Baigiangds DVV

i hc Quc gia TP.
HCM
Trng i hc Bch Khoa
B mn Ton ng dng
Bi Ging i S Tuyn Tnh

TS. ng Vn Vinh
E-mail: dangvvinh@hcmut.edu.vn
Website: www.tanbachkhoa.edu.vn/dangvanvinh
Ngy 14 thng 8 nm 2013
Mc tiu mn hc
Mn hc cung cp kin thc c bn ca i s tuyn tnh. Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc nn tng v
bit gii cc bi ton c bn: s phc, tnh nh thc, lm vic vi ma trn, gii h phng trnh tuyn
tnh, khng gian vc t, khng gian euclide, nh x tuyn tnh, tm tr ring - vc t ring, a dng ton
phng v dng chnh tc.
Ti liu tham kho

1) Cng Khanh, Ng Thu Lng, Nguyn Minh Hng. i s tuyn tnh. NXB i hc quc gia.
2) Cng Khanh. i s tuyn tnh. NXB i hc quc gia.
3) Trn Lu Cng. i s tuyn tnh.NXB i hc quc gia.
Ghi ch:
Ti liu ny ch tm tc li bi ging ca Thy ng Vn Vinh. hiu bi tt, cc em cn i hc trn lp
l thuyt v bi tp.
Sinh vin to ti khong trn website www.tanbachkhoa.edu.vn/dangvanvinh , lm thm bi tp trc nghim
trn .
V ni dung mi c son li nn khng th trnh sai st. Mi gp , sinh vin c th lin h trn din
n website hoc qua mail: nguyenhuuhiep47@gmail.com.
Mc lc
0.1
0.2
1 Ma
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Dng i s ca s phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dng lng gic ca s phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
trn
Cc khi nim c bn . .
Cc php bin i s cp
Cc php ton ma trn .
Hng ca ma trn . . . .
Ma trn nghch o . . .
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4
6
11
11
13
14
15
16
2 nh thc
18
2.1 nh ngha nh thc v v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Tnh cht nh thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Tm ma trn nghch o bng phng php nh thc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 H phng trnh
23
3.1 H Cramer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 H thun nht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 Khng gian vc t
4.1 nh ngha v v d . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 c lp tuyn tnh - ph thuc tuyn tnh
4.3 Hng ca h vc t . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 C s v s chiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Ta vc t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Ma trn chuyn c s . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Khng gian con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 Tng giao hai khng gian con . . . . . . .
5 Khng gian Euclide
5.1 Tch v hng ca 2 vc t . . . .
5.2 B vung gc ca khng gian con .
5.3 Qu trnh Gram-Schmidt . . . . .
5.4 Hnh chiu vung gc . . . . . . .
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28
28
29
31
33
36
37
38
41
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44
44
47
49
50
6 nh x tuyn tnh
52
6.1 nh ngha v v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.2 Nhn v nh ca nh x tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.3 Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7 Tr
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
ring - vc t ring
Tr ring - vc t ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cho ha ma trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cho ha ma trn i xng thc bi ma trn trc giao
Tr ring - vc t ring ca nh x tuyn tnh . . . . .
Cho ha nh x tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
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60
60
63
65
67
69
HBK TPHCM
8 Dng ton phng

72
8.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8.2 a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.3 Phn loi dng ton phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 3
S phc
Ni dung
0.1
1) Dng i s ca s phc.
4) Nng s phc ln ly tha.
2) Dng lng gic s phc.
5) Khai cn s phc.
3) Dng m s phc.
6) nh l c bn i s.
Dng i s ca s phc
nh ngha 0.1 .
i) S i, c gi l n v o, l mt s sao cho i2 = 1.
ii) Cho a, b l 2 s thc, i l n v o. Khi z = a + bi c gi l s phc.
S thc a := Re(z) gi l phn thc ca s phc z.
S thc b := Im(z) gi l phn o ca s phc z.
iii) Tp tt c cc s phc dng z = 0 + ib, b R \ {0} gi l s thun o.
V d 0.1
i, 2i, 3i l nhng s thun o.
Tp hp s thc l tp hp con ca tp hp s phc, v: a R : a = a + 0.i l mt s phc.
nh ngha 0.2 2 s phc bng nhau khi v ch khi phn thc v phn o tng ng bng nhau
(
a1 = b1 ,
a1 + ib1 = a2 + ib2
a2 = b2 .
V d 0.2 cho z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = m + 3i. Tm m z1 = z2 .
(
2 = m,
z1 = z2
3 = 3.
Php cng tr 2 s phc
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
(a + bi) (c + di) = (a c) + (b d)i
V d 0.3 Tm phn thc v o ca z = (3 + 5i) + (2 3i).
z = (3 + 5i) + (2 3i) = (3 + 2) + (5 3)i = 5 + 2i. = Re(z) = 5, Im(z) = 2.
4
0.1. DNG I S CA S PHC
HBK TPHCM
Php nhn 2 s phc

(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i
V d 0.4 Tm dng i s ca z = (2 + 5i)(3 + 2i).
z = (2 + 5i)(3 + 2i) = 2.3 + 2.2i + 5i.3 + 5i.2i = 6 + 4i + 15i + 10i2 = 6 + 10(1) + 19i = 4 + 19i.
Ghi ch
Khi cng(tr) 2 s phc, ta cng(tr) phn thc v phn o tng ng.
Khi nhn 2 s phc, ta thc hin ging nh nhn 2 biu thc i s vi
ch i2 = 1.
S phc lin hp
S phc z = a bi gi l lin hp ca s phc z = a + bi.
V d 0.5 Tm s phc lin hp ca z = (2 + 3i)(4 2i).
Ta c z = (2 + 3i)(4 2i) = 2.4 2.2i + 3i.4 3i.2i = 8 4i + 12i + 6 = 14 + 8i = z = 14 8i.
Tnh cht cho 2 s phc z, w
1) z + z R.
5) z.w = z.w.
2) z.
zR.
6) z = z.
3) z = z z R.
4) z + w = z + w.
7) z n = z n , n N .
Chia 2 s phc
a1 a2 + b1 b2
z1
a1 + ib1
(a1 + ib1 )(a2 ib2 )
b1 a2 a2 b1
=
=
+i
.
=
2
2
z2
a2 + ib2
(a2 + ib2 )(a2 ib2 )
a2 + b2
a22 + b22
Ta nhn lin c t v mu cho lin hp mu.
V d 0.6 Thc hin php ton z =
3 + 2i
5i
Nhn c t v mu cho 5 + i, ta c
15 + 3i + 10i 2
13 + 13i
1 1
(3 + 2i)(5 + i)
=
=
= + i.
z=
(5 i)(5 + i)
25 + 1
26
2 2
Ch : so snh vi s phc
Trong trng s phc C khng c khi nim so snh. Biu thc
z1 < z2 hay z1 z2 u khng c ngha trong trng s phc.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 5
0.2. DNG LNG GIC CA S PHC
0.2
HBK TPHCM
Dng lng gic ca s phc
M un s phc z = a + bi l mt s thc khng m c nh

ngha
p
mod(z) = |z| = a2 + b2
Argument ca s phc z l gc v c k hiu l
arg(z) =
Gc c gii hn trong khong (0, 2) hoc (, ).
V d 0.7 Tm m un ca s phc z = 3 4i.
p
a = 3, b = 4 = |z| = 32 + (4)2 = 5.
Ch
Nu xem s phc z = a + bi l mt im (a, b) trong mt
phng phc th
p
p
|z| = a2 + b2 = (a 0)2 + (b 0)2
l khong cch t gc ta O(0, 0) n z.
Cho z = a + bi, w = c + di th
|z w| = |(a c) + (b d)i| =
(a c)2 + (b d)2
l khong cch gia 2 im z v w.
V d 0.8
Tp hp cc s phc z tha |z (2 3i)| = 5 l ng trn tm (2, 3) bn knh bng 5.
Cng thc tm argument
a
a
,
cos = = 2
r
a + b2
b
b
sin = =
r
a2 + b2
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 6
hoc
tan =
b
.
a
V d 0.9 Tm argument s phc z =
HBK TPHCM
3 + i.
a
3
3
=
,
cos = = q
2
r
2
2
3 +1
a = 3, b = 1. Ta tm gc tha
1
b
1
= .
cos = = q
r
2
2
3 + 12
= =
.
3
Dng lng gic s

phc

a
b
2
2
i
z = a + bi = a + b
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
= z = r(cos + i sin ) gi l dng lng gic.
V d 0.10 Tm dng lng gic s phc z = 1 + i 3.
a = 1, b =
3. M un:r = |z| =
Dng lng gic z = 2(cos
1 + 3 = 2.
2
2
+ i sin ).
3
3
a
1
cos = =
,
r 2
Argument
sin = b = 3
r
2
= =
2
.
3
S bng nhau ca 2 s phc dng lng gic

(
r1 = r2 ,
z1 = z2
1 = 2 + k2.
Php nhn dng lng gic

z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )).
M un nhn vi nhau, argument cng li.
V d 0.11 Tm dng lng gic s phc z = (1 + i)(1 i 3).
z = (1 + i)(1 i 3) = 2(cos + i sin ).2(cos

+ i sin
) = 2 2(cos
+ i sin
).
4
4
3
3
12
12
Php chia dng lng gic
z1
r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )
r1
=
=
(cos(1 2 ) + i sin(1 2 )) , r2 6= 0.
z2
r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
r2
M un chia cho nhau, argument tr ra.
2 i 12
V d 0.12 Tm dng lng gic s phc z =
.
3+i

4(cos
2 i 12
5
7
5
7
3 + i sin 3 )
z=
=
= 2 cos(
) + i sin(
) = 2 cos
+ i sin
.
5
3
6
3
6
6
6
2(cos 5
3+i
6 + i sin 6 )
nh l Euler(1707-1783)
ei = cos + i sin .
Dng m ca s phc z = r.ei .
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 7
HBK TPHCM
V d 0.13 Tm dng m ca s phc z = 3 + i.

5
5
5
.
Dng M z = 2ei 6 .
Dng lng gic z = 2 cos
+ i sin
6
6
V d 0.14 Biu din s phc sau trn mt phng phc z = ea+3i , a R.
Ta c z = ea (cos 3 + i sin 3).
= 3 khng i nn tp hp l na ng thng nm trong gc phn t th 2.
Php nng ly tha.
z = a + bi,
z 2 = (a + bi)2 = a2 + (bi)2 + 2abi = (a2 b2 ) + 2abi,
z 3 = (a + bi)3 = a3 + 3a2 bi + 3a(bi)2 + (bi)3 = (a3 3ab2 ) + (3a2 b b3 )i
z n = Cn0 an + Cn1 an1 bi + Cn2 an2 (bi)2 + + Cnn (bi)n := A + Bi.
V d 0.15 Cho s phc z = 2 + i. Tnh z 5 .
z 5 = (2 + i)5 = C50 25 + C51 24 i + C52 23 i2 + C53 22 i3 + C54 2.i4 + C55 i5
= 32 + 5.16.i + 10.8(1) + 10.4.(i) + 5.2.1 + i
= 38 + 41i.
Ly tha bc n ca i.
Ta phn tch n = 4p + r : r l phn d trong php chia n cho 4.
in = ir
V d 0.16 Tnh z = i2013 .

Ta c 2013 = 503.4 + 1 = z = i2013 = i1 = i.
V d 0.17 Cho s phc z = 1 + i. Tm z 3 v z 100 .
a) z 3 = (1 + i)3 = 1 + 3i + 3i2 + i3 = 1 + 3i 3 i = 2 + 2i.
b) Ta dng nh thc newton nh trn s rt di.
Cng thc De Moivre
Dng lng gic z = r(cos +i sin )
Dng lng m z = rei
z n = rn (cos n + i sin n)
z n = rn ein
M un m n ln, argument tng n ln.

V d 0.18 S dng cng thc De Moivre, tnh
b) (1 + i 3)200 .
a) (1 + i)25 .
a) z = 1 + i =
2(cos
( 3 i)17
c)
.
( 12 + 2i)20
25
25
25
+ i sin ) = z 25 = 2 (cos
+ i sin
) = 12 2(cos + i sin ).
4
4
4
4
4
4
b) Tng t.
c) Tng t.
cn bc n ca s phc
Cn bc n ca s phc z l s phc w tha wn = z, n N .
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 8
HBK TPHCM
Cng thc cn bc n.
Cho dng lng gic z = r(cos + i sin ). Cng thc

+ k2
+ k2
n
; k = 0, 1, . . . , (n 1)
z = r cos
+ i sin
n
n
Cn bc n ca z(z 6= 0) c ng n gi tr phn bit.

V d 0.19 Tm cn bc n ca cc s phc sau:
a)
b)
8.
c)
r
d)
3 + i.
16i
.
1+i
e)
1+i
.
3i
f)
5 + 12i.
1 + 2i.
Bi lm

0 + k2
0 + k2
3
a) 8 = 8(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 8 = 2 cos
; k = 0, 1, 2.
+ i sin
3
3
r

4
6 + k2
6 + k2
4
b)
3 + i = 2 cos + i sin
= 2 cos
+ i sin
; k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
6
6
4
4
c) Tng t
d) Tng t
e) Argument ca 5 + 12i khng phi cung c bit. Ta s dng dng i s tnh 5 + 12i nh sau
(
(
2 b2 = 5,
a
a = 3,
5 + 12i = a+bi 5+12i = (a+bi)2 5+12i = a2 b2 +2abi
2ab = 12
b = 2.
Vy:
5 + 12i = (3 + 2i)
nh l c bn i s
Mi a thc bc n c ng n nghim k c bi.
H qu: Cho P (z) l a thc h s thc.
p(a + bi) = 0 = p(a bi) = 0.
V d 0.20 Tm tt c cc nghim ca a thc P (z) = z 4 4z 3 + 14z 2 36z + 45, bit 1 nghim l 2 + i.

Theo h qu: P (2 + i) = 0 = P (2 i) = 0.
Do P (z) chia ht cho (z (2 + i))(z (2 i)) = z 2 4z + 5 v c thng l z 2 + 9.
Ta vit P (z) = (z 2 4z + 5)(z 2 + 9) c 4 nghim l 2 + i, 2 i, 3i, 3i.
V d 0.21 Gii phng trnh z 9 + i = 0.
r
+ k2
9
z = i = 9 cos
+ i sin
= cos 2
+ i sin
2
2
9
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 9
+ k2
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 8.
9
HBK TPHCM
V d 0.22 Gii phng trnh

a) z 5 + 1 i.
b) z 2 + z + 1 = 0.
c) z 4 + z 2 + 2 = 0.
d) z 2 + 2z + 1 i = 0.
Bi lm
1 + i = ... tng t nh trn
b) = b2 4ac = 12
(i 3)2 = = i
4.1.1 = 3 =
3.
b + 1
1 + i 3
b + 2
1 i 3
Nghim z1 =
=
,
z2 =
=
.
2a
2
2a
2
a) z =
c) t w = t2
d) Lp v tnh
ri tnh nghim theo cng thc.
Bi tp
Cu 1) Rt gn biu thc
(2 + 2i)9
(c)
(i 3 1)7
(2 3i)5
(b) 5
i (1 + i)
(a) (2 i)5
(i 12 2)14
(d)
(1 i)19
Cu 2) Tnh
(a)
(b)
64
(c)
5 + 12i
16i
(i 3)2
Cu 3) Gii phng trnh:

(a) z 2 2z + 5 = 0
Cu 4) Tnh
10 z
(b) z 2 + z + 1 i = 0
(c) z 4 + z 2 + 4 28i = 0
2 + 6i
bit ( 3 + 2i)z +
= 3iz + (3 + i)(2 i)
1+i
Cu 5) Gii phng trnh z 4 4z 3 + 17z 2 16z + 52 = 0 bit phng trnh c mt nghim z1 = 2 + 3i

Cu 6) a v dng lng gic
(a) z = sin + 2i sin2
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
(b) w = cos + i(1 + sin )
Trang 10
Chng 1
Ma trn
Ni dung
nh ngha v v d.
Cc php bin i s cp.
Cc php ton i vi ma trn.
Hng ca ma trn.
Ma trn nghch o.
1.1
Cc khi nim c bn
nh ngha 1.1 (Ma trn) .

Ma trn c m n l mt bng s (thc hoc phc) hnh ch nht c m hng v n ct.
a11 . . . a1j . . . a1n

... ... ... ... ...
a
.
.
.
a
.
.
.
a
A=
i1
ij
in
... ... ... ... ...

am1 . . . amj . . . amn
V d 1.1

A=
3 4 1
2 0 5

1+i 2
,B =
3 i 4i
23
A l ma trn c 2 3 c 2 hng v 3 ct. Cc phn t ca ma trn A:

a11 = 3, a12 = 4, a13 = 1, a21 = 2, a22 = 0, a32 = 5.
B l ma trn c 2 2 c cc phn t trong phc.
Ghi ch
Ma trn A c m n thng c k hiu bi A = (aij )mn .
Tp tt c cc ma trn c mn trn trng s K c k hiu Mmn (K).
Ma trn khng.
Ma trn khng c tt c cc phn t bng 0, k hiu l 0

0 0 0
023 =
.
0 0 0
C v s ma trn 0 ty theo c.
11
1.1. CC KHI NIM C BN
HBK TPHCM
Phn t c s ca mt hng l phn t khc 0 u tin

ca hng k t bn tri sang.
Hng ton s 0 th khng c phn t c s.
Ma trn bc thang
1. Hng ton s 0 (nu c) th nm di.
2. Phn t c s hng di nm bn phi phn t c s hng trn.
V d 1.2

2
0
A=
0
0

2
0
C=
0
0
1 0
1
0
-1
0
0
0
1 0 0
0 3 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
0
khng phi bc thang.
2
0
0 l ma trn bc thang.
-3
0
-2 1 0 1

B = 0 0 0 2 khng phi bc thang.
0 0 0 -3
1
1 2 0
D = 0 0 -1 0 l ma trn bc thang.
0 0 0 -4
Ma trn chuyn v
Chuyn v ca A = (aij )mn l ma trn AT = (aji )nm thu
c t A bng cch chuyn hng thnh ct.

1 2
1 2 3
AT = 2 0
V d 1.3 A =
2 0 3
3 3
Ma trn vung c s hng bng s ct.
Tp tt c cc ma trn vung trn trng s K c k hiu l Mn [K].
ng cho chnh ca ma trn vung A i qua cc phn t
a11 , a22 , . . . , ann
V d 1.4
1
2
Ma trn vung cp 4
0
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
-3
2
4
0
2
0
c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh l 1, 1, 3, 0.
Ma trn tam gic

i) Ma trn vung A = (aij )n gi l tam gic trn nu aij = 0, i > j
Cc phn t pha di ng cho chnh bng 0.
ii) Ma trn vung A = (aij )n gi l tam gic di nu aij = 0, i < j
Cc phn t pha trn ng cho chnh bng 0.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 12
1.2. CC PHP BIN I S CP
HBK TPHCM
Ma trn cho c cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh bng 0.

Hay n va tam gic trn, va tam gic di.
Ma trn vung, khng cng l ma trn cho.
Ma trn n v l ma trn cho vi cc phn t trn ng cho bng 1.
Ma trn i xng tha AT = A
Ma trn phn i xng tha AT = A
V d 1.5
1
Ma trn tam gic trn A = 0
0
1 0 0
Ma trn cho D = 0 0 0 .
0 0 3
0 1
1 2
Ma trn i xng A =
2 -3
1.2
2 3
1
2 0 . Ma trn tam gic di A = 3
0 2
3
1 0 0
Ma trn n v cp 3 l I = 0 1 0.
0 0 1
2
0
-3
1
.
Ma
trn
phn
i
xng
A
=
2
4
0 0
0 0 .
2 2
1 2
0 3 .
3
0
Cc php bin i s cp
Cc php bin i s cp theo hng
1) Nhn mt hng vi 1 s khc 0: hi hi ; 6= 0.
2) Cng vo mt hng mt hng khc c nhn vi 1 s ty :
hi hi + hj , .
3) i ch 2 hng: hi hj .
Tng t ta c 3 php bin i theo ct.

Cc php bin i s cp l cc php bin i c bn nht i vi ma trn.
nh l Mi ma trn u c th a v dng bc
bng cc php bin i s cp.
Khi dng php bin i s cp vi ma trn, ta thu c nhiu ma trn bc thang khc nhau.
1
2
V d 1.6 Dng php bin i s cp a ma trn sau v dng bc thang A =
3
1

1 1 2 1
1
h2 h2 2h1
0
h3 h2 3h1
3 1 4 5

2 3 7 4 h4 h4 +h1 0
1 2 3 1
0
1 1 1 2 1
h h4 +h3 0
1 1 0 3 = r(A) = 3.
4

0
0 1 1 4
0
0
0 0 0

1
2
A=
3
1
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
1 1 2
0
1 1
1 0
1
2
1 1
Trang 13
1
1
3 h3 h3 +h2 0
1 h4 h4 2h2 0
2
0
1 1 2
3 1 4
2 3 7
1 2 3
1 1
1 1
0 1
1
5
4
1
2
1
0
3
1
4
1 1 4
1.3. CC PHP TON MA TRN
1.3
HBK TPHCM
Cc php ton ma trn

Hai ma trn bng nhau nu chng cng c v cc phn
t tng ng bng nhau: aij = bij , i, j.
Cho 2 ma trn A, B cng c v s .
Tng A + B: cng cc phn t tng ng.
Nhn .A: nhn vo tt c cc phn t ca A.

1 2 1
3 2 1
4 0 0
V d 1.7 a)
+
=
.
2 1 0
1 0 3
3 1 3

1 2 1
2 4 2
b) 2.
=
.
2 1 0
4 2 0

1 2 1
3 2 1
7 10 5
c) 2.
3.
=
.
2 1 0
1 0 3
1 2 9
Tnh cht
i. A + B = B + A.
iv. (A + B) = A + B.
ii. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
v. (A) = ()A.
iii. A + 0 = A.
vi. ( + )A = A + A.
Php nhn hai ma trn Cho A = (aij )mp , B = (bij )pm .

Tch A.B = C = (cij )mn : cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + + aip bpj .
...
.................
...
AB = ai1 ai2 . . . aip .
. .
.................
...
b1j . . .
. . . . .
b2j . . .
= . . . cij . . .
. . .
. . . . .
bpj . . .
iu kin php nhn AB: s ct ca A bng s hng ca B.

cij l tch v hng hng i ca A v ct j ca B.

1 2 2
2 1 4
V d 1.8 Cho A =
; B = 3 0 1. Tnh AB.
4 1 0
2 4 3

1
c11 = 2 1 4 3 = 2.1 + (1).3 + 4.2 = 7: tch v hng hng 1 ca A v ct 1 ca B.
2

7 12 15
Tng t, ta tnh c AB =
.
7 8 9
Tnh cht
i. A(BC) = (AB)C.
iv. Im A = AIm = A.
ii. A(B + C) = AB + AC.

iii. (B + C)A = BA + CA.
Ch : Nhn chung AB 6= BA;
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
v. (AB) = (A)B = A(B).
AB = AC =
6 B = C,
Trang 14
AB = 0 =
6 A = 0 B = 0.
1.4. HNG CA MA TRN
HBK TPHCM
Nng ly tha:
Quy c: A0 = I
An = A.A...A.A(n n ma trn A).

2 1
V d 1.9 Cho A =
v f (x) = 2x2 4x + 3. Tnh f (A).
3 4
Ta c
f (A) = 2A2 4A + 3I.

2

2 1
2 1
1 0
1 6
8 4
3 0
3 8
f (A) = 2
4
+3
=2
+
=
3 4
3 4
0 1
18 13
12 16
0 3
24 13
V d 1.10

1
a) A =
0
Tnh A200 , vi

3
.
1
b) A =

2 3
.
0 2

c) A =

1 1
.
1 1
Bi gii

1
a)
=
0

1
b) A = 2
0

1
2
c) A =
1
A2

3
1 3
1 6
1 3
1 6
1 9
1 200.3
3
200
.
=
, A =
.
=
= A =
.
1
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
0
1

3
1 200. 32
0 300
200
200
200
2
.
= A = 2
=2
0 1
1
0
1

199 199

2
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
1
200
199
.
= 2A = A = 2 .A =
=2
=
.
2199 2199
1 1
2 2
1 1
1
Tm
li

n

1 na
1 a
,
=
0 1
0 1
1.4

n

1 1
1 1
.
= 2n1
1 1
1 1
Hng ca ma trn
Hng ma trn A l s hng khc 0 ca ma trn bc thang
ca A, k hiu l: r(A).
1 2 1 1
V d 1.11 Tm hng ca ma trn A = 2 4 2 2.
3 6 3 4
1 2 1 1
1 2 1 1
1 2 1 1
h2 2h1
h2 h3
A = 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = r(A) = 2.
h3 3h1
3 6 3 4
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
Tnh cht
i) r(A) = 0 = A = 0.
ii) A = (aij )mn = r(A) min{m, n}.
bin i s cp
iii) Nu A B = r(A) = r(B).
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 15
1.5. MA TRN NGHCH O
1.5
HBK TPHCM
Ma trn nghch o
Ma trn nghch o
Ma trn vung A gi l kh nghch nu tn ti ma trn B sao cho
AB = I = BA.
Khi , B gi l nghch o ca A, k hiu l A1 .
V d 1.12

1 2
3 2
1 2
3 2
1 0
3 2
1 2
l
. V
=
=
.
2 3
2 1
2 3
2 1
0 1
2 1
2 3

2 1
a b
b) Cho A =
. Ta tm ma trn nghch o ca A c dng B =
.
5 3
c d

2 1
a b
1 0
2a + c 2b + d
1 0
Ta c AB = I
=
=
5 3 c d
0 1
5a + c 5b + d
0 1
2a + c = 1
a = 3

2b + d = 0
b = 1
3 1
= A1 = B =
.
5 2
5a
+
c
=
0
c
=
5
5b + d = 1
d = 2

1 2
.
c) Hy th tm ma trn nghch o ca A =
2 4
a) Nghch o ca A =
Ch : Khng phi mt vung no cng c nghch o. C rt nhiu mt vung khng c nghch o.

S tn ti ma trn kh nghch
Cho ma trn vung A. Cc mnh sau tng ng
i) A kh nghch (tn ti A1 ).
ii) r(A) = n: ma trn khng suy bin
iii) AX = 0 X = 0.
Bsc theo hng
iv) A I.
Ma trn s cp: Ma trn thu c t I bng ng 1 php

bin i s cp gi l ma trn s cp.
V d
1.13 .
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
h 3h3
h2 h2 +2h1
I = 0 1 0 3
E1 = 0 1 0 ,
I = 0 1 0
E2 = 2 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 3
0 0 1
0 0 1
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 0 0
1 2 3
h3 3h3
A = 4 5 6 4 5 6 = 0 1 0 4 5 6 = E1 .A.
21 24 27
0 0 3
7 8 9
7 8 9
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 0 0
1 2 3
h2 h2 +2h1
6 9 12 = 2 1 0 4 5 6 = E2 .A.
A = 4 5 6
7 8 9
7 8 9
0 0 1
7 8 9
Tng
t:
1 0 0
0 0 1
1 2 3
3 2 1
c1 c3
h3 h1
I = 0 1 0
E3 = 0 1 0 = A = 4 5 6
6 5 4 = A.E3 .
0 0 1
1 0 0
7 8 9
9 8 7
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 16
1.5. MA TRN NGHCH O
HBK TPHCM
Mi php bin i s cp tng ng vi php nhn ma trn s cp tng ng.

Bsc theo hng = nhn bn tri. Bsc theo ct = nhn bn phi.
Cch tm ma trn nghch o
Bsc theo hng
[A|I] [I|A1 ]
1 1 1
V d 1.14 Tm ma trn nghch o A = 1 2 2.
1 2 3
Bi gii
1
[A|I] = 1
1
1 0
h h3
0 1
2
0 0
1
2
2
0
0
1
1 1 1
1 1 0 0
h2 h1
2 0 1 0
0 1 1
h3 h1
3 0 0 1
0 1 2
2 1 0
2
1 2 1 = A1 = 1
0 1 1
0
1
1
1
1
2
1
0 0
1 0 0
2 1 0
h3 h2
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
h1 h2
0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
0
1 .
1
Tnh cht ma trn nghch o

Cho hai ma trn A, B kh nghch. Ta c
i) (A1 )1 = A
ii) (AB)1 = B 1 A1 iii) (AT )1 = (A1 )T .
Bi tp

1 2
1 2 1
, B = 0 2. Tnh 3A 2B T
Cho A =
1 1 2
1 1

1 2
2 1 0
1 2 1
, B = 0 2, C = 1 1 1 . Tnh 2AC (CB)T
Cho A =
1 1 2
1 1
0 2 1

1 2
Cho A =
v f (x) = x2 4x 1. Tnh f (A) v A2013 .
2 3

2 1
2
Cho A =
v B =
. Tm ma trn X tha AX = B.
3 1
3

1 1
p s X =
.
5 12

Bi 1.
Bi 2.
Bi 3.
Bi 4.
Bi 5. Tm hng ca ma trn
1 2 1
(a) A = 2 2 1.
1 8 2
1 2 1 2
2 3 1 1
(b) A =
3 4 3 2
2 3 1 3
1 1 2 1
2 1 3 4
(c) A =
3 1 4 7
5 3 8 9
1 1 1
(d) 2 3 1 .
3 5 m
1 1 1
Bi 6. Tm ma trn nghch o (nu c) ca A = 2 3 1 ,
3 4 1
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 17
1
2
3
5
m 1 1
(e) A = 1 m 1 .
1 1 m
1 m
(f) 2 1
1 10
1
p n 1
1
1 2
m 5 .
6 m
5 4
4 3.
1 1
Chng 2
nh thc
Ni dung
nh ngha nh thc v v d.
Tnh cht nh thc.
Dng nh thc tm ma trn nghch o.
2.1
nh ngha nh thc v v d
nh thc ma trn vung A = (aij )n l mt s, c k
hiu bi
det(A) = |aij |n = |A|.
B i s ca phn t aij l

i+j nh thc thu c t A
Aij = (1)
b i hng i, ct j n1
nh ngha nh thc bng qui np.

i) k = 1 : A = [a11 ] = |A| = a11 .

a11 a12
ii) k = 2 : A =
= |A| = a11 A11 + a12 A12 = a11 a22 a12 a21 .
a21 a22
..
.

a11 a12 . . . a1n
iii) k = n : A =
= |A| = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + + a1n A1n .
. . . . . . . . . n
1 2 3
V d 2.1 Tnh nh thc ca 2 3 0 .
3 2 4
Bi gii
det(A) = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 = 1A11 + 2A12 3A13 .
18
2.2. TNH CHT NH THC

0

A11 =
2 4 = 12 (t A,

3
1+1

Tng t: det(A) = 1(1)
3
3
(1)1+1
2.2
HBK TPHCM
b hng 1 v ct 1).

2 3
2 0
0
1+3
1+2

+ 2(1)
3 2 = 12 16 + 15 = 11.
3 4 3(1)
4
Tnh cht nh thc

C th tnh nh thc bng cch khai trin theo mt
hng hoc 1 ct bt k

. . . . . . . . .

|A| = ak1 ak2 . . . akn = ak1 Ak1 +ak2 Ak2 + +akn Akn .
. . . . . . . . .
V d 2.2 Tnh nh thc

1 2 1

a) 2 1 3 .
0 0 3

2 3 3

3
0
1
b)
2
0
3

4
0 1

2
4
2
5

1 2 1

1 2
3+3

a) Khai trin theo hng 3: 2 1 3 = 3(1)
2 1 = 3(3) = 9.
0 0 3
b) Khai trin theo ct
2 3 3

3
0
1
I =
3
2 0
4
0 1

3
1+1

= 3 3(1)
1
2

2
3

4
1+2
2
= 3(1)

2
4

5

2
2
1+2

+
1(1)
4
5

1 4
khai trin theo hng 1
3 2
1 5

2 3
2
1+3

+ 4(1)
4 1 = 3(51 + 18 40) = 87.
5
nh thc ca ma trn tam gic bng tch cc phn t nm

trn ng cho chnh.
V

1

0

0

0
d 2.3 .
2 2
4 2
0 3
0
0

3
0
= 1.4.(3).5 = 60.
2
5
Dng bin i s cp tnh nh thc
hi hj
1. Nu A B th |B| = |A|.
hi +hj
2. Nu A
B th |B| = |A|.
hi hj
3. Nu A B th |B| = |A|.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 19
2.2. TNH CHT NH THC
HBK TPHCM
Nguyn tc tnh nh thc s dng bin i s cp

1. Chn 1 hng (hoc 1 ct ty ).
2. Chn 1 phn t khc 0 ca hng (ct) . Dng bin
i s cp, kh tt c cc phn t khc.
3. Khai trin theo hng (hay ct) chn.
V d 2.4 .

1 2 1 h2 2h1 1 1 2 1
1 1

3 5 0 h3 3h1 0 1 1 2 khai trin
1+1
1 0
======
====== 1.(1)

2 6 2 h4 +2h1 0 1 0 1 theo ct 1
3 7

0 3 7 1
1 3 1

1 1

2

1
1
h3 3h1
1+2

1 = 1.(1)
====== 1 0
4 15 = 1(15 + 4) = 19.
4 0 15

3 2 1 1
3 2 1 1

2 3 2
2
2 3 2 0 h3 +2h1 2 3 2 0 khai trin

======
====== 1 3 5
2 = 5
b)

2 0 theo ct 4
3 1 4 2 h4 h1 3 5
1 1 4
5
4 1 3
1 1 4 0
1

1

2
a) I =
3
2

2
1
1

3 2
5 8
= 30.
8 0 = 2
5 5

5 0
Tnh cht nh thc: Cho A Mn .

i) det(AT ) = det(A).
iii) det(AB) = det(A). det(B).
ii) |A| = n |A|.
iv) |Am | = |A|m .
v) A c 1 hng (hoc ct) bng 0 th |A| = 0.

vi) A c 2 hng (hoc ct) t l th |A| = 0.
Ch : nhn chung det(A + B) 6= det(A) + det(B).
V d 2.5 Cho A, B M3 tha |A| = 2, |B| = 3.
Ta c |2A3 | = 23 .|A|3 = 8.23 = 64.
|3AB T | = 33 |A||B| = 27.2.3 = 162.
iu kin kh nghch
A kh nghch khi v ch khi |A| =
6 0.
1 2 1
2 1 3
V d 2.6 Tm m A.B kh nghch. Bit A = 0 1 2 , B = 0 1 1.
0 1 3
m 2 1
Bi lm
AB kh nghch khi v ch khi det(AB) 6= 0
1
det(A). det(B) 6= 0 1.(4m 1) 6= 0 m 6= .
4
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 20
2.3. TM MA TRN NGHCH O BNG PHNG PHP NH THC.
2.3
HBK TPHCM
Tm ma trn nghch o bng phng php nh thc.
nh ngha 2.1 (Ma trn ph hp) .

Ma trn ph hp ca ma trn vung A Mn c nh ngha l
A11 A12
A21 A22
PA =
. . . . .
An1 An2
Cng thc tnh ma trn nghch o A1 =
...
...
. .
...
T
A1n
A2n
.
. . .
Ann
1
.PA
|A|
1 1 1
V d 2.7 Tm ma trn nghch o A = 2 3 1.
3 4 0
Bi lm
det(A) = 2 6=0 =A kh nghch.

3 1
2 1
2 3
1+2
1+3
1+1
A11 = (1)
= 4, A12 = (1)
= 3, A13 = (1)
=
= 1.
4 0
3 0
3 4
Tng t: A21 = 4, A22 = 3, A23 = 1, A
1, A33 = 1.
31 = 2, A32 =
4 4 2
1
1
3 3 1 (nh ly chuyn v).
Ma trn nghch o A1 =
PA =
|A|
2
1 1 1
Tnh cht
i) |A1 | =
1
|A|
ii) PA = |A|n1 .
n, nu r(A) = n
iii) r(PA ) = 1, nu r(A) = n 1 .
0, nu r(A) < n 1
V d 2.8 Cho A M3 bit |A| = 2. Tnh det(2PA2 ).

Bi lm
Ta c: det(2PA2 ) = 23 .|PA |2 = 8.(|A|31 )2 = 8.(2)4 = 128.
1 2 1
V d 2.9 Cho A = 2 3 1. Tm m r(PA ) = 1.
1 1 m
Bi lm
1 2 1
1 2
1
bdsc
3 .
A = 2 3 1 0 1
1 1 m
0 0 m+2
r(PA ) = 1 r(A) = 3 1 = 2 m = 2
Bi tp
1. Tnh nh

2

3
(a)
4
3
thc

1 1 3
2 1 2
.
1 0
1
3 2
2
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
S: 59.

4
1 1 0

3 2 4 1
.
(b)

2
1
3
1

5
1 2 3
Trang 21
S: -161.
2.3. TM MA TRN NGHCH O BNG PHNG PHP NH THC.

1
0
1 + i

1
i .
(c) 0
1 i 2 + i
1

1

2

(d) 2
2

2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2

2
2
2.
2
1
S: 2i.

3

2

(h) 2
.

2

2

x
(i)
0
0
2
3
2
.
2
2
2
3
.
2
...
...
...
. .
...

2
2
2.
.
3
HBK TPHCM
S: 2n + 1.

x 2 3
S: 9.
2 3 4
.
S: 9(x2 + 4).
0 7 6
0 5 3

7 5 0 . . . 0
1 x x2 x3

2 7 5 . . . 0
1 a a2 a3

(e)
(j) Dn = 0 2 7 . . . 0.
2
3 .
1
b
b
b

. . . . . .
1 c c2 c3

0 0 0 . . . 7
S: (c x)(b x)(a x)(c a)(c b)(b a)
HD: kt theo h1 , suy ra Dn = 7Dn1 10Dn2 .

4 4 0 . . . 0

1
1
1
.
.
.
1

1 4 4 . . . 0

1 1 x
1
.
.
.
1

(k) Dn = 0 1 4 . . . 0.
1
2 x ...
1
(f) 1
.
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .

0 0 0 . . . 4

1
1
1
. . . n x n+1
S:x(1 x)(2 x) . . . (n 1 x).

2 2 0 . . . 0

1 2 2 . . . 0
1

2
3
.
.
.
n

1 0
(l) Dn = 0 1 2 . . . 0.
3 . . . n

. . . . . .
(g) 1 2 0 . . . n.
S: n!.

0 0 0 . . . 2
. . . . . . . . .

1 2 3 . . . 0
2. Tm ma trn
(a) A = 2
3
1
2
(b) A =
5
1
nghch o
2 1
3 1
5 2
0 0 0
1 0 0
4 1 0
2 3 2
11
1
1
7
S: A =
2
1
2
S: A1 =
13
17
1 5
1 3.
1 1
0
0
1 0
4
1
5 23
0
0
.
0
1
2
3. Tm m ma trn kh nghch
1 1 2 1
1 2 1
1 1 1
2 1 5 3
(b) A = 2 3 m 2 3 2.
(a) A =
5 0 7 m . S: m 6= 9.
3 2 1
5 7 5
1 2 3 3
1 1 1
1 1
4. Cho A = 2 3 1. Tnh |A1 |, |(5A)1 |, |2PA |.
S: ,
, 32.
2 250
3 3 5
5. Cho A, B M3 [R] : |A| = 2, |B| = 3. Tnh |(4AB)1 |, |PAB |.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 22
S:
1
, 36.
384
S: @m.
Chng 3
H phng trnh
Ni dung
H phng trnh tng qut.
H Cramer.
H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht.
nh ngha 3.1 (h phng trnh

c dng
a11 x1
a21 x1
.
. .
am1 x1
tuyn tnh) H phng trnh tuyn tnh gm m phng trnh, n n

+ a12 x2 + . . . + a1n xn
+ a22 x2 + . . . + a2n xn
. . . . . . . . . . .
+ am2 x2 + . . . + amn xn
= b1
= b2
. . .
= bm
a11 , a12 , . . . , amn c gi l h s ca h phng trnh.

b1 , b2 , . . . , bm c gi l h s t do ca h phng trnh.
Ta khiu
a11 a12 . . . a1n

a21 a22 . . . a2n
A=
. . . . . . . . . . ,
am1 am2 . . . amn
H phng trnh c vit li

x1
b1
x2
X = , b = b2 ,
...
bm
xn
a11
a21
(A|b) =
. . .
am1
a12
a22
. . .
am2
. . . a1n b1
. . . a2n b2
.
. . ... ...
. . . amn bm mn
A.X = b hoc vit gn (A|b).

Ch thch
Mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c th:
1)v nghim
2)c nghim duy nht
3) v s nghim.
Hai h phng trnh gi l tng ng nu chng cng tp nghim.

gii h phng trnh, ta dng php bin i tng ng a v
h n gin.
23
HBK TPHCM
Php bin i tng ng

Mt php bin i c gi l tng ng nu n bin mt h
phng trnh bt k thnh mt h phng trnh tng ng.
Ta c 3 php bin i tng ng thng gp:
i) Nhn 2 v ca mt phng trnh vi 1 s khc 0.
ii) Cng vo mt phng trnh mt phng trnh khc c
nhn vi mt s ty .
iii) i ch hai phng trnh.
Ch :
y l 3 php bin i quen thuc ph thng m chng ta bit.
Nu ta k hiu h phng trnh dng ma trn m rng (A|b). Cc php bin i s cp i vi ma
trn tng ng vi cc php bin i tng ng i vi h phng trnh.
n c s ca h phng trnh dng bc thang
n c s l n tng ng vi ct cha phn t c s.
n t do l n tng ng vi ct khng c phn t c s.
1
1 1 1 2 1
bin i s cp
V d 3.1 2 2 3 5 6 0
3 3 4 1 1
0
x1 , x3 , x4 l phn t c s. x2 l phn t t do.
1
0
1
1
2
1
-6
1
4
Cc bc gii h phng trnh

Bc 1: a ma trn A = [A|b] v dng bc thang bng
bin i s cp theo hng.
Kim tra h c nghim hay khng.
Bc 2: Gii h phng trnh t di ln.
V d 3.2 Gii h phng trnh
x1 + x2 x3 + 2x4 = 1
2x1 + 3x2 3x3 + 3x4 = 3
3x1 + 2x2 5x3 + 7x4 = 5.

Bi lm
1
1
1 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 2 1
h2 2h1
h3 +h2
1
A = 2 3 3 3 3 0 1 1 1 1 0
h3 3h1
3 2 5 7 5
0 1 2 1 2
0
0
t x4 = . pt (3): x3 = 1. T pt (2): x2 = 1 + x3 + x4 = . T pt(1):x1
Vy nghim ca h l (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (3, , 1, ), R.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 24
1 2 1
1 1 1
0 3
-3
= 1 x2 + x3 2x4 = 3.
3.1. H CRAMER
HBK TPHCM
nh l Kronecker Capelli
Nu r(A|b) 6= r(A) th h AX = b v nghim.
Nu r(A|b) = r(A) th h AX = b c nghim.
i) Nu r(A|b) = r(A) =s n th h AX = b c nghim duy nht.
ii) Nu r(A|b) = r(A) <s n th h AX = b c v s nghim.
V d 3.3 Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m h sau v s nghim
x1 + x2 2x3 = 1
2x1 + 3x2 3x3 = 5
3x1 + mx2 7x3 = 8.

Bi lm
1
1
1
1
1
2 1
1 2
1
1 2
1
5 0
1
1 3 0 1
1
3 0 1
1
3
0 m 3 1 5
0 1 m 3 5
0 0 m2 8
8
v ch khi r(A) = r(A) < 3. V r(A|b) = 3 nn khng tn ti m h v s nghim.
V d 3.4 Tm tt c cc gi tr m h c nghim duy nht
x1 + 2x2 + x3 x4 = 5
2x1 + mx2 x3 = 1
mx1 + x2 3x4 = 6
1 1
[A|b] = 2 3
3 m
H v s nghim
2
3
7
khi
V h c 3 phng trnh nn r(A) 3 < 4 = s n nn h khng c nghim duy nht.

Ch : Nu h c s phng trnh t hn s n th khng th c nghim duy nht.
3.1
H Cramer
H Cramer
H AX = b gi l h Cramer nu A l ma trn vung v det(A) 6= 0.
H Cramer c nghim duy nht
xi =
|Ai |
, i 1, n
|A|
vi Ai l ma trn thu t A bng cch thay ct i bi ct t do b.

V d 3.5 Kim tra h sau l Cramer v gii h
x1 + 2x2 x3 = 12
2x1 + 3x2 3x3 = 4
3x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 = 8

Bi lm
1 2 1
12 2 1
1 12 1
1 2 12
A = 2 3 3 , A1 = 4 3 3 , A2 = 2 4 3 A3 = 2 3 4
3 2 5
8 2 5
3 8 5
3 2 8
|A| = 12 6= 0 nn h l Cramer.

|A1 | |A2 | |A3 |
,
,
= (19, 17, 3).
|A1 | = 228, |A2 | = 204, |A3 | = 36. Nghim ca h l
||A ||A ||A
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 25
3.2. H THUN NHT
3.2
HBK TPHCM
H thun nht
H thun nht
H AX = b gi l thun nht nu tt c cc h s t do
b1 = b2 = = bm = 0.
H thun nht lun c nghim tm thng.
x1 = x2 = = xn = 0
H thun nht c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi
r(A) = n =s n.
Cho A l ma trn vung. H thun nht AX = 0 c nghim
khng tm thng(nghim khc 0 ) khi v ch khi
|A| =
6 0.
V d 3.6 Gii h phng trnh
x1 + x2 x3 + 2x4 = 0
2x1 + 3x2 3x3 + 3x4 = 0
3x1 + 5x2 5x3 + 4x4 = 0.

Bi
lm
1 1 1 2 0
1 1 2 0
1 1 1 2 0
1
2 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
3 5 5 4 0
0 2 2 2 0
0
0
0
0 0
t cc n t do lm tham s x3 = , x4 = .
Pt(2): x2 = x3 + x4 = + .
Pt(1):x1 = x2 + x3 2x4 = 3.
Vy nghim ca h l (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (3, + , , ).
V d 3.7 Tm m h c nghim khng tm thng
mx1 + x2 + x3 + x4
x + mx + x + x
1
2
3
4
x
+
x
+
mx
+
x
1
2
3
4
x + x + x + mx
1
2
3
4
Bi lm
H c nghim khng tm thng khi v
1 1
m 1 1 1

1 m
1 m 1 1

= (m + 3)
|A| =

1 1
1 1 m 1
1 1
1 1 1 m
Vy m = 3 m = 1.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
ch
1
1
m
1
=0
=0
=0
= 0.
khir(A) < n

|A| = 0.

1
1
1
1
1

0 m 1
0
0
1
3
= (m + 3)
= (m + 3)(m 1) .

0
0
m
1
0
1

0
0
0
m 1
m
Trang 26
3.2. H THUN NHT
HBK TPHCM
V d 3.8 Tm m h c v s nghim
x1 + x2 + 2x3 x4 = 0
x1 + 3x2 + mx3 + 2x4 = 0
mx1 x2 + 3x3 2x4 = 0

Bi lm
V A l ma trn c 3 4 nn r(A) 3 < 4 =s n. Vy h lun c v s nghim.
Ch : H thun nht c s phng trnh t hn s n th v s nghim.
Bi tp
Bi 1) Gii h phng trnh
x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 0
(a) 2x1 + 4x2 + x3 + 3x4 = 0
3x1 + 6x2 + x3 + 4x4 = 0

S: (2 , , , )
1
1
5
2
6 .
(b) 1 4 1
1
3 3 9
S: (18, 5, 4)
1 5 2 6
(c) 0 4 7 2 . S:
0
0 0 5
17 1
(
, , 0)
2 2

1 1 1 0
(d)
.
0 1 2 5
S (5 , 5 + 2, ).
0 1 1 3
(e) 3 5 9 2 .
1 2 3 3
S: (43, 11, 8)
0 3 6 6 4 5
(f) 3 7 8 5 8 9
3 9 12 9 6 15
S:(24 + 2 3, 7 + 2 2, , , 4)
1 1 1 1 2
2 1 3 0 1
1
1
(g)
3 4 2 2 5 . S:( 3 2, 3 +
2 3 1 1 3
4
, , ).
3
Bi 2) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m h sau c nghim
1 1 1
m 1 1
1
1
. S m 6= 2.
4
(a) 2 3 1
(b) 1 m 1 m . S m 6= 2.
3 4 m m+1
1 1 m m2
Bi 3) Tm m h sau c
2
3 1
(a) 1 1 0
2 m 1
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
nghim duy nht
4
0
m 2 . S: @m.
4 m2
1
1
2
1
(b)
3
4
2 1
Trang 27
1 1
1
3 1
2
. m R.
2 0
6
0 m m1
Chng 4
Khng gian vc t
Ni dung
nh ngha v v d
c lp tuyn tnh - ph thuc tuyn tnh
Hng ca h vc t
C s v s chiu
Ta vc t
Khng gian con
Tng giao 2 khng gian con
4.1
nh ngha v v d
nh ngha 4.1 (Khng gian vc t) Cho V l tp hp khc rng v 2 php ton: cng 2 vc t v nhn
vc t vi mt s tha mn 8 tin sau
v) , K : ( + )x = x + x
i) x + y = y + x
vi) K : (x + y) = x + y
ii) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)
iii) 0 V : x + 0 = x
vii) ()x = (x)
iv) x V, (x) V : x + (x) = 0
viii) 1.x = x
Khi , ta ni V l mt khng gian vc t.

Ch :
y l khi nim c m rng t khi nim vc t ph thng.
Tp cc vc t trong mt phng (hoc khng gian) c gc O l mt khng gian vc t.
Tnh cht
i) Vc t khng l duy nht.
iii) 0.~x = ~0, x V
ii) Vc t i (x) ca x l duy nht.
iv) .~0 = ~0, K
V d 4.1
28
v) x = 1.x, inV
4.2. C LP TUYN TNH - PH THUC TUYN TNH
HBK TPHCM
1. Tp V1 = {(x1 ; x2 ; x3 )|xi R; i = 1, 2, 3} vi php ton cng 2 vc t v nhn vc t vi s thc thng

thng l mt khng gian vc t trn R. K hiu l R3 .
Tng t, ta c khng gian R2 , R3 , R4 , . . . , Rn , . . .
2. Tp V2 = {ax2 + bx + c|a, b, c R} vi php ton thng thng i vi a thc l mt khng gian vc
t. K hiu l P2 [x].
Tng t, ta c khng gian P3 [x], P4 [x], . . . , Pn [x], . . .

a b
3. Tp V3 =
|a, b, c, d R vi php ton thng thng i vi ma trn l mt khng gian vc
c d
t. K hiu l M2 [R].
Tng t, ta c cc khng gian Mmn [R], Mmn [R] cc ma trn c m n trong thc v phc.
4. Tp V4 = {(x1 , x2 , x3 )|xi R x1 + 2x2 3x3 = 0} vi php ton i vi vc t thng thng l mt
khng gian vc t.
Ch : C nhiu cch nh ngha php ton cho cc tp hp trn l mt khng gian vc t, min
l tha 8 tin ca khng gian trn.
4.2
c lp tuyn tnh - ph thuc tuyn tnh
nh ngha 4.2 Trong khng gian vc t V , cho tp hp con gm m vc t M = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xm }
Vc t x gi l t hp tuyn tnh ca M nu 1 , 2 , . . . , m K tha

x = 1 x1 + 2 x2 + + m xm
1 , 2 , . . . , m khng ng thi bng 0 tha
1 x1 + 2 x2 + + m xm = 0 = M ph thuc tuyn tnh.
M gi l c lp tuyn tnh nu n khng PTTT. Tc l
1 x1 + 2 x2 + + m xm = 0 1 = 2 = = m = 0.
Ni cch khc:
M PTTT nu c mt THTT khng tm thng bng khng.
M LTT nu n ch c duy nht mt THTT bng khng l t hp tm thng (k = 0, k).
V d 4.2 Trong R3 , cho h vc t M = {(1; 1; 1), (2; 1; 3), (1; 2; 0)}.
a) Vc t x = (2; 1; 3) c l t hp tuyn tnh ca M hay khng?
b) M LTT hay PTTT?
Bi lm
a) Xt x= (1; 1; 1) + (2; 1; 3) + (1; 2; 0) (2; 1; 3) = ( + 2 + ; + + 2; + 3)
1 2 1 2
+ 2 + = 2
+ + 2 = 1 , (A|b) = 1 1 2 1 = r(A) = 2 < r(A|b) = 3.
1 3 0 3
+ 3 = 3
H v nghim, tc l khng tn ti , . Vy x khng l THTT ca M .
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 29
4.2. C LP TUYN TNH - PH THUC TUYN TNH
HBK TPHCM
b) Xt t hp bng 0
(1; 1;
1) + (2; 1; 3) + (1; 2; 0)= 0 ( + 2 + ; + + 2; + 3) = 0
+ 2 + = 0
1 2 1
+ + 2 = 0 , A = 1 1 2 = |A| = 0
1 3 0
+ 3 = 0
H v s nghim nn tn ti nghim khng tm thng, do M PTTT.
Cho tp M = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xm } v vc t x
1 x1 + 2 x2 + + m xm = 0 AX = 0
H c nghim duy nht X = 0 = M LTT.
H c nghim khc khng = M PTTT.
1 x1 + 2 x2 + + m xm = x AX = b
H c nghim = x l THTT ca M .
H v nghim = x khng l THTT ca M .
V d 4.3 Trong khng gian vc t V , cho h M = {x, y, 2x + 3y, z}.

a) Vc t 2x + 3y c l THTT ca x, y, z hay khng?
b) M LTT hay PTTT?
Bi lm
a) Chn = 2, = 3, = 0 : 2x + 3y = 2.x + 3.y + 0.z = 2x + 3y l THTT ca x, y, z.
b) Chn 1 = 2, 2 = 3.3 = 1, 4 = 0 : 2.x + 3.y 1.(2x + 3y) + 0.z = 0 = M PTTT.
V d 4.4 Trong khng gian vc t V , cho {x, y, z} LTT.
Hy chng t M = {x + y + 2z, 2x + 3y + z, 3x + 4y + z} LTT.
Bi lm
Xt mt t hp bng khng ca M :
(x + y + 2z) + (2x + 3y + z) + (3x + 4y + z) = 0 ( + 2 + 3)x + ( + 3 + 4)y + (2 + + 1)z = 0.
+ 2 + 3 = 0
= 0
V x, y, z LTT nn + 3 + 4 = 0 = 0 . Vy M LTT.
2 + + 1 = 0
=0
V d 4.5 Trong khng gian V , cho {x, y} LTT. Cc tp hp sau LTT hay PTTT?
a) M1 = {2x, 3y}.
p n: a) LTT.
b) M2 = {x + y, 2x + 3y}.
b) LTT.
c) M3 = {x + y, x y, 2x + 3y}.
c) PTTT.
V d 4.6 Trong khng gian V , cho {x, y} LTT v z khng l THTT ca {x, y}. Chng t {x, y, z}
LTT.
Bi lm
Xt x + y + z = 0. Nu 6= 0 th z = x y, mu thun vi gi thit, suy ra = 0.
x,y LTT
Khi x + y = 0 = = 0. Vy {x, y, z} LTT.

T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 30
4.3. HNG CA H VC T
HBK TPHCM
Du hiu LTT-PTTT
Nu h M cha vc t khng th PTTT.
Trong h M , c mt vc t l THTT ca cc vc t cn li th M PTTT.
Thm mt s vc t vo h PTTT, ta thu c 1 h PTTT.
Bt i mt s vc t ca h LTT, ta thu c 1 h LTT.
B c bn
Cho h vc t gm m vc t M = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xm }.
Cho h vc t gm n vc t N = {y1 , y2 , . . . , yn }.
Nu mi vc t yk ca N l THTT ca M v n > m th N PTTT.
V d 4.7 Trong khng gian vc t V , tp N = {2x + y, x + y, 3x 2y} LTT hay PTTT?
Cc vc t ca N l THTT ca M = {x, y} v s vc t ca N ln hn s vc t ca M nn N PTTT.
V d 4.8 Trong KGVT V , cho M = {x, y, z}, N = {x + y + z, 2x + 3y z, 3x + 4y + z}. Chng minh rng
a) Nu M LTT th N LTT.
b) Nu N LTT th M LTT.
Bi lm
a) Xt t hp bng 0 ca N :
(x + y +
z) + (2x + 3y z) + (3x +
4y + z) = 0 ( + 2 + 3)x + ( + 3 + 4)y + ( + )z = 0
+ 2 + 3 = 0
= 0
M LTT
+ 3 + 4 = 0 = 0 . Vy N LTT.
+ =0
=0
b) Dng phn chng, gi s M PTTT. Khi c 1 vc t l THTT ca cc vc t cn li.
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s z l THTT ca x, y.
Ta c cc vc t ca N l THTT ca M v cng l THTT ca {x, y}.
S vc t ca N ln hn s vc t ca {x, y}. Theo b c bn, N PTTT, mu thun vi gi thit.
4.3
Hng ca h vc t
nh ngha 4.3 Cho h vc t M = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xm , . . . } V .

Ta ni hng ca M l k0 nu tn ti k0 vc t LTT ca
M v mi tp con hn k0 vc t ca M lun PTTT.
Hng ca h M l s ti i cc vct c lp tuyn tnh ca M.
V d 4.9 Trong KGVT V , cho M = {x, y} LTT. Tm hng ca cc h vc t sau:
a) M1 = {2x, 3y}
b) M2 = {x, y, 2x + 3y}
c) M3 = {x, y, 2x + 3y, 0}.
Bi lm
a) Kim tra {2x, 3y} LTT. Do r(M1 ) = 2.
b) 2x + 3y = 2.x + 3.y = M2 PTTT v {x, y} LTT = r(M2 ) = 2.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 31
4.3. HNG CA H VC T
HBK TPHCM
c) M3 cha vc t 0 nn PTTT. D thy 4 h con gm 3 vc t ca M3 u PTTT.

C 1 h 2 vc t LTT l {x, y}. Vy r(M3 ) = 2.
Tnh cht hng ca h vc t
i) Hng ca h vct M khng i nu ta nhn mt vct
ca M vi mt s khc khng.
ii) Cng vo mt vct ca h M , mt vct khc c
nhn vi mt s th hng khng thay i.
iii) Thm vo h M vct x l t hp tuyn tnh ca M th
hng khng thay i.
iv) Bt i 1 vc t ca M l THTT ca cc vc t khc th
hng khng thay i.
V d 4.10 Cho h vc t M = {(1; 1; 1; 0), (1; 2; 1; 1), (2; 3; 2; 1), (1; 3; 1; 2)}.
Bi lm
Ta c (2; 3; 2; 1) = (1; 1; 1; 0)+(1; 2; 1; 1), (1; 3; 1; 2) = (1; 1; 1; 0)+2(1; 2; 1; 1) = r(M ) = r{(1; 1; 1; 0), (1; 2; 1; 1)}.
Hn na, v {(1; 1; 1; 0), (1; 2; 1; 1)} LTT nn r(M ) = 2.
nh l v hng Cho A l ma trn c m n trn K.
r(A) bng vi hng ca h vc t hng.
r(A) bng vi hng ca h vc t ct.
V d 4.11 Tm hng ca hai h vc t

a) M = {(1; 2; 1), (2; 1; 7), (1; 3; 0), (1; 2; 1)} v N = {(1; 2; 1; 1; ), (2; 1; 3; 2), (1; 7; 01)}.
b) P = {(1; 1; 1; 0), (1; 1; 1; 1), (2; 3; 1; 1), (3; 4; 0; 2)}.
Bi lm
1 2 1 1
a) Xt A = 2 1 3 2 c h vc t ct l M v h vc t hng l N . Do r(M ) = r(N ) = r(A) = 2.
1 7 0 1
b) Hngca P bng hng
ca ma trn
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
B=
2 3 1 1. V r(B) = 2 nn r(P ) = 2.
3 4 0 2
Tnh cht cho h vc t M v vc t x
Hng M bng s vc t th M LTT.
Hng M b hn s vc t th M PTTT.
r(M, x) = r(M ) th x l THTT ca M .
V d 4.12 Xt s LTT ca h vc t sau

T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 32
4.4. C S V S CHIU
HBK TPHCM
a) M = {(1; 1; 1), (2; 1; 3), (1; 2; 0)}.

b) N = {x2 + x + 1, 2x2 + 3x + 2, 2x + 1}.

1 1
2 1
3 4
1 3
c) P =
,
,
,
.
1 0
1 1
0 1
1 2
d) Q = {(1; 1; 0), (1; 2; 1), (m; 0; 1)}.
Bi lm
a)
b)
c)
d)
1 1 1
r(M ) = r 2 1 3 = 2 = M PTTT (v hng b hn s vc t).
1 2 0
1 1 1
r(N ) = r 2 3 2 = 3 = N LTT (v hng bng s vc t).
0 2 1
1 1 1
0
2 1 1 1
= 4 = P LTT.
r(P ) = r
3 4 0
1
1 3 1 2
1 1 0
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
r(Q) = 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 1
m 0 1
0 m 1
0 0 m+1
Nu m = 1 r(Q) = 2 th Q PTTT.
Nu m 6= 1 r(Q) = 3 th Q LTT.
4.4
C s v s chiu
Tp sinh Cho M = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xm , . . . } V .
M gi l tp sinh ca V nu mi vc t x ca V u
l THTT ca M . Ta vit
V =< M >=< x1 , x2 , . . . , xm >
Ta cn ni M sinh ra V hay V c sinh bi M .

V d 4.13 Xt xem cc tp sau c l tp sinh trong R3 hay khng?
a) M = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 2; 1), (2; 3; 1)}.
b) M = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 2; 3), (3; 2; 1)}
Bi lm
a) x =
(x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) R3 . Gi s x = (1; 1; 1) + (1; 2; 1) + (2; 3; 1)

1 1 2
+ + 2 = x1

+ 2 + 3 = x2 , |A| = 1 2 3 = 1 6= 0.
1 1 1
+ + = x3
H Cramer nn c nghim x R3 . Do x l THTT ca M .
Vy M l tp sinh ca R3 .
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 33
4.4. C S V S CHIU
HBK TPHCM
b) x =
(x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) R3 . Gi s x = (1; 1; 1) + (1; 2; 3) + (3; 2; 1)
1 1 3
x1
1 1 3 x1
+ + 3 = x1
x2 x1
+ 2 + 2 = x2 1 2 2 x2 0 1 1
1 3 1 x3
0 0 0 x3 + x1 2x1
+ 3 + = x3
Vi x3 + x1 2x2 6= 0 th h v nghim, ngha l tn ti x (v d nh (1; 0; 0)) khng l THTT ca M .
Vy M khng l tp sinh ca R3 .
V d 4.14 Tp M = {x2 + x + 1, 2x2 + 3x + 1, x2 + 2x} c l tp sinh ca P2 [x] hay khng?
Bi lm
p(x)= ax2 + bx + c P2 [x] : p(x) = (x2 + x + 1) + (2x2 + 3x + 1) + (x2 + 2x)
+ 2 + = a
1 2 1 a
1 2 1
a
.
ba
+ 3 + 2 = b 1 3 2 b 0 1 1
1 1 0 c
0 0 0 b + c 2a
+
=c
Vi b + c 2a 6= 0 th h v nghim. Vy M khng l tp sinh ca P2 [x].
V d 4.15 Cho M = {x, y, z} l tp sinh ca KGVT V . Tp no sau y l tp sinh ca V ?
a) M1 = {2x, x + y, z}.
b) M2 = {x, x + y, x y}.
Bi lm
a) V M l tp sinh ca V nn v V : v = x + y + z
v =
.2x + .(x + y) + .z. V v l THTT ca M1 nn M1 l tp sinh ca V .
2
b) Nu z l THTT ca x, y. Khi ta chng minh M2 l tp sinh ca V . ??
Nu z khng l THTT ca x, y. Khi z ta chng minh c z khng l THTT ca M2 . ??
Do M2 khng l THTT ca V .
C s v s chiu: Cho M = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xm , . . . } V
M sinh ra V + M - LTT = M - l c s
C s c n vc t = S chiu ca V l n: dim(V ) = n
V khng c tp sinh hu hn th V gi l KGVT v hn chiu.
V d 4.16 Cho M = {x, y, z} l c s ca V . Xt xem tp no sau y l tp sinh, c s?
a) M1 = {2x + y + z, x + 2y + z, x + y + z}.
b) M2 = {2x, 3y, z, x + y + z}.
Bi lm
a) 1) Chng t M1 l tp sinh ca V .
Suy ra M1 l c s ca V .
2)Chng t M1 LTT. ??
b) Chng t M2 l tp sinh ca V . ?? .
D thy M2 PTTT. Do M2 l tp sinh nhng khng l c s ca V .
nh l c s Cho V l KGVT hu hn chiu
V c v s c s.
S vc t trong mi c s u bng nhau.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 34
4.4. C S V S CHIU
HBK TPHCM
C s chnh tc
i) dim(Rn ) = n v c s chnh tc (c s n gin nht) l
E = {(1; 0; . . . ; 0), (0; 1; . . . ; 0), . . . , (0; 0; . . . ; 1)}.
ii) dim(Pn [x]) = n + 1 v c s chnh tc l
E = {xn , xn1 , . . . , x, 1}.
iii) dim(Mn [R]) = n2 v c s chnh tc l

0 1 ...
1 0 ... 0
E = 0 0 . . . 0 , 0 0 . . .
. . . . . . . n
. . . . . .
0 , . . .
. n
Tnh cht Cho dim(V ) = n

Mi tp con nhiu hn n vc t th PTTT.
Mi tp con t hn n vc t khng sinh ra V .
Mi tp con LTT c ng n vc t l c s.
Mi tp sinh c ng n vc t l c s.
Mi tp c hng bng n l tp sinh.
V d 4.17 Kim tra tp sinh - c s trong R3 .

a) M = {(1; 1; 1), (2; 3; 1), (3; 1; 0)}.
b) N = {(1; 1; 1), (2; 0; 1), (1; 1; 0), (1; 2; 1)}.
Bi lm
a) M c 3 vc
t
1
r(M ) = r 2
3
bngs chiu ca R3 .
1 1
3 1 = 3 = M l c s ca R3 .
1 0
b) N c 4 vc
t
1
2
r(N ) = r
1
1
trong khng
gian 3 chiu nn PTTT.
1 1
0 1
= 3 = N l tp sinh ca R3 .
1 0
2 1
V d 4.18 Kim tra tp M = {x2 + x + 1, 2x2 + x + 1, x2 + 2x + 2} c l c s ca P2 [x]?

Bi lm
M c 3 vc
t, bngs chiu ca P2 [x]. M l c s khi v ch khi r(M ) = 3.
1 1 1
r(M ) = r 2 1 1 = 2. = M khng l c s ca P2 [x].

1 2 2
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 35
4.5. TA VC T
4.5
HBK TPHCM
Ta vc t
nh ngha 4.4 Cho E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } l c s sp th t ca K-KGVT V .

B s (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) gi l ta vc t x trong c s E. K hiu

x1
x2
[x]E =
. . . x = x = x1 e1 + x2 e2 + + xn en .
xn
V d 4.19 Cho E = {x2 + x + 1, x2 + 2x + 1, x2 + x + 2} l c s ca P2 [x].

3
b) Cho q(x) = x2 . Tm [q(x)]E .
a) Tm p(x) bit [p(x)]E = 2 .

5
Bi gii
3
a) [p(x)]E = 2 p(x) = 3(x2 + x + 1) 2(x2 + 2x + 1) + 5(x2 + x + 2) p(x) = 5x + 2.
5

b) Gi s [q(x)]E =
2
2 +2x+1)+(x2 +x+2) x2 = (+ +)x2 +(+2 +)x+(+ +2)
q(x)
= (x +x+1)+(x

+ + = 1
= 3
3
+ 2 + = 0 = 1 . Vy [q(x)]E = 1.
1
+ + 2 = 0
= 1
Tnh cht ta
x1
x2

Cho E l c s ca KGVT V : [x]E = .
..
y1
y2

[y]E = .
..
xn
x1 = y1
x = y
2
2
i) x = y
...
x = y
n
yn
x1 + y1
x1
x2 + y2
x2
ii) [x + y]E =
iii)
[x]
=
..
..
E
.
.
xn + yn
xn
V d 4.20 Cho E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 1; 0), (1; 0; 1)} l c s ca R3 .

1
b) Cho x = (3; 1; 2). Tm [x]E .
a) Tm x, bit [x]E = 2 .
1
Bi lm

1
a) [x]E = 2 x = 1(1; 1; 1) + 2(1; 1; 0) + 1(1; 0; 1) = (2; 1; 0)
1
Ghi ch:

1 1 1
1
2
vit li
E.[x]E = 1 1 0 2 = 1 x = (2; 1; 0).
1 0 1
1
0
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 36
4.6. MA TRN CHUYN C S
HBK TPHCM
b) Gi s [x]E = x = (1; 1; 1) + (1; 1; 0) + (1; 0; 1)
4
+ + = 3
+
[x]E = 5
=1
+ = 2
Ghi ch:
4
E.[x]E = xT [x]E = E 1 xT = 5 .
2
Dng my tnh casio cho bi ton ta
MT ct
C s E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , e3 } E = e1 e2 . . . e3
xT = E.[x]E
[x]E = E 1 xT
ngha ca ta Cho E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } l c s ca KGVT V .

Mi vc t ca V u biu din qua E di dng ta .
Cc php ton ta ging nh cc php ton trong Rn .
= tt c cc khng gian n chiu u coi l Rn .
V d 4.21 Tm ta ca p(x) = 3x2 + 4x 1 trong c s E = {x2 + x + 1, x + 1, 2x + 1} trong P2 [x].
Bi lm
1 0 0
Lp ma trn E = 1 1 2.
1 1 1
1
1 0 0
3
3
Ta [p(x)]E = E 1 [p(x)] = 1 1 2 . 4 = 9.
1 1 1
1
5
4.6
Ma trn chuyn c s
nh ngha 4.5 Cho 2 c s ca KGVT V : E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en }, E 0 = {e01 , e02 , . . . , e0n }.

x V : x = x1 e1 + x2 e2 + + xn en = x01 e01 + x02 e02 + + x0n e0n .
(1)
0
e1 = a11 e1 + a21 e2 + + an1 en
e02 = a12 e1 + a22 e2 + + an2 en
.
......
e0n = a1n e1 + a2n e2 + + ann en
x = x01 (a11 e1 + a21
e2 +
+
an1 en ) + x02 (a12 e1 + a22
e2 +
+ an2 en ) + + x0n (a12 e1 + a22 e2 + + an2 en ).
x01
x1
a11 a12 . . . a1n
x2 a21 a22 . . . a2n x02

T (1), ta suy ra
. . . = . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xn
an1 an2 . . . ann
x0n
a11 a12 . . . a1n

a21 a22 . . . a2n
0
Ma trn A =
. . . . . . . . . gi l ma trn chuyn c s t E sang E .
an1 an2 . . . ann
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 37
4.7. KHNG GIAN CON
HBK TPHCM
Ma trn chuyn c s t E sang E 0

0

[en ]E [e0n ]E . . . [e0n ]E
P =
= E 1 E 0 (vit dng ct).
||
||
||
C tnh cht
[x]E = P.[x]E 0 .
Tnh cht
Ma trn chuyn c s P kh nghch.
P chuyn c s t E sang E 0 th P 1 l ma trn chuyn c
s t E 0 sang E.
P chuyn c s t E sang E 0 v Q chuyn c s t E 0 sang
E 00 th P Q l ma trn chuyn c s t E sang E 00 .
V d 4.22 Trong R3 , cho 2 c s E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 0)} v E 0 = {(1; 1; 2), (1; 2; 1), (1; 1; 1)}.
a) Tm ma trn chuyn c s t E sang E 0 v ma trn chuyn c s t E 0 sang E.
b) Cho x = (2; 1; 3). Tm [x]E 0 v [x]E .
Bi lm
1 1 1
1 1 1
a) E = 1 0 1 , E 0 = 1 2 1.
2 1 1
1 1 0
1
1 1 1
Ma trn chuyn c s t E sang E 0 : P = E 1 E 0 = 1 0 1 1
2
1 1 0
0 0
Ma trn chuyn c s t E 0 sang E: Q = E 01 E = P 1 = 0 1
1 2

1 1 1
2
1
01
T
1 = 1 .
b) Ta c [x]E 0 = E x = 1 2 1
2 1 1
3
2

1 1 1
2
2
[x]E = E 1 xT = 1 0 1 1 = 1 .
1 1 0
3
1

2
2 1
1
2
0
0 1 0
1 =
1 .
Cch khc: [x]E = P [x]E =
1 0 0
2
1
4.7

2
2 1
1 1
2 1 = 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1
1
0 .
2
Khng gian con
nh ngha 4.6 Trong KGVT V , nu tp con F vi cc php ton trong V lp thnh mt KGVT th ta
ni F l khng gian con ca V .
nh l khng gian con
Tp con khc rng F ca KGVT V l mt khng gian con ca V khi v
ch khi hai iu kin sau tha
i) x, y F : x + y F .
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
ii) x F, K : x F .
Trang 38
4.7. KHNG GIAN CON
HBK TPHCM
V d 4.23 Cho F = {(x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) R3 |x1 + 2x2 x3 = 0}.

a) Chng t F l KG con ca R3 .
b) Tm c s v s chiu ca F .
Bi lm
a) Sinh vin t kim tra 2 iu kin trong nh l.
b) x = (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) F x1 + 2x2 x3 = 0 x3 = x1 + 2x2 .
x = (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) = x = (x1 ; x2 ; x1 + 2x2 ) = x1 (1; 0; 1) + x2 (0; 1; 2).
Suy ra E = {(1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 2)} l tp sinh ca F .
Kim tra E LTT. Vy E l c s ca F v dim(F ) = 2.
V d 4.24 Cho F = {p(x) P2 [x]|p(1) = 0 p(2) = 0}.

b) p(x) = ax2 + bx + c F p(1) = 0 p(2) = 0
(
a =
a+b+c=0
b = 3
4a + 2b + c = 0
c = 2
p(x) = x2 3x + 2 = (x2 3x + 2).
Suy ra E = {x2 3x + 2} l tp sinh ca F .
Hin nhin E LTT. Vy E l c s ca F v dim(F ) = 1.

V d 4.25 Cho F =

1 1
=0 .
A M2 [R]|A
2 2
Bi lm

a b
1 1
a + 2b a 2b
a b
= 0
=0
b) A =
F
c d
2 2
c + 2d c 2d
c d
(
(
a + 2b = 0
a = 2b
c + 2d = 0
c = 2d

2b b
2 1
0 0
A=
=b
+d
.
2d d
0 0
2 1

2 1
0 0
Suy ra E =
,
l tp sinh ca F .
0 0
2 1
D thy E LTT. Vy E l c s ca F v dim(F ) = 2.
nh l Cho M = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vp } V
K hiu H := Span(M ) = {1 v1 + 2 v2 + + p vp |i R}.
H l mt KGVT c sinh bi S :
H =< M >.
dim(H) = r(M ).
x H x l THTT ca M r(S, x) = r(M )
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 39
4.7. KHNG GIAN CON
HBK TPHCM
V d 4.26 Tm c s v s chiu ca cc khng gian con sau

a) F = h(1; 1; 1), (2; 1; 1), (3; 1; 1)i.
b) F = hx2 + x + 1, 2x2 + 3x 1, x2 + 2x 2i.

1 1
2 1
3 1
1 0
c) F =
,
,
,
2 1
0 1
2 1
2 0

d) F = (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; x4 ) R3 |x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 x1 x2 + x4 = 0
Bi lm
1 1
1
1 1
bdsc
1 1 0 1 1 = dim(F ) = r(A) = 2 v c s ca F l {(1; 1; 1), (0; 1; 1)}.
0 0
0
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
bdsc
3 1 0 1 3 = dim(F ) = r(A) = 2 v c s ca F l {x2 + x + 1, x 3}.
2 2
0 0 0
1 2 1
1 1
2
1

1 0 1
0 1
1 1
0 1 4 1
bdsc
.

,
= dim(F ) = 2 v c s ca F l
1 2 1
4 1
2 1
0 0
0
0
0 2 0
0 0
0
0
"
#
(

1
1 0 0
1
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
1 1 1 0 0
=
d) Gii h
1 1 0 1 0
0
-2 1 1 0
x1 x2 + x4 = 0
1
t x3 = 2, x4 = 2, pt(2) : x2 = (x3 + x4 ) = + , pt(1) : x1 = x2 x3 =
2
x F x = ( ; + ; 2; 2) = (1; 1; 2; 0) + (1; 1; 0; 2)
Suy ra E = {(1; 1; 2; 0); (1; 1; 0; 2)} l tp sinh ca F .
D thy E LTT. Vy E l c s ca F v dim F = 2.
a) A = 2
3
b) A = 2
1
1
2
c) A =
3
1
Tm c s v s chiu khng gian con

Trong Rn , cho khng gian con F
TH 1) Cho tp sinh F =< v1 , v2 , . . . , vm >:
v1
v2 bdsc
Lp ma trn hng A =
. . . bc thang
vm
dim(F ) = r(A) v c s gm cc hng khc 0 ca ma trn bc thang.
TH 2) Cho tp nghim ca h thun nht AX = 0
Gii h: dim V + r(A) = n v c s c suy ra t nghim ca h.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 40
4.8. TNG GIAO HAI KHNG GIAN CON
HBK TPHCM
V d 4.27 Trong R3 , cho tp M = {(1; 1; 1), (2 : 3 : 1), (1; 0; 2)}.

a) x = (1; 2; 3) thuc khng gian con span(M ) hay khng?
b) Tm m x = (1; 0; m) span(M ).
Bi lm
a) x thuc Kg
con span(M )khi v ch khi x l THTT
ca M . Ta lp ma trn ct
1 2 1 1
1
1 2 3
bdsc
[M |x] = 1 3 0 2 0 1 1 3
1 1 2 3
0 0 0 1
r(M ) = 2 < r(M |x) = x
/ span(M ).
1
1 2 3
1 2 1 1
bdsc
1
b) [M |x] = 1 3 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 2 m
0 0 0 m2
x
/ span(M ) r(M ) = r(M |x) m = 2.
4.8
Tng giao hai khng gian con
nh ngha 4.7 (Tng giao 2 khng gian con) Cho hai khng gian con F v G ca KGVT V .
Giao 2 khng gian con

F G = x V |x F v x G .
Tng 2 khng gian con

F + G = f + g|f F v g G .
Tnh cht
F G F, G F + G V.
nh l F G v F + G l 2 khng gian con ca V v

dim(F G) + dim(F + G) = dim F + dim G.
nh ngha 4.8 (Tng trc tip) Khng gian con W gi l tng trc tip ca 2 khng gian con F v G,
k hiu F G, nu
i) W = F + G.
ii) F G = {0}.
nh l Cho W = F G. Khi mi vc t x W
c biu din duy nht di dng
x = f + g|f F, g G.
Tch cht tng 2 khng gian con

F =< f1 , f2 , . . . , fn >
G =< g1 , g2 , . . . , gm >
= F + G =< f1 , f2 , . . . , fn , g1 , g2 , . . . , gm >
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 41
HBK TPHCM
V d 4.28 Trong R3 , cho 2 khng gian con

F = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) R3 |x1 + x2 2x3 = 0}, G = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) R3 |x1 x2 + x3 = 0}.
Tm c s v s chiu ca F G v F + G.
Bi lm
a) Tm c s v s chiu ca F G.
x F G x F x G
(
x1 =
x1 + x2 2x3 = 0
x2 = 3 x = (, 3, 2) = (1; 3; 2).
x1 x2 + x3 = 0
x3 = 2
Suy ra E = {(1; 3; 2)} l tp sinh ca F G.
Hin nhin E LTT do E l c s ca F G v dim(F G) = 1.
b) Tm tp sinh ca F v G.
F =<
(2; 0; 1)
>, G =< (1; 1;
(1; 1; 0),
0), (1; 0; 1) >= F +G =< (1; 1; 0), (2; 0; 1), (1; 1; 0), (1; 0; 1) >
1 1 0
1 1 0
2 0 1 bdsc 0 2 1
A=
1 1 0 0 0 1.
1 0 1
0 0 0
= dim(F + G) = r(A) = 3 v c s E = {(1; 1; 0), (0; 2; 1), (0; 0; 1)}.
Cch khc: ta c
dim(F G)+dim(F +G) = dim F +dim G = dim(F +G) = dim F +dim Gdim(F G) = 2+21 = 3
= F + G R3 , do c c s l {(1; 0; 0), (0; 1; 0), (0; 0; 1)}.
V d 4.29 Trong R3 , cho 2 khng gian con F = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) R3 |x1 +x2 +x3 = 0}, G =< (1; 0; 1), (2; 3; 1) >.
Tm c s v s chiu ca F G v F + G.
Bi lm
F + G tng t nh v d trn. Ta tm c s v s chiu ca F G.
x F G x F x G.
x G x = (1; 0; 1) + (2; 3; 1) = ( + 2; 3; + ).
x F x tha iu kin ca F : + 2 + 3 + + = 0 = 3.
x = ( + 2; 3; + ) = (; 3; 2) = (1; 3; 2).
D dng suy ra E = {(1; 3; 2)} l c s ca F G v dim(F G) = 1.
V d 4.30 Trong R3 , cho 2 khng gian con
F =< f1 = (1; 0; 1), f2 = (1; 1; 1) >, G =< g1 = (1; 1; 0), g2 = (2; 1; 1) >.
Tm c s v s chiu ca F + G v F G.
Bi lm F + G lm tng t v d trn. Ta tm c s v s chiu ca
x F G khi v ch khi x ng thi l THTT ca f1 , f2 v g1 , g2 :
x = x1 f1 + x2 f2 = x3 g1 + x4 g2 x1 f1 + x2 f2 x3 g1 x4 g2 = 0.
1 1
1
1 1 1 2 0
bdsc
Vit li dng ma trn 0 1 1 1 0 0

1 1
1 1 0 1 0
0
0
1
t x4 = = x3 = x4 = .
x = x3 g1 + x4 g2 = (1; 1; 0) + (2; 1; 1) = (1; 0; 1).
D dang suy ra c s ca F G l {(1; 0; 1)} v dim(F G) = 1.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 42
F G.
2 0
1 0 .
1 0
HBK TPHCM
Bi tp
Cu 1) Trong R4 , cho U = h(1, 2, 1, 1); (2, 1, 0, 2)i v V = h(1, 5, 3, 5); (3, 0, 1, m)i. Tm m U V .
Cu 2) Trong R4 , cho V l tp nghim ca h phng trnh
x1 + x2 x3 = 0
2x1 + 2x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
x1 + x2 + 2x3 + mx4 = 0
(a) Tm m dim(V ) ln nht.
(b) Tm c s v s chiu ca V vi m cu a.
Cu 3) Trong R4 , cho U = h(1, 2, 1, 0); (2, 1, 1, 1)i V = h(1, 1, 2, 1); (2, 0, 4, m)i
(a) Tm m dim(U V ) ln nht.
(b) Tm c s v s chiu ca U + V v U V .
4
Cu 4) Trong
di dng
tp nghim ca hphng trnh
R , cho 2 khng gian
1 2 2 2 0
1 1 2 0 0
,
V :
U:
1 1 1 2 0
1 0 1 m 0
(a) Tm m dim(U + V ) b nht.

Cu 5) Trong R4 , cho U = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) R4 : x1 + x2 x3 + x4 = 0} V V = h(1, 2, 1 2); (2, 1, 0, m)i
(a) Tm m dim(U V ) ln nht.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 43
Chng 5
Khng gian Euclide
Ni dung
1) Tch v hng ca 2 vc t.
2) B vung gc ca khng gian con.
3) Qu trnh trc giao ha Gram-Schmidt.
4) Hnh chiu vung gc xung khng gian con.
5.1
Tch v hng ca 2 vc t
nh ngha 5.1 (Tch v hng) Tch v hng trong R-kgvt V l mt hm thc sao cho mi cp vct
u v v thuc V , tng ng vi mt s thc k hiu (u, v) tha 4 tin sau:
i) (u, v V ) : (u, v) = (v, u).
iii) ( K, u, v V ) : (u, v) = (u, v).
ii) (u, v, w V ) : (u + v, w) = (u, w) + (v, w).
iv) (u V ) : (u, u) 0; (u, u) = 0 u = 0.
Khng gian hu hn hn chiu cng vi tnh v hng trn gi l khng gian euclide.
Tch v hng chnh tc trn Rn
x = (x1 ; x2 ; . . . ; xn ), y = (y1 ; y2 ; . . . ; yn )
(x, y) = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + + xn yn .
Tch v hng chnh tc tng t nh ph thng.
V d 5.1 Trong R2 , cho php ton
x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ) : (x, y) = x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 10x2 y2 .
a) Chng t (x, y) l 1 tch v hng trn R2 .
b) Tnh tch v hng ca 2 vc t u = (1; 2), v = (2; 1).
Bi lm
a) Sinh vin t kim tra 4 iu kin ca tch v hng.
b) (u, v) = 1.2 + 2.1.(1) + 2.2.2 + 10.2.(1) = 12.
44
5.1. TCH V HNG CA 2 VC T
HBK TPHCM
V d 5.2 Trong P2 [x], cho tch v hng (p, q) =
R1
p(x).q(x)dx; p(x), q(x) P2 [x].
a) Chng t (p, q) l 1 tch v hng trn P2 [x].

b) Tnh tch v hng ca 2 vc t p(x) = 2x2 3x + 1, q(x) = x + 1.
Bi lm
b) (p, q) =
R1
0
R1
1
p(x)q(x)dx = (2x2 3x + 1)(x + 1)dx = .
6
0
di vc t u c nh ngha bi
||u|| =
p
(u, u)
Khong cch gia 2 vc t u v v c nh ngha bi

d(u, v) = ||u v||
Gc gia 2 vc t u v v c xc nh bi
cos =
(u, v)
||u||.||v||
Vc t c di bng 1 gi l vc t n v.
Chia 1 vc t khc 0 cho di ca n ta c vc t n v.
Qu trnh to ra vc t n v gi l chun ha.
Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwatz
|(u, v)| ||u||.||v|| ,u, v V .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi u, v cng phng (hay PTTT).
Bt ng thc tam gic
||u + v|| ||u|| + ||v|| ,u, v V .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi u, v cng hng.
V d 5.3 Trong R3 : x = (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ), y = (y1 ; y2 ; y3 ). cho tch v hng
(x, y) = 5x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 3x2 y2 + x3 y3
a) Chng t (x, y) l tch v hng.
b) Tm tch v hng ca 2 vc t u = (2; 1; 0), v = (3; 2; 4).
c) Tm di vc t u = (3; 2; 1).
d) Tm khong cch gia 2 vc t u = (1; 2; 1) v v = (3; 0; 2).
e) Tm gc gia 2 vc t u = (1; 0; 1) v v = (2; 1; 0).
Bi lm
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 45
5.1. TCH V HNG CA 2 VC T
HBK TPHCM

b) (u, v) = ((2; 1; 0), (3; 2; 4)) = 5.2.3 + 2.2.(2) + 2.1.3 + 3.1.(2) + 0.4 = 2.
p
p
c) ||u|| = (u, u) = ((3; 2; 1), (3; 2; 1)) = 5.3.3 + 2.3.2 + 2.2.3 + 3.2.2 + 1.1 = 82
p
p
d) d(u,
pv) = ||u v|| = (u v, u v) = ((2; 2; 1), (2; 2; 1))
= 5.(2).(2) + 2.(2).2 + 2(2).(2) + 3.2.2 + (1).(1) = 17.

e) cos =
(u, v)
12
12
12
= =
= = arccos
.
||u||.||v||
6, 31
168
168
Nhn xt: di, khong cch, gc i vi tch v hng trn c gi tr khc vi tch v hng ph
thng.
R1
V d 5.4 Trong P2 [x], cho tch v hng (p, q) = p(x)q(x)dx; p(x), q(x) P2 [x].
1
a) Chng t (p, q) l mt tch v hng trn P2 [x].

b) Tnh tch v hng ca 2 vc t p(x) = 2x2 3x + 1, q(x) = x 3.
c) Tm di ca vc t p(x) = 2x + 3.
d) Tnh khong cch gia 2 vc t p(x) = x2 + x + 2, q(x) = x2 2x + 3.
e) Tnh gc gia 2 vc t p(x) = x2 + x, q(x) = 2x + 3.
Bi lm
b) (p, q) =
R1
p(x)q(x)dx =
R1
(2x2 3x + 1)(x 3)dx = 12.
s
p
c) ||p|| = (p, p) =
R1
s
p(x).p(x)dx
R1
r
(2x + 3)2 dx =
62
.
3
s
p
p
d) d(p, q) = ||p q|| = (p q, p q) = (3x 1, 3x 1) =
R1
(3x 1)2 dx = 2 2.
R1
(x2 + x)(2x + 3)dx
(p, q)
5 310
1
s
s
e) cos =
=
.
||p||.||q|| R1
124
R1
(x2 + x)2 dx.
(2x + 3)2 dx
1
Hai vc t vung gc
uv (u, v) = 0.
Vc t vung gc vi tp hp
uM (u, y) = 0, y M.
H trc giao: h vc t M gi l trc giao nu
x, y M : xy.
H trc chun: h vc t M gi l trc chun nu M trc giao v
x M : ||x|| = 1.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 46
5.2. B VUNG GC CA KHNG GIAN CON
HBK TPHCM
Mnh Cho khng gian con F =< f1 , f2 , . . . , fm >

xF xfk , k = 1, 2, . . . , m.
V d 5.5 Trong R3 vi tch v hng chnh tc, cho khng gian con

3 x1 + x2 x3 = 0
F = {(x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) R
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 0
Tm m x = (2; 3; m)F .
Bi lm
Tp sinh ca F l {u = (4; 3; 1)}.
xF xu (x, u) = 0 2.4 + 3.(3) + m.1 = 0 m = 1.
5.2
B vung gc ca khng gian con
nh ngha 5.2 Trong khng gian Euclide V , cho khng gian con F . Tp hp
F = {x V |xF }
gi l b vung gc ca khng gian con F .
nh l
Cho F l KG con ca KG Euclide V . Khi :
F l khng gian con ca V v V = F F .
dim F + dim F = dim V .
V d 5.6 Trong R3 , cho khng gian con F =< f1 = (1; 1; 1), f2 = (2; 1; 0), f3 = (1; 0; 1) >.
Tm c s v s chiu ca F .
Bi lm
x = (x
1 ; x2 ; x3 ) F xF xfk , k = 1, 2, 3.
1 1 1 0
(x, f1 ) = 0
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
(x, f2 ) = 0 2x1 + x2 + 0x3 = 0 2 1 0 0 (nhn xt cc hng ca ma trn)
1 0 1 0
(x, f3 ) = 0
x1 + 0x2 x3 = 0
Gii h suy ra x = (1; 2; 1). C s ca F l {(1; 2; 1)} v dim F = 1.

V d 5.7 Trong R3 , cho khng gian con

x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
F = {(x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) R
2x1 + x2 x3 = 0
3
Tm c s v s chiu ca F .
Bi lm
Gii h suy ra tp sinh ca F : F =< u = (2; 1; 3) >.
x = (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) F xu 2x1 x2 + x3 = 0.
= F =< (1; 2; 0), (2; 0; 1) >.
C s ca F l {(1; 2; 0), (2; 0; 1)} v dim F = 2.
Ghi ch:
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 47
5.2. B VUNG GC CA KHNG GIAN CON
HBK TPHCM
Cho F =< h1 , h2 , . . . , hm >. x F khi v ch khi
(h1 , x) = 0
h1
(h , x) = 0
h2
2

. . . .x = 0(ma trn hng ca F )
.
.
.
(h , x) = 0
hm
m
Do F l tp nghim ca h phng trnh
h1 0
h2 0
...
hm 0
Cho F = {x Rn |Ax = 0}.
(h1 , x) = 0
h1
(h , x) = 0
h2
vit li theo vc t hng
2
Ax = 0
. . . .x = 0
...
(h , x) = 0
hm
iu ny chng t x F : xfk , k = 1, m.
iu ny chng t F c sinh bi cc vc t hng ca ma trn A.
F =< h1 , h2 , . . . , hm >, vi hk l cc hng ca ma trn A
V d 5.8 Hy tm c s v s chiu ca F trong R4 , trong

x + x3 + x4 = 0
4
a) F = {(x; x2 ; x3 ; x4 ) R 1
2x1 x2 + 3x3 + x4 = 0
b) F =< (1; 1; 2; 1), (2; 1; 1; 0) >
Bi lm
a) Ta c F =< (1; 0; 1; 1), (2; 1; 3; 1) > (ly t cc hng ca h phng trnh).
Suy ra c s ca F l {(1; 0; 1; 1), (2; 1; 3; 1)} v dim F = 2.
b) V F =< (1; 1; 2; 1), (2; 1; 1; 0) > nn F l tp nghim ca h phng trnh

1 1 2 1 0
2 1 1 0 0
Gii h suy ra tp nghim F =< (1; 1; 1; 0), (1; 2; 0; 3) >.
Suy ra c s ca F l {(1; 1; 1; 0), (1; 2; 0; 3)} v dim F = 2.
nh l
Mi tp trc giao, khng cha vc t khng th LTT.
Cho E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } l c s trc chun ca KG Euclide V .
x V lun c biu din duy nht dng
x = x1 e1 + x2 e2 + + xn en , vi xk = (x, ek ).
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 48
5.3. QU TRNH GRAM-SCHMIDT
HBK TPHCM
V d 5.9 Trong khng gian Euclide V , cho c s trc chun

1 1 2
1 1
1 1 1
; ;
E=
, ; ;0 , ; ;
6 6 6
2 2
3 3 3
Tm ta ca vc t x = (3; 2; 1) trong c s E.
Bi lm
1
6
3
Ta vit x = x1 e1 + x2 e2 + x3 e3 , trong x1 = (x, e1 ) = , x2 = (x, e2 ) = , x3 = (x, e3 ) = .
6
2
3
6
1
Vy ta ca x trong c s E l [x]E =
2
6
5.3
Qu trnh Gram-Schmidt
nh l 5.3 (Gram-Schmidt) Cho E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , em } l h LTT ca KGVT V . Khi tn ti mt

h trc giao
F = {f1 , f2 , . . . , fm } tha < e1 , e2 , . . . , em >=< f1 , f2 , . . . , fm > .
Thut ton Gram-Schmidt
f1 = e1 .
f2 = e2
(e2 , f1 )
f1 .
(f1 , f1 )
(e3 , f1 )
(e3 , f2 )
f1
f2 .
(f1 , f1 )
(f2 , f2 )
......
f3 = e3
fk = ek
(ek , f1 )
(ek , f2 )
(ek , fk1 )
f1
f2
fk1 .
(f1 , f1 )
(f2 , f2 )
(fk1 , fk1 )
V d 5.10 Trc chun h vc t E = {(1; 0; 1; 1), (0; 1; 1; 1), (1; 1; 1; 1)}

Bi lm
Chn f1 = e1 = (1; 0; 1; 1).

(e2 , f1 )
2
2
1 1
f2 = e2
f1 = (0; 1; 1; 1) (1; 0; 1; 1) =
; 1; ;
. Chn f2 = (2; 3; 1; 1).
(f1 , f1 )
3
3 3

3
(e3 , f1 )
(e3 , f2 )
2 2 1 1
f1
f2 =
; ;
;
. Chn f3 = (2; 2; 1; 1).
f3 = e3
(f1 , f1 )
(f2 , f2 )
5 5 5 5
H trc giao cn tm l F = {f1 , f2 , f3 }.
Chia
s trc chun l
mi vc t cho

di ca n, ta c c

1
1 1
2
3
1
1
2
2
1 1
; 0; ;
; ; ;
, ; ; ;
.
3
3 3
15 15 15 15
10 10 10 10

4 x1 + x2 x3 + x4 = 0
F = {(x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; x4 ) R
2x1 + 3x2 x3 + 3x4 = 0
Tm mt c s trc chun ca F .
Bi lm Gii h, tm mt c s ty ca F l {(2; 1; 1; 0), (0; 1; 0; 1)}.
Dng Gram-Schmidt: f1 = e1 = (2; 1; 1; 0).
(e2 , f1 )
1
1 5 1
f2 = e2
f1 = (0; 1; 0; 1) (2; 1; 1; 0) = ( ;
;
; 1). Chn f2 = (2; 5; 1; 6).
(f1 , f1 )
6
3 6 6

2
5
1
6
2 1 1
; ; ;0 , ; ; ; ;
C s trc giao l F = {f1 , f2 }. C s trc chunl
.
6 6 6
66 66 66 66
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 49
5.4. HNH CHIU VUNG GC
5.4
HBK TPHCM
Hnh chiu vung gc
nh ngha 5.4 (Hnh chiu vung gc) Trong KG Euclide V , cho khng gian con F v vc t v.
Vc t c biu din duy nht di dng
v = f + g; f F, g F .
Vc t f c gi l hnh chiu vung gc ca v xung f , k hiu: f = PrF v.
Khong cch t v xung F c nh ngha l d(v, F ) = ||g|| = ||v PrF v.

4 x1 + x2 x3 + x4 = 0
F = {(x; x2 ; x3 ; x4 ) R
2x1 + x2 3x3 + 3x4 = 0
v vc t x = (1; 1; 0; 1)
a) Tm hnh chiu ca x xung F .
b) Tm khong cch t x n F .
Bi lm
a) Chn 1 c s F =< f1 = (2; 1; 1; 0), f2 = (2; 1; 0; 1) >.
Vit x = f + g = x1 f1 + x2 f2 + g, g F .
Nhn ln lt f1 , f2 vo phng trnh theo ngha tch v hng, ta c
x1 = 1
11
x2 =
11

1
1
4 2 1 1
PrF x = f = x1 f1 + x2 f2 = (2; 1; 1; 0) +
f2 = (2; 1; 0; 1) =
;
; ;
11
11
11 11 11 11
(
x1 (f1 , f1 ) + x2 (f1 , f2 ) = (x, f1 )
x2 (f2 , f1 ) + x2 (f2 , f2 ) = (x, f2 )
b) d(x, F ) = ||g|| = ||x PrF x|| = ||(
(
6x1 5x2 = 1
5x1 + 6x2 = 1
7 13 1 12
; ;
; )|| = 3.
11 11 11 11
Bi tp
Cu 1) Trong R2 : x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ), cho tch v hng
(x, y) = x1 y1 2x1 y2 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 .
(a) Tnh (x, y), ||x||, ||y||.
(b) Tnh ||x + y||, d(x, y).
[
(c) Tnh (x,
y).
(d) Tm vc t u sao cho u x.
Cu 2) Trong R4 , cho KG con U = h(1, 1, 0, 0); (2, 1, 1, 0), (2, 1, 0, 1)i v vc t z = (7, 3, 0, 0).
(a) Tm c s v s chiu ca U .
(b) Tm P rU (z), P rU (z), d(z, U ), d(z, U ).
(c) Tm mt c s trc chun ca U .
(d) Tm li P rU (z) theo c s trc chun.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 50
5.4. HNH CHIU VUNG GC
HBK TPHCM
Cu 3) Trong R4 , cho khng gian nghim ca h thun nht

(
(
x1 + x2 x3 + x4 = 0,
x1 + 2x2 x3 = 0,
U:
V :
2x1 x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 0.
2x1 + 3x2 x4 = 0.
(a) Tm c s v s chiu ca W = (U V ) .
(b) Tm c s trc chun E ca W .
(c) Tm vc t e sao cho {E, e} l mt c s trc chun ca R4 .
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 51
Chng 6
nh x tuyn tnh
Ni dung
1) nh ngha v v d.
2) Nhn v nh ca nh x tuyn tnh.
3) Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh trong mt cp c
s.
4) Ma trn chuyn c s v ng dng.
6.1
nh ngha v v d
nh ngha 6.1 (nh x) Cho 2 tp hp khc rng X, Y . nh x f t X n Y l mt quy tc sao cho

mi x thuc X, tn ti duy nht y thuc Y . Ta vit
f : X Y
x 7 y = f (x).
nh x f gi l n nh nu: x1 6= x2 = f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 )
nh x f gi l ton nh nu: y Y, x X : y = f (x)
nh x f gi l song nh nu n nh v ton nh.
Hm s ph thng l v d v nh x.
Cho nh x tc l ch ra quy lut, da vo vit nh ca mi phn t thuc X.
C nhiu cch cho nh x: bng th, bng biu , bng biu thc i s, bng cch lit k,. . .
nh ngha 6.2 (nh x tuyn tnh) Cho V, W l hai khng gian trn cng trng s K.
nh x f : V W gi l nh x tuyn tnh nu tha:
i) f (v1 + v2 ) = f (v1 ) + f (v2 ), v1 , v2 V .
ii) f (v) = f (v), v V, K.
V d 6.1
a) f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) = (2x1 + x2 3x3 ; x1 4x2 ) l mt nh x tuyn tnh t R3 n R2 . ?? .
52
6.1. NH NGHA V V D
HBK TPHCM
b) Php quay trong khng gian Oxyz quanh trc 0z mt gc 30o ngc chiu kim ng h nhn t hng
dng ca trc 0z l mt nh x tuyn tnh t R3 n R3 .
c) Tng t php i xng, php chiu,... qua cc ng thng v mt phng qua gc ta l nhng nh
x tuyn tnh t R3 n R3 .
Cho E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } l tp sinh ca KGVT V v axtt f : V W .
Gi s ta bit f (e1 ), f (e2 ), . . . , f (en ).
x V : x = x1 e1 + x2 e2 + + xn en = f (x) = f (x1 e1 + x2 e2 + + xn en )
f (x) = f (x1 e1 ) + f (x2 e2 ) + + f (xn en ) = x1 f (e1 ) + x2 f (e2 ) + + xn f (en ).
nh x tuyn tnh c xc nh hon ton nu bit c nh ca mt tp sinh ca V.
V d 6.2 Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R2 , bit
f (1; 1; 0) = (2; 1), f (1; 1; 1) = (1; 2), f (1; 0; 1) = (1; 1)
a) Tm f (3; 1; 5).
b) Tm f (x).
Bi lm
a) Vit
(3; 1; 5) = (1; 1; 0) + (1;
1; 1) + (1; 0; 1)
+ + = 3
= 2
+
= 1 = 3
+ =5
=2
f (x) = f ((1; 1; 0) + (1; 1; 1) + (1; 0; 1)) = f (1; 1; 0) + f (1; 1; 1) + f (1; 0; 1).
= f (3; 1; 5) = 2(2; 1) + 3(1; 2) + 2(1; 1) = (3; 10).
b) Lm tng t nh trn cho trng hp tng qut f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ).
Ta c th lm cch khc bng cch dng php bin i i s nh sau:
f (0; 0; 1) = f (1; 1; 1) f (1; 1; 0) = (1; 2) (2; 1) = (1; 3).
f (0; 1; 0) = f (1; 1; 1) f (1; 0; 1) = (1; 2) (1; 1) = (2; 1).
f (1; 0; 0) = f (1; 1; 0) f (0; 1; 0) = (2; 1) (2; 1) = (0; 2)
f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) = x1 f (1; 0; 0) + x2 f (0; 1; 0) + x3 f (0; 0; 1) = x1 (0; 2) + x2 (2; 1) + x3 (1; 3)
f (x) = (2x2 x3 ; 2x1 + x2 + 3x3 )
Ghi ch: Ta c th dng cc php bin i cho nh x tuyn tnh tm nh ca 3 vc t n v.
Tuy nhin ta s gp kh khn tm ra php bin i trong trng hp tng qut.
Ta c th vit nh x tuyn tnh di dng ma trn tm nh ca 3 vc t n v nh sau:
e1 f (e1 )
1 1 0 2 1
1 0 0 0 2
bsc
2 0 1 0 2
1
(theo hng) e2 f (e2 ) = 1 1 1 1
e3 f (e3 )
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 3
Kt hp vi ngha php nhn ma trn, ta c thut ton sau
Tm axtt cho nh ca c s
Cho c s E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } v nh x tuyn tnh tha
f (ek ) = fk
Theo hng
bsc theo hng, tng ng
E 1 F
nhn bn tri vi E 1
V d 6.3 Cho f l php i xng qua mt phng 2x y + 3z = 0 l nh x tuyn tnh trong khng gian
Oxyz. Hy tm f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ).
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 53
6.2. NHN V NH CA NH X TUYN TNH
HBK TPHCM
Bi lm
f bin cp vc t ch phng thnh chnh n v vc t php tuyn
a1 = (1; 2; 0) : f (1; 2; 0) = (1; 2; 0)
a2 = (0; 3; 1) : f (0; 3; 1) = (0; 3; 1)
n = (2; 1; 3) : f (2; 1; 3) = (2; 1; 3).
Vit dng ma trn
1 2 0 1 2 0
1
1 F
casio
tnh
E
0 3 1 0 3 1 0
2 1 3 2 1 3
0
thnh vc t i
0 0
1 0
0 1
3
7
2
7
6
7
2
7
6
7
3
7
6
7
3
7
2
7
1
2 6 3
6 3 2
f (x) = x1 ( 37 ; 27 ; 6
7 ) + x2 ( 7 ; 7 ; 7 ) + x3 ( 7 ; 7 ; 7 ) = 7 (3x1 + 2x2 6x3 ; 2x1 + 6x2 + 3x3 ; 6x1 + 3x2 2x3 )
6.2
Nhn v nh ca nh x tuyn tnh

Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : V W
Nhn ca f c nh ngha l
ker f = {x V : f (x) = 0}
nh c nh ngha l
Imf = {f (x) W |x V }
nh l Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : V W

ker f l KG con ca V .
Imf l KG con ca W .
dim(ker f ) + dim(Imf ) = dim V
V d 6.4 Cho axtt f : R3 R2 tha f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) = (x1 x2 ; x1 + 2x2 x3 ).

Tm c s v s chiu ca Imf v ker f .
Bi lm
(
x1 x2 = 0
a) x Kerf = f (x) = 0 (x1 x2 ; x1 + 2x2 x3 ) = 0
x1 + 2x2 x3 = 0
= x = (x2 ; x2 ; 3x2 ) = x2 (1; 1; 3) = ker f =< (1; 1; 3) > .
C s ca ker f l {(1; 1; 3)} v dim(ker f ) = 1.
(
x1 = x2
x3 = 3x2
b) Imf gm tt c cc f (x):
f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) = (x1 x2 ; x1 +2x2 x3 ) = x1 (1; 1)+x2 (1; 2)+x3 (0; 1) = Imf =< (1; 1), (1; 2), (0; 1) >.
C s ca Imf l {(1; 1), (0; 3)} v dim(Imf ) = 2.
Cch khc
dim(Imf ) = dim(R3 ) dim(ker f ) = 3 1 = 2 = Imf R2 .
C s ca Imf l {(1; 0), (0; 1)}.
nh l Cho axtt f : V W
nh ca tp sinh l tp sinh ca nh:
V =< e1 , e2 , . . . , en >= Imf =< f (e1 ), f (e2 ), . . . , f (en ) >
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 54
6.3. MA TRN CA NH X TUYN TNH
HBK TPHCM
V d 6.5 Cho axtt f : R3 R3 bit nh ca mt tp sinh

f (1; 1; 1) = (1; 2; 1), f (1; 1; 2) = (2; 1; 1), f (1; 2; 1) = (5; 4; 1).
Tm c s v s chiu ca Imf v ker f
a) Theo nh l: Imf =< (1; 2; 1), (2; 1; 1), (5; 4; 1). >.
C s ca Imf l {(1; 2; 1), (0; 1; 1)} v dim(Imf ) = 2.
b) E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 1; 2), (1; 2; 1)} l tp sinh ca R3 .
Vit x = x1 e1 + x2 e2 + x3 e3 = f (x) = x1 f (e1 ) + x2 f (e2 ) + x3 f (e3 )
f (x) = x1 (1; 2; 1) + x2 (2; 1; 1)
+ 5x3 ; 2x1 + x2 + 4x3 ; x1 x2 x3 )
+ x3 (5; 4; 1) = (x1 + 2x2
x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 = 0
x1 =
x ker f f (x) = 0 2x1 + x2 + 4x3 = 0 x2 = 2 .
x1 x2 x3 = 0
x3 =
= x = (1; 1; ) 2(1; 1; 2) + (1; 2; 1) = (2; 1; 4).
Vy c s ca ker f l {(2; 1; 4)} v dim(ker f ) = 1.
6.3
Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh

Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh cho axtt f : V W .
E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } l c s ca V . F = {f1 , f2 , . . . , fm } l c s ca W .
Ma trn

[f (e1 )]F [f (e2 )]F . . . [f (en )]F
AE,F =
||
||
||
mn
gi l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong cp c s E, F .
Ch : [f (ei )]F = F 1 f (ei ). Do

1
F f (e1 ) F 1 f (e2 ) . . . F 1 f (en )
= F 1 f (E).
AE,F =
|
|
|
mn
V d 6.6 Cho axtt f : R3 R2 bit f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) = (x1 + 2x2 3x3 ; 2x1 + x3 ).
Tm ma trn ca f trong cp c s E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 0)}, F = {(1; 3), (2; 5)}.
Bi lm

6
.
f (1; 1; 1) = (0; 3) = [f (1; 1; 1)]F =
3

16
f (1; 0; 1) = (2; 3) = [f (1; 0; 1)]F =
.
9

11
f (1; 1; 0) = (3; 2) = [f (1; 1; 0)]F =
.
7

6 16 11
Ma trn cn tm l AE,F =
.
3 9
7
Cch khc

1

1 2
0 2 3 dng casio
6 16 11
1
AE,F = F f (E) =
======
.
3 5
3 3 2
3 9
7
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 55
HBK TPHCM
nh l
i) Cho axtt f : V W . Khi tn ti duy nht ma trn AE,F
c m n sao cho
[f (x)]F = AE,F [x]E ,
vi E, F l 2 c s ca V v W tng ng.
ii) 2. Cho ma trn A = (aij )mn trn trng s K. Khi tn
ti duy nht mt nh x tuyn tnh f : K n K m tha
[f (x)]F = AE,F [x]E .
Ch :
Mi mt nh x tuyn tnh t khgian hu hn chiu vo KG hu hn chiu tng ng duy nht mt
ma trn v ngc li.
Ta coi nh x tuyn tnh l ma trn. Thng thng khng phn bit hai khi nim ny.
V d 6.7 Cho axtt f : R3 R2 bit ma trn ca f trong cp
c s
2 1 3
E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 0)}, F = {(1; 1), (2; 1)} l AE,F =
.
0 3 4
a) Tm f (3; 1; 5).
b) Tm f (x).
Bi lm

3
1 1 1
3
3
a) [(3; 1; 5)]E = E 1 1 = 1 0 1 1 = 2 .
5
1 1 0
5
2
Dng cng thc [f (x)]F = AE,F [x]E

[f (3; 1; 5)]F =

3
14
2 1 3
2
=
2
0 3 4
2

= f (3; 1; 5) = 14(1; 1) 2(2; 1) = (10; 12).

x1
1 1 1
x1
x1 + x2 + x3
.
x1 x2
b) [(x1 ; x2 ; x3 )]E = E 1 x2 = 1 0 1 x2 =
x3
1 1 0
x3
x1 x3
Dng cng thc [f (x)]F = AE,F [x]E

x1 + x2 + x3

2 1 3
4x1 + x2 + 5x3
x1 x2
[f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 )]F =
=
0 3 4
7x1 3x2 4x3
x1 x3
= f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) = (4x1 + x2 + 5x3 )(1; 1) (7x1 3x2 4x3 )(2; 1) = (10x1 5x2 3x3 ; 3x1 2x2 + x3 ).
Ma trn trong 1 c s cho axtt f : V V .
E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } l c s ca V .
Ma trn nh x ca f trong cp c s E, E l
AE = E 1 f (E).
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 56
HBK TPHCM
V d 6.8 Cho axtt f : R3 R3 c ma trn trong
1
AE = 2
1
c s E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 0)} l
1 1
3 3 .
2 4
a) Tm f (2; 3; 1).
b) Tm c s v s chiu ca ker f .
c) Tm c s v s chiu ca Imf .
Bi lm
a) Tng t v d trn: f (2; 3; 1) = (12; 6; 2).

x1
b) Gi s x = x1 e1 + x2 e2 + x3 e3 [x]E = x2 .
x3
1 1 1
x1
x1 = 6
x2 = 0 x2 = 5 .
x ker f f (x) = 0 [f (x)]F = AE [x]E = 0 2 3 3
1 2 4
x3
x3 =
x = 6(1; 1; 1) 5(1; 0; 1) + (1; 1; 0) = (2; 7; 1)
= ker f =< (2; 7; 1) >. C s ca ker f l {(2; 7; 1)} v dim(ker f ) = 1.

1 1 1
1
1
0 =
1 = f (1; 1; 1) = (1; 1; 1) + (1; 0; 1) (1; 1; 0) = (4; 2; 3).
c) [f (1; 1; 1)]E = 2 3 3
1 2 4
0
1

1
Tng t [f (1; 0; 1)]E = 3 = f (1; 1; 1) = (1; 1; 1) + 3(1; 0; 1) + 2(1; 1; 0) = (6; 3; 4).
2

1
[f (1; 1; 0)]E = 3 = f (1; 1; 1) = (1; 1; 1) + 3(1; 0; 1) + 4(1; 1; 0) = (6; 3; 2).
4
Imf =< f (1; 1; 1), f (1; 0; 1), f (1; 1; 0) >. C s ca Imf l {(4; 2; 3), (0; 0; 1)}.
Tnh Cht 6.3 (Mi lin h gia 2 ma trn trong c s khc nhau)
Cho axtt f : V W .
Cho 2 c s ca V l: E = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en }, E 0 = {e01 , e02 , . . . , e0n }.
Cho 2 c s ca W l: F = {F1 , f2 , . . . , fn }, F 0 = {f10 , f20 , . . . , fn0 }.
P l ma trn chuyn c s t E vo E 0 : [x]E = P [x]E 0
Q l ma trn chuyn c s t F vo F 0 :[y]F = Q[y]F 0
Ta c
[f (x)]F = AE,F [x]E Q[f (x)]F 0 = AE,F P [x]E 0 = [f (x)]F 0 = Q1 AE,F P.[x]E 0
Khi , Q1 AE,F P l ma trn ca f trong cp c s E 0 , F 0 .
Ta tm tc bng s sau
A
E F
P
Q
Q1 AP
E 0 F 0
Trong trng hp c bit: V W, E F, E 0 F 0 , ta c kt qu tng t
A
E E
P
P
P 1 AP
E 0 E 0
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 57
HBK TPHCM
V d 6.9 Cho axtt f : R3 R3 cho bi f (x1 ; x2 ; x3 ) = (x1 + 2x2 3x3 ; 2x1 + x2 + x3 ; 3x1 x2 + 2x3 ).
Tm ma trn ca f trong c s E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 1; 0), (1; 0; 1)}.
Bi lm
1 2 3
1
Ma trn ca f trong c s chnh tc E0 l A = E01 f (E0 ) = f (E0 ) = 2 1
3 1 2
1 1 1
Ma trn chuyn c s t E0 sang E l P = E01 .E = E = 1 1 0.
0 1 1
S
A
ctc ctc
P
P
P 1 AP
1
Ma trn cn tm P 1 AP = E 1 AE = 1
0
E 0 E 0
1
1 1
1 2 3
1 1 1
1 4 7
1 0 2 1
1 1 1 0 = 2 8 10 .
1 1
3 1 2
0 1 1
0 4 5
A= 2
1
c s E = {(1; 2; 1), (1; 1; 2), (1; 1; 1)} l
0 1
1 4 .
1 3
Tm ma trn ca f trong c s E 0 = {(1; 2; 3), (2; 3; 5), (5; 8; 4)}.

Bi lm
S
E E
P
P
P 1 AP
E 0 E 0
Ma trn chuyn c s t E sang E 0 l P = E 1 E 0 .
Ma trn ca f trong c s E 0 l
59
40 221
1
P 1 AP = E 01 EAE 1 E 0 = 53 37 206 .
9
5 4
23
A= 2
1
c s E = {(1; 2; 1), (1; 1; 2), (1; 1; 1)} l
0 1
1 4 .
1 3
Tm ma trn ca f trong c s chnh tc F = {(1; 0; 0), (0; 1; 0), (0; 0; 1)}. T suy ra f (x).
Bi lm
S
ctc ctc
P
P
P 1 AP
E 0 E 0
Ma trn chuyn c s t E sang F l P = E 1 .F = E 1 .
Ma trn ca f trong c s chnh tc l
1 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
18 4 6
dng casio
B = P 1 AP = EAE 1 = 2 1 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 ====== 20 4 7
1 2 1
1 1 3
1 2 1
27 6 9
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 58
HBK TPHCM
= f (x) = (18x1 4x2 6x3 ; 20x1 4x2 7x3 ; 27x1 6x2 9x3 ). ??
nh ngha 6.4 (Hai ma trn ng dng) .
Hai ma trn vung A, B gi l ng dng nu tn ti ma trn kh nghch P tha
P 1 AP = B.
Mnh cho axtt f : V V .
A l ma trn ca f trong c s E.
B l ma trn ca f trong c s F .
Khi A v B ng dng.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 59
Chng 7
Tr ring - vc t ring
Ni dung
1) Tr ring - vc t ring ma trn
2) Cho ha ma trn
3) Cho ha ma trn i xng thc
4) Tr ring - vc t ring nh x tuyn
tnh
5) Cho ha nh x tuyn tnh
7.1
Tr ring - vc t ring
Tr ring - vc t ring ca ma trn vung A.
S gi l tr ring ca ma trn A nu tn ti vc t x khc khng
tha
Ax = x
Khi , x gi l vc t ring ng vi tr ring ca ma trn A.
x 6= 0 l VTR ca A nu Ax cng phng vi x.

1 6
6
3
V d 7.1 Cho A =
v u =
,v =
.
5 2
5
2

1 6
6
24
6
Ta c: Au =
=
= 4
= 4u : u l VTR ng vi TR = 4.
5 2
5
20
5

1 6
3
9
Av =
=
: khng cng phng vi x, d x khng l VTR ca A.
5 2
2
11

3 4
V d 7.2 Cho A =
, 1 = 1, 2 = 3. S no l TR ca A?
6 5
Bi lm
60
7.1. TR RING - VC T RING
HBK TPHCM
a) Xt h phng trnh Ax = 1 x
(
(

3x1 + 4x2 = x1
4x1 + 4x2 = 0
3 4
x1
x1
= 1
6 5
x2
x2
6x1 + 5x2 = x2
6x1 + 6x2 = 0

Nh vy x =
, 6= 0 l cc VTR ng vi TR = 1 ca A.
b) Xt h phng trnh Ax = 2 x (
(

3x1 + 4x2 = 3x1
4x2 = 0
3 4
x1
x1
=3
6 5
x2
x2
6x1 + 5x2 = 3x2
6x1 + 2x2 = 0
V h c nghim duy nht x = 0 nn 2 = 3 khng phi TR ca ma trn A.
(
x1 =
x2 =
(
x1 = 0
x2 = 0
nh ngha 7.1 (Cc khi nim c bn)

Gi s 0 l Tr ca ma trn vung A x0 6= 0 : Ax0 = x0 Ax0 0 x = 0 (A I)x = 0.
V h thun nht c nghim khc khng nn
det(A I) = 0 : gi l phng trnh c trng ca A.
a thc PA () = det(A I) gi l a thc c trng ca A.
Tm TR-VTR ca ma trn vung
Bc 1) Lp phng trnh c trng det(A I) = 0.
Bc 2) Gii phng trnh c trng tm tr ring.
Bc 3) Vi mi TR i , gii h (A i I)x = 0:
Tm VTR ng vi TR i .
nh ngha 7.2 .
i) Bi i s ca tr ring i l bi nghim ca i trong phng trnh c trng.
ii) Khng gian con ring ca tr ring i l khng gian nghim ca h (A i )x = 0, k hiu l Ei .
iii) Bi hnh hc ca i l s chiu ca Ei : BHH = dim(Ei ).
nh l 7.3 Cho A l ma trn vung.
i) C s ca cc KG con ring lp thnh mt h c lp tuyn tuyn tnh.
ii) 1 BHH BS cho tt c cc tr ring i .
Chng minh: Theo di bi ging trn lp.

1 4
V d 7.3 Cho A =
. Tm tt c cc TR, c s v chiu ca KG con ring tng ng.
2 3
Bi lm

1
4

Phng trnh c trng det(A I) = 0
= 0 (1 )(3 ) 2.4 = 0
2
3

1 = 1 nghim n: BS=1
2 4 5 = 0
.
2 = 5 nghim n: BS=1
1 = 1, gii h (A 1 I)x = 0

1 (1)
4
0
2 4 0
2
3 (1) 0
2 4 0
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 61
7.1. TR RING - VC T RING
HBK TPHCM

2
2
x =
=
. C s ca E1 l
v BHH = dim(E1 ) = 1.
1
1

1
2 4 0
x =
=
.
2 = 5, gii h (A 2 I)x = 0
2 4 0
1

1
C s ca E5 l
v BHH = dim(E5 ) = 1.
1
3 1 1
V d 7.4 Cho A = 2 4 2. Tm tt c cc TR, c s v chiu ca KG con ring tng ng.
1 1 3
2
Bi lm.
Phng
I) = 0
trnh c trng: det(A

3

1
1

4
2
2 4
2
2

=0
4
2 = 0 (3 )
2
+ 1
+ 1
1
3
1 3
1
1
1

1
3
2 7 + 10) + (2 + 4) + ( 2) = 0 3 + 102 28 + 24 = 0
(3
)(

1 = 2 nghim kp: BS=2,
2 = 6 nghim n: BS=1.
1 = 2, gii h
32
1
1
x1
1 1 1 0
42
2 x2 = 0 2 2 2 0
(A 1 I)x = 0 2
1 1 1 0
1
1
32
x3

1
0
0
1
x = 0 + 1 . C s E2 l 0 , 1 v BHH = dim(E2 ) = 2.
1
1
1
1
1 = 6, gii h
3 1
1 0
(A 2 I)x = 0 2 2 2 0
1
1 3 0

1
C s ca E6 l 2 v BHH = dim(E6 ) = 1.
Tnh cht cho A l ma trn vung trn C.

i) Mi ma trn cp n c ng n tr ring tnh c bi.
ii) Tng cc TR bng tr(A): tng cc phn t trn ng cho
chnh.
iii) Tch cc Tr bng det(A).
iv) Nu 0 l TR ca A th m l TR ca Am , m Z + .
v) Nu 0 6= 0 th
1
l TR ca A1 .
0
V d 7.5 Tm tt c cc tr ring ca ma trn cp n
1 1
1 1
A=
. . .
1 1
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
...
...
. .
...
Trang 62
1
1
.
.
1
7.2. CHO HA MA TRN
HBK TPHCM
Bi lm
D thy det(A) = 0 nn A c TR = 0.
r(A 0I) = r(A) = 1 = BHH = n 1 = BS n 1.
gi n TR ca A l 1 = 2 = = n1 = 0, n .
V 1 + 2 + + n1 + n = tr(A) = n = n = n.
Nh vy A c n 1 TR 0 v 1 TR bng n.
a thc c trng ma trn cp 3

PA () = 3 + tr(A) (A11 + A22 + A33 ) + det(A).
Tnh a thc c trng ca ma trn cp 3 d sai. Cng thc trn cho ta tnh a thc c trng ma trn
cp 3 n gian hn.
15 18 16
V d 7.6 Tm tt c c TR, c s KG con ring ca A = 9 12 8
4 4 6
Bi lm
tr(A) = 15 12 6 = 3, det(A)
= 12

12 8 15 16 15 18
+
+
= 40 26 18 = 4.
A11 + A22 + A33 =
4 6 4 6 9 12
a thc c trng: P () = 3 32 + 4 + 12.
Suy ra TR: 1 =
3, 2 = 2, 3 = 2.

18 18 16 0
1
9 9 8 0 . C s E3 l 1 .
1 = 3, gii h
4 4 3 0
0

17 18 16 0
2
1 = 2, gii h 9 10 8 0 . C s E2 l 1 .
4 4 4 0
1

13 18 16 0
4
9 14 8 0 . C s E2 l 2 .
1 = 2, gii h
1
4 4 8 0
7.2
Cho ha ma trn
nh l 7.4 .
Hai ma trn ng dng th cng a thc c trng.
Ch :
2 ma trn ng dng cng tp tr ring nhng khng cng vc t ring.
2 ma trn cng a thc
c trng th
chachc dng dng:
1 1
1 0
Xem 2 ma trn A =
v I =
cng a thc c trng nhng khng ng dng.
1 0
0 1
nh ngha 7.5 (Ma trn cho ha c) .
Ma trn A gi l cho ha c nu A ng dng vi ma trn cho.
Tc l tn ti ma trn P kh nghch sao cho P 1 AP = D l ma trn cho.
Ch :
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 63
7.2. CHO HA MA TRN
HBK TPHCM

1 1
Khng phi ma trn no cng cho ha c, v d nh A =
.
0 1
Cho ha ma trn A l cn tm ma trn P v ma trn cho D tha P 1 AP = D.
Ta tm cu trc ma trn P v D nh sau:
Gi s A c cho ha bi ma trn P v D:
0
.
.
.
0
1

0 2 . . .
. . . Pn
,D =
. . . . . . . . . . . .
||
0
0 . . . n

P =
P1 P2
|| ||
Ta c P 1 AP = D AP = P D.
0

. . .
P1 P2 . . . Pn
k = k .Pk , k = 1, n.
Ly ct th k: A.Pk =
|| ||
||
. . .
0
iu ny chng t cc ct Pk ca ma trn P l cc VTR ng vi TR k ca ma trn A.
Cc phn t cho ca D l cc TR ca A.
nh l 7.6 Ma trn vung A cho ha c khi v ch khi tn ti n VTR c lp tuyn tnh.
H qu
A c n TR phn bit th cho ha c.
A cho ha c khi v ch khi BHH=BS cho tt c
cc TR.
cho ha ma trn A, ta cn tm tt c cc TR v c s KG con ring
1
3
3
V d 7.7 Cho ha ma trn A = 3 5 3.
3
3
1
Bi lm
a thc c trng P () =
32

+ 4. Tri ring
1 = 1
(BS=1)
2 = 2 (BS=2).
0
3
3 0
1
1 = 1, gii h (A 1I)x = 0 3 6 3 0 . C s E1 l u1 = 1. BHH=1=BS
3
3
0 0
1
2 = 2, gii h (A + 2I)x
=0

3
3
3 0
1
1
1 , u3 =
0 BHH=2=BS.
3 3 3 0 . C s E2 l u2 =
3
3
3 0
0
1
Vy A cho ha c:
1 1 1
1 0
0
0 , D = 0 2 0
P = 1 1
1
0
1
0 0 2
2
4
3
V d 7.8 Cho ha ma trn A = 4 6 3.
3
3
1
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 64
7.3. CHO HA MA TRN I XNG THC BI MA TRN TRC GIAO
Bi lm
HBK TPHCM
1 = 1
(BS=1)
a thc c trng: P () =
+ 4. Tr ring
2 = 2 (BS=2).
4
4
3 0
2 = 2, gii h 4 4 3 0 . r = 2 = BHH = dim = 3 2 = 1 < BS.
3
3
3 0
Vy A khng cho ha c.
0
8 6
V d 7.9 Cho ha A = 1 8 7 v tnh A2013 .
1 14 11
3
32
Bi lm
Sinh vin t tnh TR v VTR. Suy ra
1 1 2
P = 1 2 3 ,
1 3 5
2 0 0
D = 0 2 0
0 0 3
2
Ta c P 1 AP = D A = P
DP 1 =
P DP 1 .P DP 1
=
P D2 P 1 .
A
= 2013
1 1 2
2
0
0
1
1 1
22013
0 2 3 1 .
Suy ra A2013 = P D2013 P 1 = 1 2 3 0
2013
1 3 5
0
0
3
1 2 1
5
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
v tnh Am .
V d 7.10 Cho ha A =
1
4 3 0
1 2 0 3
Sinh vin lm tng t v d trn.

2
1
1
V d 7.11 Tm ma trn vung c TR l 2, 3, 1 v c VTR tng ng l v1 = 1 , v2 = 2 , v3 = 1

1
1
1
Bi lm
A c cho ha bi ma trn P v D nh sau
2 1 1
2 0 0
P = 1 2 1 , D = 0 3 0
1 1 1
0 0 1
Suy ra ma trn A cn tm A = P DP 1 .
7.3
Cho ha ma trn i xng thc bi ma trn trc giao

nh ngha
i) Ma trn vung thc A gi l i xng thc nu AT = A.
ii) Ma trn vung P gi l trc giao nu P 1 = P T .
iii) Ma trn A gi l cho ha trc giao c nu tn ti ma trn
trc giao P v ma trn cho D tha
A = P 1 DP = P T DP.
Cu trc ma trn trc giao

T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 65
7.3. CHO HA MA TRN I XNG THC BI MA TRN TRC GIAO
HBK TPHCM
H qu Ma trn vung A l trc giao nu cc ct ca

A to thnh 1 c s trc chun.
nh l. cho A l ma trn i xng thc. Khi
i) Tr ring A l nhng s thc.
ii) Cc VTR ng vi cc TR khc nhau th vung gc.
iii) A lun cho ha trc giao c.
Mi ma trn cho ha trc giao c l ma trn i xng.

Cc bc cho ha trc giao ma trn i xng thc
Bc 1 Lp phng trnh c trng. Gii tm tr ring.
Bc 2 Tm c s TRC CHUN ca cc KG con ring.
Bc 3 Thnh lp ma trn P v D.
Ch :
Ma trn i xng thc lun cho ha c nn khng cn xc nh BHH v BS.
tm c s trc chun ca mt khng gian con ring no ta chn mt c s ty ri dng qu
trnh Gram Schmidt (nu cn).
3 2 4
V d 7.12 Cho ha trc giao ma trn A = 2 6 2.
4
2 3
Bi lm
3
a thc c trng P () =
122 21 98. Tr ring:1
= 2, 2 = 7.
+
2
2
3
1 = 2. C s E2 l v1 = 1 . C s trc chun f1 = 13 .
2
2
3

1
1
2 = 7. C s E7 l v2 = 0 , v3 = 2 . Tm c s trc chun bng Gram-Schmidt:
1
0
1

1
2
e2 = v2 = 0
= f2 = 0 .
1
1
2
1

1
1
1
18
(v3 , e2 )
1
1
0 = 4 = f3 = 4
e3 = v3
e2 = 2
18
(e2 , e2 )
2
2
1
0
1
1
18
C s trc chun ca E7 l {f2 , f3 }.

Vy ma trn trc giao P v ma trn cho D l
2
1
1
P =
3
1
3
2
3
0
1
2
2 0 0
D = 0 7 0
0 0 7
18
4
,
18
1
18
2 1 1
V d 7.13 Hy cho ha ma trn i xng thc A = 1 2 1
1 1 2
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 66
7.4. TR RING - VC T RING CA NH X TUYN TNH
Sinh vin lm tng t. Kt qu
P =
1
3
1
3
1
3
12
1
2
16
16
,
2
6
HBK TPHCM
0 0 0
D= 0 3 0
0 0 3
V d 7.14 Tm ma trn i xng thc c 3 tr ring ln lt l 2, 2, 1

Hng dn
2 0 0
Thnh lp ma trn D = 0 2 0.
0 0 1
Thnh lp ma trn P bng cch chn c s (khc cho ) ty , v d nh E = {(1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 0)}.
Trc chun E bng Gram-Schmidt. Lp P t cc vc t c s trc chun.
Khi , ma trn A cn tm l A = P DP T .
7.4
Tr ring - vc t ring ca nh x tuyn tnh
nh ngha 7.7 Cho KGVT V trn trng s K v axtt f : V V .

S gi l TR ca f nu tn ti vc t x 6= 0 tha
f (x) = x.
Khi , x gi l VTR ng vi TR ca ma trn A.
Ch : x 6= 0 l VTR ca f nu x v f (x) cng phng.
Trong chng trc, xem nh x tuyn tnh nh mt ma trn: TR v VTR ca axtt ging nh TR v VTR
ma trn.
V d 7.15 Cho axtt f l php chiu vung gc xung mt phng x y + 2z = 0. Tm TR v VTR ca f .
Bi lm
Vc t php tuyn n = (1; 1; 2) = f (n) = 0.n: n l VTR
( ng vi TR 1 = 0.
f (a1 ) = 1.a1
Cp vc t ch phng a1 = (1; 1; 0), a2 = (2; 0; 1) =
.
f (a2 ) = 1.a2
Vy a1 , a2 l 2 VTR ng vi TR 2 = 1.
V f : R3 R3 nn khng cn vc t ring no khc.
Cho E l c s ca KGVT V trn K. Axtt f : V V .
Gi A l ma trn ca f trn trong c s E.
gi s 0 l TR ca f : x0 6= 0 v f (x0 ) = x0 .
[f (x0 )]E = 0 [x0 ]E A[x0 ]E = 0 [x0 ]E .
Suy ra [x0 ]E l VTR ng vi TR 0 ca ma trn A.
Tr ring - vc t ring ca nh x tuyn tnh
Cho A l ma trn ca axtt f : V V trong c s E.
i) Tr ring A cng l TR ca f v ngc li.
ii) x0 l VTR ca A ng vi TR 0 th vc t x sao cho [x]E = x0 l
VTR ca f ng vi TR 0 :
x = E.x0
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 67
7.4. TR RING - VC T RING CA NH X TUYN TNH
HBK TPHCM
Ch :
TR ca axtt v ma trn ging nhau.
VTR ca axtt v ma trn nhn chung khc nhau.
Nu E l c s chnh tc th VTR ca ma trn v axtt ging nhau.
f (x) = f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (5x1 10x2 5x3 , 2x1 + 14x2 + 2x3 , 4x1 8x2 + 6x3 ).
Tm tr ring, vc-t ring ca nh x tuyn tnh f .
Bi lm
5 10 5
14
2 .
Chn E l c s chnh tc. Ma trn ca f trong E l A = 2
4 8
6
Tm TR ca A: 1 = 5, 2= 10.
5
1 = 5. Vc t ring v1 = 2 , 6= 0.
4
2
, 2 + 2 > 0.
2 = 10. Vc t ring v2 =
V E l c s chnh tc nn TR-VTR ca A cng l TR-VTR ca f .

f (1; 1; 1) = (2; 1; 3), f (1; 0; 1) = (6; 3; 5), f (1; 1; 0) = (2; 1; 3).
Tm TR-VTR ca axtt f .
Bi lm
Chn c s E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 0)}.
1
A = E 1 f (E) = 1
1
Ma trn ca f
1 1
2 6
0 1 1 3
1 0
3 5
Tm TR ca A: 1 = 0, 2 = 2,
3 =
4. y cng
1 = 0 = VTR ca A l x = 0 , 6= 0.
Vc t ring ca f ng vi TR 1 l
1 1
v1 = Ex = 1 0
1 1
trong c s E

2
2
1 = 1
3
1
2 2
3 1 .
1 1
l TR ca axtt f .
2
1 0 = 2 , 6= 0.
0
Tng t cho tr ring 2 v 3 :

2
2
v2 = , v3 = , 6= 0.
2
V d 7.18 Cho axtt f : R3 R3 c ma trn trong c s E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 1; 2), (1; 2; 1)} l
2 2 1
A = 2 1 2
14 25 14
Tm TR-VTR ca f .
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 68
7.5. CHO HA NH X TUYN TNH
HBK TPHCM
Bi lm
TR ca A l 1 = 3, 2 = 6. ycngl TR ca
1 = 3 = VTR ca A l u1 = , 6= 0.
VTR ca f ng vi TR 1 l
1 1
v1 = E.u1 = 1 1
1 2
5
Tng t cho tr ring 2 : v2 = 13 , 6= 0.
3
f.
2 = 2 , 6= 0.
1
V d 7.19 Cho axtt f : R3 R3 bit f c 3 TR l 2, 1, 0 v 3 VTR tng ng l (1; 1; 1), (1; 2; 1), (1; 1; 2).
Tm f (x).
Bi gii
Theo gi thit ta c:
f (1; 1; 1) = 2(1; 1; 1) = (2; 2; 2), f (1; 2; 1) = 1.(1; 2; 1), f (1; 1; 2) = 0.(1; 1; 2) = 0.
T y suy ra f (x).
7.5
Cho ha nh x tuyn tnh
nh ngha 7.8 Axtt f : V V gi l cho ha c nu tn ti c s B sao cho ma trn ca f trong

c s ny l ma trn cho.
Cho
nh l 7.9 Axtt f : V V cho ha c khi v ch khi f c n vc t ring c lp tuyn tnh.
Khi c s B gm cc vc t ring.
Cc bc cho ha nh x tuyn tnh:
Bc 1) Chn 1 c s E ca KGVT V . Tm ma trn A ca f trong c s E.
Bc 2) Cho ha ma trn A (nu c).
Bc 3) Kt lun:
i) Nu A cho ha c th f cho ha c v ngc li
ii) Kt lun: Gi s A cho ha c bi ma trn P v ma trn cho D:
C s B gm cc VTR ca f v ma trn cho cn tm l D
V d 7.20 Cho axtt f : R3 R3 bit f (x) = (2x1 2x2 x3 ; 2x1 1x2 2x3 ; 14x1 + 25x2 + 14x3 ).
Cho ha f (nu c).
Bi lm
2 2 1
Ma trn ca f trong c s chnh tc A = 2 1 2.
14 25 14
TR ca A l 1 = 3, 2 = 6(BS
2).
=
1
2 = 6 = VTR ca A l v2 = 2 : BHH = 1 < BS.
8
A khng cho ha c do f cng khng cho ha c.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 69
HBK TPHCM
V d 7.21 Cho axtt f : R3 R3 , bit

f (1; 1; 1) = (1; 7; 9), f (1; 0; 1) = (7; 4; 15), f (1; 1; 0) = (7; 1; 12).
Cho ha f (nu c).
Bi lm
Ma trn ca f trong c s E = {(1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 0)} l
1 1 1
1
7 7
1
4 4
4
1 = 8 11 8
A = E 1 f (E) = 1 0 1 7
1 1 0
9 15 12
8
8
5
1
Phng trnh c trng 3 52 3+9 = 0 (1)(+3)2 = 0 Vi 1 = 1 = u1 = 2 , 6= 0.
2
C s E1 ca f ng vi TR 1 l

1 1 1
1
1
v1 = Eu1 = 1 0 1 2 = 1
1 1 0
2
3

1
1
2 = 3. C s E3 ca A l u2 = 1 , u3 = 0 .
0
1
C s E3 ca f ng vi TR 2 l

2
2
v2 = Eu2 = 1 , v3 = Eu3 = 2 .
1
2
Vy c s cn tm l B = {(1, 1, 3), (2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1)} v
1 0
0 3
D=
0 0
ma trn ca axtt f trong c s B l
0
0 .
3
Bi tp
Cu 1) Cho ha cc ma trn sau (nu c):
2 2 1
1 4 2
c) A = 1 3 1 ,
a) A = 3 4 0 ,
1 1 0
3 1 3
T R : 1, 2, 3.
T R : 0, 1, 4.
4 2 2
4 0 2
b) A = 2 4 2 ,
d) A = 2 5 4 ,
2 2 4
0 0 5
T R : 2, 8.
T R : 5, 4.
7
4 16
5
8 ,
e) A = 2
2 2 5
T R : 3, 1
0 4 6
f) A = 1 0 3 ,
1
2
5
T R : 2, 1.
Cu 2) Chng minh rng nu A cho ha v kh nghch th A-1 cng cho ha v kh nghch.

Cu 3) Chng t nu ma trn vung A cp n c n VTR c lp tuyn tnh th ma trn AT cng c n VTR
c lp tuyn tnh.
Cu 4) Chng t nu B ng dng vi A v A cho ha c th B cng cho ha c.
Cu 5) Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R2 R2 . f (x1 ; x2 ) = (x1 + 2x2 ; 2x1 + 4x2 ).
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 70
HBK TPHCM
(a) Tm c s v s chiu ca imf v kerf .

(b) Tm tt c cc TR v VTR ca f .
(c) Cho ha f (nu c).
(d) Tnh A20
E.
Cu 6) Cho axtt f : R3 R3 . E = {e1 = (1; 1; 0); e2 = (2; 1; 1); e3 = (1; 0; 2)} l c s ca R3 . f (e1 ) =
(0; 0; 4), f (e2 ) = (1; 3; 8), f (e3 ) = (3; 5; 6)}.
(a) Tm f (x), c s v s chiu ca nhn v nh.
(b) Tm tt c cc TR v vc t ring ca f .
(c) Tm ma trn B sao cho B 3 = AE0 .
(d) Cho ha f (nu c).
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 71
Chng 8
Dng ton phng

Ni dung
nh ngha dng ton phng
a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc
Phn loi dng ton phng
8.1
nh ngha
nh ngha 8.1 Dng ton phng trong Rn l mt hm thc f : Rn R,

x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )T Rn : f (x) = xT .A.x,
trong A l ma trn i xng thc v c gi l ma trn ca dng ton phng (trong c s chnh tc).
V d 8.1

x1
2 3
Cho x =
. Ma trn ca dng ton phng trong R2 l
,A =
x2
3 4
T
x Ax = x1 x2
2 3
3 4

x1
= 2x21 6x1 x2 + 4x22 .
x2
Dng ton phng trong R3 thng c ghi dng

f (x) = f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = Ax21 + Bx22 + Cx23 + 2Dx1 x2 + 2Ex1 x3 + 2F x2 x3 .
Ma trn ca dng ton phng lc ny l ma trn i xng
A D E
M = D B F
E F C
V d 8.2 Cho dng ton phng trong R3 : f (x) = 2x21 3x22 + 4x23 2x1 x2 + 6x1 x3 .
2 1 3
Ma trn ca dng ton phng l A = 1 3 0. D dang kim tra f (x) = xT Ax.
3
0 4
72
8.2. A DNG TON PHNG V DNG CHNH TC
8.2
HBK TPHCM
a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc
Cho dng ton phng f (x) = xT Ax, x Rn .

A l ma trn i xng thc nn cho ha c bi ma trn trc giao P v ma trn cho D: A = P DP T .
Khi f (x) = xT Ax = xT P DP T x = (P T x)T .D.(P T x).
t y = P T x x = P y, ta c
f = y T Dy = n yn2 + n yn2 + + n yn2
Dng ton phng y T Dy gi l dng chnh tc ca
dng ton phng xT Ax.
Dng ton phng f (x) = xT Ax lun a c v dng chnh tc
f = y T Dy bng cch cho ha trc giao ma trn A.
Php bin i x = P y nh trn gi l php bin i trc giao.
Thut ton php bin i trc giao:
Bc 1: Vit ma trn A ca dng ton phng (trong c s chnh tc).
Bc 2: Cho ha A bi ma trn trc giao P v ma trn cho D.
Bc 3: Kt lun: dng chnh tc cn tm l f = y T Dy.
Php bin i cn tm x = P y.
V d 8.3 a dng ton phng

f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 4x1 x2 4x1 x3 + 3x22 2x2 x3 + 3x23
v dng chnh tc bng php bin i trc giao. Nu r php bin i.
Bi lm
0 2 2
Ma trn ca dng ton phng A = 2 3 1
2 1 3
p() = 3 + 62 32 =
1 = 2, 2 = 3 = 4.
T R :
Vi 1 = 2, ta c P1
Vi 2 = 3 = 4, ta c P2 =
2
6
1
.
6
1
6
15
2
,
5
230
= 130 .
P3
5
30
Do ma trn trc giao P =
2
6
1
6
1
6
15
2
5
230
130
.
5
30
Dng chnh tc f = 2y12 + 4y22 + 4y32 v php bin i tng ng x = py.

nh ngha 8.2 Php bin i x = P y gi l php bin i khng suy bin nu P l ma trn khng suy
bin.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 73
8.2. A DNG TON PHNG V DNG CHNH TC
HBK TPHCM
Thut ton Lagrange

Bc 1) Chn 1 s hng x2k c h s khc khng.
Lp thnh 2 nhm: 1 nhm gm tt c cc s hng cha xk ,
nhm cn li khng cha xk .
Bc 2) Trong nhm u tin: lp thnh tng bnh phng.
Nh vy, ta s c 1 tng bnh phng v 1 dng ton phng
khng cha xk .
Bc 3) S dng bc 1, 2 cho dng ton phng khng cha xk .
Ch : Nu trong dng ton phng khng c s hng x2k , th ta chn s hng xi .xj c h s khc 0. i
bin
xi = yi + yj
x j = yi yj
xk = yk ,
k 6= i, j.
V d 8.4 a dng ton phng f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x21 + 2x22 7x23 4x1 x2 + 8x1 x3 v dng chnh tc bng
phng php Lagrange.
f (x) = [x21 4x1 (x2 2x3 )] + [2x22 7x23 ]
= [x21 4x1 (x2 2x3 ) + 4(x2 2x3 )2 ] 4(x2 2x3 )2 + 2x22 7x23 = (x1 2x2 + 4x3 )2 2x22 + 16x2 x3 23x23
Lm tng t cho phn khng cha x1 :
2x22 + 16x2 x3 23x23 = 2(x22 8x2 x3 + 16x23 ) + 9x23 = 2(x2 4x3 )2 + 9x23 .
= f (x) = (x1 2x2 + 4x3 )2 2(x2 4x3 )2 + 9x23 .
y1 = x1 2x2 + 4x3
x1 = y1 + 2y2 + 4y3
y2 = x2 4x3
x2 =
y2 + 4y3
y3 = x 3
x3 =
y3
Dng chnh tc cn tm l f (x) = g(y) = y12 2y22 + 9y32 .
V d 8.5 a dng ton phng f (x) = x21 + 4x1 x2 + 4x1 x3 + 4x22 + 16x2 x3 + 4x23 v dng chnh tc bng
thut ton Lagrange.
Bi lm
f (x) = [x21 + 4x1 (x2 + x3 )] + 4x22 + 16x2 x3 + 4x23
= (x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 )2 4(x2 + x3
)2 + 4x22 + 16x2 x3 + 4x23
= (x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 )2 + 8x2 x3 . Phn cn li khng
x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = y1
x1 = y1 + 4y2
c s hng bnh phng, ta t x2 = y2 + y3
.
x2 = y2 + y3
x3 = y2 y3
x3 = y2 y3
2
2
2
Dng chnh tc cn tm l f = y1 + 8y2 8y3
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 74
8.3. PHN LOI DNG TON PHNG
8.3
HBK TPHCM
Phn loi dng ton phng

Phn loi dng ton phng . Dng ton phng f (x) = xT Ax c
gi l
xc nh dng, nu x 6= 0 : f (x) > 0.
xc nh m, nu x 6= 0 : f (x) < 0.
na xc nh dng, nu x : f (x) > 0, x0 6= 0 : f (x0 ) = 0.
na xc nh m, nu x : f (x) 6 0, x0 6= 0 : f (x0 ) = 0.
khng xc nh du, nu x1 , x2 : f (x1 ) < 0, f (x2 ) > 0.
V d 8.6 Phn loi dng ton phng f (x) = x21 + 5x22 + 4x23 4x1 x2 2x2 x3 .
Dng thut ton Lagrange:
f (x) = (x1 2x2 )2 + (x2 x3 )2 + 3x23 0
x1 2x2 = 0
x2 x3 = 0 x = 0.
f (x) = 0
x3 = 0
Vy f (x) l dng ton phng xc nh dng.
Tnh cht Cho dng ton phng dng chnh tc
f = 1 y12 + 2 y22 + . . . + n yn2
Nu k > 0, k th f xc nh dng.
Nu k < 0, k th f xc nh m.
Nu k > 0, k, i = 0 th f na xc nh dng.
Nu k 6 0, k, i = 0 th f na xc nh m.
Nu i > 0, j < 0, i 6= j th f khng xc nh du.
nh ngha 8.3 Gi s dng ton phng a v chnh tc c:
f = 1 y12 + 2 y22 + + n yn2 .
S cc h s dng c gi l ch s dng qun tnh.
S cc h s m c gi l ch s m qun tnh.
Lut qun tnh Ch s dng qun tnh, ch s m qun tnh ca
dng ton phng l nhng i lng bt bin khng ph thuc
vo cch a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc.
nh ngha 8.4 (nh thc con chnh) .Cho ma trn vung A.
Tt c cc nh thc con to nn dc theo ng cho chnh c gi l nh thc con chnh cp 1, 2, . . . , n.
a11 a12 a13 . . . a1n

a21 a22 a23 . . . a2n
A=
a31 a32 a33 . . . a3n
... ... ... ... ...
an1 an2 an3 . . . ann

a11 a12 a13
a11 a12

, 3 = a21 a22 a23 , . . . , n = det(A).
Cc nh thc con chnh 1 = |a11 |, 2 =

a21 a22
a31 a32 a33
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 75
HBK TPHCM
Tiu chun Sylvester Cho dng ton phng f (x) = xT Ax

i) f (x) xc nh dng khi v ch khi i > 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
ii) f (x) xc nh m khi v ch khi (1)i i > 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
V d 8.7 Phn loi dng ton phng f (x) = 5x21 + x22 + 5x23 + 4x1 x2 8x1 x3 4x2 x3 .
Bi lm
5
2 4
1 2
Ta c ma trn ca dng ton phng f l A = 2
4 2 5

5

2
4
5 2

1 2 = 1 > 0.
V 1 = 5 > 0, 2 =
= 1 > 0, 3 = 2

2 1
4 2 5
Vy f xc nh dng theo tiu chun Sylvester.
V d 8.8 Cho dng ton phng f (x) = 5x21 x22 mx23 4x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 + 2x2 x3 .
Vi gi tr no ca m th dng ton phng f xc nh m.
Bi lm
5 2 1
Ma trn ca dng ton phng f l A = 2 1 1 .
1
1 m

5 2 1
5 2

= 1 > 0, 3 = 2 1 1 = m + 2.
1 = 5 < 0, 2 =

2 1
1
1 m
f xc nh m khi v ch khi
1 < 0,
2 > 0, m + 2 < 0 m > 2.
3 < 0
V d 8.9 Tm m dng ton phng sau khng xc nh du

f (x) = x21 + 5x22 + mx23 4x1 x2 + 6x1 x3 + 2x2 x3 .
Bi lm
f (x) = (x21 4x1 x2 + 6x1 x3 ) + 5x22 + mx23 + 2x2 x3
= (x1 2x2 + 3x3 )2 + x22 + 14x2 x3 + (m 9)x23 = (x1 2x2 + 3x3 )2 + (x2 + 7x3 )2 + (m 58)x23 .
f (x) khng xc nh du khi v ch khi c t nht mt h s m v mt h s dng m < 58.
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 76
HBK TPHCM
n tp - 1
2 2 1
3 1 2
Cu 1) Cho hai ma trn A = 2 5 3 v B = 1 2 4 . Tm ma trn X tha AX X = B T
2 3 5
2 6 3
Cu 2) Trong R4 cho khng gian con U =< (1, 1, 2, 2), (2, 1, 1, 0) >, z = (1, 2, 3, 1).
(a) Tm c s v s chiu U .
(b) Tm hnh chiu ca z xung U .
Cu 3) Trong R4 cho 2 khng gian con
U =< (1, 1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1, 0) >

x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 5x4 = 0
V :
2x1 x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 0
(a) Tm c s v s chiu ca U V.
(b) Tm c s v s chiu ca U + V .
Cu 4) Trong R2 : x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ). Xt tch v hng (x, y) = 2x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 3x2 y2 .
Tnh khong cch gia 2 vct u, v vi u = (2, 1), v = (1, 3).
Cu 5) Cho
nh x f :
1 2
3
2
A=
1 3
R3 R3 , bit ma trn ca f trong c s E = {(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 1)} l

1
0 . Tm f (4, 3, 6)
4
Cu 6) Cho ma trn cp 3
0
2
2
A = 1 3 2
1
5
4
Tm mt ma trn B M3 (R) sao cho B 3 = A.
n s 2
1 1 0
2 3 6
Cu 1) Cho A = 1 2 1 , B = 1 2 5 . Tm ma trn X tha 3I + AX = B T .
3 3 1
3
0
7
Cu 2) Tm tt c cc nghim ca h phng trnh
2x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 1

x1 + 2x2 + x4 = 0
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 3
vung gc vi vc t u = (1; 1; 1; 0).
Cu 3) Trong R4 , cho 2 khng gian con F =< (1; 2; 1; 1); (2; 3; 1; 2) >, G =< (3; 1; 2; 1), (5; 10; 7; 7) >.
Tm c s v s chiu ca F G.
Cu 4) Trong R3 , cho tch v hng
(x, y) = 3x1 y1 + 2x1 y2 + 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2 + x3 y3 , x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 )
v khng gian con F =< (1; 1; 2) >. Tm hnh chiu ca vc t x = (2; 0; 1) xung F .
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 77
HBK TPHCM
Cu 5) Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3 tha

f (1; 2; 1) = (2; 1; 3), f (2; 3; 0) = (3; 2; 5), f (1; 3; 2) = (5; 3; 2).
(a) Tm c s v s chiu ca ker f v =f .
(b) Tm ma trn ca f trong c s E = {(1; 2; 1), (2; 3; 0), (1; 3; 2)}.

3 2 3
1
Cu 6) Cho ma trn A = 1 a 3 v x = 1. Tm a, b x l vc ring ca A. Cho ha A
2 4 b
1
vi a, b va tm c.
p s
1
20 9 10
5
1. X = 6 2
5 4
2
2. (a) C s ca U l {(1; 1; 1; 0), (2; 4; 0; 3)}.
7
(b) P rU (z) = (0; 2; 2; 3).
17
3. (a) C s U + V l {(1; 1; 2; 1), (0; 1; 3; 1), (0; 0; 9; 5)}
T
(b) C s U V l {(2; 3; 1; 1)}.
4. d(u, v) = 34.
5. f (4; 3; 6) = (22; 26; 21)

1

1 0 0
0
1
1
0
1
1
6. B = 1 1 1 . 0 0 0 . 1 1 1 .
1
1
2
1
1
2
0 0 32
2:
16 5 11
1. X = 11 6 8 .
9
2 5
2. x = (1; 0; 1; 2), R.
3. C s F G l {(4; 7; 1; 4)}.
4. Hnh chiu l
4
(1; 1; 2).
8
5. (a) C s ca =f l {(2; 1; 3), (0, 1, 19)}. C s ca ker f l {(48; 76; 9)}.
25 11 36
0
6 .
(b) Ma trn ca f trong c s E l 6
11
8
19
2 0 0
2 3 1
1 .
6. a = 0, b = 4. D = 0 2 0 , P = 1 0
0
0 7
0 1 2
T.S.ng Vn Vinh
Trang 78

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i hc Quc gia TP.

Bi Ging i S Tuyn Tnh

Ngy 14 thng 8 nm 2013

Ti liu tham kho

8 Dng ton phng

4) Nng s phc ln ly tha.

2) Dng lng gic s phc.

0.1. DNG I S CA S PHC

Php nhn 2 s phc

0.2. DNG LNG GIC CA S PHC

Dng lng gic ca s phc

M un s phc z = a + bi l mt s thc khng m c nh

l khong cch gia 2 im z v w.

0.2. DNG LNG GIC CA S PHC

V d 0.9 Tm argument s phc z =

Dng lng gic s 

V d 0.10 Tm dng lng gic s phc z = 1 + i 3.

Dng lng gic z = 2(cos

S bng nhau ca 2 s phc dng lng gic

Php nhn dng lng gic

V d 0.11 Tm dng lng gic s phc z = (1 + i)(1 i 3).

z = (1 + i)(1 i 3) = 2(cos + i sin ).2(cos

0.2. DNG LNG GIC CA S PHC

V d 0.13 Tm dng m ca s phc z = 3 + i.

V d 0.16 Tnh z = i2013 .

M un m n ln, argument tng n ln.

0.2. DNG LNG GIC CA S PHC

Cn bc n ca z(z 6= 0) c ng n gi tr phn bit.

V d 0.20 Tm tt c cc nghim ca a thc P (z) = z 4 4z 3 + 14z 2 36z + 45, bit 1 nghim l 2 + i.

0.2. DNG LNG GIC CA S PHC

V d 0.22 Gii phng trnh

1 + i = ... tng t nh trn

ri tnh nghim theo cng thc.

Cu 3) Gii phng trnh:

Cu 5) Gii phng trnh z 4 4z 3 + 17z 2 16z + 52 = 0 bit phng trnh c mt nghim z1 = 2 + 3i

(b) w = cos + i(1 + sin )

nh ngha 1.1 (Ma trn) .

a11 . . . a1j . . . a1n

... ... ... ... ...

A l ma trn c 2 3 c 2 hng v 3 ct. Cc phn t ca ma trn A:

1.1. CC KHI NIM C BN

Phn t c s ca mt hng l phn t khc 0 u tin

c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh l 1, 1, 3, 0.

Ma trn tam gic

1.2. CC PHP BIN I S CP

Ma trn cho c cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh bng 0.

Tng t ta c 3 php bin i theo ct.

1.3. CC PHP TON MA TRN

Cc php ton ma trn

Php nhn hai ma trn Cho A = (aij )mp , B = (bij )pm .

iu kin php nhn AB: s ct ca A bng s hng ca B.

ii. A(B + C) = AB + AC.

v. (AB) = (A)B = A(B).

1.4. HNG CA MA TRN

An = A.A...A.A(n n ma trn A).

iii) Nu A B = r(A) = r(B).

1.5. MA TRN NGHCH O

Ch : Khng phi mt vung no cng c nghch o. C rt nhiu mt vung khng c nghch o.

Dng lng gic s

khir(A) < n