HonorsChemistryName:Cindy,Janice,Nikki,Madison

StoichiometryandMeasurementsLab
NOTE: % yield = actual mass x 100% % error = predicted mass- actual mass predictedmass predictedmass x 100%

StoichiometryLab Asadoctorinthehospital,yourpatientneeds1.35gofbariumsulfatefortheproductionofhis "lifesaving"medicine.Youknowthateverytimeyouconductthisreaction,yougeta79.5%yield. Thechemicalsthatyouhavetoworkwitharesodiumsulfateandbariumnitrate.(theyare veryexpensive,sousetheminimumamountneeded) Na2SO4(aq)+Ba(NO3)2(aq)>2NaNO3(aq)+BaSO4(s)

ABariumNitrate BSodiumSulfate CSodiumNitrate DBariumSulfate EBariumSulfate FSodiumNitrate Materials Bariumnitrate Sodiumsulfate filterpaper filterfunnel

flask beaker

Procedure 1. Usedimensionalanalysistofindamountofreactantsneeded. 2. Measureouttheamountofreactantsandmixtheminwater. 3. Measuretheamountofwaterusedtodissolvethechemicals. 4. Weighinitialfilterpaperandinitialflaskmass. 5. Pourthesolutionintofilterpaperandflask. 6. Weighfilterpaperwithsolutionandflaskwithsolution.Subtracttofindmassofbarium sulfateandsodiumnitrate. DataTable Materials Na2SO4 BaNO3 Filterpaper Precipitatewithfilterpaper Precipitate(bariumsulfate) Flask Weightofsolutioninflask Drawinthefollowing: 1.35x100=79.5 b Mass(g) 1.90 1.03 1.223 2.971 1.748 53.536 50.185

Prelab:Questionstoaddresspriortostartinglab 1.Howmuchofthereactantswillyouneedtomeasureout? 1.90gBa(NO3)2+1.03gNa2SO4 2.Howmuchwatershouldyouaddtothebeaker? Enoughtodissolvethereactants. 3.Toseparatethesolidfromtheliquid,youwillneedtofilter.Whatisinthefilterpaper?Should youmassthefilterpaperbeforehand?Why? Sodiumsulfateandbariumnitratewasoriginallyinthefilterpaper,bariumsulfateisthe precipitateleftonthefilterpaperandsodiumnitrateistheaqueoussolutionthatpassesthrough thefilterpaper.Youshouldmassthefilterpaperbeforehandbecauseyouaretryingtoonly measurethesolutionandnotthefilterpaper.Youneedtheinitialmassofthefilterpaperto substratefromthetotal. 4.Howwillyoucollecttheaqueousproduct?Doesthisneedtobemeasured? Youweightheflaskagainandsubtractthemassoftheoriginalflaskfromthetotalmass. 103.772g53.537g=50.185g 5.Wherearesomeplaceswhereyoumightlosesomeofyourproduct?Howcanyoumaximize yourpercentyieldandminimizeyourpercenterror? Wemissedsomeofthesolutionswhenwepoureditintothefilterpaperfromtheoriginalbeaker andwemayhaveresultedinsomepercenterrorwhenwefilteredthesolution.Whenwefiltered

thesolutionfromthefilterpaper,someofthesaltfilteredthroughandendedintheflaskalong withthesolutions.Wecanmaximizeourpercentyieldandminimizepercenterrorbyfilteringthe solutionmorethanonce. Analysisofdata: Percentyield= %yield=|actualyield|x100 theoreticalyield %yield=|1.748g/1.35g|x100=129% Percenterror=

%error=predictedmassactualmassx100 predictedmass %error=1.351.748x100=29.6% 1.35

Sourcesoferrormightbetheproductlostwhenwepouredthesolutionintothefilterpaperfrom theoriginalbeaker.Someofthesaltmayhavefilteredthroughthefilterpaperandsinkedtothe bottomoftheflask.Thismayhaveresultedinasmallermassoftheprecipitateandagreater massofthewaterleftafterfiltration.Nonetheless,weonlyfilteredthesolutiononce.

Discussion:Asyoucollectyourdata,includeacalculationofthepercentyieldandpercent error,sourcesoferror,willyourpatienthaveenoughforhismedicine,whatimprovementswould youmaketoyourprocedurefornexttime.

1.Whatwasthetheorybehindyourlab?Whattechniqueswereused?Why?Whatchemical conceptshelpedyoutoproducetheproducts?Didyougetcloseto100%yield?Isyouryield toohighorlow?Whataffectedyouryieldforeach?(bespecificinyourerroranalysisto coincidewithyourresults(highorlow)). Thetheorybehindourlabwouldbeusingstoichiometrytofindmassesthatwedidntmeasure, wetookthepercentyieldandfiguredouttheamountofsubstanceneededtoget1.35gofbarium sulfate.Weusedfilteringtoseparatetheprecipitate(bariumsulfate)fromsodiumnitrate.Our percentyieldwas129%whichistoohighandisntverycloseto100%.Oneerrorthatmayhave resultedinthisresultwasthatwedidnthavetimetomixedthetwosubstancesfullysosome

reactionsmaynothavetakenplace.Ifthetworeactantsdidntreactfully,theprecipitatelefton thefilterpapermaynotbecompletebariumsulfateandthereforecausingahigherpercentyield.

2.Whatwouldyoudifferentlynexttime.Proposethreefeasibleimprovementstothislab. Next time, we would make surethatallchemicals are fully dissolved by using plenty amount of water. Also, we would make sure that all the solution is poured into the filter paper, so as to improve the accuracyofthedatacollected.Inordertominimizethepercenterror,wewouldfilter thesolutiontwiceormoreinsteadofonlyfilteringonce. 3.Whatdidyoulearnfromthelab? After doing this lab,welearnttofindtheamountofreactantsneededusingdimensionalanalysis. We also learnt to calculate percent yield and percent error. We learnt howtocalculatemasses thatwedidntnecessarilymeasureusingstoichiometry.

4.Whatotherreallifeapplicationcanyouapplythisto? Youcanusestoichiometryincooking.Justlikewhenwemadethesmoresweused dimensionalanalysistofindtheamountofsmoreswecanmakeandwhatourlimitingreactant was.Obviouslyintherealworldyouwouldusestoichiometryinamuchlargerscalesuchasin bigkitchensinarestaurant. Youcanalsousestoichiometrywhentryingtofigureouthowmuchofanimpuresubstanceis neededtoextractacertainamountofpuresubstancefromtheimpure.Youcanusedimensional analysistofigureouttheamountofproductthatwillbeproduced.