&

Client-Server

Page 1

Page 2


Circuit-switched

bandwidth
[] latency

Packet-switched

bandwidth
latency
Page 3

 ;

,

;
bits ;
checksum; ; ;
format ;
byte ordering;

Page 4

Page 5



:

(layers)



Ethernet

Ethernet

Page 6

Page 7

Page 8


TCP/IP Ethernet

Page 9

OSI
ISO
7

Page 10

 OSI : 1


.

.
, ,

Physical

: RS-232,
10BaseT, 802.11, Bluetooth
Page 11

 OSI : 2
.


.
( )
acknowledgements
.

Data Link

Physical

: Ethernet MAC,
PPP, SLIP
Page 12

 OSI : 3


.


(
).
3

Network

Data Link

Physical

: IP (IPv4, IPv6),
X.25
Page 13

 OSI : 4

end-to-end
(--)
.

.

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

mailbox.
: TCP, UDP
Page 14

 OSI : 5


.
5

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

.

:
.
: HTTP 1.1, SSL,
NetBIOS
Page 15

 OSI : 6

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

data bits

: XDR, ASN.1,
MIME, MIDI
Page 16

 OSI : 7
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

:
email (SMTP, POP, IMAP)
file transfer (FTP)
directory services (LDAP)
Page 17

Page 18

Local Area Network (LAN)

(, )
( )

(): 1 Mbps 1 Gbps

latency

LAN

LAN
(nodes)

Page 19

 LAN

(=)

Page 20

 LAN

Adapter
expansion slot (PCI, PC Card, USB)
main board

adapters
Network Interface Cards (NICs) adapters
Network Interface Component
Page 21


( RF, IR)
LAN
Twisted pair

:
STP: shielded twisted pair
UTP: unshielded twisted pair
(.. , Ethernet 10BaseT)

Thin ( TV)
Thick (.. 10Base5, ThickNet)

Page 22

Hubs, routers, bridges

Hub

LAN

Switch

.

.
LANs, Ethernet.

Concentrator repeater

Bridge

LANs
data link layer ( 2)

Router

LAN WAN network
layer ( 3)
Page 23

Bus Network
Page 24

Tree Network
Page 25

Star Network
Page 26

Ring Network
Page 27

Mesh (=) Network

Page 28

 internetwork

Page 29


Baseband


bandwidth

Broadband

(
)

Page 30

Baseband: Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 standard
: 100 Mbps - 1 Gbps

Ethernet: 10 Mbps
Fast Ethernet: 100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet: 1 Gbps
10 Gbps, 100 Gbps

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)

Page 31

 Ethernet
( )

802.11 (1-2 Mbps)

802.11b (11 Mbps - 4-5 Mbps )
802.11a (54 Mbps - 22-28 Mbps )
802.11g (54 Mbps - 32 Mbps )
802.11n (108 Mbps - 30-47 Mbps )

ethernet
Access Point
Page 32

 Internet
DSL router

Ethernet ATM data stream

20 Mbps ~ 2 km.
POTS 300-3400 Hz
DSL > 3500 Hz

Modem


(300-3400 Hz)
interface
V.92: 48 kbps download, 56 kbps upload
PPP SLIP IP

Page 33

 Internet

Ethernet interface
E.g., Verizons FiOS 30 Mbps

Wireless:
WiMax
GPRS (<32 Kbps)

Page 34

Clients Servers

client

server
.

, server

.
Page 35

Page 36

 (Transport Layer)


(= ).

:
connection-oriented
connectionless

Page 37

Connection-oriented
1.
2.
3.
4.

[]

Page 38

Connection-oriented
1.
2.
3.
4.

[]

[ ]

virtual circuit

circuit-switched
Page 39

Connectionless
-
- /
( )
-

Page 40

Connectionless

- /
.
( ) ( )
-

datagram
client


client server
virtual
circuit
Page 41

Ethernet
1 & 2 OSI
Physical (1)
: 10Base-T, 100Base-T, 1000Base-T, .

Data Link (2)

Ethernet
Data frame
Data frame

, connectionless

Page 42

Ethernet
48-bit ethernet address
-
1518-byte MTU
18-byte header, 1500 bytes data

Gigabit ethernet
9000-byte MTU
dest addr

src addr

frame
length

data (payload)

CRC

6 bytes

6 bytes

46-1500 bytes

18 bytes + data
Page 43

IP Internet Protocol
1969 4

(ARPA)

.
Page 44

Internet Protocol
Connectionless


internet
IP
.

Page 45

IP
IP
32 bit
network layer interface:
IP (.. Ethernet
address)

IP

Page 46

IP
32-bit > 4 . !
routers

:
(.. )

Page 47

IP : &
icsd.aegean.gr
195.251.4.2
C3 FB 04 02
network #

math.aegean.gr
195.251.13.3
C3 FB 0D 03

host #

16 bits .
routers

195.251.*.* .

Page 48

IP : &
IP
network #:

host #: ()

network #

host #

Page 49

IP
:

(classes)
bits IP
class

leading bits

bits for net #

bits for host #

7 (128)

24 (16M)

10

14 (16K)

16 (64K)

110

21 (2M)

8 (256)

:
high bits
host number
subnet

Page 50

IP
IBM: 9.0.0.0 9.255.255.255
00001001 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx
network #

host #

8 bits

24 bits

Subnet within IBM (internal routers only)

00001001 10101010 11 xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx

network #
8 bits

subnet #
10 bits

host #
14 bits

Page 51

IP
All bits 0

All host bits 1

Broadcast

All bits 1

Broadcast

Leading bits 1110

Class D network (multicast group)

127.0.0.0:

127.0.0.1 loopback (localhost)

Page 52

Domain Name Server (DNS)

IP
, .. hra.icsd.aegean.gr
IP
.


Domain Name Server DNS

Page 53

(IP address)
: CIDR, NAT, IPv6

Page 54

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

class A, B, C :
# of bits
network number
8 (A), 16 (B), 24 (C)
bits

1000 :
22-bit network number (1024 hosts)
class B address (64K hosts)

Page 55

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

router # bits
network?
CIDR address :

32-bit-address/bits-for-network-prefix

128.6.13.3/16
/27 : 1/8 of a class C (32 hosts)
/24 : class C
/16 : class B

CIDR addresses &

prefixes !
Page 56

IPv6 vs. IPv4

IPv4
4 byte (32 bit) addresses

IPv6:
16-byte (128 bit) addresses
3.6 x 1038 possible addresses
7 x 1023 IP / m2 !
8 x 1028 times more addresses than IPv4
8-bit hop limit (Time To Live)
Flow label (20-bits)

Page 57

Network Address Translation (NAT)

External IP address
24.225.217.243

Internal
IP address
192.168.1.x

External
address

Virtual
port

Internal
address

Int
port

24.225.217.243

17

192.168.1.1

3455

24.225.217.243

192.168.1.2

11231

24.225.217.243

24

192.168.1.1

12489

24.225.217.243

20

192.168.1.3

21908

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5
Page 58

Network Address Translation (NAT)

UDP/TCP , router
, source IP address
port number
.
router source IP address IP
source port number virtual port number

.
IP port number
router .
virtual port number
IP address port number
.
router UDP/TCP
destination port number
.
port number
. Page 59


IP

IP: IP driver
send data

receive data

IP driver
receive packet

send packet

network driver
from wire

to wire
Page 60

IP driver

device driver

Maximum packet size (MTU)

HW headers
HW header

Send operations

device driver
bad/expired data
Page 61

Device driver
network interface card
network
interface

IP driver

IP driver

hardware

Page 62

Network device
Network card

destination address

(enveloped)
device
header

IP header

IP data
payload

Page 63

Device addressing
IP address ethernet address
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
1. ARP cache
2. broadcast
ethernet address
IP address
3. ( timeout)

Page 64

Routing
Router

(.. Ethernet)

(OSI 3)
/

Page 65

Routing WAN

Page 66

Page 67



(hops)

router

If destination = local address, deliver locally

else

Increment hop count (discard if hop # = TTL)

Use destination address to search routing table
Each entry has address and netmask. Match returns
interface
Transmit to destination interface

routing

Page 68

 Routing





:
Hop count (# routers )
Time: Tic count time in 1/18 second intervals

Page 69

 Routing
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
routing tables routers

route

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

.
.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

TCP
distance vector

keep-alive

Page 70

RIP routing algorithm

, routing table , router,
.
, RIP
(link) .
router RIP ,
(router),
( ) ,
.
n

n,
.
RIP router
o

.
Page 71

RIP routing algorithm

Page 72

RIP routing algorithm

Tr
router l .
t
router , ,
,
RIP .
t 30 seconds.
router
. n,

Send.
routers
Receive (
+1=)
, ,
.
Page 73

Transport-layer protocols IP
IP

Transport layer port

number
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol

Page 74

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

Virtual circuit service
(connection-oriented)
acknowledgement

Checksum

Page 75

UDP User Datagram Protocol

Datagram service (connectionless)

checksum ,

- (bad packets)

Page 76

IP header
device
header

IP header

TCP/UDP
header

IP data

payload
hlen

svc type (TOS)

fragment identification
TTL

protocol

total length
flags

fragment offset
header checksum

source IP address

20 bytes

vers

destination IP address
options and pad

Page 77

Headers: TCP & UDP

device
header

IP header

TCP/UDP
header

IP data

payload

UDP header

TCP header
dest port

seq number
ack number
hdr
len

- flags

checksum

window

20 bytes

src port

src port

dest port

seg length

checksum

8 bytes

urgent ptr

options and pad

Page 78

Device header (Ethernet II)

device
header

IP header

TCP/UDP
header

IP data

payload

dest addr

src addr

frame
type

data

CRC

6 bytes

6 bytes

46-1500 bytes

18 bytes + data

Page 79

 QoS IP

-
59 bytes 1 byte TCP/IP!
20 bytes TCP + 20 bytes IP + 18 bytes ethernet

TCP/IP

Page 80

IP
routers:

: (address:port)
(address:port)

,
:
TCP UDP
UDP QoS

:
Traffic Shaping

-bandwidth -bandwidth

Traffic Policing

Page 81


FIFO

Flow-based weighted fair queuing

Class-based weighted fair queuing

, , .

Page 82

 (soft QoS)



TOS bits & Diff-Serv IP header

Page 83

TOS bits
IP header
routers
TOS: Type Of Service, 4 bits
Minimum Delay [0x10]
FTP, telnet, ssh

Maximum Throughput

[0x08]

ftp-data, www

Maximum reliability

[0x04]

SNMP, DNS

Minimum cost
NNTP, SMTP

[0x02]

RFC 1349, July, 1992

Page 84

 (Diff-Serv)
ToS bits
ToS IP header

Differentiated Sevices Control Point (DSCP)

p p p d t r - Reliability: normal/high
Priority: 0-7

Throughput: normal/high
Delay: normal/low

RFC 2475, December 1998

Page 85

 QoS (hard QoS)

end-to-end

Page 86

Reservation & Delivery Protocol

RSVP: ReSerVation Protocol

quality of service
routers
RFC 2205

Page 87

Media Delivery Protocols

Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP)

QoS (jitter, loss, delay)

RFC 3550

RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol

routing

:
Payload identification
sequence #
time stamp

RTP/RTCP QoS
Page 88

ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

1980
: &
networking
bandwidth

bandwidth

Page 89

ATM

Circuit switching


multicasting

ATM

fixed-size virtual circuits
Fixed-size cells
predictive scheduling
cells
switching
Page 90

ATM
:
53-byte cell: 48-byte data, 5-byte header

:
CBR

Constant bit-rate

bandwidth

Uncompressed video,
voice

VBR

Variable bit-rate

Avg, peak
bandwidth

Compressed video,
voice

ABR

Available bit-rate

-none-

ftp, web access

Page 91

ATM
cells interrupts

>100,000/second

ATM hardware
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
cells variable-sized ()
:
AAL 1: for CBR
AAL 2: for VBR
AAL 3/4: ABR data
AAL 5: ABR data, simplified
AAL 6: MPEG-2 video
Page 92

Page 93