Phng php NCKH

Hunh Trng Tha

http://www.mediafire.com/view/?tak9amyaoirsa23

Ni dung
Gii thiu v phng php nghin cu khoa hc Quy trnh nghin cu khoa hc Xy dng cng nghin cu Thc hin nghin cu Vn o vn v Cch trch dn Cch vit mt bo co khoa hc Cch trnh by mt bo co khoa hc Bi tp ln mn hc

Ti liu tham kho

Bi ging Phng php nghin cu khoa hc GS Nguyn BoV. Mt s bi vit caGS H T Bo ti http://www jaist ac.jp/~bao Bi vit Lm th no vit tt mt lun vn khoa hc ca GS Hong Vn Chu. Bi vit Vn o vn v cch trch dn, TS L Ch Thng

Hnh thc nh gi
Cc bi tp gia k Bi tp ln mn hc (cui k)
Thc hin v vit bo co v trnh by mt vn khoa hc.

Gii thiu v phng php nghin cu khoa hc

Hc (Study) v Nghin cu (Research)

Hc l vic chuyn tri thc con ngi bit thnh tri thc ca cc c nhn hoc t chc. i hc: hc cc tri thc chung ca ngh. Thc s: hc cc tri thc chuyn su ca ngh. Thc s l ngi tinh thng ngh nghip (master). Nghin cu l vic tm v to ra cc tri thc mi v c ngha bi cc c nhn hoc t chc. Tin s l ngi bit lm nghin cu, vch yu lm vic nghin cu.

Khi nim khoa hc

Khoa hc l qu trnh nghin cu (NC) nhm tm ra nhng kin thc (hiu bit) mi, hc thuyt mi, v t nhin v x hi. Khoa hc bao gm mt h thng tri thc v qui lut ca vt cht v s vn ng ca vt cht, nhng qui lut ca t nhin x hi v t duy. H thng tri thc bao gm:
Tri thc kinh nghim: l nhng hiu bit c tch ly qua hot ng sng hng ngy trong mi quan h gia con ngi vi con ngi v con ngi vi thin nhin. Tri thc t duy: l nhng hiu bit c tch ly mt cch c h thng nh hot ng nghin cu khoa hc, cc hot ng ny c mc tiu xc nh v s dng phng php khoa hc.

Khi nim nghin cu khoa hc

Nghin cu khoa hc (NCKH):
l qu trnh p dng cc tng, nguyn l v phng php khoa hc. tm ra cc kin thc mi nhm m t, gii thch hay d bo v cc s vt, hin tng trong th gii khch quan.

Yu t con ngi trong NCKH

C kin thc v lnh vc nghin cu. C am m nghin cu, ham thch tm ti, khm ph ci mi. C s khch quan v trung thc v khoa hc (o c khoa hc). Bit cch lm vic c lp, tp th v c phng php. Lin tc rn luyn nng lc nghin cu t khi cn i hc.

Nhng ngi lm nghin cu

Cc nh nghin cuv cc lnh vc khc nhau cc Vin v trung tm nghin cu. Cc gio s ging vin cc trng i hc Cao ng, trung hc chuyn nghip. Cc chuyn gia cc c quan qun l nh nc. Cc cng ty, vin nghin cu t nhn. Cc sinh vin ham thch NCKH cc trng i hc.

Cc hnh thc t chc nghin cu

X y dng cc ti, d n NCKH. Tm kim c quan, c nhn ti tr. T chc cng vic thc hin nghin cu chung. T chc cng vic thc hin nghin cu c nhn. Qun l, iu phi cc hot ng thc hin NCKH. Lm vic vi cc c quan qun l, ti tr.

Loi hnh nghin cu

ti
L mt hnh thc t chc NCKH, c nhim v nghin cu c th, c ni dung, phng php r rng, do mt c nhn hoc nhm ngi thc hin. Nhm tr li cc cu hi mang tnh hc thut hoc thc tin, hon thin v lm phong ph thm cc tri thc khoa hc, a ra cc cu tr li gii quyt thc tin. V d: Tm hiu nhu cu v s la chn ca khch hng v sn phm sa.

Loi hnh nghin cu

D n
L mt loi ti c thc hin nhm mc ch ng dng, c xc nh c th v hiu qu kinh t x hi. D n c tnh ng dng cao, c rng buc v thi gian v ngun lc. V d: D n xy dng th im m hnh pht trin nng thn mi.

Loi hnh nghin cu

C hng trnh khoa hc: l tp hp cc ti/d n c cng mc ch. Cc ti, d n thuc chng trnh mang tnh c lp tng i. Cc ni dung trong chng trnh c tnh ng b, h tr ln nhau tr ln nhau. Mt nhm cc ti, d n c phi hp qun l nhm t c mt s mc tiu chung nh trc. V d: Nghin cu, pht trin v ng dng cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng .

Loi hnh nghin cu

n:
l mt loi vn kin c xy dng trnh cp qun l cao hn hoc gi c quan ti tr nhm xut xin thc hin mt cng vic no :
V d: Thnh lp mt t chc, ti tr cho mt hot ng,

Cc chng trnh, ti, d n c xut trong n.

Cn c hnh thnh chng trnh, ti, n

Chin lc, chng trnh mc tiu, chng trnh hnh ng v k hoch pht trin ca tng ngnh, tng lnh vc. xut ca cc t chc qun l, nh ti tr xut ca Cc chuyn ngnh, doanh nghip, a phng, n v nghin cu, t chc v c nhn, hip hi v cc hi khoa hc, cc hi ng khoa hc.

Cc loi hnh NCKH

1. Cch phn loi NC thc nghim v l thuyt:
Nghin cu thc nghim: lin quan n cc hot ng ca i sng thc t
Nghin cu hin tng thc t (thng qua kho st thc t) Nghin cu hin tng trong iu kin c kim sot (thng qua th nghim)

Nghin cu l thuyt: thng qua sch v ti liu, cc hc thuyt v t tng.

Nghin cu l thuyt thun ty: nghin cu bc b, ng h hay lm r mt quan im/lplun lthuyt no . Nghin cu l thuyt ng dng: tm hiu ng dng cc l thuyt nh th no trong thc t,

Cc loi hnh NCKH (tt)

2. Cch phn loi NC qu trnh, m t v so snh:
Nghin cu qu trnh: tm hiu lch s ca s vt, hin tng hay con ngi. Nghin cu m t: tm hiu bn cht ca s vt, hin tng. Nghin cu so snh: tm hiu s tng ng v khc bit.

Cc loi hnh NCKH (tt)

3. Cch phn loi NC tm hiu mi quan h v nh gi:
Nghin cu tm hiu mi quan h: gia cc s vt v hin tng, phng php ph bin l thng k. Nghin cu nh gi: tm hiu s vt, hin tng thng qua mt h thng cc tiu ch.

Cc loi hnh NCKH (tt)

4. Cch phn loi NC chun tc v m phng:
Nghin cu chun tc: nh gi /d on nhng vic s xy ra nu thc hin mt thay i no . Nghin cu m phng: l k thut to ra mt mi trng c kim sot m phng hnh vi/s vt, hin tng trong thc t.

i tng v phm vi nghin cu

i tng nghin cu:
l bn cht ca s vt hay hin tng cn xem xt v lm r trong nhim v nghin cu.

Phm vi nghin cu:

i tng nghin cu c kho st trong phm vi nht nh v mt thi gian, khng gian v lnh vc nghin cu.

Mc ch v mc tiu nghin cu
Mc ch nghin cu:
l s sp t cng vic hay iu g c a ra trong nghin cu. v mang ngha thc tin ca nghin cu, nhm n i tng phc v sn xut nghin cu. Mc ch tr li cu hi: Nhm vo vic g? hoc phc v cho iu g?.

Mc tiu nghin cu:

l nn tng hot ng ca ti v lm c s cho vic nh gi k hoch nghin cu a ra. v l iu m kt qa phi t c. Mc tiu tr li cu hi Lm ci g?.

Phng php t duy khoa hc

Phng php din dch (deductive method):
Theo hng t trn xung (top down). Hu ch kim chng cc gi thit v l thuyt.

Phng php quy np (inductive method):

Theo hng t di ln (bottom up). Ph hp xy dng gi thit v l thuyt.

Phng php t duy khoa hc

Din dch: Cc bc t duy:
Pht biu mt gi thit (da trn l thuyt hay tng quan NC). Thu thp d liu kim nh gi thit. Ra quyt nh chp nhn hay bc b gi thit.

Quy np: Cc bc t duy:

Quan st th gii thc. Tm kim mt mu hnh quan st. Tng qut ha v nhng vn ang xy ra.

Mc ch: i n kt lun, kt lun nht thit phi i theo cc tin cho trc.

Phng php t duy khoa hc (tt)

Din dch:
T cc tin (l do) + suy lun vi cc minh chng c th dn ti kt lun. mt suy lun mang tnh ng v hp l:
Tin cho trc i vi mt kt lun phi ng vi th gii thc (ng). Kt lun nht thit phi i theo tin l (hp l).

Quy np: Trong quy np, khng c cc mi quan h cht ch gia cc tin v kt qu. Rt ra mt kt lun t mt hoc nhiu chng c c th. Cc kt lun gii thch thc t v thc t ng h cc kt lun ny.

Phng php t duy khoa hc

Quy np Din dch

Cu trc phng php lun NCKH

NCKH phi s dng phng php khoa hc bao gm:
Chn phng php thch hp (lun chng) chng minh mi quan h gia cc lun c v gia ton b lun c vi lun ; Cch t gi thuyt hay phn on s dng cc lun c v phng php thu thp thng tin v x l thng tin xy dng lun .

Cu trc phng php lun NCKH

Lun :
l mt phn on hay gi thuyt cn chng minh. Tr li cu hi Cn chng minh iu g? trong NC.

Lun c:
bao gm thu thp cc thng tin, cc ti liu tham kho; quan st v thc nghim. lm c s chng minh lun . Tr li cu hi Chng minh bng ci g? Lun c l thuyt: c xem l c s l lun, bao gm cc l thuyt, lun im, tin , nh l, nh lut, qui lut c khoa hc chng minh v xc nhn l ng. Lun c thc tin: da trn c s s liu thu thp, quan st v lm th nghim.

Cu trc phng php lun NCKH

Lun chng:
chng minh mt lun . Nh NC phi s dng lun chng (a ra phng php xc nh mi lin h gia cc lun c, gia lun c vi lun ). Tr li cu hi Chng minh bng cch no? V d: Kt hp cc phng php t duy (php suy lun) din dch, qui np v loi suy; hoc phng php tip cn v thu thp thng tin lm lun c khoa hc, thu thp s liu thng k trong thc nghim hay trong cc nghin cu iu tra.

Phng php khoa hc

Cc ngnh khoa hc khc nhau c nhng phng php khoa hc khc nhau:
Ngnh khoa hc t nhin: s dng PPKH thc nghim. Ngnh khoa hc x hi: s dng PPKH thu thp thng tin t quan st, phng vn, iu tra,

Cc bc c bn trong PPKH:
Quan st s vt, hin tng. t vn nghin cu. t gi thuyt hay tin on. Thu thp thng tin s liu th nghim . Kt lun.

Nghin cu c bn, nghin cu ng dng v ng dng?

Nghin cu c bn: Tm tri thc mi cho cc nghin cu c bn khc
Gene finding M hnh ngn ng ting Vit

Nghin cu ng dng: Tm tri thc khoa hc gii quyt cc vn thc t

Dch my Anh-Vit

ng dng: Dng tri thc bit gii quyt cc vn thc t.

Hng n cc cng b quc t

Nghin cu cn hng n cng b trn cc tp ch v hi ngh quc t. Cn khuyn khch v cao cc nghin cu cht lng cao, v phn bit gi tr khc nhau ca kt qu nghin cu (rt cnh tranh). Cn dy v hc phng php nghin cu khoa hc. Tng bc t mc tiu trn

Hai loi n phm khoa hc chnh

Tp ch
Quc t: Google computer science journal ranking Trong nc: Tp ch Khoa hc v cng ngh, Tia sng,

Hi ngh quc t
Conferences (hi ngh), symposiums, workshop, forums (hi tho), congress (i hi). Quc t: Google computer science conference ranking. Trong nc: ICT, FAIR, etc.

Measures: Impact factor, citation

em hi ngh quc t n Vietnam

Rt t ngi t cc nc ang pht trin tham d c cc hi ngh khoa hc quc t hng u v ICT (NIPS, ICML, KDD, IJCAI, ) L do v khng c bi lt vo cc ni ny v khng c tin i (th d ca IJCAI 2007 ti n ) Hai vn ni cm: no show, plagiarism. Lm sao em c nhiu hi ngh quc t tt n Vit Nam (PAKDD05, RIVF07, RIVF08, PRICAI08, etc.)? Cn s tham gia vi nhiu c gng, chun b v ng gp t Vit Nam.

Bi tp 1
Tm v la chn 1 bi bo khoa hc (bi bo ting Anh hoc ting Vit) v mt ch m bn quan tm Tm hiu bi bo vi nhng vn sau:
ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti trong bi bo. Mc ch ca ti. i tng v phm vi NC. Ni dung NC. Kt qu ca bi bo. Hng pht trin tip theo

Quy trnh nghin cu khoa hc

Quy trnh nghin cu khoa hc

1. Finding a research topic: first step

The difference between a trivial project and a significant project is not the amount of work required to carry it out, but the amount of thought that you apply in the selection and definition of your problem.
David P. Beach & Torsten K.E. Alvager Handbook for Scientific and Technical Research, Prentice-Hall, 1992, p. 29

1. Xc nh vn NC
Chn ch NC bng cch t ra cc cu hi,
Ph hp vi nng lc, chuyn mn, c hng th ca ngi NC C ngha thc tin v ng dng (phc v sn xut, ) ng xu hng pht trin ca thi i Xem xt kh nng kinh ph

Cch pht hin vn NC: thng qua cc tnh hung sau

Qu trnh NC, c v thu thp ti liu Trong cc hi ngh chuyn , bo co khoa hc, Trong mi quan h gia con ngi vi con ngi, con ngi vi t nhin qua hot ng lao ng sn xut, Cc vn hay cc cu hi NC bt cht xut hin trong suy ngh ca cc nh khoa hc, qua quan st cc hin tng t nhin, hot ng sn xut, Tnh t m ca cc nh khoa hc.

Pht biu bi ton

Qu trnh pht biu bi ton bao hm mt lot cc hnh ng lp:

Pht biu bi ton

L bc u tin ca mi ti nghin cu. Ni chung, ci kh nht ca qu trnh ny l im xut pht: original idea/topic. Thng thng, ch nghin cu c gi bi thy hng dn hay ph trch ti:
Thng c chn trong s cc bi ton ang c kho st ca nhm hay phng th nghim.

D th, tng khi u thng cn cha r hoc cn th,

Cn pht trin v ch bin.

Nghin cu mt vn nghin cu
Mt ti ca lun vn tin s hng n:
Pht trin mt l thuyt mi, mt hnh thc ha mi, hoc ng gp vo mt l thuyt hoc hnh thc ha tn ti.

Mt ti lun vn thc s hng n:

Vic tinh thng cc tri thc v k nng ca mt lnh vc trong mt ngh (if going to industry) Rn luyn kinh nghim nghin cu (if going to doctor course)

Lm mn mt ti nghin cu
Cc ti qu m h hoc cha chnh xc i hi mt khi lng ln cng vic. Mt bi ton c th c nhiu li gii c gi l ill-posed problem (Khng r rng).

2. Nghin cu cc khi nim v l thuyt, tm hiu cc NC trc y

Kin thc c s v l thuyt nn tng v vn NC. Thu thp v NC ti liu nhm mc ch sau:
Nm bt c phng php ca cc NC thc hin trc y Lm r hn ti NC Gip ngi NC c phng php lun hay lun c cht ch hn, gip xy dng lun c chng minh gi thuyt khoa hc. B sung kin thc v lnh vc NC Trnh trng lp vi cc NC trc y

Phn loi ti liu Ngun thu thp ti liu

Kho st ti liu
Vic kho st ti liu gip ngi nghin cu thu hp phm vi ca vic tm hiu v chuyn tm quan trng ca vic tm hiu ti ti ngi c. Kho st ti l mt phn khng th thiu ca vic la chn/quyt nh ti nghin cu.
Cn xem xt liu ti c th v cn phi kho st. Phi xc nh c mt ti ban u (bi ngi lm nghin cu thay v ngi hng dn). Kho st ti liu lin quan vic i thoi khng ngng vi t liu v ti, lp nhng ch trng v hiu bit v m rng nhng iu bit. Cung cp mt sn lm vic thit lp tm quan trng ca nghin cu cng nh mt chun so snh cc kt qu c vi nhng pht kin mi.

Tm kim ti liu
Tm kim ti liu cho php bit nhng tri thc v lnh vc (domain knowledge), v cc nghin cu lin quan v ln c mt bc tranh theo thi gian cc nghin cu v ch . Cn nhn r l yu t ct t ca nghin cu l tri thc tm ra c phi mi hoc u tin (must be new or original.) Mt nghin cu ch tm ra kt qu c cng ng bit t trc, v ch c ch cho mt ngi hoc mt nhm nh, s khng c gi tr nh mt nghin cu. C nhng nghin cu b gin on trong nhng bc u bi nhiu l do khc nhau, nhng phn ln cn li b ngng v ti nghin cu khng thuyt phc.

Cc bc kho st ti liu
Step 1: Bt u bng vic xc nh cc keywords cn thit tm kim ti liu. Cc t kha ny c th ny sinh khi xc nh mt ti. Step 2: Tm kim ti liu trong cc c s d liu ca th vin (library databases) vi cc t kha xc nh. Step 3: Th tm khong 50 reports and articles (or books) lin quan n ch nghin cu. Sp xp cc t liu ny theo th t u tin. Step 4: c nhanh cc ti liu chn lc vi tp trung v cc abstracts and core results thu c cm nhn liu cc ti liu ny c em ti mt ng gp c ch cho vic hiu ti.

Cc bc kho st ti liu (tt)

Step 5: Vi mi ti liu c chn, vit ra maximum 10 lines m t bn hiu ti liu ny th no, tc vic hiu v ng gp ca ti liu i vi ch nghin cu. Step 6: Thit lp mt literature map, tc mt bc tranh v cc t liu nghin cu v ch . Bc tranh ny cung cp mt phng tin t nghin cu ca bn vo trong mt ton th ln hn cc t liu v ch . Step 7: Cng lc vi (6), bt u phc tho cc summaries ca cc bi bo lin quan nht khi dng cc kt qu ca bc (5). Cc tm tt ny c kt hp vo cc kho st ti liu cui cho xut nghin cu. Ch m bo c cc ti liu tham kho chnh xc. Step 8: Tho lun vi peers and supervisors v nghin cu ca bn; hoc lp qu trnh ny hoc cui cng lp rp cc ti liu c kho st sao cho chng c t chc hoc cu trc bi cc khi nim c cp. Kt thc vi mt tm tt cc ch chnh tm c trc khi gi xa hn cc ch nghin cu cn thit.

Using the Internet

Internet khng phi l mt th vin Books and journals trong mt th vin u c ngi chu trch nhim v nh xut bn. Bt k ai cng c th a bt k th g ln Internet. Cn ch n s ng tin ca ngun ti liu (cp bi cc vin, cc t chc t nhn c uy tn, cc cquan chnh ph, etc). Cn phn bit phn bit ci hay ci d trn Internet (to separate the wheat from the chaff).

Hng dn nh gi thng tin

NGUN GC TC GI (AUTHORSHIP)
Tc gi c l ngi ni ting? Nu khng, cng trnh ca tc gi ny c c trch dn bi cc tc gi ni ting khac? Nu khng, liu bn c th tm thy thng tin t liu cho s tin cy ca tc gi?

NGUN GC NI XUT BN (PUBLISHING BODY)

Ai l ngi ti tr cho web site? Trang Web c phi ca mt t chc c uy tn? Thng tin c trn cc trang Web c nhn cn phi xem nh ng ng (considered highly suspect.)

QUAN IM (POINT OF VIEW)

Liu t chc ti tr trang Web c mt quan im? Note: Cn xem thng tin ca cc cng ty kinh doanh gn vi qung co.

Hng dn nh gi thng tin (tt)

LIN KT T LIU (CONNECTION TO THE LITERATURE)
C cc ti liu tham kho ti cc cng trnh trong lnh vc khng? C cc l thuyt thch hp c tho lun? Cc tranh lun c c tha nhn?

TNH THM TRA C (VERIFIABILITY)

C thng tin cho php bn kim chng phng php?

TNH THI GIAN (CURRENCY)

C khng mt ngy trn ti liu cho php bn nh gi v thi gian ca thng tin?

SEARCH ENGINE
Search engine xc nh th no th t cc hits? Note: Mt vi search engines bn ch cho nh qung co.

V d v tm ti liu
Dng Scholar Google. Cc th vin ti liu trc tuyn (IEEE Explorer) - http://ieeexplore.ieee.org ACM - http://www.acm.org/ Springer journals(http://www.springer.com) Cc tp ch Vit Nam: http://www.vap.ac.vn

3. Xy dng gi thuyt (Hypothesis)

nh ngha: Gi thuyt l cu tr li m th cho cu hi NC hoc s tin on cho vn NC Cc c im ca gi thuyt:
Gi thuyt phi theo mt nguyn l chung v khng thay i trong sut qu trnh NC Phi ph hp vi iu kin thc t v c s l thuyt Gi thuyt cng n gin cng tt C th c kim nghim v c tnh kh thi

Mt gi thuyt l tt nu:
C tham kho ti liu v thu thp thng tin C mi quan h nhn-qu C th thc nghim thu thp s liu

Xy dng gi thuyt (tt)

Mi quan h gia gi thuyt v vn khoa hc:
Xc nh cu hi(vn NCKH) -> hnh thnh tng khoa hc (t gi thuyt)

Trn c s nhng quan st ban u, nhng tnh hung t ra (cu hi/vn ), nhng c s l thuyt (kin thc c, tham kho ti liu), s tin on v nhng d kin tin hnh thc nghim gip hnh thnh c s l lun khoa hc xy dng gi thuyt khoa hc.

Xy dng gi thuyt (tt)

Cch t gi thuyt: cn t cc cu hi:
C th tin hnh thc nghim c khng? Cc yu t no cn c nghin cu? Phng php th nghim no c dng? Cc ch tiu no cn tnh ton v t c trong qu trnh lm th nghim? Phng php x l s liu no cn dng bc b hay chp nhn gi thuyt?

Xy dng gi thuyt (tt)

Gi thuyt hp l cn c cc c im sau:
Phi ph hp v da trn quan st hay c s l thuyt hin ti, nhng tng trong gi thuyt l phn l thuyt cha c chp nhn Gi thuyt c th lm s tin on th hin kh nng ng hay sai Gi thuyt c th lm th nghim thu thp s liu, kim chng hay chng minh gi thuyt.

4. Xy dng cng
Phn m u:
Tnh cp thit ca vn la chn NC Tnh hnh nghin cu i tng, mc ch v phm vi NC Phng php NC Trnh by vn NC Phng php gii quyt Thc nghim Phn tch, nh gi kt qu Kt lun

Phnni dung: Phn ni dung:

K hoch thc hin NC Ti liu tham kho

5. Thu thp d liu

Thu thp d liu chng minh hay bc b gi thuyt:
Thu thp d liu t tham kho ti liu Thu thp d liu t thc nghim Thu thp d liu phi thc nghim (phng php lp bng cu hi iu tra,)

6. Phn tch d liu

Sp xp v x l d liu thu thp c:
K t qu thu thp d liu t NC ti liu, s liu thng k, quan st hoc thc nghim tn ti di dng:
nh tnh v nh lng (s liu)

Cc s kin v s liu cn c x l xy dng lun c thc tin

nhm chng minh hoc bc b gi thuyt.

X l d liu:
x l ton hc i vi cc s liu x l logic i vi cc s kin.

7. Gii thch kt qu v vit bo co

nh gi cc kt qu t c v l thuyt v ng dng Tin hnh thc nghim So snh vi cc kt qu c Vit bo co

Xy dng cng nghin cu

Xy dng cng tng qut

Tn ti Ngi ch tr t vn Mc tiu ti Kt qu cn t c Cc ni dung NC chnh K hoch thc hin D ton kinh ph v phng tin Ti liu tham kho

Xy dng cng chi tit

Tn ti t vn Lc kho ti liu Vt liu v phng php NC K hoch thc hin D tr kinh ph v vt t thit b Ti liu tham kho
(V d mt cng c th)

Thc hin nghin cu

Thc hin nghin cu

Lp k hoch nghin cu Phn cng cng vic Kim tra nh k tin thc hin cng vic nh gi kt qu Vit bo co

Bi tp 2
Xc nh ti. Xy dng cng chi tit cho ti.

Cch vit mt bo co khoa hc

Ti sao phi cng b bo co khoa hc?

Cc bi bo khoa hc ng mt vai tr rt quan trng
ng gp vo kho tng tri thc ca nhn loi L con ng trao i, chia s v hc hi gia cc nh khoa hc Gp phn lm cho Khoa hc ngy cng tin b

Mt CTNC thng c ti tr t cc c quan nh nc, v s tin ny l do dn chng ng gp, nu mt NC hon tt m khng cng b th s gy lng ph v tin bc, thi gian, v cn l vn o c Bi bo khoa hc trn cc tp ch khoa hc quc t l mt tiu ch sng cn nh gi mt nh khoa hc. y cng l tiu ch cn nhc bt ln chc.
"publish or perish" (xut bn hay l tiu tan)

Bi bo khoa hc: Kh Hnh

Mi bi bo KH l mt cng trnh kh hnh
au kh trong qu trnh chun b v vit thnh bi bo Hnh phc khi bi bo c nhn ng v n tay ng nghip

vit c mt bi bo tt
Cn rn luyn k nng vit: vn phong ngn gn, sc tch, tp trung vo ni dung chnh Cn thi gian chnh sa nhiu ln trc khi a ra bn cui cng Cn s gp ca ng nghip cng lnh vc v khng cng lnh vc
Cn t nht mt ng nghip cng chuyn ngnh c k v gp Cng nhiu ngi c v gp cng tt, k c nhng ngi khng cng chuyn ngnh C thi tip thu kin

Chin lc vit bo KH
Trc ht, quyt nh xem np bi vo u
Bn c th khng kp np bi ng hn, nhng vic c mt deadline l lun cn thit 2 - 4 thng lun l thi hn tt k hoch

Tip theo, quyt nh xem ni g

tng chnh l g? pht trin chng cha? Kt qu chnh l g? thit k v chy cc th nghim cha? phn tch d liu cha? Cc nghin cu lin quan chnh l g? Bn a c v c cc bi nay cha? Liu bn c th tm tt chng?

S dng cng c vit bo KH

Dng cu t n gin, r rng Lin tc chnh sa cho n khi ti u Trnh o vn Vit theo phng php Top-down Kim tra cn thn li chnh t Dng Latex hay MS Words.

Quy trnh gi bi bo cho tp ch/hi ngh

Bn tho c tc gi gi cho tp ch/hi ngh Ban bin tp s gi bn tho cho 2-4 chuyn gia trong cng lnh vc c v nhn xt (reviewers) Ban bin tp gi kt qu nhn xt cho tc gi (yu cu chnh sa chp nhn ng, hoc chia bun v bi bo cha th ng) Tc gi cng c th c tr li cc kin phn bin ca reviewers
Thi nh nhn, khim tn d khng ng vi nhn xt ca phn bin

Thi gian phn bin c th t 3-6 thng i vi tp ch, v t 1-2 thng i vi hi ngh, ty ng cp ca tp ch/hi ngh

Cu trc ca mt bi bo khoa hc

Ti liu tham kho

Chun b ti liu tham kho Trc khi bt tay vo NC, phi la chn v sp xp danh mc cc TLTK Danh mc TLTK phi c vit thng nht theo mt khun mu Ch a vo nhng ti liu c trch dn t nht 1 ln trong bi bo.

Typical format of references

Books: Names, Date, Book Title, Publisher, City, #pages In-Book Chapters: Names, Date, Chapter Title, in Authors or Editors, Book Title, Publisher, City, pp. nn-mm. Journal Articles: Name, Date, Article Title, Journal Title, Volume number, Issue number, pp. nn-mm Conference Papers: Name, Date, Paper Title, in Proceedings of the Conference (full-name), acronym (e.g. PRICAI-08), City, pp. nn-mm. Technical Reports: Name, Date, Report Title, Organization, Technical Report Number, n. pages. Internet Sources: Name, Date, Title, Organization and Report Title, URL (date

Dn nhp (Introduction)
Phn ny bao gm mt s on vn khng c tiu , nhm dn dt ngi c vo CTNC, phn ny l cu tr li cho cu hi Ti sao phi lm nghin cu ny? y l phn quan trng nht trong bi bo, c xong phn ny s quyt nh c 90% s phn ca bi bo Mt phn dn nhp tt phi cung cp c cc thng tin
nh ngha bi tan/vn NC, tm quan trng ca n Nhng NC trc y lm, hn ch ca chng (cc NC lin quan) Mc ch ca NC ny l g

Dn nhp (Introduction)
Cch vit
Hnh dung gm my on vn, mi on nh ni g. Cu u tin ca mi on l cu ch , cc cu sau phi phc v cho cu ch Khng nn vit qu di, lan man, lm mt tp trung ca ngi c Khng nn khoe kin thc. Ngha l khng b nhng g mnh bit vo phn ny, nht l nhng kin thc m ai trong ngnh cng phi bit Phi chn lc c nhng NC lin quan in hnh, c ng trn cc tp ch / hi ngh uy tn, trong thi gian gn Vn phong n gin, s dng th hin ti thng, hoc th qu kh thng

Phng php (Methods)

y l phn ct li ca bi bo, nu phng php a ra s si, hoc khng r rng th nhng g bn khng nh trong phn kt qu khng c ngha Phn ny i tr li cu hi lm g? V lm nh th no? Phn ny tc gi phi cn nhc nhng g cn phi a vo, khng th vit ht mi th lm ra, nhng cng khng c qu c ng i vi nghin cu l thuyt: Cn a ra khi nim, cc nh l v chng minh y , hoc c dn chng y i vi cc nghin cu thc nghim: cn m t y mi kha cnh ca th nghim. Nh cch thu thp v x l s liu, la chn tham s, chy trn my g,

Phng php (Methods)

Cch vit
C th s dng biu , bng biu, hnh v th hin cc ni dung thay cho text Thit k cc i tng ny theo mt th t to thnh 1 cu chuyn, ch khng sp xp ln xn, cc i tng ny cng cn c gii thch r rng Nu mt hnh v, biu bng c ly t 1 NC khc, th cn ghi r Vit cng sm cng tt, ngay khi bt u tin hnh nghin cu l c th phc tho ri lm mn dn Nn vit theo kiu top-down

Kt qu (Results)
Phn ny trnh by kt qu nghin cu, tc i tm cu tr li cho cu hi pht hin ra ci g? Trong s cc kt qu t c, tc gi cn xc nh kt qu no l kt qu chnh, kt qu ph, ri sp xp v trnh by chng mt cch logic Kt qu phi tr li/p ng c cu hi NC t ra phn dn nhp, nhng kt qu khng lin quan khng nn a vo Phn kt qu ch vit s tht v s tht nhng g pht hin ra, k c nhng pht hin nm ngoi d on ca tc gi Cn s dng cc loi biu , bng biu, th minh ha kt qu, lm cho ngi c d theo di v d hnh dung S dng cc phng php nh gi chung trong ngnh

Tho lun (Discussion)

y l phn kh vit nht, khng theo khun mu no. Phn ny tp trung tr li cu hi Nhng pht hin c ngha g? Phn ny bn lun v kt qu a ra trong phn trc, nhn nhn mi kha cnh ca kt qu t c:
tt, xu, nhng g t c v cha t c

Gii thch nhng kt qu thu c Cn so snh kt qu NC vi cc NC cng loi trc . nh gi mt cch v t. Mt s ngnh th c th kt hp phn Kt qu v Tho lun thnh mt phn

Kt lun (Conclusion)
Phn ny tm tt li cc kt qu t c ca nghin cu v ngha ca chng. ng thi cng a ra nhn nh/k hoch v nhng nghin cu tip theo.

Tiu bi bo
Tiu bi bo c vit trn trang u ca mt bi bo, thng v tr trung tm.

Tiu bi bo
Mt s kha cnh cn xem xt khi t tiu bi bo Khng c s dng t vit tt Khng nn t tiu m h (d gy cm gic khng r rng v kt qu ca bi bo) Khng nn t tiu qu di (thng khng qu 15 t) Tiu nn c yu t mi (nh: Mt thut ton mi, Mt cch tip cn hiu qu,) Khng nn t tiu nh l 1 pht biu.

Abstract
L phn quan trng nht ca bi bo, rt nhiu ngi c ch c phn ny. N trnh by s ng gp ca NC cho ch NC, khng phi l tm tt ca bi bo. Tp trung vo nhng g mi, tng quan trng, cc con s quan trng. Nhng g NC mun ngi c nh nht th nn t y. Mt s li thng gp: tm tt bi bo, qu nhiu kin thc c bn v m t phng php, tham kho nhng NC khc, c hnh nh, s dng t vit tt

Cch vit mt Lun vn khoa hc

Lun vn khoa hc
l chuyn kho v mt vn khoa hc hoc cng ngh.
Tiu lun mn hc n tt nghip Lun vn Thc s

Cc bc chun b lm lun vn
La chn v t tn ti lun vn Xy dng cng v k hoch nghin cu Trnh cng cho ngi hng dn xin kin Su tm, lu tr ti liu, lp danh mc t liu, lm th nghim Vit lun vn khoa hc Bo v lun vn

Ni dung ca lun vn
Ba chnh v ba ph Mc lc Li ni u Vit cc chng Kt lun ca lun vn Ti liu tham kho Ph lc

Bi tp 3
Thc hin nghin cu ti trong bi tp 2. Vit bo co

Vn o vn v Trch dn

Vn o vn/o tng
S mang li cho cng vic ring ca mnh nhng t ng, tng hoc l l ca mt ngi khc m khng c s trch dn, tham kho hoc ghi ch ph hp
(2011, Apr.) University of Arkansas Libraries. [Online]. http://libinfo.uark.edu/reference/citingyoursources.asp

Cc hnh thc o vn
o vn c
c tnh sao chp cc kt qu, s liu, t ng, hnh nh, m thanh, ca ngi khc vo lun n ca mnh.

o vn khng c
tham kho cc ti liu khng ng cch, hoc khng thc hin vic trch dn hoc trch dn khng ng quy cch.

Ti sao cn trch dn
Thng tin trn Internet khng l min ph . ng b qua vic trch dn cc ngun t Internet v cc bi bo dng in t ch v bn khng bit cch trch dn nh th no.

Vic trch dn ng trong khi vit lun n l bc u tin trnh vic o vn/o tng v gip bn trnh c cc rc ri v sau.

Mc tiu ca vic trch dn ngun ti liu

Gip ngi c nhn bit cng vic m bn nghin cu v thc hin. Gip ngi c tm c ngun ti liu gc c thm thng tin. To ra sc mnh cho cc lun c ca bn. Ghi nhn cng lao ca cc tc gi khc.

Mt s lu quan trng khi trch dn

Phi trch dn khi bn s dng kt qu, s liu, hnh nh, hnh v, bng biu, s , t ng, tng, ca mt ngun ti liu khc, ngay c khi bn khng s dng nguyn vn. Khi trch dn, phi trch dn ngun ti liu gc. Phi ghi ngun trch dn ngay sau v tr bn tham kho t mt ngun ti liu khc, k c l tc gi ca ti liu l chnh mnh.

Mt s lu (tt)
Khi bn ghi li nguyn vn cc t v cm t ca mt tc gi, bn phi phi t chng vo du ngoc kp v ghi ngun trch dn.
Tuy nhin, ch c ghi nguyn vn mt hoc hai cu.

Ngay c khi bn ghi ngun trch dn, vic ghi nguyn vn c on vn t mt ngun ti liu khc l o vn.

Mt s lu (tt)
Ngay c khi bn ghi ngun trch dn, nhng bn s dng cc kt qu, s liu, hnh nh, hnh v, bng biu, s , t ng, tng, ca mt ngun ti liu khc lm cng vic ca mnh th cng l o vn. Ngay c khi ghi ngun trch dn v vit li vi t ng ca mnh m cu trc ca ngun ti liu gc vn khng thay i, th cng l o vn.

Mt s lu (tt)
Vic s dng cc ti liu c bn quyn (copyrighted) bao gm c hnh minh ha cng b xem l vi phm bn quyn, cho d ghi trch dn. Trong trng hp ny, cn phi giy ng cho php s dng ca tc gi v phi nh k. Khng cn trch dn cc kin thc tng qut.
Khi bn khng chc chn v vic c phi trch dn hay khng, th bn nn trch dn. m trong phn ph lc ca lun n

Cc kiu trch dn
Kiu IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Kiu MLA (Modern Language Association) Kiu APA (American Psychological Association)
Vic trch dn trong n, lun n ngnh k thut c thc hin theo kiu IEEE, cn cc n, lun n ngnh kinh t th thng thc hin trch dn theo kiu APA.

Kiu trch dn IEEE

Cc tham kho c nh s v trnh by theo th t xut hin trong lun n. t cc s ca cc tham kho trong ngoc vung [].

Lu khi trch dn theo kiu IEEE

Tn tc gi: ghi theo th t Tn (ghi tt) v H
s dng et al. trong trng hp c ba tc gi hoc hn.

V d:
Hai tc gi: J. K. Author and A. N. Writer Ba tc gi hoc hn: J. K. Author et al.

Tiu ca bi bo (hoc ca mt chng, mt bi bo hi ngh, mt pht minh, ):

ghi trong du ngoc kp.

Tiu ca tp ch hoc sch:

dng kiu ch nghing.

S dng Word 2007 thc hin trch dn

Ti tp tin IEEE.XSL ti http://bibword.codeplex.com/Release/ProjectReleases.aspx?R eleaseId=15365 Copy tp tin ny vo th mc C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office12\Bibliography\Style

Hng dn s dng Word 2007 thc hin trch dn

Cch trnh by mt bo co khoa hc

Quan tm n khn gi l ai?

Thit k ni dung bi ni n i tng khn gi c th, ty tng i tng khn gi m thay i ni dung cho ph hp
Khng cn thit cung cp cc kin thc c bn nu ngi nghe cng lnh vc, nhng li cn thit i vi nhng ngi khc lnh vc Nhn mnh iu bn lm c v l do m khn gi quan tm

Kim sat nhng ni dung chnh cn truyn t cho ngi nghe cho ngi nghe
To bi ni thnh mt cu chuyn, cc slides cn phi lin kt vi nhau theo mt th thng nht nhm phc v mt mc ch chung mc ch chung Ngh v nhng iu m c gi nhn c sau khi nghe.

Kim sat thi gian

Bit c ni trong bao lu, c hi p hay khng iu tit thi gian gia cc slides, thng mi slide t 1-2 pht Khng nn tp trung qu nhiu vo 1 vi slides, hoc tua kh nhanh qua nhng slides khc. Ch rng bn khng thi gian ni ht ra nhng g bn bit, cho nn cn la chn ni dung cn ni trn mi slide. Luyn tp nhiu ln trc khi thc hin bi ni chnh thc.

Thu ht s ch ca c gi
Khng c ch c slide
Khn gi s t c slide Hoc lm vic ring

K hng quay lng li ngi nghe S dng ng tc tay minh ha S dng eye contact
Khi ni phi nhn vo khn gi Khng tp trung qu lu vo 1 ngi Nhn bao qut c khn phng

S dng laser point ng cch

Ch vo nhng im cn nhn mnh trn slide Khng vy laser point lung tung

Thit k slide
Theo hng tip cn top-down
Gm bao nhiu phn Mi phn gm my slide Mi slide nh ni g

S au khi thit k khung xong, mi a ni dung vo tng slide Tt c cc slide phi to thnh mt cu chuyn, slide sau phi lin quan n slide trc Nn s dng template thit k
Ty ni dung v c gi ca bi ni chn template ph hp i vi slide seminar hoc bo co khoa hc th nn chn slide c tnh nghim tc khng c hnh v hoc ch trn template

Thit k slide (tt)

S dng ti thiu cc t
Ch dng cc cm t Mi dng khng nn qu 12 t, tr mt s nh ngha cn gi nguyn

Dng mu nhn mnh nhng cm t quan trng

Trn mt slide ch s dng khng qu 2 mu nhn mnh

S dng cc bullets umi S dng cc bullets u mi Khng nn s dng nhiu hn 1 template trong 1 bi talk Khng s dng cc hiu ng trn slide, tr phi mt s t cc i tng xut hin sau trn mi slide Khng s dng nhiu loi font ch khc nhau trn slide

S dng mu sc
S dng mu ch en trn nn sng i vi khng gian nh. S dng mu ch sng trn nn en i vi phng rng.

S dng mu sc (tt)
Trnh s dng mu le lot
Mu trn nn vng Mu vng trn n

V d mt s Bad Slide

Bi tp 4
Trnh by bo co cho bi tp 3.