TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

Vin in T Vin Thng

BO CO BI TP LN THNG TIN QUANG

Ti: Xy dng h thng thng tin quang s dng khuch i quang EDFA.

Ging vin hng dn:TS. Nguyn Hong Hi Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 9

I. Tng quan h thng WDM

1. nh ngha Mt h thng truyn dn thng tin quang m nhiu knh bc sng c ghp li v truyn chung trn mt ng truyn quang c gi l h thng thng tin quang ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM Wavelenght Division Multiplexing) 2. Cc di bng tn hot ng trong WDM O-band (Original band):Di bng tn t 1260 nm nm. E-band (Extended band): Di bng tn t 1360 nm 1460 nm. S-band (Short wavelength band)Di bng tn t 1460 nm 1530 nm. C-band (Conventional band):Di bng tn t 1530 nm 1565 nm L-band (Long wavelength band):Di bng tn t 1565 nm 1625 nm

3. Phn loi h thng WDM Theo hng truyn dn: Gm 2 loi H thng n hng

c im : - Ch truyn theo mt chiu trn si quang. - Kh nng cung cp dung lng cao gp i so vi h thng song hng. - S si quang cn dng gp i so vi h thng song hng.

 H thng song hng

c im: Khi c s c, h thng song hng khng cn n c ch chuyn mch bo v t ng APS. Thit k h thng song hng kh hn. Cc h thng khuch i trong h thng song hng c cu trc phc tp hn so vi h thng n hng nhng c cng sut quang u ra ln hn so vi h thng n hng.

4. u nhc im h thng WDM

* u im - Tng bng thng truyn trn si quang s ln tng ng s bc sng c ghp vo truyn trn 1 si quang - Tnh trong sut - Kh nng m rng Hin ti ch duy nht cng ngh WDM cho php xy dng m hnh mng truyn ti quang OTN (Optical Transport Network)
* Nhc im - Cha khai thc ht bng tn hot ng c th ca si quang - Qu trnh khai thc, bo dng phc tp hn gp nhiu ln - Nu h thng si quang ang s dng l si DSF theo chun G.653 th rt kh trin khai WDM v xut hin hin tng trn 4 bc sng kh gay gt.

5. Cc thnh phn c bn trong h thng WDM

S khi v chc nng cc khi

Chc nng ca cc khi: Pht tn hiu: Trong h thng WDM, ngun pht quang c dng l Laser vi cc yu cu nh l c rng ph hp, bc sng pht ra n nh, mc cng sut pht nh, bc sng trung tm, rng ph, rng chip phi nm trong gii hn cho php. Ghp / tch tn hiu: Ghp tn hiu WDM l s kt hp mt s ngun sng khc nhau thnh mt lung tn hiu nh sng tng hp truyn qua si quang. Tch tn hiu WDM l s phn chia lung nh sng tng hp thnh cc tn hiu nh sng ring r ti mi cng u ra b tch. Hin ti c cc b tch/ghp tn hiu WDM nh: b lc mng mng in mi, cch t Bragg si, cch t nhiu x, linh kin quang t hp AWG, b lc Fabry-Perot...

 Truyn dn tn hiu: Qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trong si quang chu s nh hng ca nhiu yu t: suy hao si quang, tn sc, cc hiu ng phi tuyn, vn lin quan n khuch i tn hiu ... Mi vn k trn u ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu t si quang (loi si quang, cht lng si...) Khuch i tn hiu: H thng WDM hin ti ch yu s dng b khuch i quang si EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier). Tuy nhin b khuch i Raman hin nay cng c s dng trn thc t. C ba ch khuch i: khuch i cng sut, khuch i ng v tin khuch i. Thu tn hiu: S dng cc b tch sng quang nh trong h thng thng tin quang thng thng : PIN, APD Cc thnh phn c bn trong h thng WDM - B pht quang - B thu quang - OMUX / ODEMUX - Si quang - B khuch i quang (OA) - B xen r bc sng (OADM)

6. Cc vn cn quan tm trong h thng WDM

Khong cch gia cc knh: Khong cch knh l rng tn s tiu chun gia cc knh gn nhau. Vic phn b knh mt cch hp l trong di bng tn c hn gip cho vic nng cao hiu sut s dng ti nguyn di tn v gim nh hng phi tuyn tnh gia cc knh gn nhau. Mt s yu t nh hng n khong cch ny: Tc truyn dn ca tng knh Qu cng sut quang

nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn

rng ph ca ngun pht Kh nng tch/ghp ca cc thit b WDM Suy hao qu cng sut ca h thng WDM Trong bt k h thng s no th vn quan trng l phi m bo c t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) sao cho u thu c th thu c tn hiu vi mt mc BER cho php

 my thu thu c thng tin th cng sut tn hiu n my thu phi nm trong di cng sut ca my thu. Pmy pht = Ppht + Pd tr Pthu min < P pht - Ptng suy hao < Pthu max Nh vy m bo c thng tin th cng sut pht phi cng ln khi c ly truyn dn cng ln. khc phc iu ny ngi ta s dng b khuch i quang si EDFA nh hng ca hiu ng phi tuyn trong h thng WDM Trong h thng thng tin quang, cc hiu ng phi tuyn s xy ra khi cng sut ca tn hiu trong si quang vt qu mt mc no . i vi cc h thng WDM th mc cng sut ny cao hn nhiu so vi cc h thng n knh. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn nh hng n cht lng ca h thng WDM ch yu gm: Hiu ng SPM, XPM, FWM, SBS v SBR. Cc hiu ng ny c th chia thnh hai loi: - Hiu ng tn x: Bao gm cc hiu ng SBS v SBR. - Cc hiu ng lin quan n hiu ng Kerr: Bao gm hiu ng SPM, XPM v FWM

II. B khuch i quang EDFA

1. Cu trc b khuch i quang EDFA
silica d=1,25m

Er3+

Ge d=250 d=3-6m m n=0,010,05 quang

Cu trc tng qut b khuch i EDFA - Mt ct ngang ca mt loi si quang pha ion Erbium

- EDFA c thnh phn chnh gm mt on ngn cp quang c li pha tp khong 0,1% Erbium. - Ngoi ra EDFA cn c mt laser bm cung cp nng lng cho on EDF, mt b ghp bc sng WDM ghp bc sng nh sng tn hiu v bc sng nh sng bm vo on EDF v b phn cch hn ch nh sng phn x t h thng.

2. EDFA trong h thng ghp knh theo bc sng nng cao cht lng ca h thng truyn dn WDM, k thut khuch i quang s dng trong h thng WDM cn phi m bo cc yu cu sau: - Bng tn tng ch bng phng, h s tp m thp v cng sut a ra cao. c bit l tng ch bng phng v y l yu cu c bit ca h thng truyn dn WDM i vi EDFA. - Ph khuch i ng u i vi tt c cc knh bc sng. - S thay i s lng knh bc sng lm vic khng c gy nh hng n mc cng sut u ra ca cc knh. - EDFA phi c kh nng pht hin s chnh lch mc cng sut u vo v iu chnh li h s khuch i nhm m bo c tuyn khuch i i vi tt c cc knh

3. Cc v tr t EDFA trong tuyn cp si quang Trng hp BA (t ngay sau my pht): Cho t s SNR ln hn trong trng hp khong cch truyn dn ngn, d gim st v iu khin. Tuy nhin, cng sut ng ra khng c cao qu 15dBm do iu kin kt ni vi si quang. iu ny gii hn khuch i ca EDFA v cng sut pht. Trng hp PA (t ngay trc my thu): C th cho cng sut n my thu ln. Tuy nhin, nhiu ti u ra ca EDFA s c gi tr ln ti u vo my thu do t b suy gim. iu ny gii hn t s SNR. Trng hp PA (t gia ng truyn): trng hp ny, ta c th tng cng sut pht v h s khuch i EDFA mt cch hp l t c cng sut tn hiu v SNR thch hp.

4. Cc u im ca EDFA - EDFA khng c mch ti to thi gian, mch phc hi nn mch s tr nn linh hot hn. - EDFA c cu trc nh nn c th lp t nhiu EDFA trong cng mt trm, do c th lm cho h thng linh hot hn. - C th h thp c gi thnh ca h thng do c cu trc n gin ca EDFA, cp c trng lng nh nng cao c khong cch lp v dung lng truyn dn. - i vi b khuch i si quang EDFA, bc sng bm 1480nm cho hiu qu tt hn i vi bc sng tn hiu ang c dng ph bin hin nay l 1550nm. - Cc h thng thng tin si quang ng di c th s dng chui EDFA trong truyn dn. C ly truyn dn c th t c xa hn nh s dng cc EDFA, c nhiu thp v khuch i cao.

III. Si quang n mode chun G.652

1. Cu to si quang Si quang s dng l loi n mode. Li ca si quang lm bng SiO2 v cc cht ph gia khc, m bo c ch s chic sut ca li si quang ln hn ch s chic sut ca lp v phn x. Lp v phn x ca si quang lm bng SiO2. Lp bo v s cp lm bng vt liu chng c tia cc tm, m bo si quang khng b suy hao do un cong v try xc.

2. Cc yu t nh hng C 3 yu t c bn ca si quang nh hng n kh nng ca cc h thng thng tin quang, bao gm : Tn sc, suy hao, hiu ng phi tuyn i vi cc h thng khc nhau th mc nh hng ca cc yu t ny cng khc nhau: + i vi cc h thng c ly ngn, dung lng thp th yu t ch yu cn quan tm l suy hao. + i vi cc h thng tc cao, c ly tng i ln th yu t ch yu cn quan tm l suy hao v tn sc. + i vi cc h thng c ly di v dung lng rt ln th ngoi hai yu t trn cn phi xem xt n c cc hiu ng phi tuyn Si quang ang c s dng rng ri hin nay trong cc h thng l si n mode SMF-28, G.652. Cc c tnh truyn dn ca si quang ny theo chun ca si quang n mode chun. Cc ng cong m t tn sc v suy hao ca si n mode cho thy rng suy hao ca si t gi tr nh nht vng bc sng 1550 nm nhng tn sc c gi tr thp nht li bc song 1300 nm.

3. Thng s k thut
Thng s k thut 1 2 3
4

Tiu chun ITU-T G.652 D Dng bc thang 9.2 mm 0.4 mm

10.4 mm 0.5 mm

Tiu chun p dng Bin dng ch s chit sut ng knh trng mode ti bc sng 1310nm
ng knh trng mode ti bc sng 1550nm

5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ch s khc x hiu dng ca di quang ph Neff (bc sng 1310nm)

Ch s khc x hiu dng ca di quang ph Neff (bc sng 1550nm) Bc sng tn sc khng H s suy hao ti a ti bc sng 1310nm H s suy hao ti a ti bc sng 1550nm H s tn sc ti bc sng 1550nm dc tn sc khng H s tn sc mode phn cc PMD

1.4676
1.4682 1310 nm - 1324 nm 0.36 dB/km 0.22 dB/km 18 ps/nm.km 0.092 ps/nm2.km 0.2 ps/km1/2

IV. Thit k h thng WDM bng Optisystem

1. Bi ton: Xy dng phng n thit k h thng thng tin quang WDM c s dng khuch i quang EDFA vi cc yu cu thit k nh sau: Tc bit: 10 Gbit/s - Chiu di chui: 128 bits - S mu trong 1 bit: 64 - C ly truyn dn: 300 km S lng knh bc sng: 4 knh S dng: - Loi si: Si quang n mode chun(G.652) - Ngun pht: - Loi ngun: Laser. - Phng thc iu ch: iu ch ngoi - B thu: S dng PIN kt hp vi b lc thng thp Bessel S dng cc thit b o c bn: - Thit b o cng sut quang - Thit b phn tch ph quang - Thit b o BER

2. Thit k h thng Pha pht - Ngun pht quang lazer CW lazer array - B pht xung RZ pulse genarator - B pht bt in User Defined Bit - iu ch Mach-zehnder Modulator.
Do h thng WDM ghp 4 knh tn hiu nn pha u pht s bao gm c 4 b pht. Thit b c sp xp nh trn c goi l phng php iu ch ngoi. Do ghp 4 knh tn hiu nn b WDM Mux s dng l Mux 4x1

 Pha thu - B tch knh Demux 1x4 - PIN kt hp b lc thng thp Bessel - Ngoi ra quan st cht lng tn hiu u thu cn c thit b o Ber, genarator 3R c t v tr thch hp.

 Do si G655 c tn sc nh nn vic gim tn sc c thc hin bng si b tn sc DCF. Nh vy vic b tn sc l cn thit t cht lng tn hiu u ra cao, v BER c gi tr nh. - Thng s si b tn sc DCF: Bit D1(h s tn sc G.652)=16.75 ps/nm/km, 1(h s suy hao G.652)=0.2 dB/km, S1( dc tn sc G.652)=0.075ps/nm2/km D2(h s tn sc DCF)= -85 ps/nm/km, 2(h s suy hao DCF)=0.5, dB/km M: S2 = - S1*(L1/L2) = - S1*(D2/D1) => S2= -0.075ps/nm2/km (-85 ps/nm/km : 16.75 ps/nm/km)= 0.38ps/nm2/km => L2= | -(L1*D1)/D2 | . Chn L1=50 km => L2=9.8 km. p ng yu cu bi vi c ly truyn dn l 300 km th phi chn L2= 10 km => S vng Loop cn dng l: 300/(50+10) = 5 - Vng lp (hn ch s cng knh cho h thng m vn m bo c ly truyn dn)

 Do tn hiu c truyn trn si quang vi c ly truyn dn di , nn gy ra suy hao si quang, v lm suy gim cng sut pht tn hiu. khc phc hin tng suy gim cng sut v suy hao tn hin nn khi thit k h thng WDM s dng thm b khuch i EDFA. Vi h s khuch i G ng bng lng suy hao trn tuyn. + Gi G1 l h s khuch i ca EDFA1 G2 l h s khuch i ca EDFA 2 Cng thc: G2 = |G1 1 L1 L2 2| => Chn G1= 10 dB th G2 = |10 0.2 50 - 0.5 10 |= 5 dB

 S h thng hon chnh

 Cc tham s ton cc bao gm c: -Tc bit (Bit rate)= 10Gbit/s -Chiu di chui bit (Bit Sequence length)= 128 bit. -S lng mu trn mi bit (Number of samples per bit)= 64. Cc tham s trn c s dng tnh ton: - Ca s thi gian (Time Window)= chiu di chui bit * 1/ tc bit - Ca s thi gian = 128*1/ 10000000000= 1.28* 10^-8(s). - S lng mu (Number of samples)= chiu di chui bt* s mu trn mt bit - S lng mu = 128* 64=8192. - Tc ly mu (sample rate)= s lng mu / ca s thi gian. - Tc ly mu = 8192/ 1.28*10^8=640000000000 (Hz).

 Thay i thng s t Ber bng 10^-12 theo yu cu. - C rt nhiu cch thay i ch s BER ca h thng: + Thay i tc bit + Thay i cng sut pht + Thay i h s khuch i + Thay i c ly truyn dn - Trong phn m phng theo yu cu bi, chuyn Ber = 10-12 ta chn phng php thay i cng sut ngun pht. - i tng ch yu cn thay i thng s trong mch cng sut pht quang laser - Do h thng WDM thc hin tc 10Gbit/s c di tn 100Ghz. Nn khong cch ca cc bng tn ny l 0.8nm (Bng C). Gi s chn frequency ca CW lazer = 1552.52nm th cc knh tip theo c gi tr hn km nhau l 0.8nm. Tng ng di tn ca laser n v THz cho 4 laser u vo ln lt l: + Knh 1 chn tn s 193,1 THz + Knh 2 chn tn s 193,2 THz + Knh 3 chn tn s 193,3 THz + Knh 4 chn tn s 193,4 THz

Thit lp tham s qut: Mc ch ca vic ny l tm ra mc cng sut pht ph hp o c ch s BER hp l trn ng truyn. Vi 14 ln qut cc mc cng sut khc nhau s thu c cc gi tr BER khc nhau v t tm ra mi lin h gia cng sut pht v BER.

- Chn di qut t 0 -10

 Sau khi chy xong ta vo phn REPORT xem,chn thng s Ber v cng sut ph hp. - Vo CW Laser array>Parameter>Power ko th vo trc X ca th. - Vo BER Analyzer>Result> Min. log of BER. Ko th vo trc Y ca th, ta c kt qu :

- Ta chn c thng s cng sut pht l :-7.89dBm th s cho ra Ber theo yu cu ca bi ton l :10^-12.

 Chng ta ly cng sut pht l :-7.89 dBm v chy li chng trnh 1 ln na. - Ber sau qu trnh chy ca knh 1 l :

- Tin hnh tng t cho cc knh cn li

 Xem cc thng s qua cc thit b o: - o cng sut u ra my pht - o cng sut u vo my thu - Ph tn hiu vo - Ph tn hiu ra

 Thng s ca cc knh ( CH1,CH2,CH3,CH4).

Knh Tn s CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 191 Thz 192 Thz 193 Thz 194 Thz Cng sut -7.89 dBm -8.04 dBm -8.69 dBm -7.15 dBm G.652 S1 DCF S2

D1

D2

G1

G2

16.75 ps/nm. km

0.075 ps/nm2 .km

-85 ps/nm. km

0.38 ps/nm2 .km

10 dB

5 dB

Kt Lun
Do nhu cu ngy cng gia tng v dung lng truyn dn, h thng WDM s p ng c nhu cu hin nay. Tuy nhin, nu s dng cc b khuch i EDFA thng thng vo h thng WDM th s lng knh ca WDM li b hn ch.Trong h thng thng tin quang WDM c ly di cn phi c b khuch i chuyn tip i vi tn hiu quang. Yu cu quan trng i vi b khuch i trong h thng WDM l b khuch i quang phi s dng cng ngh tng ch bng phng. Hin nay ngi ta thng s dng b khuch i quang pha trn Erbium (EDFA) v n c cng mt tng ch nh nhau i vi tn hiu quang c bc sng khc nhau.B khuch i EDFA khc phc c nhiu hn ch ca trm lp nh: hn ch v bng tn truyn dn, cu trc phc tpth hin r tnh u vit ca k thut dn trn cp si quang. Trong qu trnh lm bo co, nhm em c gng ht sc nhng khng trnh khi nhng sai st rt mong nhn c s gp , t c gio cng nh ca cc bn bi bo co ca chng em c tt hn.

The End !