TRNG I HC BCH KHOA KHOA IN T VIN THNG

BI TP MN

K THUT CHUYN MCH

TI : TM HIU CHUYN MCH S HAI CHIU

Sinh vin thc hin: L Quang Trn Th Kim Phng Nguyn Th Tho 09DT3 09DT3 09DT2

nng, 2013.

M c l c
I) II) Gii thiu chung Chuyn mch khng gian v chuyn mch thi gian 1) Chuyn mch khng gian 2) Chuyn mch thi gian Trng chuyn mch ghp 2 tng 1) Trng chuyn mch ghp T-S (Time-Space) 2) Trng chuyn mch ghp S-T (Space-Time) 3) Xc sut Blocking Trng chuyn mch ghp 3 tng S-T-S v T-S-T 1) Trng chuyn mch ghp S-T-S 1.1) Xc sut tc nghn (Blocking probability) 1.2) phc tp thc hin 2) Trng chuyn mch ghp T-S-T 1.1) Xc sut tc nghn (Blocking probability) 1.2) phc tp thc hin

III)

IV)

NI DUNG
I) Gii thiu chung - Chng ta bit v chuyn mch khng gian v thi gian. Mi loi c nhng u im v nhc im b sung cho nhau. Vic kt hp gia chuyn mch khng gian v thi gian to ra mt cu hnh t c s thay i khe thi gian ln khng gian ring bit, c dung lng ln. - Cc tuyn cao tc PCM u vo ti u ra l ring bit. thc hin hiu qu qu trnh chuyn mch cc tuyn PCM thng c ghp knh vi tc cao trc khi a ti trng chuyn mch. V th mt mng chuyn mch c th va nhn cc mu PCM t mt khe thi gian v va pht chng trong mt khe thi gian khc. y chnh l l do cn kt hp c chuyn i khng gian v thi gian. - Vic b tr s dng cc trng chuyn mch trong h thng chuyn mch ph thuc ch yu vo kin trc iu khin ca h thng. Ta c cc kiu cu hnh chuyn mch sau: TS, ST, TST, STS, TSST, TSSSST, TSTSTSTS. - S khi tng qut v chuyn mch khng gian v thi gian:

Hnh 1: S khi tng qut ca chuyn mch hai chiu

Nguyn l: Thu bao thc hin cuc gi ni mng n B. Khi iu khin (control unit) sp t khe thi gian 3 n cuc gi trn ng ca n i vo group switch, v khe thi gian 1 trn ng ca n i ra khi group switch. iu ny c duy tr trong sut ton b cuc gi. Tng t t B n A cng thc hin nh vy. Thit k v cu trc c bn ca hai chuyn mch, tc l chuyn mch thi gian v chuyn mch khng gian c miu t phn sau.

II)

Chuyn mch khng gian v chuyn mch thi gian

1) Chuyn mch khng gian: a) Khi nim: L chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin gia hai tuyn PCM trong cng khe thi gian. b) Cu to: Gm c hai khi chnh: - Khi ma trn chuyn mch: c cu trc di dng ma trn hai chiu gm M cng u vo v N cng u ra, trn cc cng l cc tuyn PCM. Cc im ni trong ma trn l cc phn t logic khng nh (s dng cng AND mt chiu). Mng cng logic c th phc v cho mt nhm tp trung, mt nhm m rng hay mt nhm phn b ri rc ph thuc vo ma trn MxN. Mt cuc thoi l hai chiu nn phi thit lp hai ng dn qua ma trn chuyn mch. - Khi iu khin: B nh chn cng (gate select memory): Lu tr cc thng tin iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn cho ma trn chuyn mch, ni dng thng tin trong ny s th hin v tr tng ng ca im kt ni cn chuyn mch. B dch (translator): Chuyn cc tn hiu m nh phn thnh cc tn hiu iu khin cho phn t kt ni AND. B m khe thi gian (time slot counter): Nhn tn hiu ng b t ng h h thng cp cc xung ng b cho b iu khin theo ng b cc tuyn PCM vo v ra.

Hnh 2.1: Chuyn mch khng gian

c) Nguyn l: M phn t PCM c cung cp ng vo, v ng ra c kt ni n N. B nh chn cng c X v tr nh. B dch m

ha cc tn hiu nh phn thnh cc tn hiu iu khin to ra cc im thng, im thgn hot gnj trong sut mt khe thi gian. Khi dch sang khe thi gian tip theo, b nh iu khin c tng ln mt bc v mt im thng khc c to ra trong ma trn. d) Nhn xt: S im kt ni t l vi bnh phng s trm. Vic mt mt im kt ni dn ti vic mt ng kt ni qua im . Hiu sut s dng ca cc im kt ni km. Cho php tt c cc trm c th kt ni tng cp ti cng mt thi im. 2) Chuyn mch thi gian: a) Khi nim: - L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i ni dung gia hai khe thi gian trn cng mt tuyn PCM. - Trn ng truyn dn ca tn hiu, t cc n v tr c thi gian bng thi gian ca mt khe thi gian. b) Cu to: Chuyn mch thi gian c hai khi chnh. B nh thoi (Speech memory): Ghi nh truy xut ngu nhin RAM, lu ton b thng tin trong mt khung tn hiu PCM. B nh iu khin (Control memory): iu khin khe thi gian no c c t SM. - C hai phng thc iu khin: iu khin u vo thc hin qu trnh ghi thng tin c iu khin v c ra tun t, iu khin u ra thc hin ghi thng tin tun t v c ra theo iu khin.

Hnh 2.2: chuyn mch thi gian

c) Nguyn l: Da trn nguyn tc trao i khe thi gian ni TSI.

Di y ta xt kiu iu khin ghi vo tun t, c ra c iu khin. - Theo nguyn tc ghi vo tun t, ni dung thng tin trong khe thi gian 3 s c lu vo b nh thoi. Vi yu cu chuyn i trn, h thng x l trung tm s chuyn thng tin ti b nh iu khin thng qua ng d liu iu khin, b nh iu khin s lu ch s khe thi gian 3. Sau b nh iu khin quyt nh khe thi gian no c c t b nh thoi. d) Nhn xt: Hiu qu km. Gi thnh cao. Kh thc hin. Chuyn mch khng gian: cn nhiu im thng, khng c delay. Chuyn mch thi gian: khng cn cc im thng, c delay. Cn kt hp hai phng php va gim s lng crosspoint va gim delay. III) Trng chuyn mch ghp 2 tng - khc phc nhng nhc im ca trng chuyn mch thi gian T v trng chuyn mch khng gian S v cng ng thi tng dung lng trng chuyn mch , ngi ta xy dng cc trng chuyn mch tn hiu s kt hp ,trong c cha cc trng chuyn mch thi gian T v trng chuyn mch khng gian S c cu trc ghp hp vi nhau ,cc kiu ghp c th l TS , ST, TST , STS , Cc phn sau y s ch ra cc m hnh trn 1) Trng chuyn mch ghp T-S (Time-Space) - Khi chuyn mch TS bao gm mt trng chuyn mch thi gian trn u vo v mt chuyn mch khng gian trn u ra :

Hnh 3.1: Cu trc chuyn mch ghp TS

Cc khe thi gian c lu li trong cc chuyn mch thi gian T . n khe thi gian tng ng th ni dung cc nh trong cc b nh SM c ni vi ng ra xc nh qua cc chuyn mch khng gian S . M t chi ht cch vn hnh c biu din nh sau:

Hnh 3.2: M t chi tit nguyn l chuyn mch TS

Cc bc tin hnh : Cc tuyn PCM u vo c ghi mt cch tun t vo cc b nh SM ca cc chuyn mch thi gian T. CMT iu khin chung vic c cc a ch ( nh , b nh ): nh trong b nh SM. CMT gm R nh ng vi R khe thi gian/khung . Mi khi nh gm N nh ng vi khe thi gian ni b.

Hnh 3.3: Tn hiu iu khin thi im c ra

Tn hiu iu khin thi im c ra iu khin vic m cc cng AND trong khe thi gian ni b tng ng . Tn hiu t cc b nh ca chuyn mch T c ghi vo trong thanh ghi tng ng ri chuyn ra u ra theo tc ca tuyn PCM ng ra .

Hnh 3.4

Sau y l 1 v d v vic vn hnh cu trc chuyn mch ghp TS trong vic trong i 2 khe thi gian trn 2 tuyn PCM khc nhau (hnh 2.4) , nu nhu cu trao i thng tin l gia / / , qu trnh din ra nh sau : o B iu khin s ni kt ghi cc s liu sau vo cc nh ca CMT nh sau : Gi tr (R,2) vo nh #1/khi nh 1 ca CMT. Gi tr (1,1) vo nh #2/khi nh R ca CMT. o Xt hng / / Trong khe thi gian : Chuyn mch T ghi tun t v c ngu nhin nn / c ghi vo b nh #1/ .

Trong khe thi gian : nh #2/khi nh R/CMT c gi tr 1,1 , ni dung nh #1/ c c ra. Trong khong thi gian ny cng AND2 c m nn tn hiu ghi vo ri chuyn ra / . o Xt hng / / Trong khe thi gian : Chuyn mch T ghi tun t v c ngu nhin nn / c ghi vo nh #R/ Trong khe thi gian : nh #1/khi nh 1/CMT c gi tr R,2: ni dung nh #R/ c c ra . Trong khong thi gian ny cng AND2 c m nn tn hiu ghi vo ri chuyn ra / . Qu trnh ny c thc hin lp li trong cc khe thi gian tip theo v nhu cu trao i thng tin c thc hin .

*Nhn xt : Qua phn tch s hot ng ca trng chuyn mch ghp T-S trn , chng ta nhn thy rng dung lng ca trng chuyn mch tng ln ng k . Tuy nhin vn c kh nng xy ra tc nghn (blocking) , c th l : nu ti u vo ca TS1/PCMin1 c nhu cu thit lp kt ni vi u ra vi TS6/PCMout2 th cng vo thi im khng th thit lp tuyn ni gia TS3/PCMin1 vi TS6/PCMout3 hay TS6/PCMout4 c v vo thi im tip im 2 ng th cc tip im cng hng khng th ng vo thi im khe thi gian TS6 c na .

2) Trng chuyn mch ghp S-T (Space-Time) Mt dng trng chuyn mch ghp 2 tng khc l trng chuyn mch ghp S-T bao gm mt trng chuyn mch khng gian S tng u vo v mt trng chuyn mch thi gian T tng u ra (Hnh 2.5).

Hnh 3.5

V c bn , nguyn tc hot ng ca trng chuyn mch ghp ST cng ging nh hot ng ca trng chuyn mch ghp T-S , ch c khc l iu khin tuyn ni qua trng chuyn mch khng gian S phi thc hin trc ri tip theo l iu khin chuyn mch qua trng chuyn mch thi gian T . Chng ta c th nhn thy rng trng chuyn mch ghp S-T kiu ny vn c th xy ra tnh trng blocking .C th l : nu tuyn ni TS6/PCMin1 vi TS3/PCMout2 c thit lp th khi nu c yu cu thit lp tuyn ni gia cc khe TS6/PCMin2 hoc TS6/PCMin3 ti u ra PCMout2 th khng th thc hin c mc d l cc khe thi gian khc u ra PCMout2 vn cn ri . 3) Xc sut blocking Xc sut Blocking ca chuyn mch TS c tnh ton theo cng thc sau : Vi : phn thi gian m mt tuyn ni c th bn tnh theo n v Erlangs. T: s khe thi gian trong 1 khung.

Xc sut m mt thu bao khc bt k c kch hot trn cng tuyn ni l :

Xc sut m mt thu bao c gi c th c chn bi A :

V i

N: s u vo ( hoc ra) ca mng khng gian NxN. NT: s kt ni ng thi .

Xc sut m cng mt khe thi gian trn cc ng u ra khc nhau c chn bi mt thu bao khc trn cng u vo l :

T ta c xc sut Blocking l :

Coi T>>1, N>>1 v NT>>1

IV)

Trng chuyn mch ghp 3 tng S-T-S v T-S-T V c kt hp u im ca hai loi chuyn mch thi gian T v chuyn mch khng gian S nn cc b chuyn mch TS cho php tng s lng thu bao rt ln. Tuy nhin, cu hnh chuyn mch ny c hn ch l d xy ra nghn khi hai u vo s dng khe thi gian khc nhau trn cng 1 ng dy - ni vi hai u ra s dng cng khe thi gian nhng ng dy khc nhau. Trong trng hp 2 u vo c th di chuyn vo cng khe thi gian, nhng trong sut khe thi gian , ng dy ng vo ch c th c kt ni vi mt trong hai ng ra.

Hnh 4.1: B chuyn mch TS

C th nh Hnh 1, khi u vo TS10-A2 c nhu cu thit lp tuyn ni vi TS45-B1 th ti thi im khng th thit lp tuyn ni gia TS15-A2 vi TS45-B2 hoc TS45-B3, v vo thi im TS45 tip im 2 ng, dn n cc tip im cng hng khng th ng c na. B chuyn mch ST v nguyn l hot ng c bn l ging trng hp trn, ch khc l iu khin tuyn ni qua trng chuyn mch khng gian tn hiu s S phi c thc hin trc ri tip theo l iu khin chuyn mch qua trng chuyn mch thi gian tn hiu s T. khc phc hin tng , cc cu hnh khc nh TST, STS, TSST, TSSSST v TSTSTSTSTSTSTS c a vo s dng trong cc tng i in t s. Trong cu trc TST l ph bin nht. 1) Trng chuyn mch ghp S-T-S Trong chuyn mch STS, khi chuyn mch thi gian c t gia 2 chuyn mch khng gian. Hnh 1 cho thy mng li chuyn i khng gian-thi gian-khng gian (S-T-S) cho M tuyn PCM.

Hnh 4.2 Cu trc chuyn mch STS

Trong Hnh 4.2, khe thi gian 2 c kt ni vi TSM 2 - ni m khe thi gian pha ng ra c chn l 16 v c truyn ti ng dy th M-1 ca tng chuyn mch khng gian u ra. Cu trc ny l cu trc khng nghn (non-blocking). 1.1) Xc sut nghn(Blocking probability): Xc sut nghn ca mt b chuyn mch STS c tnh:

Trong : p l xc sut m mt ng kt ni bn = l tha s cho bit phn trm s ng kt ni

c gim K l s tng trung tm TSM 1.2) phc tp thc hin. Trong tnh ton, ta xem xt cc thng s nh s lng cc crosspoint tng chuyn mch khng gian, s lng hai bit kim sot tng chuyn mch khng gian, s lng bit b nh tng chuyn mch thi gian v s lng bit kim sot tng chuyn mch thi gian. V vy,

Trong :

K l s lng ti thiu ca tng trung tm TSM m vn p ng yu cu dch v. C l s lng knh

2) Trng chuyn mch ghp T-S-T

Hnh 4.3. Cu trc chuyn mch TST

Trong chuyn mch TST, tng chuyn mch khng gian c t gia 2 tng chuyn mch thi gian. Tng chuyn mch thi gian u tin s kt ni khe thi gian vo vi mt khe thi gian ri no trong ng bus u vo ca tng chuyn mch khng gian S. Trong khi tng chuyn mch thi gian th hai (u ra) kt ni khe thi gian c chn t chuyn mch S n khe thi gian ra yu cu. Nh vy cuc gi c kt ni qua trng chuyn mch c th c nh tuyn qua tng S vi bt k khe thi gian thch hp no. H thng chuyn i s ph bin s dng TST c lp bng 1
Bng 1. H thng chuyn i s bng cch s dng TST v c im ca n

c im Loi E 10 B ( Php 1970) AXE 10 (Thy in 1978) EWSD (c 1980) GTD-SEAX (M 1982) C-DOT MAX-XL (n ) S lng ng trc ti a 3600 65000 60000 49000 40000 Ti thoi qua trng chuyn mch (Erlangs) 1600 30000 30000 36000 47000

Mt vi c im quan trng ca nhng b chuyn mch TST l: (i) Xc sut nghn thp: Mt khe thi gian ca knh n c th c kt ni ti mt khe thi gian knh i bng cch s dng bt c khe thi gian ri no trong tng chuyn mch khng gian. Vic ny gim i xc sut nghn ca chuyn mch kt hp ba tng. c bit nu s khe thi gian u vo bng s khe thi gian trung gian v s khe thi gian ng ra th h thng iu khin lun tm c mt tuyn ni ri thch hp cho cc cuc gi qua trng chuyn mch . Tnh c lp: Tng chuyn mch khng gian vn hnh m khng ph thuc vo nhng ng kt ni TDM ngoi vi. S lng khe thi gian tng chuyn mch khng gian L khng trng vi s lng khe thi gian TDM ngoi vi T. Li ch thc hin: Nhng thng s cn quan tm khi thit k chuyn i v thc hin l dung lng, s iu bin, kh nng kim tra, kh nng m rng, v kh nng kim sot n gin. i vi nhng b chuyn mch dung lng ln, TST c li ch thc hin tt.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Tnh kinh t: Nu dung lng knh yu cu cao th cn thit phi m rng thi gian ca TST v m rng khng gian ca STS. Do vic tng khe thi gian ca chuyn mch T t tn km hn m rng khng gian ca chuyn mch S nn b chuyn mch TST c li ch kinh t cao hn. 2.1) Xc sut nghn: Xc sut nghn c ti thiu ha nu s lng khe thi gian tng chuyn mch khng gian ln. Cu trc chuyn mch TST s trnh c nghn hon ton nu tha iu kin sau: L = 2T 1 Trong : T l s lng khe thi gian ca chuyn mch thi gian L l s lng khe khng gian ca chuyn mch khng gian Biu thc tng qut ca xc sut b nghn cho mt chuyn mch TST vi mi tng khng b nghn l

i vi 3 tng

2.2) phc tp thc hin: phc tp ca mt b chuyn i (IC) TST c th c rt ra nh sau

V d 5.4. Xc nh phc tp (IC) ca b chuyn i TST 2048 knh vi 16 kt ni TDM v 128 knh truyn. Cho s khe thi gian ca chuyn mch khng gian l 25. Cho N = 16, T = 128, L = 25

Bng 2: So snh c im ca hai loi cu trc chuyn mch STS v TST.

STS 1 Tng chuyn mch khng gian u vo giao tip vi tng chuyn mch khng gian u ra thng qua tng chuyn mch thi gian. t c s dng hin nay v kch thc ca ma trn tng S tng theo bnh phng s ng vo. Gi thnh cao do s dng 2 b chuyn mch S. Kch thc b gii hn khi kt hp nhiu khi chuyn mch S. Cc chc nng ngoi vi khng th kt hp vo khi chuyn mch S.

TST Tng chuyn mch thi gian u vo giao tip vi tng chuyn mch thi gian u ra thng qua tng chuyn mch khng gian. c s dng ph bin v kch thc ca b chuyn mch T tng tuyn tnh theo s lng ng vo v ng ra. Kinh t hn do gi thnh ca chuyn mch T thp hn so vi chuyn mch S. C th gim kch thc khi chuyn mch T thu nh kch thc b chuyn mch. Cc chc nng ngoi vi nh lin kt MUX ca PCM vi trao i khung c th kt hp vo khi chuyn mch T-S. Thit k phc tp Kch thc b nh nh Nhiu ng dng hn

6 7 8

Thit k rt n gin Kch thc b nh ln t ng dng

TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. Ten tac gia, Ten sach, nha xuat ban, nam .