Joe Kolousek ECI 309 Linda Robinson THE INFLUENCE OF DEVELOP ENT!L THEORI"T" ON EDUC!TION !

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T*e%e a%e a $le+*o%a o, +*eo%ies in +*e -o%ld on *o- +o bes+ +ea.* /iddle s.*ool s+uden+s0 os+ o, +*ose +*eo%ies .an be e,,e.+i1e( bu+ no+ all a%e e,,e.+i1e all o, +*e +i/e0 T*a+ is -*2( +o be +*e /os+ e,,e.+i1e +ea.*e% $ossible( i+ is i/$o%+an+ +o *a1e an unde%s+andin3 and a$$%e.ia+ion o, a 1a%ie+2 o, edu.a+ional +*eo%ies( so +*a+ +*e %i3*+ one .an be u+ili4ed a+ +*e %i3*+ +i/e0 !b%a*a/ aslo- is kno-n ,o% .%ea+in3 a *ie%a%.*2 o, needs +*a+ s*o-s +*a+ .e%+ain

needs /us+ be /e+ be,o%e o+*e% needs .an be a.*ie1ed0 T*e ,unda/en+al( basi. needs a+ +*e base o, +*is $2%a/id a%e $*2siolo3i.al needs su.* as ,ood( -a+e%( and s*el+e%0 T*e ne5+ le1el o, needs a%e sa,e+2 and se.u%i+2( ,ollo-ed b2 needs ,o% lo1e and belon3in3( in.ludin3 ,a/il2( ,%iends( and se5ual in+i/a.20 !,+e% +*a+ a%e needs ,o% sel,6es+ee/( %es$e.+( .on,iden.e( and a.*ie1e/en+0 Finall2( a+ +*e +o$ o, +*e $2%a/id a%e needs o, sel,6a.+uali4a+ion( in.ludin3 /o%ali+2( .%ea+i1i+2( and a..e$+an.e0 .an be a.*ie1ed0 T*e +ea.*e%s a+ E5$lo%is iddle ".*ool see/ed +o be 1e%2 a-a%e o, aslo-7s *ie%a%.*2 aslo- belie1ed +*a+ lo-e%6le1el needs /us+ be /e+ be,o%e *i3*e%6le1el needs

o, needs0 I, a s+uden+s needed +o use +*e %es+%oo/ o% 3e+ a d%ink( +*e +ea.*e%s le+ +*e/( be.ause i, +*ose needs a%e no+ bein3 /e+( +*e s+uden+s -ill no+ be able +o ,o.us on +*e *i3*e% le1el needs0 T*e%e %eall2 -e%e no be*a1io% $%oble/s +*a+ I obse%1ed -*ile +*e%e( *o-e1e% i, +*e%e -e%e( I belie1e +*e +ea.*e%s -ould *a1e deal+ -i+* +*e/ $%o/$+l2 and e,,i.ien+l2 so +*a+ +*e s+uden+s .ould ,eel lo1ed and a..e$+ed and .on+inue +o /o1e u$ +*e *ie%a%.*20 Jo*n De-e2 -as an edu.a+ional $*iloso$*e% -*o belie1ed s+%on3l2 +*a+ s+uden+s s*ould be able +o .on+%ol +*ei% o-n lea%nin3 -i+*in a s+%u.+u%ed en1i%on/en+0 He -as .on.e%ned -i+* unde%s+andin3 s+uden+7s needs %a+*e% +*an si/$l2 8us+ deli1e%in3 kno-led3e0 De-e2 also belie1ed +*a+ lea%nin3 s*ould be %ele1an+ and $%a.+i.al +o +*e s+uden+7s li1es ou+side o, s.*ool and *e belie1ed in an in+e%dis.i$lina%2 s+2le o, lea%nin30

T*e in+e%dis.i$lina%2 s+2le o, E5$lo%is %eall2 e5e/$li,ies De-e27s edu.a+ional $*iloso$*20 Ins+ead o, 8us+ si++in3 in %o-s $%a.+i.in3 %o+e /e/o%i4a+ion o% bein3 9,ed: in,o%/a+ion( +*e s+uden+s a%e a.+i1el2 en3a3ed( ,%e;uen+l2 in s/all 3%ou$s( in dis.ussin3 and ,i3u%in3 ou+ solu+ions +o %eal6-o%ld $%oble/s0 Fo% e5a/$le( du%in3 one o, /2 obse%1a+ions( s+uden+s -a+.*ed a 1ideo abou+ +*e dan3e%s o, $las+i. $ollu+ion and +*en( in s/all 3%ou$s( .a/e u$ -i+* -a2s +o *el$ 3e+ +*ei% s.*ool and .o//uni+2 /o%e in1ol1ed -i+* %e.2.lin30 T*e s+uden+s -e%e %eall2 en3a3ed be.ause +*e2 *ad +*e $o-e% +o de.ide -*a+ kind o, a.+i1i+2 o% $%esen+a+ion +*e2 -e%e 3oin3 +o do( unde% +*e di%e.+ion and 3uidan.e o, +*ei% +ea.*e%s( o, .ou%se0 "i/ila% +o De-e2( C*a%i+2 Ja/es -as also an ad1o.a+e ,o% in+e%dis.i$lina%2 lea%nin30 Ho-e1e%( s*e also belie1ed +*a+ adoles.en+s *ad .e%+ain lea%nin3 needs +*a+ -e%e balan.ed ou+ b2 $ola%i+ies0 Fo% e5a/$le( s*e belie1ed in a need +o be needed and a need +o need0 T*e%e .an7+ be one -i+*ou+ +*e o+*e%0 T*e%e /us+ be a balan.e0 In addi+ion +o +*a+ need( s*e also belie1ed in a need ,o% in+%os$e.+ion and a need +o a,,e.+ +*e ou+e% -o%ld( a need ,o% in+ensi+2 and a need ,o% %ou+ine( a need ,o% /2+* and a need ,o% ,a.+( a need ,o% $*2si.al a.+i1i+2 and a need ,o% s+illness( and a need ,o% aloneness and a need +o belon30 I+7s i/$o%+an+ ,o% +ea.*e%s +o unde%s+and +*ese needs and kno- -*en s+uden+s /a2 need so/e balan.e in +*ei% da20 Fo% e5a/$le( *a1in3 s+uden+s +%2 +o si+ and lis+en +o a +ea.*e% all da2 is no+ 3oin3 +o -o%k0 !..o%din3 +o Ja/es( +*e%e is a +i/e ,o% s+illness bu+ s+uden+s also need +o be a.+i1e and en3a3ed0 Du%in3 an obse%1a+ion a+ E5$lo%is( -*ile +*e s+uden+s -e%e si++in3 and -a+.*in3 +*e 1ideo on $las+i. $ollu+ion( i+ -as e1iden+ +o /e +*a+ /an2 o, +*e/ -e%e ;ui+e -i33l2 and *ad a *a%d +i/e si++in3 s+ill0 !,+e% +*e 1ideo( +*e +ea.*e% assi3ned +*e s+uden+s +o -o%k on s/all 3%ou$s on +*ei% $%o8e.+s0 T*en -e%e +*en able +o 3e+ u$ and /o1e a%ound +*e %oo/( and

+*e2 -e%e .%ea+in3 $os+e%s( so +*e2 -e%e .u++in3 and $as+in3 and .olo%in30 T*is $*2si.al a.+i1i+2 and /o1e/en+ $%o1ided a ni.e balan.e ,%o/ +*e s+illness o, si++in3 and -a+.*in3 +*e /o1ie0 Jean Pia3e+ belie1ed +*a+ $eo$le 3ain kno-led3e +*%ou3* in+e%a.+ions -i+* o+*e%s as -ell as +*%ou3* e5$e%ien.es0 Peo$le do +*is b2 assi/ila+in3 in,o%/a+ion in+o +*ei% /inds and +*en a..o//oda+in3 i+ +o /ake i+ ,i+ in -i+* -*a+ +*e2 al%ead2 kno-0 !..o%din3 +o Pia3e+( +*e%e a%e ,ou% s+a3es o, .o3ni+i1e de1elo$/en+< +*e senso%i/o+o% s+a3e( in -*i.* babies ,%o/ bi%+* +o a%ound a3e +-o use +*ei% senses +o lea%n abou+ +*e -o%ld a%ound +*e/= +*e $%e6o$e%a+ional s+a3e( -*i.* las+s ,%o/ a%ound a3e +-o +o a3e se1en( in -*i.* +*e i/a3ina+ion $la2s a bi3 %ole in lea%nin3= +*e .on.%e+e o$e%a+ion s+a+e( -*i.* las+s ,%o/ a%ound a3e se1en +o a3e ele1en( in -*i.* adoles.en+s be3in +o /o1e a-a2 ,%o/ $u%el2 i/a3ina+i1e +*inkin3 +o /o%e lo3i.al +*inkin3= and +*e ,o%/al o$e%a+ional s+a+e( -*i.* s+a%+s a%ound a3e ele1en( in -*i.* adoles.en+s s+a%+ +*inkin3 e1en be2ond +*e .on.%e+e +o /o%e +*e /o%e abs+%a.+0 I+ -as in+e%es+in3 -*ile -a+.*in3 s+uden+s -o%k in 3%ou$s a+ E5$lo%is +*a+ I .ould obse%1e +*a+ so/e s+uden+s -e%e s+ill 1e%2 /u.* in +*e .on.%e+e o$e%a+ional s+a3e -*ile o+*e%s *ad /o1ed o% a+ leas+ be3un +o /o1e in+o +*e ,o%/al o$e%a+ional s+a3e0 T*e s+uden+s do a lo+ o, 3%ou$ -o%k a+ E5$lo%is( and du%in3 one lesson in -*i.* +*e s+uden+s *ad +o %ead an a%+i.le ou+ o, +*e lo.al ne-s$a$e% and dis.uss i+( I obse%1ed so/e s+uden+s 8us+ %es+a+in3 -*a+ +*e2 %ead( -*ile o+*e%s -e%e a.+uall2 able +o in,e% in,o%/a+ion ,%o/ +*e a%+i.le and /ake /o%e abs+%a.+ s+a+e/en+s abou+ -*a+ /a2 o% /a2 no+ *a$$en in +*e ,u+u%e as a %esul+ o, -*a+ +*e2 %ead0 >en8a/in >loo/ is bes+ kno-n ,o% .%ea+in3 *is +a5ono/2 o, lea%nin3( -*i.* +ea.*e%s .an use +o *el$ 3uide s+uden+s +o /as+e%in3 *i3*e%6le1el +*inkin3 skills0 In +*e )990s( >loo/7s o%i3inal +a5ono/2 -as %e1ised +o +*e ,ollo-in3 le1els< Re/e/be%in3( Unde%s+andin3( !$$l2in3( !nal24in3( E1alua+in3( C%ea+in30

T*e +ea.*e%s a+ E5$lo%is -e%e al/os+ al-a2s $us*in3 +*ei% s+uden+s +o +*e *i3*e% le1els o, >loo/7s +a5ono/20 Fo% e5a/$le( ,o% one assi3n/en+ +*e s+uden+s -e%e .%ea+in3 a +%a1el b%o.*u%e o, Ralei3*0 In o%de% +o do +*a+( +*e2 *ad +o anal24e +*ei% .i+2 +o see -*a+ abou+ i+ -ould be in+e%es+in3 enou3* +o d%a- $eo$le +o i+0 T*en +*e2 *ad +o e1alua+e all o, +*ei% o$+ions +o see -*i.* +*e2 +*ou3*+ -as bes+0 !ll o, +*is -as /ade e1en /o%e e,,e.+i1e b2 +*e ,a.+ +*a+ +*e2 -e%e -o%kin3 in a 3%ou$( so no+ onl2 did +*e2 *a1e +o anal24e and e1alua+e on +*ei% o-n( +*e2 +*en *ad +o de,end +*ei% ideas and all -o%k +o3e+*e% and anal24e and e1alua+e a3ain as a 3%ou$0 Le1 V23o+sk2 is kno-n ,o% *is so.ial de1elo$/en+ +*eo%2( in -*i.* *e belie1ed +*a+ so.ial lea%nin3 $%e.edes .o3ni+i1e de1elo$/en+0 He belie1ed +*a+ .*ild%en lea%n +*%ou3* +*ei% so.ial in+e%a.+ions -i+* o+*e%s and +*is in +u%n ,u%+*e%s +*ei% .o3ni+i1e de1elo$/en+0 I don7+ kno- e5a.+l2 -*a+ +*is -ould look like in a.+ion( *o-e1e% I belie1e +*a+ be.ause i+ in1ol1es lea%nin3 ,%o/ o+*e%s( .ollabo%a+i1e -o%k /i3*+ be a 3ood e5a/$le o, i+0 I obse%1ed 3%ou$ -o%k and in1ol1e/en+ du%in3 e1e%2 1isi+ +o E5$lo%is0 I+( alon3 -i+* in+e%dis.i$lina%2 s+udies( is one o, +*ei% .o%e 1alues0 I obse%1ed s+uden+s -o%kin3 +o3e+*e% and lea%nin3 ,%o/ ea.* o+*e% -*ile .%ea+in3 $%o8e.+s +o *el$ $%o/o+e 3ood %e.2.lin3 *abi+s( .%ea+in3 +%a1el b%o.*u%es abou+ +*e .i+2 o, Ralei3*( and deba+in3 +*e /o1ie >ull2 du%in3 +*ei% se/ina%0 I also obse%1ed +*e s+uden+s -o%kin3 in s/all 3%ou$s du%in3 a %eadin3 lesson0 T*e +ea.*e% did a %eall2 e,,e.+i1e 8ob o, /oni+o%in3 +*ese 3%ou$s +o ensu%e +*a+ e1e%2one -as $a%+i.i$a+in3 and .on+%ibu+in3 e;uall20 "*e *el$ed +o d%a- in +*e ;uie+e% s+uden+s and s*e %ea%%an3ed so/e o, +*e 3%ou$s as needed0 E%ik E%ikson -as in+e%es+ed in *o- *u/an iden+i+2 de1elo$s o1e% +i/e( and *e .a/e u$ -i+* di,,e%en+ s+a3es +*a+ *u/an bein3s 3o +*%ou3* in +*ei% li1es0 He %ou3*l2 e;ua+ed +*ese s+a3es -i+* di,,e%en+ a3es( *o-e1e%( $eo$le .an 3o +*%ou3* +*ese s+a3es a+ an2 +i/e de$endin3 on +*ei% li,e e5$e%ien.es0 Fo% e5a/$le( i, +*e%e is a adoles.en+ -*o li1es in a sin3le6$a%en+ *ouse*old and

*is /o+*e% is -o%kin3 all +*e +i/e and *e is %es$onsible ,o% +akin3 .a%e o, *is 2oun3e% siblin3s and +akin3 on /o%e o, a $a%en+ %ole *i/sel,( be.ause *e *ad +o 3%o- u$ so ;ui.kl2 *i/sel,( *e /a2 3o +*%ou3* s+a3es ea%lie% +*an so/e o, *is $ee%s0 E1en +*ou3* E%ikson7s s+a3es a%e no+ se+ in s+one( +*e2 a%e 3ood 3ene%al 3uidelines +o ,ollo-0 T*e s+a3e +*a+ /os+ /iddle s.*ool s+uden+s 3o +*%ou3* is +*e s+a3e o, iden+i+2 1s0 iden+i+2 .on,usion0 T*is s+a3e -as ,%e;uen+l2 e1iden+ du%in3 /2 obse%1a+ions a+ E5$lo%is in a 1a%ie+2 o, -a2s0 I $%edo/ina+el2 no+i.ed i+ du%in3 +*e se/ina% +*a+ +*e s+uden+s *eld0 I+ -as ,as.ina+in3 +o -a+.* +*e s+uden+s in+e%a.+ -i+* /ini/al s.a,,oldin3 ,%o/ +*e +ea.*e%s0 I .ould de,ini+el2 see +*is s+a3e o, E%ikson in a.+ion as +*e s+uden+s +%ied +o ,i3u%e ou+ and s+a+e -*a+ +*e2 belie1ed0 "o/e s+uden+s see/ed +o s+%u33le -i+* +*is( $ossibl2 be.ause -*a+ +*e2 %eall2 +*ink is .on+%a%2 +o -*a+ +*e /a8o%i+2 o, +*e s+uden+s +*ink0 T*e%e -e%e de,ini+el2 so/e $e%iods o, lon3 silen.e( -*i.* +*e +ea.*e%s allo-ed +o *a$$en be.ause I +*ink +*is allo-ed +*e s+uden+s +i/e +o ,o%/ula+e +*ei% o$inions and s+%u33le +*%ou3* +*is s+a3e o, iden+i+2 .%isis0 La-%en.e Ko*lbe%37s /ain ,o.us -as on /o%al de1elo$/en+0 He de1elo$ed si5 s+a3es +*a+ %an3ed ,%o/ a basi. bla.k and -*i+e unde%s+andin3 o, 3ood and e1il( %i3*+ and -%on3( all +*e -a2 +o a s+a3e in -*i.* $eo$le a%e a-a%e o, +*e di,,e%en+ e,,e.+s +*a+ a /o%al de.ision *as on e1e%2one0 Unlike E%ikson and Pia3e+( +*ese s+a3es a%e no+ asso.ia+ed -i+* an2 a3e 3%ou$0 !n2 $e%son .an be a+ an2 o, +*ese si5 s+a3es a+ an2 +i/e0 !ddi+ionall2( $eo$le don7+ /o1e +*%ou3* +*ese s+a3es in se;uen.e0 T*en .an 8u/$ ba.k and ,o%+* ,%o/ one +o ano+*e% de$endin3 on +*e .i%.u/s+an.e0 I obse%1ed +*ese s+a3es o, Ko*lbe%3 -*ile obse%1in3 +*e s+uden+ se/ina%0 T*e s+uden+s -e%e dis.ussin3 +*e /o1ie >ull2 and deba+in3 abou+ -*e+*e% o% no+ i+ s*ould be %a+ed P#6)3 o% R0 "o/e o, +*e s+uden+s -e%e in +*e lo-e% s+a3es o, /o%al de1elo$/en+( in +*inkin3 +*a+ +*e

/o1ie s*ould be %a+ed R be.ause +*a+ is +*e .a+e3o%2 +*a+ i+ ,alls unde% and +*a+ is +*e %ule and %ules a%e /ade +o be ,ollo-ed0 O+*e% s+uden+s( *o-e1e%( -e%e /o%e in +*e u$$e% s+a3es o, /o%al de1elo$/en+( unde%s+andin3 +*a+ so/e+i/es %ules a%e /ean+ +o be b%oken( i, i+ /eans bene,i++in3 +*e 3%ea+e% 3ood0 "i/ila% +o Ko*lbe%3( Ca%ol #illi3an ,o.used a /a8o%i+2 o, *e% -o%k on /o%al de1elo$/en+0 He% s+a3es o, de1elo$/en+ -e%e 1e%2 si/ila% +o Ko*lbe%37s e5.e$+ +*a+ s*e *ad +*%ee +o *is si50 He% s+a3es %an3ed ,%o/ %as* de.ision6/akin3( sel,is*ness( and indi1idual su%1i1al +o +*inkin3 +*%ou3* .onse;uen.es be,o%e /akin3 de.isions and +*inkin3 o, so.ie+2 as a -*ole o1e% +*e indi1idual0 "*e also ,o.used /o%e on -o/en +*an /en sin.e s*e belie1ed +*a+ +*eo%is+s be,o%e *e% *eld a bias a3ains+ -o/en0 >e.ause #illi3an and Ko*lbe%3 -e%e 1e%2 si/ila% in +*ei% belie,s and s+udies( I -ould sa2 +*a+ I also obse%1ed #illi3an -*ile -a+.*in3 +*e s+uden+ se/ina%0 One in+e%es+in3 +*in3 I no+i.ed -as +*a+ +*e +ea.*e%s -e%e *esi+an+ +o b%eak in+o +*e s+uden+ dis.ussion0 "o/e+i/es( +*e s+uden+s -ould o..asionall2 in+e%%u$+ one ano+*e% o% s$eak a+ +*e sa/e +i/e and i+ -as al/os+ al-a2s a 3i%l -*o -ould b%in3 +*e 3%ou$ ba.k ,%o/ +*e b%ink o, .*aos0 I no+i.ed +*is a ,e- +i/es0 ! 3i%l -ould +ake .on+%ol and +ell +*e 3%ou$ +o le+ a .e%+ain $e%son ,inis* s$eakin3 be,o%e +*e ne5+ $e%son .ould s$eak0 a2be so/e o, +*e 3i%ls -e%e a+ a *i3*e% le1el o, #illi3an7s /o%al

de1elo$/en+( ,o.usin3 on +*e 3%ou$ as a -*ole( -*e%eas so/e o, +*e bo2s /a2 *a1e been on a lo-e% le1el( ,o.usin3 /o%e on +*e/sel1es and /akin3 su%e +*ei% indi1idual 1oi.es 3o+ *ea%d0 Ja/es #a%ba%ino de1elo$ed *is so.ial e.olo3i.al +*eo%20 He s+udied +*e %ela+ions*i$ be+-een o%3anis/s and +*ei% en1i%on/en+s0 He belie1ed +*a+ $eo$le a%e 3%ea+l2 a,,e.+ed b2 +*e en1i%on/en+ a%ound +*e/0

T*is -as obse%1ed a+ E5$lo%is si/$l2 b2 +*e la.k o, be*a1io% $%oble/s obse%1ed +*e%e0 T*e en1i%on/en+ a+ E5$lo%is is $osi+i1e and nu%+u%in3( and +*a+ is %e,le.+ed in +*e be*a1io% o, +*e s+uden+s0 T*e%e a%e /an2 +*in3s +*a+ *el$ .%ea+e +*is $osi+i1e en1i%on/en+0 One +*in3 is +*a+ +*e +ea.*e%s /ake i+ a $%io%i+2 +o %eall2 kno- +*ei% s+uden+s0 T*e2 +ake +*e +i/e +o kno- -*o +*e kids a%e( in and ou+ o, s.*ool0 !lso( +*e +ea.*e%s kno- all o, +*e s+uden+s7 ,i%s+ na/es and use +*ei% na/es ,%e;uen+l20 T*is /a2 see/ like i+ s*ould be ob1ious( bu+ i+ s+%u.k /e as i/$o%+an+ du%in3 one o, /2 obse%1a+ions0 One o, +*e +ea.*e%s -as -o%kin3 -i+* a 3%ou$ o, abou+ )? s+uden+s( and s*e al-a2s /ade su%e +o use +*e s+uden+7s na/es0 Ins+ead o, 8us+ sa2in3( 9#ood 8ob@:( s*e -ould sa2( 9#ood 8ob( To//2@:( ,o% e5a/$le0 T*is %eall2 s*o-ed +*e s+uden+s +*a+ +*e +ea.*e% kno-s -*o +*e2 a%e as indi1iduals ins+ead o, 8us+ as ano+*e% s+uden+0 Ho-a%d #a%dne% is kno-n ,o% *is +*eo%2 o, /ul+i$le in+elli3en.es0 He belie1ed +*a+ $eo$le lea%n in /an2 di,,e%en+ -a2s and *a1e in+elli3en.es in di,,e%en+ a%eas0 !..o%din3 +o *i/( $eo$le /a2 be /o%e in+elli3en+ in so/e a%eas and less in+elli3en+ in o+*e%s0 #a%dne%7s +*eo%2 is i/$o%+an+ ,o% +ea.*e%s +o be a-a%e o, be.ause so/e s+uden+s /a2 be ;ui+e in+elli3en+ bu+ in a di,,e%en+ -a2 +*an +*e -a2 a +ea.*e% /i3*+ be +ea.*in30 I+7s i/$o%+an+ +o $%o1ide s+uden+s -i+* o$+ions -*en $ossible0 Unde%s+andin3 +*e bi33e% ;ues+ion o,( 9!%e /2 s+uden+s unde%s+andin3 +*e lessonA: is usuall2 /o%e i/$o%+an+ +*an( 9!%e /2 s+uden+s doin3 +*e assi3n/en+ in +*e -a2 +*e I -an+A: !+ E5$lo%is( +*e%e -e%e a .ou$le o, +i/es -*en I obse%1ed /ul+i$le in+elli3en.es in a.+ion0 One -as -*en +*e s+uden+s -e%e -o%kin3 in s/all 3%ou$s on .%ea+in3 -a2s +o $%o/o+e 3ood %e.2.lin3 *abi+s0 T*e s+uden+s *ad +*e ,le5ibili+2 +o .%ea+e -*a+e1e% kind o, $%o8e.+ +*e2 -an+ed0 "o/e s+uden+s d%e- a $os+e% B1isual leane%sC( so/e .%ea+ed a %e.2.lin3 .*allen3e be+-een +*e 3%ade le1els and +*en .%ea+ed a 3%a$* s*o-in3 +*e %esul+s Bin+e%$e%sonal and /a+*e/a+i.al lea%ne%sC( and o+*e%s .%ea+ed a 1ideo B+e.*nolo3i.al lea%ne%sC0

!no+*e% +i/e +*a+ I obse%1ed /ul+i$le in+elli3en.es -as -*en +*e s+uden+s -e%e assi3ned +o .%ea+e a +%a1el b%o.*u%e abou+ +*e .i+2 o, Ralei3*0 T*e2 *ad +o -%i+e so/e $a%a3%a$*s abou+ Ralei3* bu+ +*e2 also *ad +o ,i3u%e ou+ -*a+ abou+ Ralei3* -as so 3%ea+ and -ould /ake $eo$le -an+ +o 1isi+ and +*e2 *ad +o .%ea+e a /ul+i/edia $%esen+a+ion abou+ -*a+ +*e2 de.ided( in.ludin3 $i.+u%es0 T*ese a.+i1i+ies s+ill allo-ed s+uden+s +o .o/$le+e +*e assi3n/en+ -*ile allo-in3 +*ei% na+u%al in+e%es+s and in+elli3en.es s*ine +*%ou3*0 T*ese edu.a+ional +*eo%is+s and +*ei% $*iloso$*ies *a1e ,inall2 .o/e +o li,e ,o% /e0 >2 obse%1in3 a /iddle s.*ool in a.+ion( I *a1e been able +o see +*ese $*iloso$*ies in $%a.+i.e and I unde%s+and -*2 i+ is i/$e%a+i1e +*a+ I kno- abou+ all o, +*ese di,,e%en+ +*eo%ies0 T*e2 a%e all .o%%e.+ and all e,,e.+i1e( bu+ +*e2 don7+ all -o%k ,o% +*e sa/e s+uden+ o% +*e sa/e si+ua+ion0 !s a +ea.*e%( /2 %ole -ill be +o edu.a+e a 1a%ie+2 o, s+uden+s ,%o/ a 1a%ie+2 o, ba.k3%ounds0 I+ onl2 /akes sense( +*en( +*a+ I *a1e a 1a%ie+2 o, +ools a+ /2 dis$osal0