Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
2.3.4 ER+"1ROC+"E !A"2RA"ION $E32ENCE, 2.3.4.* R05r(5la%t 2.3.4.2 ror05r(cyte 2.3.4.3 R05r(cyte 2.3.4.4 !etar05r(cyte 2.3.4.6 Ret(c0locyte or polychromatoph(l(c cell 2.3.4.7 Erythrocyte
#(g0re II.*
Figure II.1
FIGURE II.3
!orpholog(c Change% Occ0rr(ng D0r(ng Red Blood Cell !at0rat(on
R2BRIBLA$",
-irst recogni)able cell in the erythrogenic series. * large round cell which contains a large round nucleus with a thin rim of royal blue cytoplasm. The nuclear chromatin is delicate and stippled. The nucleus contains one to se#eral nucleoli. The cytoplasm is somewhat scanty and stains #ery basophilic.
ROR2BRIC+"E,
!ell is similar to the .ubriblast but smaller in si)e. ,ucleoli are usually absent, but remnants of the nucleoli may still be present. The chromatin material is somewhat coarser. * perinuclear clear )one may be obser#ed. The cytoplasm stains basophilic.
R2BRIC+"E,
!ell is smaller than the /rorubricyte. ,uclear chromatin material is coarsely clumped separated by light streaks gi#ing the so-called cartwheel appearance. ,ucleus is round and stains #ery dark. !ytoplasm stains #ery basophilic in the early rubricyte stage, but the blue color is diluted out by the pink color of hemoglobin as it matures toward the ne"t stages. This cell can be further subdi#ided according to the amount of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm into basophilic, polychromatophilic and normochromic rubricyte. The cell is the last cell in the erythrocytic series capable of cell di#ision under normal cond(t(on%. !ell di#ision stops when a critical hemoglobin concentration is reached. * deficiency of hemoglobin in the cell can result in e"tra di#isions and smaller cells. (E:A! LE: Iron deficiency results in microcytes.)
!E"AR2BRIC+"E,
The nucleus is small, pyknotic, and appears as a dark blue homogeneous mass without any distinct chromatin structure. The cytoplasm stains similarly to the mature erythrocyte. The cell is not found in the peripheral blood of normal healthy animals. &hen obser#ed in peripheral blood, it denotes a response to an anemic condition of at least 01-23 hours duration. The e"ception is the horse in that this species does not release nucleated red cells into the peripheral blood under any circumstances.
This cell is larger than the mature erythrocyte and is non-nucleated. !ell may contain a small round nuclear remnant called a 4owell-5olly body. !ytoplasm stains slightly basophilic with &right's stain. 4owe#er, when stained with a %0prav(tal.%ta(n such as new methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue, precipitated ribrosomal .,* (reticulum) can be demonstrated within the cell. !ells are not found in health in the peripheral blood of the horse, cow, sheep, and goat. This means that the reticulocyte ripens in the bone marrow in these species. (ogs and cats may normally ha#e *.*.6; reticulocytes in the peripheral blood. The cell does not participate in normal rouleau" formation or pathologic agglutination+ is more resistant to crenation and lysis+ is less susceptible to mechanical trauma+ has a great e"cess of membrane in relation to its contents, but is able to synthesi)e hemoglobin.
ER+"1ROC+"E,
These are the mature non-nucleated red blood cells. !ell stains buff or reddish color.
The first cell that can be recogni)ed in the granulocytic series. It is the most immature granulocytic precursor. The cell possesses a relati#ely large, round to o#al nucleus, with one to se#eral nucleoli. The chromatin material of the nucleus is finely stippled or has a light ground glass appearance. The cytoplasm is somewhat scanty, basophilic, and does not contain granules.
2.4.2.2 ROGRAN2LOC+"E
The nuclear chromatin material is coarser and slightly more clumped than that of a myeloblast. .emnants of the nucleoli may still be present. The cytoplasm is less basophilic than the myeloblast and contains darkly stained non-specific granules called -pr(mary or a90roph(l(c gran0le%.% These granules are pero"idase positi#e.
2.4.2.3 !+ELOC+"E
The nucleus of the myelocyte remains somewhat round to o#al and the chromatin material is more closely clumped. This cell contains -%econdary- or specific granules that are identified by their staining properties as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. These granules are pero"idase negati#e. Therefore, the myelocyte and all subsequent cells of the granulocytic series should be characteri)ed as neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. These granules #ary greatly in shape, si)e and concentration in domestic species. *s maturation of the granulocytes continue, the -%pec(8(c gran0le%- will increase and the -a90roph(l(c gran0le%- will not take the &right's stain. The myelocyte stage is the last stage of cell di#ision and the first cell capable of phagocytosis.
2.4.2.4 !E"A!+ELOC+"E
This cell closely resembles the myelocyte. The nucleus is indented and often resembles a kidney bean. ,ucleoli are not present and the nuclear chromatin material is coarser and clumped. !ytoplasmic granules are also present.
This cell has a horseshoe shaped nucleus. The opposite sides of the nucleus are more or less parallel. This cell may be differentiated from the metamyelocyte by the nuclear shape and the tendency for the nuclear sides to become parallel. The nuclear chromatin material is markedly clumped.
The nucleus may be mono-lobed with clumped chromatin material, or may consist of se#eral lobes separated by constrictions or by filaments. The cytoplasm stains #ery faintly.
!ell is similar to other blast cells. It is round or o#al, #ery large, with a large round to o#al reddish-purple nucleus. The nuclear chromatin material is fine and well distributed but perhaps more coarse than in myeloblasts. The nucleus contains one or two nucleoli. The cytoplasm is bluish and nongranular and forms a thin rim around the nucleus.
o o o o
The nucleus is round or o#al in shape but smaller than the lymphoblast. The nuclear chromatin is coarse and slightly clumped. ,ucleoli or remnants of nucleoli may be present. There is an abundant amount of light blue cytoplasm around the nucleus. *lso, there may be a few a)urophilic granules in the cytoplasm.
2.6.2.* !ONOBLA$"
The cell is large with a round or o#al nucleus. * nucleolus is present. The nuclear chromatin material is fine and well-distributed. There is a thin rim of clear blue cytoplasm around the nucleus. There are no granules present in the cytoplasm.
2.6.2.2 RO!ONOC+"E
The cell is somewhat smaller than the monoblast with the nucleus being irregularly-shaped.The nuclear chromatin material is fine and spongy. There may be a nucleolus or a remnant of the nucleolus present. The cytoplasm is grayish blue and may contain non-specific granules.
2.6.2.3 !ONOC+"E
The cell is larger than a neutrophil in the thin portions of a smear. The shape of monocytes is #ariable.The nuclei are usually round or kidney-shaped, but may be deeply indented or ha#e two or more lobes connected by narrow bands. ;lunt pseudopods and digesti#e #acuoles may be present. onocytes are most difficult to identify and to differentiate from other cells. They are frequently mistaken for immature neutrophils and large lymphocytes.The three most characteristic features of the monocytes and the most helpful in diagnosis are the dull grayish-blue color of the cytoplasm, blunt pseudopods and the brain-like con#olution of the nucleus.
2.7.* !EGA=AR+OBLA$"
The cell is large, irregularly shaped with a single or se#eral round or o#al nuclei and with a blue, nongranular cytoplasm. ,ucleoli are usually present.
2.7.2 RO!EGA=AR+OC+"E
This cell differs from the megakaryoblast in that there are bluish granules in the cytoplasm ad<acent to the nucleus. The nucleus in this second stage of maturation has usually di#ided one or more times and the cell has increased in si)e.
2.7.3 !EGA=AR+OC+"E
The cell is #ery large with relati#ely large amounts of cytoplasm, and multiple nuclei. The cytoplasm contains numerous small, uniformly distributed granules that are reddish-blue in color.
2.7.4 "1RO!BOC+"E?platelet
/latelets are fragments of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes. They #ary in si)e and shape from a barely #isible structure to masses larger than red cells or leukocytes. The cytoplasm stains a light blue and contains #ariable numbers of small blue granules (a90roph(l(c).