Chapter #16: The South and the Slavery Controversy Big Picture Themes

1. Cotton ran the South before the Civil War it was "King Cotton." The entire southern economy was based on cotton. 2. The South had developed a pyramid-like social structure. From top-to-bottom: planter aristocrats, small farmers, the white majority (who owned no slaves), free blacks, slaves. 3. Life as a slave could be wildly variedsome slave owners were kind toward their slaves, some were immensely cruel. In all situations, slaves were not free to do as they pleased. 4. Abolition (move to abolish slavery) began with the Quakers. Frederick Douglass became the main spokesman against slavery. And William Lloyd Garrison printed "The Liberator", a radical abolition newspaper. 5. Southerners countered that northern workers were treated even worse than slaves. Slave owners, they said, had a vested interest in their slaves. Northern factory workers exploited then fired their workers.

IDENTIFICATIONS: Nat Turner A visionary Black preacher, he led a rebellion that killed 60 Virginians, mostly women and children, response to the rebellion was bloody. Sojourner Truth Aka Isabella, a freed black woman, lived in New York, she fought for black and womens rights. Theodore Dwight Weld Wrote the propaganda pamphlet American Slavery as It Is, he was one of the Lane Rebels who were against slavery. His writing greatly influenced Uncle Toms Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe Wrote Uncle Toms Cabin Stowe was an abolitionist who influenced many others with her book.

William Lloyd Garrison

An abolitionist, he published the antislavery newspaper The Liberator. David Walker He was a Black Abolitionist, wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, he wanted a bloody end to white supremacy.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:

"Cotton is King!" Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin 1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have? It means that Cotton is very profitable and the leading item in the South. The cotton industry boomed with Eli Whitneys invention of the Cotton Gin, which sped production of cotton greatly. Cotton is King because if civil war broke out, export of cotton would be cut off, causing trouble for British factories, which leads to angry workers, so the British parliament would then have to break the blockade and help the South.

The Planter "Aristocracy" Know: Chivalry 2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?"

The rich plantation owners heavily influenced the economy, and the southern government, so instead of everyone running the south, it was the rich and wealthy slave owner/plantation owners that ran it. There was a small group of strong plantation owners, around 1,733 families, and these families were technically in control of the government.

Slaves and the Slave System Know: One crop economy 3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton? The souths one crop economy only produced cotton, they had no factories, so they cant produce their own goods, and they didnt grow any foods or other crop so they relied on the North and West for their supplies.

The White Majority Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly 4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery? The nonslave owning whites, including the poor white trash or hillbillies supported the slave system. Yeoman Farmers were small farmers who mainly grew food and other crops, they did not care much about supporting slavery.

Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters Know: Emancipate, mulattoes 5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain. Emancipated blacks were mainly the children of a white planter and his white mistress, Southern free blacks owned land, but were forbidden to do several things, however, freed blacks in the North were picked on, and hated.

Plantation Slavery Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe 6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves.

In 1860, the South had nearly 4 million black human chattels. natural increase in slaves came from the birth of new slaves. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin, which showed the horrors of slavery.

Life Under the Lash Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South 7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible? The slaves worked all day while white overseers, or black drivers watched them. Bad slaves were sent to breakers to be taught how to be obedient. the Deep South was where slavery grew along with the cotton industry. Most slaves lived in the Deep South. Slave culture was unique because they lived in a society where they were controlled, and feared the owners.

The Burdens of Bondage Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner 8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement? Slaves that were victims of Peculiar Institution, they would barely work, but work enough to avoid being whipped. They were not freed, but there were runaways. Gabriel Prosser was a slave who led a rebellion in Virginia, but failed and was hanged. Denmark Versey, who also led a rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina, failed and was hanged as well. Nat Turner, who also led a rebellion, killed about 60 Virginians, had his rebellion defeated by swift and bloody response.

Early Abolitionism Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe 9. Describe some of the early abolitionists. Abolition was the act of ending slavery. The American Colonization Society was a group of abolitionists who would transport slaves back to Africa.Theodore Weld wrote the antislavery propaganda pamphlet known as American Slavery as it is. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin it depicted the horrors of slavery.

Radical Abolitionism Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass

10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be? Garrison was a reformer who published The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper. Philips was known as abolitions golden trumpet he was very antislavery, he would not eat cane sugar, or wear cotton clothing, which were both produced in the south. David Walker, was a Black Abolitionist, wrote the Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. Douglass was the greatest black abolitionist, he wrote an autobiography, called Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass it talked about his life as a slave. Sojourner Truth was another black abolitionist, she fought for Black rights and women rights.

The South Lashes Back 11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists? They prohibited emancipation, and tightened slave codes. They claimed that slavery was supported by Aristotle, the Bible, and that it was good for the Africans, because they were saved from their barbaric lands to the civilized Christian lands. They also said that Blacks were accepted like family, and they had very good relationships. The Abolitionist Impact in the North 12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success? The Northerners were not all happy with abolitionists, they led riots against them. In 1835, a mob even had Garrison with a rope around his neck, but Garrison escaped. Due to the strong mob opposition in the north, not many northerners wanted to abolish slavery.

Chapter #17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy Big Picture Themes
1. A boundary dispute with England over Maine was settled peacably. In the long run, the U.S. likely got the better end of the deal. 2. Texas finally joined the U.S. Since the Texas revolution, itd been hanging in the balance. American lawmakers finally decided it was too good of a prize to let slip by, so it was annexed in 1845 3. Oregon was next on the list of lands to seal up. It was shared land, mainly between the U.S. and England. After some negotiating over the border, the 49th parallel was agreed upon. Again, the U.S. likely got the better. 4. The election of 1844 saw James K. Polk run on a Manifest Destiny platform. Americans liked the idea, voted him in, and he went after California. 5. When the Mexican-American war was over, the prize of California that Polk had wanted, was obtained. So was all of the modern American Southwest.

IDENTIFICATIONS: John Tyler He was the Vice President for Harrison before Harrison died, which made Tyler the President. Tyler was viewed as a Democrat in Whig Clothing by his enemies. Slidells Mission Slidell was dispatched to Mexico City, was to offer $25 Million for California and the territory east of it, however, the Mexicans did not allow him to propose it. John C. Fremont

Captain John C. Fremont was at California when the war began, he and several Americans started the Bear Flag Republic. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was the idea that not only did the Americans have the right to land from sea to shining sea, but it was their duty to claim the land. James K. Polk President of the US before and during the Mexican-American War. He wanted to buy California from the Mexicans, but his messanger was stopped, and rejected. In a way, Polk started the war since he moved US troops to the Rio Grande, even though the treaty line was at the Nueces River. Webster-Ashburton Treaty Stated the US border with British Canada after the Caroline affair. The border was along Maine and New Hampshire

Spot Resolution Introduced by Abraham Lincoln, it requested information on exactly which /spot/ was American blood spilled on. The Tariff of 1842 Signed by President Tyler, it was a protective tariff that generated revenue for the US. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Signed on February 2, 1848, it gave the US Texas, California, and the area around it. The US agreed to pay $15 million for the land. Wilmot Proviso

Proposed by David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, it stated that slavery should not exist in the territories gained from Mexico, it never became a federal law, but in a way, it was the start of the Civil War.