Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? . The answer to the question was hammered out in the !om"romise of 1#$%. &t said !alifornia was to be free, "o"ular sovereignt' (the "eo"le decide) for the rest of the lands. *. + tougher fugitive slave law was a ma,or concession to the -outh, but it wasn.t enforced. This angered the -outherners. /. The 0orth1-outh rift was widened with the 2ansas30ebras4a +ct. &t re"ealed the Missouri !om"romise which had 4e"t the "eace for a generation. &n it.s "lace, "o"ular sovereignt' o"ened the 5reat 6lains to "otential slaver'. Whereas the slave3land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mar4. IDE TI!IC"TI# S: -te"hen 7ouglas -te"hen 7ouglas too4 over for 8enr' !la' in the !om"romise of 1#$%. !la' could not get the com"romised "assed because neither "art' wanted to "ass it as a whole since the' would be "assing things for the o""osite "art' as well as their own. 7ouglas s"lit the com"romise u" to get it "assed. 9ran4lin 6ierce 9ran4lin 6ierce was elected "resident in the 1#$ election as the second 7emocratic :dar4 horse.: 8e was a "ro3southern northerner who su""orted the !om"romise of 1#$% and es"eciall' the 9ugitive -lave ;aw. 8e also tried to gain !uba for the -outh as a slave state, but was sto""ed because of 0orthern "ublic o"inion after the incident in <stend, =elgium. 8e also su""orted the dangerous 2ansas30ebras4a +ct "ushed for b' -enator 7ouglas. !om"romise of 1#$% The com"romise of 1#$% acce"ted !alifornia as a free state, territor' dis"uted b' Texas and 0ew Mexico were to be surrender to 0ew Mexico, and abolition of the slave trade (not not slaver') in the 7istrict of !olumbia. This com"romise favored the 0orth much more than it did to the -outh. >achar' Ta'lor 5eneral that was a militar' leader in Mexican3+merican War and 1 th "resident of the ?nited -tates. 8e was ordered to go from the 0ueces @iver to the @io 5rande, "roactivel' near Mexican forces. Aohn !. !alhoun

8e hel"ed the secessionalists want to seceed from the ?nion. 8is theories on abolition also contributed to the secessionalist ideas on slaver' Matthew !. 6err' 8e convinced the Aa"anese to sign a treat' with the ?.-. The treat' allowed for a commercial foot in Aa"an which was hel"ful with furthering a relationshi" with Aa"an. 8enr' !la' 8enr' cla' himself delivered more than sevent' s"eeches, as a "owerful sentiment for acce"tance graduall' cr'stalliBed in the north. 8e "ro"osed the !om"romise of 1#$%. 9ree3-oil 6art' The 9ree3-oil 6art' was organiBed b' anti3slaver' men in the north, democrats who were resentful at 6ol4Cs actions, and some conscience Whigs. The 9ree3-oil 6art' was against slaver' in the new territories. 9ugitive -lave ;aw + law "assed ,ust before the !ivil War also called the :=loodhound =ill:, slaves who esca"ed could not testif' in their behalf and were not allowed a trial b' ,ur'. &f the ,udge in the case freed the slave the' would receive five dollars, if not the' would get ten dollars. Those found hel"ing slaves would be fined or ,ailed 8arriet Tubman ?nited -tates abolitionist born a slave on a "lantation in Mar'land and became a famous conductor on the ?nderground @ailroad leading other slaves to freedom in the 0orth. <stend Manifesto + grou" of southerners met with -"anish officials in =elgium to attem"t to get more slave territor'. The' felt this would balance out congress. The' tried to bu' !uba but the -"anish would not sell it. -outherners wanted to ta4e it b' force 2ansas30ebras4a +ct The 2ansas30ebras4a +ct said that 2ansas and 0ebras4a should come into the union under "o"ular sovereignt'. -te"hen 7ouglas introduced it which "ut the countr' even closer to the !ivil War. $%IDED RE"DI $ &%ESTI# S: The "ccession o' (T)ler Too( 2nowD William 8enr' 8arrison, Aohn T'ler 1. :Eet T'ler...should never have consented to run on the tic4et.: Fx"lain this quote from 'our text. <n virtuall' ever' ma,or issue, the obstinate Girginian was at odds with the ma,orit'

of his ado"tive Whig "art'.

*ohn T)ler: " Presi+ent ,ithout a Part) 2nowD :8is +ccidenc',: 8enr' !la' What "roof can 'ou give of T'lerCs un"o"ularit'? What did T'ler do that made Whigs so angr' with him? When the ban4 bill reached the "residential des4, T'ler flatl' vetoed it on both "ractical and constitutional grounds. + drun4en mob gathered late at night near the White 8ouse and shouted insultingl', :8uBBa for !la'H: " ,ar o' ,or+s with Englan+ 2nowD Caroline, Creole *. Fx"lain at least four causes of tension between the ?- and 5reat =ritain in the 1#*%Cs and 1#/%Cs. =itter, red3coated memories of the two +nglo3+merican wars. =ritish travelers s"o4e trash about +merica. &n addition to travel boo4s, magaBines added fuel. =oth countries began to stri4e each other with :'ouCre another: arguments. -anipulating the -aine -aps 2nowD +roostoo4 War, ;ord +shburton, 7aniel Webster /. What was the result of the +shburton3Webster Treat'? -igned +ugust I, 1#/ , was a treat' resolving several border issues between the ?nited -tates and the =ritish 0orth +merican colonies, "articularl' a dis"ute over the location of the Maine30ew =runswic4 border The .one Star o' Te/as Shines "lone 2nowD ;one -tar @e"ublic $. 8ow did Mexico view Texas from 1#*J to 1#/$? 7es"ite Texas gaining inde"endence from Mexico after their war, Mexico still considered Texas a "art of its "ro"ert'. The Belate+ Te/as uptials 2nowD !onscience Whigs J. Wh' did some hesitate to annex Texas? Wh' was it finall' admitted to the ?nion? -ome were scared to annex Texas because of the slave v. free state issue. Teas was so near, so rich, so fair, and so willing. #regon !e0er Populates #regon 2nowD $/ /%C, Willamette Galle', <regon Trail K What change with <regon from 1#1I to 1#// caused the =ritish to become more willing to negotiate a final boundar'? The handful of +mericans in the Willamette Galle' was suddenl' multi"lied in the

earl' 1#/%s, when :<regon fever: seiBed hundreds of restless "ioneers. &n increasing numbers, their crea4ing covered wagons ,olted over the two3thousand3mile <regon Trail was the human rivulet widened into a stream. " -an+ate 123 'or -ani'est Destin) 2nowD Aames 2. 6ol4, 7ar4 8orse #. What "art did Manifest 7estin' "la' in the 1#// election? +mericans believed it was their manifested destin' to ex"and and 6ol4 claimed that was one of his goals. Pol4 the Purpose'ul I. What were 6ol4Cs four goals? +ssess his degree of success. + lowered tariff, restoration of the inde"endent treasur', and the acquisition of !alifornia and <regon. 8e succeeded in a lowered tariff and the acquisition of !alifornia and somewhat <regon. -isun+erstan+ings with -e/ico 2nowD Aohn -lidell, 0ueces @iver 1%. What were the sources of the strained relationshi" between the ?.-. and Mexico? Texas and !alifornia. 6ol4 was obsessed with !alifornia and reall' wanted it, which caused the war between the two countries. "merican Bloo+ on "merican 123 Soil 2nowD >achar' Ta'lor, -"ot @esolutions 11. Fx"lain some of the reasons !ongress declared war on Mexico. 6ol4 "ur"osel' "lanted >achar' Ta'lorCs troo"s near Mexican forces in order to force a clash. The Mexicans attac4ed Ta'lorCs men and the sa'ing went :+merican blood s"illed u"on +merican -oil.: The -astering o' -e/ico 2nowD -te"hen 2earne', Aohn !. 9remont, =ear 9lag @e"ublic, Winfield -cott 1 . What battles were fought to defeat Mexico? Aohn !. 9ermont in !alifornia, Ta'lor at @io 5rande and =uena Gista, and Mexico !it'. !ighting -e/ico 'or Peace 2nowD 0icholas 6. Trist, Treat' of 5uadalu"e 8idalgo 1*. Wh' did some "eo"le o""ose the Treat' of 5uadalu"e 8idalgo? -ome were resentful of the victor' over Mexico and the terms of the treat' because the' thought that the ?.-. should get all of Mexico. <thers were angr' because the' thought 6ol4 hadnCt followed the :+nglo3-axon s"irit of fair "la'.: Pro'it an+ .oss in -e/ico 2nowD Wilmot 6roviso 1/. What "ositive and negative outcomes resulted for the ?nited -tates from the Mexican3+merican War? Mexico became financiall' in trouble. The rewards claimed b' +merica after the war was absurd. We "aid Mexico after we won and then gained a slave state through the tax mone', most significantl' that of the 0ortherners. The -outh were o4a' with this trade but the 0orth was furious.