Chapter 1

BASIC DIGITAL CONCEPTS

Lesson 1
Concepts of 1s and 0s

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Outline
State Positive Logic Examples Negative Logic Examples Logic Circuit Examples

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Digital circuit
An electronic circuit in which a state switches (changes) between two distinct circuit conditions when there are changes of input states or conditions

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

State
A distinct condition of output or input voltages or currents or frequencies or phases of a circuit.

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

States 1 and 0
One of the state is represented by logic true or 1 or high or yes Other state is represented by logic false or 0 or low or no

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Example State 1

5V

Switch ON

R LED ON

Ccomplete connection

Ground Potential
7

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Example State 0

5V

Switch OFF

R LED OFF

Complete connection

Ground Potential
8

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Example State Undefined

Switch ON

R LED OFF Ground Potential

9

Incomplete connection

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

Example State Undefined

5V

Switch ON

R LED Not Connected Ground Potential

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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We also learnt
Mere existence of condition 0V or no current or no signal or output or switch off, does not define state of a circuit as 0.

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Outline
State Positive Logic Examples Negative Logic Examples Logic Circuit Examples

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Positive Logic
Logic 1: High or +ve V or mA or frequency

Logic 0: Low or -V or mA or frequency

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Positive Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum 5V Minimum 2.8 V

Maximum 0.8 V Minimum 0V

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Positive Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum +5V Minimum +3.3V

Maximum + 1.7 V Minimum 0V

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Positive Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum + 20 mA Minimum + 16 mA

Maximum + 4 mA Minimum 0 mA

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Positive Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum 1260 Hz frequency Minimum 1220 Hz frequency

Maximum 1060 Hz frequency Minimum 1020 Hz frequency

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006 17

Outline
State Positive Logic Examples Negative Logic Examples Logic Circuit Examples

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Negative Logic
Logic 0: High V or mA or frequency

Logic 1: Low or -ve V or mA or frequency

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Negative Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum 3 V Minimum 25 V

Maximum + 25 V Minimum +3V

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Outline
State Positive Logic Examples Negative Logic Examples Logic Circuit Examples

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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A TTL circuit Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum 5V Minimum 2.8 V Output stage Transistor Off Output stage Transistor current 40 A

Output stage Transistor Maximum 0.8 V ON Output stage Minimum 0V Transistor current 4 mA
Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006 22

A CMOS circuit Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum 5V Minimum 3.3 V Output stage MOSFET Off Output stage MOSFET drain current 0 A at dc Output stage MOSFET ON

Maximum 1.6 V Output stage Minimum 0V MOSFET drain current 0 A at dc

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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An RS232C circuit Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum -3V Minimum -25 V Output stage MOSFET ON Output stage MOSFET drain current 0 A at dc Output stage MOSFET OFF Output stage MOSFET drain current 0 A at dc

0
Maximum +25V Minimum 3V

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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A Teletype loop circuit Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum 20 mA Minimum +16mA Output stage Coil current ON

0
Maximum +25V Minimum 3V Output stage Coil current OFF
25

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

A Modem circuit Logic 1s and 0s 1

Maximum 1260 Hz Minimum 1220 Hz

0
Maximum 1060 Hz Minimum 1020
Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006 26

Example State 1
Frequency 1240 Hz 5V Switch ON Modem Oscillator

Ground Potential
Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006 27

Example State 0
Frequency 1040 Hz 5V Switch ON Modem Oscillator

Ground Potential
Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006 28

Example State Undefined

Output < = 1000Hz 5V Switch ON Modem Oscillator

Ground Potential
Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006 29

A Modulation circuit Logic 1s and 0s 1

Phase angle + 906 45

0
Phase angle 906 45

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Summary

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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1 represents a state of a circuit 0 represents another state of circuit

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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Different family of circuits have different discrete circuit conditions for 1 or 0 states. A condition may be defined by a range voltage, current, frequency or phase angle

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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We also learnt
Mere existence of condition 0V or no current or no signal or output or switch OFF, does not define state of a circuit as 0 or 1.

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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We also learnt
Mere existence of connection to high voltage or high current or a signal or output or switch ON, does not define state of a circuit as 0.

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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End of Lesson 1 on

Concepts of 1s and 0s

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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THANK YOU

Ch01L1-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006

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