.

.
17,840,000

. ),

3.5%

(6,890,000

. 2005-

37.1

,



,

.

6500

.
,
,

.

2000

(manioc)

. 3000-

[2]

. . 2000

.
,

.[2]

[3]
.

.
(muisca)

(Valdivia Culture) .

(Norte Chico)

.
. . 900300

(chavin civilization). 14381533

,
,

(13001470),

,
,

(10001450)

(1498). 1502

1531

(1470-1531)

.
1534-

. 1538

. 1530 1580

,
,

,
,

1500

(1521)

(1532),

(1535),

(1554)

1616.
1635.
1651

;
1664-

. 1796

1817

.

(Creole)

.
.

'
'

. . 1700

1806

; 1810

,
,

. 1824-

. 1822

. 1830

. 1889

19-

1975-

1962,

'

1902

1966

'
.

1959-

,
,

. 20

,
,

[4]

.
,

,

,

2009

.
.
.
(1913),

(1924),

(1935), .

(1950)

(1956)

.
-
(
),

, ,
,
,

),
-
(
, ,
,

,
,
,
,

,
,

(193,243,411)[6]

(193,197,164)[5]

20%

60%

5%
.

20%

,
,

.

,

.
.

,

, ,
,

,
, ,

30

.
,
,
,
,

(Base rocks)

|[

]]
,

'

'

-
(upheaval& subsidence)

- (geosyncline)

,
.

;
.

. . .

(
)

80 . .
.-
.

.
.

(deeps)

5 35
.

26-

7,620

.

41

(fiord)

.
65-80 . .

,
.

.
,

,
,

370 . .

3,960 .

.

51

7,200 . .
.

. 28&de g;

(980 .)

(2,774 .)
.

2,896 .
.

.
.

.
.

'

'

'
'

. 70,00,000 . . .

6437 . .

. (70,00,000 . . .)

, ,

,
,

,
.

3200 . .

. 1400
.

. 13,512 . . .

. 3812 . .

12,875 . .

 55

.
.

27 C
.

(2,852 .)

18 C

0 C-

13 C
.

.

.

, ,

200-300 . .

. 33

; 38

265 . .

,
,

(65-125
. .).

(125-190
. .).