover is described in the fig)re &&% 7 The -.3MS creates a meas)rement report that the CS! eval)ates to ma/e the handover decision% 7 <f the CS! decides to hand over to a -T?# cell reso)rce reservation messages are sent to the -T?#>% 7 The -T?#> ac/nowledges the reso)rce reservation and provides a -T?#> handover command% 7 The CS! sends the GSM inters,stem handover command to the -.% <n this command is incl)ded a -MTS 'andover to -T?#> command which contains all the information needed to set )p a connection to the -T?# cell% Since the amo)nt of -T?# config)ration information might be too large for a GSM message the message act)all, contains reference n)mber to -T?# parameters not the real val)es% 7 The -. completes the proced)re b, a 'andover to -T?#> complete message to the ?>!% 7 #s a last stage the ?>! commands reso)rces to be released b, the CS!%

Intersystem handover .rom )4'A0

-MTS has alread, been deplo,ed widel, b)t there will still be reasons to perform <nters,stem handovers to GSM% This co)ld be beca)se of services )sed, coverage or even traffic reasons%

Cased on the meas)rement report incl)ding both -T?#> and CSS val)es the ?>! ma/es the handover decision% 7 ?eso)rce reservation messages are sent to the CS!% 7 The CS! ac/nowledges the reso)rce reservation and incl)des a GSM handover command% 7 The ?>! sends an <nters,stem handover command message to the -., incl)ded in this message is the GSM 'andover command%

7 The -. switches to GSM ?? protocol and sends the GSM handover access message to the CS!% 7 The CS! finall, initiates reso)rce release with message to the -T?#>

/icro diversity
?eferring to the soft handover and active set, there are two terms describing the handling of the m)ltipath components: micro diversit, and macro diversit,% Micro diversit, means the sit)ation where the propagating m)ltipath components are combined in the >ode C%

/acro diversity
Ceca)se of the fact that the -. ma, )se cells belonging to different >ode Cs or even different ?>!s, the macro-diversit, f)nctionalit, also e1ists on the ?>! level% The following pict)re presents a case in which the -. has a $-cell active set in )se and one of those cells is connected to another ?>!% <n this case, the >ode Cs do signal s)mming concerning the radio paths of their own% <n the ?>! level, the serving ?>! eval)ates the frames coming from the >ode Cs and chooses the best signal to send towards the !> domains%
Summary o. code usage in the uplinH and do(nlinH direction!

<n the %o)nlin* direction, we need to be able to ma/e a difference between different cells% Therefore the scrambling code is )sed for this p)rpose% Since we also m)st ma/e a difference between different )sers within the cell, the channelisation code is )sed for this p)rpose% <t also means that we will onl, )se one dedicated ph,sical channel in the downlin/ direction, and both signalling information 2s)ch as power control commands4 and application data m)st be mapped onto this ph,sical channel% <n the +plin* direction, we do not need to separate between cells% <t means that we can )tilise the scrambling code for separating between the different )sers% 7ollowing the same logic as earlier, it means that we can )se the channelisation code to separate between different channels%

&D/A se<uencing K a (ay to spread in.ormation

Se*)encing as a term refers to how the information to be transferred over the radio path with !"M# technolog, is spread over the defined fre*)enc, band% There are two basic alternatives: 7re*)enc, 'opping 27'4 and "irect Se*)encing 2"S4% <n -MTS ?elease ==, there are two !"M# modes: 7 FDD mo%e 7"" stands for fre*)enc, division d)ple1% Two separate + M'( fre*)enc, bands are )sed F one for )plin/ transmission and another one for downlin/ transmission% 7 TDD mo%e T"" stands for time division d)ple1% 'ereb,, one fre*)enc, band is )sed both for )plin/ and downlin/ transmission%

'0& tasHs
This s)bsection gives a s)mmar, of the main tas/s and f)nctions:
W&D/A radio resource management

?adio reso)rce management of channel con$ig+rations, that is, how man, traffic channels and signalling channels can be )sed in the ?#>% This is done in connection with the radio networ/ planning% 7 Management of tra$$ic channels and stand-alone dedicated control channels can be f)rther divided into radio reso)rce management that attends to code allocation, admission control, channel release, load control, power control and handover control% 7 Han%o&ers are controlled b, the ?>!, b)t can be initiated b, the mobile station 2MS4 or the ?>!% # handover can be one or more of the following t,pes: R Soft, softer and hard '0 with intra- and inter-?>! handovers R !ode switching and code t,pe switching '0%
7

4elecom .unctionality

The telecom f)nctionalit, incl)des tas/s that are m)ch related to the mobilit, and session management of s)bscribers and their connections: 7 Gocation and connection management 7 !iphering 7 <ndication of bloc/age on the channels between the ?>! and the MS! 7 #llocation of the traffic channels between the ?>! and the base stations 7 #TM switching and m)ltiple1ing 7 #TM transmission on S"' or P"'

7 7

GP?S t)nnelling protocol 2GTP4 towards the pac/et core networ/ Sec)rit, f)nctions

/aintenance %peration

High Speed Do(nlinH PacHet Access *'el#@,

'igh Speed "ownlin/ Pac/et #ccess 2'S"P#4 is a feat)re based on a downlin/ shared channel reserved for transfering onl, data% This feat)re allows data rates )p to 56 Mb3s% The new high speed access is based on the new 'igh Speed-"ownlin/ Shared !hannel 2'S-"S!'4 transport channel, which /eeps some of the characteristics of the ?elease == "S!'% <t is defined for 7"" and both T"" modes% <t is a time shared channel, mapped to one or more ph,sical data channels% # new ph,sical downlin/ data channels is defined 2'S-P"S!'4, together with an associated downli/ control channel for la,er 5 signalling 2'SS!!'4% #n )plin/ signalling channel is also re*)ired, 'S-"P!!', based in the standard "P!!'% One o$ the main characteristics o$ H#DPA is the a%&ance% lin* a%aptation: the transmission scheme changes e&ery Transmission Time Inter&al to a%apt to the ra%io lin* con%itions, 'S"P# )ses lin/ adaptation A-C. a%aptati&e mo%+lation an% co%ing with several predefined combinations of mod)lation and channel coding% The >ode C selects the mod)lation and the coding for each TT< for each )ser based on an estimate of the downlin/% The -. reports in the )plin/ signalling a meas)rement of the downlin/% 'igher order mod)lations 259 Q)adrat)re #mplit)de Mod)lation4 will be )sed in good radio lin/ conditions and lower schemes 2Q)adrat)re Phase Shift Ke,ing 4 are )sed in poor radio conditions to maintain the error rate% A+tomatic Retransmission /+ery 0AR/1 is an error detection mechanism )sed in the lin/ la,er that brings controlled efficient retransmissons% The 'S"P# benefits are: 7 s)pport for services re*)iring high data rates in downlin/, e%g% <nternet browsing and video on demand% 7 'igh data rates )p to 56Mbit3s