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Projectile Motion Tutorial: y and X Directions Separately in Order To Derive Standard Formulae For The Range and Height
Projectile Motion Tutorial: y and X Directions Separately in Order To Derive Standard Formulae For The Range and Height
A projectile is fired from ground level at time , at an angle with respect to the horizontal. It has an initial speed . In this problem we are assuming that the ground is level. Part A Find the time Hint A.1 it takes the projectile to reach its maximum height. A basic property of projectile motion Hint not displayed Hint A.2 What condition applies at the top? Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Vertical velocity as a function of time Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Putting it all together Hint not displayed
http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=1448953 (1 of 97) [12/13/2010 7:01:26 PM]
Hint A.5
, and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B Find , the time at which the projectile hits the ground. Two possible approaches Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Some needed kinematics Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Solving for Hint not displayed
Express the time in terms of , , and .
Hint B.1
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part C
Find
, the maximum height attained by the projectile. Equation of motion Hint not displayed
Hint C.1
Hint C.2
When is the projectile at the top of its trajectory? Hint not displayed
Hint C.3
, and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part D Find the total distance (often called the range) traveled in the x direction; in other words, find where the projectile lands. Hint D.1 When does the projectile hit the ground? Hint not displayed Hint D.2 Where is the projectile as a function of time? Hint not displayed Hint D.3 Finding the range Hint not displayed Hint D.4 A list of possible answers Hint not displayed
Express the range in terms of , , and .
ANSWER: =
Correct
The actual formula for is less important than how it is obtained: 1. Consider the x and y motion separately. 2. Find the time of flight from the y-motion 3. Find the x-position at the end of the flight - this is the range. If you remember these steps, you can deal with many variants of the basic problem, such as: a cannon on a hill that fires horizontally (i.e. the second half of the trajectory), a projectile that lands on a hill, or a projectile that must hit a moving target.
Circular Launch
A ball is launched up a semicircular chute in such a way that at the top of the chute, just before it goes into free fall, the ball has a centripetal acceleration of magnitude 2 .
Part A
How far from the bottom of the chute does the ball land? Hint A.1 Speed of ball upon leaving chute
How fast is the ball moving at the top of the chute? Hint A.1.1 Equation of motion , where is its
The centripetal acceleration for a particle moving in a circle is speed and ANSWER: = Answer Requested is its instantaneous radius of rotation.
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Your answer for the distance the ball travels from the end of the chute should contain .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Six baseball throws are shown below. In each case, the ball is thrown with speed at an angle from the horizontal. In all cases, the baseball is thrown from the same height above the ground. Assume for the basis of these rankings that the effects of air resistance are negligible. Part A Rank these throws based on the maximum height reached by the ball. Hint A.1 Solving two-dimensional motion problems
A key insight in solving two-dimensional motion problems is the realization that motion in the horizontal direction and motion in the vertical direction are independent. This means that the position, velocity, and acceleration in one direction do not influence the position, velocity, and acceleration in the other direction. Hint A.2 Finding vector components and angle , the x and y components of the vector can be and , as shown in the figure.
ANSWER:
View Correct
Part B Rank these throws based on the amount of time it takes the ball to hit the ground. Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Compare times to reach the maximum height Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Compare times to fall from the maximum height Hint not displayed
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View Correct
at an angle
Part A Find the highest point in the trajectory, Hint A.1 Velocity at the top Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Which equation to use Hint not displayed
Express the highest point in terms of the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity , the initial velocity , and the angle .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B
Hint B.2
, and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Consider your advice to an artillery officer who has the following problem. From his current at a target on the other side, which has the postition, he must shoot over a hill of height same elevation as his gun. He knows from his accurate map both the bearing and the to the target and also that the hill is halfway to the target. To shoot as distance accurately as possible, he wants the projectile to just barely pass above the hill. Part C Find the angle Hint C.1 above the horizontal at which the projectile should be fired.
Hint C.2
and
ANSWER: =
Correct
, , and . In this case, since , you can draw a right triangle with as one of the angles, an , "opposite" side of length and an "adjacent" side of length . You can then use this triangle to find , after you find the length of the hypotenuse using the Pythagorean Theorem. and
Part D What is the initial speed? Hint D.1 How to approach this part Hint not displayed Hint D.2
Hint D.3
Express
in terms of
, and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part E Find , the flight time of the projectile. How to proceed Hint not displayed
Express the flight time in terms of and .
Hint E.1
ANSWER: =
Correct
Speed of a Softball
A softball is hit over a third baseman's head with speed and at an angle from the horizontal. Immediately after the ball is hit, the third baseman turns around and runs straight back at a constant , for a time velocity . He then catches the ball at the same height at which it left the bat. The third baseman was from the initially location where the ball was hit at home plate.
Part A
Find
. Use
for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. Find the initial velocity in the x direction Hint not displayed
Hint A.1
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Express the initial speed in units of meters per second to four significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 18.77 Correct
ANSWER:
= 31.51 Correct
Part C
Hint not displayed Hint C.2 Find as a function of time Hint not displayed Hint C.3 Unit vectors Hint not displayed
Use the notation , , an ordered pair of values separated by commas. Express your answer in units of meters per second to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 16.0,-8.82 Correct
Part D Find a vector expression for the position Hint D.1 Equations of motion Hint not displayed
Use the notation , , an ordered pair of values separated by commas, where and are expressed in meters, as measured from the point where the softball initially left the bat. Express your answer to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 30.4,0.932 Correct
The Archerfish
The archerfish is a type of fish well known for its ability to catch resting insects by spitting a jet of water at them. This spitting ability is enabled by the presence of a groove in the roof of the mouth of the archerfish. The groove forms a long, narrow tube when the fish places its tongue against it and propels drops of water along the tube by compressing its gill covers. When an archerfish is hunting, its body shape allows it to swim very close to the water surface and look upward without creating a disturbance. The fish can then bring the tip of its mouth close to the surface and shoot the drops of water at the insects resting on overhead vegetation or floating on the water surface. Part A At what speed should an archerfish spit the water to shoot down a floating insect located from the fish? Assume that the fish is located very close to the at a distance 0.800 above the water surface. surface of the pond and spits the water at an angle Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find how long it takes the water drop to fall back into the pond Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Find how far from the fish the drop falls Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters per second.
ANSWER:
= 3.01 Correct
Some archerfish can "shoot" as far as 3.5 , hitting their targets with reasonable accuracy as far as 1.2 . They have binocular vision, which helps them judge distance.
Part B
Now assume that the insect, instead of floating on the surface, is resting on a leaf above the water surface at a horizontal distance 0.600 away from the fish. The archerfish successfully shoots down the resting insect by spitting water drops at the same angle above the surface and with the same initial speed surface was the insect? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Find the time it takes the water drop to hit the insect Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters.
above the
ANSWER:
= 0.260 Correct
Experiments have shown that the archerfish can predict the point where the disabled prey will fall and hit the water by simply looking at the initial trajectory of the dislodged insect for only 10 . The archerfish then darts to the place where it has "calculated" the insect will hit the water, planning to get there before another fish does.
Part A Assume that the cannon is fired at time time and that the cannonball hits the ground at ?
. What is the y position of the cannonball at the time How to approach the problem Hint not displayed
Hint A.1
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Determine which equation to use to find the height at the requested time Hint not displayed
Hint A.4
ANSWER:
= 67.5 Correct
The same answer can be obtained more easily (perhaps you did it this way) if you . This means that the vertical displacement is given by notice that and therefore is one-quarter of ; then .
Part B
Given that the projectile lands at a distance figure, find the initial speed of the projectile, Hint B.1
= 200 .
Hint B.2
Hint B.3
ANSWER:
= 46.7 Correct
Part C from the hill? If you need to, you can use the trajectory equation for this projectile, which gives in terms of directly: . You should already know from the previous part. What is the y position of the cannonball when it is at distance
ANSWER:
= 67.5 Correct
Not surprisingly, the answer to this part is the same as that in Part A because a projectile travels equal horizontal distances in equal amounts of time.
Learning Goal: To understand the meaning and the basic applications of Newton's 1st and 2nd laws. Newton's laws are fundamental in mechanics. Their mathematical expressions are very simple but conceptual understanding of Newton's laws, which is necessary for solving nontrivial problems, is not simple at all. Newton's 1st law The common textbook statement of Newton's 1st law may seem rather straightforward. Here it is: An object has a constant velocity (possibly zero) if and only if the net force acting on the object is zero. In other words, if the vector sum of the forces applied to the object is zero, the object would be either at rest or at constant velocity (that is, the object would have zero acceleration). If such a sum is not zero, the object cannot possibly be moving at a constant velocity. Frames of reference The statement of Newton's 1st law becomes a bit more complicated in actual applications. Imagine yourself in a car. To understand Newton's 1st law fully, we need the concept of a frame of reference. A frame of reference is a set of coordinates used to measure distances and times. In your frame of reference, any distance would be measured relative to you. For example, the radio in the car is 0.75 m to the right of you. The radio is at rest in your frame of reference, because the radio doesn't change its distance or direction from you. In your frame of reference, the car is always at rest. It is entirely possible that the net force acting on the car is not zero: The car may (in the frame of reference of an observer standing on the ground) be accelerating, turning, or braking. Yet in your frame of reference, the car would remain at rest because, relative to you, it is not moving at all. So, the car is at rest or accelerating, depending upon who you ask. Inertial frames of reference It's tempting to ignore this difficulty by saying that the frame of reference attached to the car is somehow wrong. The observer on the ground, in contrast, is right: The observer sees the motion of the car as it really is. However, such a line of reasoning seems flawed, because it raises the question of how to determine which frames of reference are "right" and which ones are "wrong." This is what Newton's 1st law settles. Newton established the concept of an inertial frame of reference. An inertial frame of reference, by definiton, is one in which the statement of Newton's 1st law is, in fact, true. Newton's 2nd law It is important to know that the frame of reference being used is, in fact, inertial. Only then does Newton's 2nd law work in a simple and elegant form. Newton's 2nd law establishes the relationship between the net force acting on an object, the mass of the object, and its acceleration: , or
. Note that Newon's 2nd law allows one to find the magnitude of the object's acceleration. It also establishes the fact that the acceleration of an object has the same direction as the net force acting on the object. Applying Newton's laws in inertial and noninertial frames If the frame of reference is not inertial, using Newton's 2nd law to calculate acceleration is still possible but may be far more complicated. Objects that experience zero net force may accelerate, and objects that move at constant velocity may experience a net force not equal to zero. The important question is: Which frames of reference are inertial and which ones are not? This also raises the following question: Are there any inertial frames of reference in this universe? Newton postulated that inertial frames of reference do exist. This statement, coupled with the definition of inertial frames of reference, may be considered a more proper way to state Newton's 1st law. Only an experiment can establish whether a particular frame of reference is inertial (or, to be precise, "inertial enough" for the purposes needed). Let us go back to the car example. The frame of reference attached to the ground, we would usually say, is inertial. That is, if we get an object and make sure that all external forces acting on it add up to zero, we can then observe that the object is, in fact, moving at constant velocity (or, possibly, remaining at rest). In most problems that we will be solving, the frame of reference of the earth will be considered an inertial frame of reference. For all practical purposes, this means that Newton's 2nd law will work in it. However, it is instructive to understand that the earth provides a reference frame that is less than "perfectly inertial." An observer on the sun, for instance, would notice that the object in question does, in fact, have an acceleration: the centripetal acceleration associated with the orbital motion of the earth around the sun! The best inertial frame of reference is the one assoicated with distant stars and any other frame of reference that is moving at a constant velocity relative to distant stars. The conceptual questions that follow should help you learn to apply Newton's 1st and 2nd laws properly. Note that, throughout this problem, we will assume that the frame of reference associated with the earth is perfectly inertial. Part A Which object provides an inertial frame of reference? ANSWER: the tip of the moving second hand of a clock a rock thrown vertically upward a pendulum swinging with no air resistance a skydiver falling at terminal velocity
Correct
Assuming that the earth provides an inertial frame of reference, an object moving at a constant velocity relative to the earth would also provide an inertial frame of reference.
Part B You are conducting an experiment inside an elevator that can move in a vertical shaft. A load is hung vertically from the ceiling on a string, and is stationary with respect to you. The tension in the string is measured to be 10% less than the weight of the load. No other forces are acting on the load. Which of the following statements about the elevator are correct?
Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
The elevator is an inertial frame of reference. The elevator is not an inertial frame of reference. The elevator may be at rest for the duration of the entire experiment. The elevator may be moving at a constant velocity upward. The elevator may be moving at a constant velocity downward. The elevator must be accelerating.
Correct
Part C You are conducting an experiment inside an elevator that can move in a vertical shaft. A load is hung vertically from the ceiling on a string. The tension in the string is measured to be exactly equal to the weight of the load. No other forces are acting on the load. Which of the following statements about the elevator are correct?
Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
The elevator is an inertial frame of reference. The elevator is not an inertial frame of reference. The elevator The elevator upward. The elevator downward. The elevator may be at rest. may be moving at a constant velocity may be moving at a constant velocity may be accelerating.
Part D
You are conducting an experiment inside a train car that may move horizontally along rail tracks. A load is hung from the ceiling on a string. The load is not swinging, and the string with the horizontal. No other forces are acting is observed to make a constant angle of on the load. Which of the following statements are correct?
Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
The train is an inertial frame of reference. The train is not an inertial frame of reference. The train may be at rest. The train may be moving at a constant speed in a straight line. The train may be moving at a constant speed in a circle. The train must be speeding up. The train must be slowing down.
Correct
Since the tension and the weight are not directed opposite to each other, the net force cannot possibly be zero--and yet the load is at rest relative to the train car. Therefore, the car is not an inertial frame of reference. It must be accelerating relative to the earth, although it is not clear exactly how.
Part E Consider the train car described in the previous part. Another experiment is conducted in it: A net force of is applied to an object of mass . Can you determine the acceleration of the object with respect to the train, and, if so, what is its value? ANSWER: Yes; Yes; Yes; . . .
Part F A 1000-kg car is moving along a straight road down a . What is the net force acting on the car? ANSWER: slope at a constant speed of
Correct
The car has zero acceleration; therefore, it experiences zero net force. According to Newton's 1st law, no net force is required to maintain a constant velocity (in an inertial frame of reference, of course). The car has a constant veclocity relative to the earth; therefore, the car is also an inertial frame of reference.
Part G Consider two cars moving along the same straight road in opposite directions. Car A has a mass of and has a constant speed of ; car B has a mass of and a constant speed of ANSWER: . Whar can you say about the net forces on the cars?
Car A experiences greater net force than car B. Car B experiences greater net force than car A. Both cars experience equal net forces.
Correct
Each car has zero acceleration; therefore, the net force on each car, according to Newton's 1st law, is zero.
Part H
In an inertial frame of reference, a series of experiments is conducted. In each experiment, two or three forces are applied to an object. The magnitudes of these forces are given. No other forces are acting on the object. In which cases may the object possibly remain at rest? The forces applied are as follows:
Hint H.1
ANSWER:
Correct
Part I In an inertial frame of reference, a series of experiments is conducted. In each experiment, two or three forces are applied to an object. The magnitudes of these forces are given. No other forces are acting on the object. In which cases may the object possibly move at a ? constant velocity of The forces applied are as follows:
Hint I.1
ANSWER:
Correct
You should have noticed that the sets of forces applied to the object are the same as the ones in the prevous question. Newton's 1st law (and the 2nd law, too) makes no distinction between the state of rest and the state of moving at a constant velocity (even a high velocity). In both cases, the net force applied to the object must equal zero. Although some of the questions in this problem may have seemed tricky and unfair, the subtleties here are important in improving conceptual understanding. That understanding, in turn, will enable you to correctly solve complex computational problems using Newton's laws.
= 55.0
of magnitude
= 152
directed
below the horizontal . The magnitude of the frictional force between at = 35.0 the carpet and the floor is = 106 .
Part A Identify and sketch all the external forces acting on the chair. Because the chair can be represented as a point particle of mass , draw the forces with their tails centered on the black dot in the middle of the chair. Be certain to draw your forces so that they have the correct orientation.
Draw the vectors starting at the black dot. The location and orientation of the vectors will be graded. The length of the vectors will not be graded.
ANSWER:
Part B
Which set of coordinate axes is the most convenient to use in this problem? Hint B.1 Determine the direction of the acceleration Hint not displayed ANSWER:
Correct
Now that you have selected a coordinate system, you should resolve the forces into x and y components so that you can apply Newton's second law to each coordinate direction independently.
Part C
Use the component form of Newton's second law to write an expression for the x . component of the net force, Hint C.1 Find the x component of the pushing force Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables: and . , , , ,
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part D Use the component form of Newton's second law to write an expression for the y component of the net force, . Hint D.1 Find the y component of the pushing force Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables: and . , , , ,
ANSWER: =
Correct
You have created two equations that describe the motion of the chair: and Solve these equations to find and .
Part E
What is the magnitude of the acceleration normal force acting on the chair? Hint E.1
Find the component of the acceleration in the y direction Hint not displayed
Hint E.2
Express your answers, separated by a comma, in meters per second squared and newtons to three significant figures.
ANSWER: ,
= 0.328,626 Correct
A free-body diagram is a useful way to begin all problems involving forces. This drawing will help you to easily identify the most appropriate coordinate axes and to resolve any 2 dimensional vectors into components. Then you can apply Newton's second law to each coordinate direction to set up equations which will allow you to solve for any unknown quantities.
Hint A.1
Hint A.4
ANSWER: =
Correct
To make sure you understand this result, consider the actual gravitational force acting on each star. The magnitude of the gravitational force on either star due to the other one is given by , where is the separation between the stars. . The net external force is Now, consider Newton's 2nd law for the star of mass , so . . Once again, the net Now consider Newton's 2nd law applied to the star of mass external force acting on this star will be , so Newton's 2nd law for the star of mass is . You can see that the same force, , appears in both the equation for the star of and that for the star of mass . (Think about how this relates to Newton's mass 3rd law.) You can therefore write . Solving for the acceleration you find the equation . Note that you did not need to know the exact or . Newton's 3rd law
allows you to realize that is the same for the two stars, and Newton's 2nd law , , and . allows you to solve for in terms of
Three blocks are stacked on top of each other inside an elevator as shown in the figure. Answer the following questions with reference to the eight forces defined as follows. the force of the 3 block on the 2
, block on the block on the block on the block on the block on the 2 block on the floor, block, block, . , , and , , , ,
the force of the 2 the force of the 3 the force of the 1 the force of the 2 the force of the 1 the force of the 1
Assume the elevator is at rest. Rank the magnitude of the forces. Hint A.1 Newton's 3rd law Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Contact forces Hint not displayed
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View Correct
Part B Now, assume the elevator is moving upward at increasing speed. Rank the magnitude of the forces. Hint B.1 Effects of acceleration Hint not displayed
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View Correct
ANSWER:
View Correct
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Hint A.4
Find the vertical component of the force that you exert on the chair Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
= 173 Correct
. The main point of the problem is to compute the acceleration using geometric arguments.
Part A What is the velocity of the mass at a time ? You can work this out geometrically with the help of the hints, or by differentiating the expression for given in the introduction.
Hint A.1
Hint A.2
and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Assume that the mass has been moving along its circular path for some time. You start timing its motion with a stopwatch when it crosses the positive x axis, an instant that . [Notice that when , .] For the remainder of this corresponds to problem, assume that the time is measured from the moment you start timing the refers to the moment a time before you start your stopwatch. motion. Then the time Part B
?
, , and the unit vectors and .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part C What is the average acceleration of the mass during the time interval from to ?
Hint C.1
and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part D
What is the magnitude of this acceleration in the limit of small ? In this limit, the average acceleration becomes the instantaneous acceleration. Hint D.1 Expansion of (or more precisely when ? ), what is the first term in the Taylor
and .
ANSWER:
and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part E Consider the following statements: a. The centripetal acceleration might better be expressed as vector. b. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is c. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is . . at speed because it is a
d. A particle that is going along a path with local radius of curvature experiences a centripetal acceleration .
e. If you are in a car turning left, the force you feel pushing you to the right is the force that causes the centripetal acceleration. refers to the component of the velocity of an object in the In these statements direction toward or away from the origin of the coordinate system or the rotation axis. Conversely, refers to the component of the velocity perpendicular to .
Identify the statement or statements that are false.
ANSWER:
That's right; the true statements are therefore: a. The centripetal acceleration might better be expressed as vector. c. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is .
because it is a
d. A particle that is going along a path with local radius of curvature experiences an acceleration .
at speed
There is so much confusion about centripetal force that you should probably ban this term from your vocabulary and thought processes. If you are in a car turning left, your centripetal acceleration is to the left (i.e., inward) and some real force must be applied to you to give you this acceleration--typically this would be provided by friction with the seat. The force you "feel" pushing you to the right is not a real force but rather a "fictitious force" that is present if you are in an accelerating coordinate system (in this case the car). It is best to stick to inertial (i.e., nonaccelerating) coordinate systems when doing kinematics and dynamics (i.e., calculations).
Pushing a Block
Learning Goal: To understand kinetic and static friction. lies on a horizontal table. The coefficient of static friction between the A block of mass block and the table is . The coefficient of kinetic friction is , with . Part A
If the block is at rest (and the only forces acting on the block are the force due to gravity and the normal force from the table), what is the magnitude of the force due to friction? Hint A.1 Consider the type of friction at rest Hint not displayed ANSWER: =0 Correct
Part B Suppose you want to move the block, but you want to push it with the least force possible to get it moving. With what force must you be pushing the block just before the block begins to move? Hint B.1 Consider the type of friction to start movement Hint not displayed
Express the magnitude of in terms of some or all the variables , , and , as well as the acceleration due to gravity
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C Suppose you push horizontally with half the force needed to just make the block move. What is the magnitude of the friction force? Hint C.1 What level of force is required? Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables as well as the acceleration due to gravity . , , and ,
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part D Suppose you push horizontally with precisely enough force to make the block start to move, and you continue to apply the same amount of force even after it starts moving. Find the acceleration of the block after it begins to move. Hint D.1 Calculate applied force Hint not displayed Hint D.2 Consider applied force and kinetic friction Hint not displayed Hint D.3 Calculate net horizontal force Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables as well as the acceleration due to gravity . , , and ,
ANSWER: =
Correct
Hint A.1
ANSWER:
= 0.91 Correct
Part A What is the woman's mass? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find the extreme points on the circular path Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Find the acceleration of the woman Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Mass and weight
ANSWER:
= 60 Correct
Part A Find the magnitude, Hint A.1 , of the sum of all forces acting on the block.
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Find the magnitude of the force acting along the direction of motion
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B Find the magnitude, Hint B.1 , of the force that the wall exerts on the wedge.
The force between the wall and the wedge Hint not displayed
Hint B.2
Find the normal force between the block and the wedge Hint not displayed
Hint B.3
Find the horizontal component of the normal force Hint not displayed
Express
in terms of
and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Your answer to Part B could be expressed as either or . In either form, we see that as small or as approaches 90 degrees (
gets very
wall and the wedge goes to zero. This is what we should expect; in the first limit ( small), the block is accelerating very slowly, and all horizontal forces are small. In the second limit ( about 90 degrees), the block simply falls vertically and exerts no horizontal force on the wedge.
A small box of mass is sitting on a board of mass a frictionless horizontal surface. The coefficient of static friction between the board and the box is . The coefficient of kinetic friction between the board and the box is, as usual, less than . Throughout the problem, use for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. In the hints, use for the magnitude of the friction force between the board and the box.
and length
Part A Find , the constant force with the least magnitude that must be applied to the board in order to pull the board out from under the the box (which will then fall off of the opposite end of the board). Hint A.1 Condition for the board sliding out from under the box Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find the acceleration of the box in terms of Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Find the largest acceleration of the box Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Find the sum of horizontal forces on the board Hint not displayed Hint A.5 Find the acceleration of the board for large Hint not displayed
Hint A.6
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables and . Do not include in your answer.
ANSWER: =
Correct
Conical Pendulum I
A bob of mass is suspended from a fixed point with a massless string of length (i.e., it is a pendulum). You are to investigate the motion in which the string moves in a cone with half-angle .
Part A What tangential speed, , must the bob have so that it moves in a horizontal circle with the string always making an angle from the vertical? Hint A.1 What's happening here?
In this situation, which of the following statements is true? ANSWER: The bob has no acceleration since its velocity is constant. The tension in the string is less than . A component of the tension causes acceleration of the bob. the tension in the string would be greater than If .
Correct
Find the vertical acceleration of the bob , the vertical component of the acceleration of the bob? =0 Correct
Hint A.3
Find the tension in the string , of the tension force in the string.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables as well as the acceleration due to gravity .
, and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Hint A.4
Find a general expression for , the magnitude of the bob's centripetal acceleration, as a function of the tangential speed of the bob. Hint A.4.1 Find the radius of the bob's motion Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of and . and some or all of the variables , ,
ANSWER: =
Correct
Hint A.5
Find the horizontal force , of the inward radial force on the bob in the horizontal plane.
, , and ,
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables as well as the acceleration due to gravity .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables well as the acceleration due to gravity .
, and
, as
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B
How long does it take the bob to make one full revolution (one complete trip around the circle)? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Since the speed of the bob is constant, this is a relatively simple kinematics problem. You know the speed, which you found in the previous part, and you can calculate the distance traveled in one revolution (i.e., the circumference of the circle). From these two you can calculate the time required to travel that distance.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables well as the acceleration due to gravity . , , and , as
ANSWER:
Correct
Hanging Chandelier
A chandelier with mass is attached to the ceiling of a large concert hall by two cables. Because the ceiling is covered with intricate architectural decorations (not indicated in the figure, which uses a humbler depiction), the workers who hung the chandelier couldn't attach the cables to the ceiling directly above the chandelier. Instead, they attached the cables to the ceiling near the walls. Cable 1 has tension and makes an angle of with the ceiling. Cable 2 has tension and makes an angle of ceiling. with the
Part A
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables , as well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity .
, and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part A
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables (the acceleration due to gravity).
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B A cat, also of weight , falls asleep on top of block A. If block B is now set into downward motion, what is the magnitude of its acceleration? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 How to find the mass Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Find the net force on block A and the cat Hint not displayed Hint B.4 Find the net force on block B Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables (the acceleration due to gravity). , , and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part A Rank the ropes on the basis of the force each exerts on the crate immediately to its left. Hint A.1 General problem-solving strategy Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Evaluate the effect of friction Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Examine the top chain of crates Hint not displayed
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View Correct
Pushing a Lawnmower
Consider a lawnmower of weight which can slide across a horizontal surface with a coefficient of friction . In this problem the lawnmower is pushed using a massless handle, , the force exerted by the which makes an angle with the horizontal. Assume that handle, is parallel to the handle. Take the positive x direction to be to the right and the postive y direction to be upward. Part A
Find the magnitude, , of the force required to slide the lawnmower over the ground at constant speed by pushing the handle. Hint A.1 How to approach this problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Compute the sum of vertical forces Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Compute the normal force Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Compute the sum of horizontal forces Hint not displayed
Express the required force in terms of given quantities.
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B The solution for has a singularity (that is, becomes infinitely large) at a certain angle , the expression for will be negative. However, a
negative applied force would reverse the direction of friction acting on the lawnmower, and thus this is not a physically acceptable solution. In fact, the increased normal force at these large angles makes the force of friction too large to move the lawnmower at all. Find an expression for . Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed ANSWER: =
Correct
Note that this expression becomes infinite when the denominator equals zero: , or . (The phrase " has a singularity at angle " means that " goes to infinity at
a certain angle .") It's not too hard to understand what this means. Suppose you were pushing straight degrees). It obviously wouldn't move. But, according down on the lawnmower ( , when you plug in degrees, you get a negative force to the equation for (which doesn't make sense). The more vertical you push, the harder it gets to move the lawnmower. At , it gets impossible to move it. The force required to move it goes to infinity; you have to push infinitely hard.
ANSWER:
View Correct
Part A
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Hint A.4
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part A Assuming that is the magnitude of the horizontal acceleration of the block of mass what is , the tension in the string? Hint A.1 Which physical principle to use Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Force diagram for the block of mass Hint not displayed
Express the tension in terms of and .
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Given , the tension in the string, calculate . of the block of mass Hint B.1
Hint B.2
in terms of
, and
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part C Given the magnitude of the acceleration of the block of mass magnitude of the horizontal acceleration of the block of mass . Hint C.1 Method 1: String constraint (uses calculus) Hint not displayed Hint C.2
Express
, find
, the
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part D
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part E Having solved the previous parts, you have all the pieces needed to calculate , the magnitude of the acceleration of the block of mass . Write an expression for . Hint E.1 How to approach this problem Hint not displayed
Express the acceleration magnitude in terms of , , and .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Hint A.2
Apply Newton's 2nd law to block 2 in the direction parallel to the incline Hint not displayed
Hint A.3
Hint A.4
Hint A.5
Apply Newton's 2nd law to block 1 in the vertical direction Hint not displayed
Hint A.6
Hint A.7
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables well as the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity .
, and
, as
ANSWER: =
Correct
Six roller-coaster carts pass over the same semicircular "bump." The mass (including passenger) and the normal force of the track on the cart at the top of each bump are given in the figures.
of each cart
Part A Rank the speeds of the different carts as each passes over the top of the bump. Hint A.1 Newton's 2nd law Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Determine the net force on the cart Hint not displayed
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View Correct Taking the expressions for the net force on the cart and the centripetal acceleration of the cart and substituting into Newton's 2nd law, , results in
http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=1448953 (60 of 97) [12/13/2010 7:01:26 PM]
. Since the radius is the same for every cart, we can ignore . But is simply so , or . Therefore, larger implies smaller . and write
head rotates clockwise in the socket. The joint is mounted in such a way that
clockwise rotation, not straight-line motion to the right. The friction force will point in a direction to oppose this rotation. Draw vectors indicating the normal force (magnitude and direction) and the frictional force (direction only) acting on the femur head at point A.
Assume that the weight of the femur is negligible compared to the applied downward force. Hint A.1 Determining the direction of the frictional force Hint not displayed
Draw the vectors starting at the black dot. The location, orientation and relative length of the vectors will be graded.
ANSWER:
Part B The horizontal force frictional force that when would rotate the femur head clockwise in the hip socket, but the
acts to prevent this clockwise rotation. The apparatus is designed such , the femur head rotates clockwise. A sample of data collected at
impending slippage of the femur is shown in the figure. Based on these data, what is the approximate coefficient of static friction between the femur head and the hip socket?
Hint B.1
Hint B.2
ANSWER:
= 0.009 Correct
Part A What is the radius of the turn if motion around the turn)? Hint A.1 = 20.0 (assuming the car continues in uniform circular
You need to apply Newton's 2nd law to the car. Because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitude pointing radially inward (toward the center of the curve). Hint A.2 Identify the free-body diagram and coordinate system
Which of the following diagrams represents the forces acting on the car and the most appropriate choice of coordinate axes?
ANSWER:
The choice of coordinate system shown in this free-body diagram is the most appropriate for this problem. The car must have a net acceleration toward the center of the curve to maintain its motion and not slip. This implies that the net force must be along the x axis.
Hint A.3
Find , the magnitude of the normal force between the car and the road. Take the positive x axis to point horizontally toward the center of the curve and the positive y axis to point vertically upward. Hint A.3.1 Consider the net force
The only forces acting on the car are the normal force and gravity. There must be a net acceleration in the horizontal direction, but because the car does not slip, the net acceleration in the vertical direction must be zero. Use this fact to find . Apply Newton's 2nd law to the car in the y direction
Hint A.3.2
Which equation accurately describes the equation for the net force acting on the car in the y direction? ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Hint A.4
ANSWER:
= 34.6 Correct
Part B
Now, suppose that the curve is level ( ) and that the ice has melted, so that there is a , the coefficient of static friction between the road and the car's tires. What is minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road required to prevent the car from slipping? Assume that the car's speed is still 40.0 and that the radius of the curve is given by the value you found for in Part A.
Hint B.1
You need to apply Newton's 2nd law to the car. Because you do not want the car to slip as it goes around the curve, the car needs to have a net acceleration of magnitude pointing radially inward (toward the center of the curve). Hint B.2 Identify the correct free-body diagram Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Calculate the net force Hint not displayed Hint B.4 Calculate the friction force Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically.
ANSWER:
= 0.364 Correct
Two bicycle tires are set rolling with the same initial speed of 4.00 along a long, straight road, and the distance each travels before its speed is reduced by half is measured. One tire is inflated to a pressure of 40 and goes a distance of 17.3 ; the other is at 105 and goes a distance of 92.6 . Assume that the net horizontal force is due to rolling friction only and take the free-fall acceleration to be Part A What is the coefficient of rolling friction Hint A.1 for the tire under low pressure? = 9.80 .
There are two main parts to this problem: 1. Use what you know about rolling friction and the normal force to find an expression for the acceleration that involves . 2. Find an equation that allows you to relate the bike's acceleration to its initial velocity, its final velocity, and the distance it travels. Hint A.2 How to eliminate the mass
, use the following equations: , , and , where is the mass of the object and is the normal force. that does not depend on the bike's You should now be able to find an expression for mass. Hint A.3 Kinematic equation , since it relates acceleration to quantities given in the problem. Solve this equation for in terms of the distance traveled and the initial and final velocities of the bike. ANSWER: 3.54102 = Answer Requested
Part B
)?
You should solve this part using the same steps you used in Part A. ANSWER: 6.61103 = Answer Requested
Suspending a Speaker
A loudspeaker of mass 15.0 is suspended a distance of = 1.40 below the ceiling by = 3.50 . two cables that make equal angles with the ceiling. Each cable has a length of
Part A
Hint A.2
Hint A.3
Hint A.4
Use 9.80
ANSWER:
= 184 Correct
Part A Rank these scenarios on the basis of the speed of the block. Hint A.1 Relating the two rope speeds
By pulling the horizontal rope at constant speed, the pulley is given a constant angular velocity. This angular velocity in turn causes the rope attached to the block to wind up at a constant speed. Since both ropes are attached to the same pulley, each of their speeds must satisfy the relationship , where is the angular velocity of the pulley and is the radius for the rope.
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View Correct
Several points on the pulley are indicated in the figure. Each letter designates a point on either the pulley or one of the two ropes. The horizontal rope is pulled to the right at a constant speed, and neither rope slips in its contact with the pulley.
Part B
Rank the designated points on the basis of their speed. Hint B.1 Determining speed
Since each point is located on the same pulley (or is located on a rope attached to the same pulley), each points speed is determined by its radial distance from the rotation axis via .
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
Part C Rank the designated points on the basis of the magnitude of their acceleration. Hint C.1 Constant speed Hint not displayed
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
Part A While the line of children is rotating, which of the following statements are correct? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Angular acceleration Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Relation between linear and angular velocities Hint not displayed
Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
The player at the front of the line has the smallest angular acceleration. The player at the front of the line has the smallest linear velocity. All the children have the same angular acceleration. All the children have the same linear velocity.
Correct
Part B Now consider the children's linear accelerations. Which of the following statements are correct? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Tangential acceleration Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Radial acceleration Hint not displayed
Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
The last child in the line has the greatest tangential acceleration. The last child in the line has the greatest radial acceleration. All the children have the same tangential acceleration. All the children have the same radial acceleration.
All attempts used; correct answer displayed The last child in the line, being the farthest away from the axis of rotation, has the greatest radial acceleration. The force needed to produce this acceleration is provided by the pull of the rest of the children in the line. It won't take long before this acceleration becomes too high, especially for the final two children in the line. At this point, those children will not be able to apply enough force to hold on and will have to let go.
The figure shows angular position versus time graphs for six different objects.
Part A Rank these graphs on the basis of the angular velocity of each object. Rank positive angular velocities as larger than negative angular velocities. Hint A.1 Determining angular velocity from an angular position versus time graph Hint not displayed
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
Part B
Rank these graphs on the basis of the angular acceleration of the object. Rank positive angular accelerations as larger than negative angular accelerations. Hint B.1 Determining angular acceleration Hint not displayed
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View Correct
Since the CD spins down with a constant angular acceleration, the instantaneous angular acceleration is equal to the average angular acceleration. Thus, the change in divided by the length of the time angular speed of the CD measured in a time interval interval yields the acceleration of the CD as it spins to a stop.
Express your answer in radians per second squared.
ANSWER:
= 20.1 Correct
Part B
http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=1448953 (75 of 97) [12/13/2010 7:01:26 PM]
How many complete revolutions does the CD make as it spins to a stop? Hint B.1 Find the angular displacement
Consider a point P on the CD and take its angular coordinate to be zero when the CD reaches the end of the last song. What is the angular displacement undergone by point P as the CD spins to a stop? Hint B.1.1 Angular displacement under constant acceleration Hint not displayed
Express your answer in radians.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Through what total angle did the wheel turn between Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2
Choose the most appropriate kinematic equation to use to determine the angle through which the wheel turns during the period of constant acceleration. Note that all of these equations are correct for the case of constant angular acceleration. Hint A.2.1 Factors to finding the correct equation Hint not displayed
The variables are (final angle), (initial angle), (final angular velocity), (initial angular velocity), (constant angular acceleration), and (time).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
516 Correct
Part B At what time does the wheel stop? Hint B.1 What is the angular velocity when the wheel begins to slow down?
Calculate the angular velocity of the wheel when the circuit breaker trips. Hint B.1.1 The correct kinematic equation Hint not displayed
Express your answer in radians per second.
Hint B.2
After the initial time 1.60 , the wheel begins to decelerate at a constant rate, say . One can solve for the additional amount of time that it takes for the wheel to slow down to zero by looking at both the equation for angular velocity and the equation as a function of time. We know that during deceleration
and that the final angular velocity is . the wheel passes through the angle 437 With these two equations, we can solve for the two unknowns (time and deceleration). Remember to set the initial velocity to the velocity when the circuit breaker trips.
Express your answer in seconds.
ANSWER:
Part C What was the wheel's angular acceleration as it slowed down? Hint C.1 Calculating the deceleration
In solving Part B you had to use the angular velocity of the wheel when the circuit breaker tripped. To find the deceleration (which is a constant), just divide by the total time it took for the wheel to stop spinning. Remember that deceleration here is a negative acceleration.
Express your answer in radians per second per second.
ANSWER:
Acceleration in an Ultracentrifuge
Part A Find the required angular speed, , of an ultracentrifuge for the radial acceleration of a from the axis to equal 5.00105 g (where is the acceleration due to point 1.80 gravity). Hint A.1 Find the tangential speed of a point at radius 1.80 from the axis.
Centripetal acceleration Hint not displayed Acceleration of gravity Hint not displayed
Hint A.1.2
Hint A.2
To find the number of revolutions per second from the tangential speed, one just has to divide by the distance traveled in a single revolution ( ).
Express your answer numerically in revolutions per minute.
ANSWER:
An electric ceiling fan is rotating about a fixed axis with an initial angular velocity of 0.280 . The angular acceleration is 0.917 . Its blades form a circle of diameter 0.700 . Part A Compute the angular velocity of the fan after time 0.201 Hint A.1 Angular velocity and acceleration Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in revolutions per second.
has passed.
ANSWER:
0.464 Correct
Part B Through how many revolutions has the blade turned in the time interval 0.201 A? Hint B.1 Angle and angular velocity Hint not displayed
Express the number of revolutions numerically.
from Part
ANSWER:
7.48102 Correct
Part C
= 0.201 ?
Hint C.2
ANSWER:
Part D What is the magnitude time = 0.201 ? Hint D.1 of the resultant acceleration of a point on the tip of the blade at
Since the fan blade is both moving in a circle and speeding up, the tip of the blade must have both tangential and radial acceleration. Add them to find the total acceleration. Keep in mind that acceleration is a vector, and in order to find the total acceleration, one must use vector addtion (that is, one may not simply add the magnitudes). Hint D.2 Find the centripetal acceleration
of the instantaneous centripetal acceleration of the point Calculate the magnitude at the end of the fan blade. This is the acceleration perpendicular to the direction of motion. Hint D.2.1 Definition of centripetal acceleration Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in meters per second squared.
Hint D.3
Calculate the magnitude of the instantaneous tangential acceleration (along the direction of motion) of a point on the tip of the blade at time 0.201 . Hint D.3.1 Definition of tangential acceleration Hint not displayed Converting revolutions to radians Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in meters per second squared.
Hint D.3.2
Hint D.4
Notice that the centripetal and tangential accelerations are perpendicular. Thus, you can think of them as the two components of the total acceleration . This makes the magnitude of the total acceleration the tangential acceleration and , where is the magnitude of
ANSWER:
Acceleration of a Pulley
A string is wrapped around a uniform solid cylinder of radius , as shown in the figure . The cylinder can rotate freely about its axis. The loose end of the string is attached to a block. The block and cylinder each have mass . Note that the positive y direction is downward and counterclockwise torques are positive.
Part A Find the magnitude Hint A.1 of the angular acceleration of the cylinder as the block descends.
1. The block does not rotate. To analyze its motion, you should use Newton's second . law in its linear form: 2. The pulley rotates. To analyze its motion, you should use Newton's second law in its . angular form: 3. Using the geometry of the situation, you need to find the relationship between and . 4. Finally, solve the system of three equations to obtain an expression for . Hint A.2 Find the net force on the block
The block has two forces acting on it: the tension of the string and its own weight. What acting on the block? Use the coordinate system shown in the figure. is the net force
Express your answer in terms of , (the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity), and (the tension in the string).
ANSWER:
Correct
Hint A.3
in the string produces a torque that acts on the pulley. What is the torque? Formula for torque Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Correct
The moment of inertia of a uniform cylinder about its axis is equal to Substituting this into the above equation gives .
Hint A.4
The string does not stretch. Therefore, there is a geometric constraint between the linear acceleration and the angular acceleration . What is the cylinder's angular acceleration in terms of the linear acceleration of the block?
Express your answer in terms of and . Be careful with your signs.
ANSWER: =
Correct
. Substitute for
Hint A.5
Express your answer in terms of the cylinder's radius of the acceleration due to gravity .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Note that the magnitude of the linear acceleration of the block is depend on the value of .
ANSWER:
View Correct
The figure shows a simple model of a seesaw. These consist of a plank/ and length rod of mass allowed to pivot freely about its center (or central axis), as shown in the diagram. A small sphere of mass is attached to the left end of the rod, and a small sphere of mass is attached to the right end. The spheres are small enough that they can be considered point particles. The gravitational force acts downward. The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity is equal to .
Part A What is the moment of inertia Hint A.1 of this assembly about the axis through which it is pivoted?
The moment of inertia of the assembly about the pivot is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of each of the components of the assembly about the pivot point. That is, the total moment of inertia is equal to the moment of inertia of the rod plus the plus the moment of inertia of the particle of moment of inertia of the particle of mass mass , all measured with respect to the pivot point. Hint A.2 Find the moment of inertia due to the sphere of mass measured about the pivot
What is the moment of inertia of the particle of mass point? Hint A.2.1 Formula for moment of inertia Hint not displayed
ANSWER: =
Correct
Hint A.3
ANSWER: =
Correct
Hint A.4
What is the moment of inertia of the rod about the pivot point? Hint A.4.1 General formula for the moment of inertia of a rod Hint not displayed
Express in terms of and .
ANSWER: =
Correct Express the moment of inertia in terms of that the length of the rod is , not . , , , and . Keep in mind
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part B
Suppose that the rod is held at rest horizontally and then released. (Throughout the remainder of this problem, your answer may include the symbol , the moment of inertia of the assembly, whether or not you have answered the first part correctly.) What is the angular acceleration Hint B.1 of the rod immediately after it is released?
The forces acting on the system (spheres and rod) are the weights of the spheres and the rod, and the reaction force from the pivot. Find the torque due to each of these forces about the pivot point and add them with the correct signs. Finally, use Newton's second . law for rotational motion:
Hint B.2
Find the torque due to the sphere of mass Hint not displayed
Hint B.3
Find the torque about the pivot due to the particle of mass
Express your answer in terms of given quantities. Keep in mind that the positive direction is counterclockwise.
ANSWER:
Correct
Hint B.4
Hint B.5
Let the net torque acting on the system about the pivot point be denoted by . an expression for
Express your answer in terms of the system's moment of inertia resulting angular acceleration expression for . (Use in your answer, not the you found in Part A.)
ANSWER:
Correct
Take the counterclockwise direction to be positive. Express some or all of the variables , , , , , and .
in terms of
ANSWER: =
Correct
Substituting for , the value obtained in Part A yields . A large angular acceleration is often desirable. This can be accomplished by making the connecting rod light and short (since both and appear in the denominator of and are usually chosen the expression for ). For a seesaw, on the other hand, to be as large as possible, while making sure that the "rod" does not get too heavy and unwieldy. This ensures that the angular acceleration is quite low.
Part A
Find the velocity of the axle of the tire relative to a fixed point on the ground, the order of the subscripts: velocity of axle measured relative to the ground. Hint A.1 Speed of center of mass
. Note
For a wheel of radius that is rolling without slipping, there is a relationship between ) and the angular speed . Find in terms the speed of its center of mass ( and . of ANSWER:
, and
and/or
The pebble and tire have now rolled as shown in the figure. Answer the following . questions for
Part B
Find the position vector of the pebble relative to the initial point of contact between the . wheel and ground at a time , Hint B.1 How to start
This is a relative motion problem. You can find the position of the pebble relative to the ground by adding vectorially the following two vectors: (i) the position vector of the pebble relative to the axle and (ii) the position vector of the axle relative to the ground. In other words, .
Hint B.2
Hint B.3
Hint B.4
Express the position vector of the pebble in terms of vectors and/or of the xy coordinate system shown.
Part C
Find
, the velocity vector of the pebble with respect to a fixed point on the ground, in and of the xy coordinate system shown.
The velocity vector is the time derivative of the position vector, i.e.
the derivative of a vector means to differentiate its x and y components, so for example .
Express the velocity vector in terms of , , , and and/or .
Part D Now find ground. Hint D.1 , the acceleration vector of the pebble with respect to a fixed point on the Finding acceleration
Part E
Now find the magnitude of the acceleration vector. Hint E.1 Definition of magnitude
The magnitude of a vector is the square root of the sum of the squares of its x and y components. For example, if the vector is , then the magnitude of the vector is . You will also find the trig identity helpful
ANSWER: Answer Requested This is the centripetal acceleration of the pebble. Any object moving in uniform circular motion will always experience centripetal acceleration, as given by your answer here.
Hoop on a Ramp
A circular hoop of mass , radius , and infinitesimal thickness rolls without slipping down a ramp inclined at an angle with the horizontal.
Part A
Draw a diagram showing the forces and torques on the hoop. Write the corresponding force and torque equations. Consider the condition for no slipping. Finally, solve this system of equations for . Hint A.2 Find the torque about the center of mass
Write an expression for the total torque on the hoop about its center of mass. (By convention, a positive torque produces a counterclockwise rotation, and a negative torque produces a clockwise rotation.) Hint A.2.1 A formula for the magnitude of torque Hint not displayed Existence and direction of the frictional force Hint not displayed
Express the torque in terms of given quantities and the force of friction .
Hint A.2.2
ANSWER:
Hint A.3
Complete the general equation of rotational dynamics relating an object's moment of inertia and angular acceleration to the total torque acting on the object.
Express the torque acceleration . in terms of the moment of inertia and angular
ANSWER:
Hint A.4
ANSWER:
Hint A.5
Using Newton's second law to relate the forces acting on the hoop to the hoop's acceleration, find an expression for the force of friction . Hint A.5.1 Existence and direction of the frictional force Hint not displayed Find the total force on the hoop Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of , , , and .
Hint A.5.2
ANSWER:
Hint A.6
If you've answered the previous parts, the only missing link is the relationship between linear acceleration and angular acceleration. Find the linear acceleration in terms of the angular acceleration . Use a coordinate system in which the positive x axis points down the ramp, and keep in mind that counterclockwise angular acceleration is positive.
Express your answer in terms of and .
ANSWER:
Hint A.7
Express the acceleration in terms of physical constants and all or some of the quantities , , and .
ANSWER: =
Correct
So the acceleration is independent of the hoop characteristics, that is, the mass and size (radius) of the hoop. This is quite generally true for objects freely rolling down a ramp; the acceleration depends only on the distribution of mass, for example, whether the object is a disk or a sphere, but within each class the acceleration is the same. For example, all spheres will accelerate at the same rate, though this rate is different from the rate for (all) disks.
Part B What is the minimum coefficient of (static) friction needed for the hoop to roll without slipping? Note that it is static and not kinetic friction that is relevant here, since the bottom point on the wheel is not moving relative to the ground (this is the meaning of no slipping). Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Find the maximum value of the frictional force Hint not displayed Hint B.3 What is the normal force? Hint not displayed Hint B.4 Putting it all together Hint not displayed
Express the minimum coefficient of friction in terms of all or some of the given quantities , , and .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Part C
Imagine that the above hoop is a tire. The coefficient of static friction between rubber and concrete is typically at least 0.9. What is the maximum angle you could ride down without worrying about skidding?
Express your answer numerically, in degrees, to two significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 61 Correct
When roads are wet or icy though, the coefficient of friction between rubber and concrete drops to about 0.3 (or less), making skidding likely at much smaller angles.