2

______________ 2
2.1

____________________________________________________________ 2

2.2
- __________________________ 2
2.2.1
___________________________ 2
2.2.2
__________________________________________________ 3
2.3
__________________________________________ 3
2.3.1
- __________________________________ 3
2.3.2
- _______ 4
2.3.3
- ________________ 4
2.3.4
- _________________ 5
2.3.5
_____________________________________________ 5

2.1
o 2 () ()
, .
,
1.

, 4
2.
4 .

2.2 -
2.2.1

(.. ) . 2.2-1,
x, y . u(x,y)
.

2.2-1.

, . (1.4-11)
u
=0
x

(2.2-1)

, . (1.4-21)

u
u
1 p
1 u
u
+u
=
+ gx +
u ' 2 +
u ' v '
x
x x
t
x
y y

(2.2-2)

(x)
(y) , . (2.2-2)


u
u
1 p
1 u
+u
=
+ gx +
u ' v '

t
x
x
y y

u
u
1 p
1
+u
=
+ gx +
t
x
x
y

(2.2-3)

, lam
turb , .
= lam + turb =

2.2.2

u
u ' v'
y

(2.2-4)

2.2-1 (White, 1991).

:
1.

( 1),
, (.
. 1.4.9).

2.

( 4),
,
. (. . 1.4.9).

3.

( 3),
.

2.3
2.3.1

,
Prandtl (. 1.4.9),
Von Karman Millikan, . O Theodore Von Karman (1881-1963)
, Prandtl, Gottingen, Aachen (19121930) California Institute of Technology, Caltech ( 1930). Von Karman

, . Clark Millikan (1903-1966)
Caltech (1949-1966)
.
,
. ,
1930-1937,
. ,
Hinze (1975), Schlichting (1979)
White (1991).
:
1. ( =/).
2. , y (. .2.2-1).

3. , (. .2.2-1).
4. , w (. . 1.4.9).
5. u*,

u* =

(2.3-1)

, .

.
1. y/.
2. , y+,

y+ =

u * y u* y
=

(2.3-2)

. y+ Reynolds u* y.
3. u+,

u+ =

2.3.2

u
u*

(2.3-3)

O Prandtl (1930)
, w, y, , .

u = F1 (, w , , y)

(2.3-4)

u
u y
= F1 * u + = F1 (y + )
u*

(2.3-5)

. (2.3-5) (law of the wall).

2.3.3

O Von Karman (1930) u

, U
, w, y, .

U u(y) = F3 (, w , , y)

(2.3-6)

Uu
y
= F3
u*

U
y
u + = F3
u*

(2.3-7)

 . (2.3-7) (velocity-defect law).

2.3.4

Millikan (1939)
. (2.3-5) (2.3-7)

u 1 u* y
= ln
+B
u *

u+ =

1
ln y + + B

(2.3-8)

0.41 5.0, . (2.3-8)

u
u y
= 2.44 ln * + 5.0
u*

u + = 2.44 ln y + + 5.0

(2.3-9)

. (2.3-8) .(2.3-9)
(logarithmic overlap layer).

2.3.5

3
, . 2.3-1.

2.3-1.
. 2.3-1 4 :
1. , . y+ 5.0.

u + =y +

(2.3-10)

2. . y+ 5.0 y+= 30 60
( ).
3. . y+ 30 60.

u + =2.44 ln y + + 5.0

(2.3-9)

4. . y/>0.15.

Uu
y
=-8.6 log
u*

(2.3-11)

. 2.3-1 (
)
. (2.3-9).

1. . (2.3-10)
(. . 3.4-1).
2. .2.3.5
. 2.2.2 ( . 2.2.2 ).