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2 PD Kamble 720 Research Article ME September 2012 2
2 PD Kamble 720 Research Article ME September 2012 2
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R RE ES SE EA AR RC CH H A AR RT TI IC CL LE E
Use of Magneto Abrasive Flow Machining to Increase Material Removal Rate and Surface Finish
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ABSTRACT
The recent increase in the use of hard, high strength and temperature resistant materials in engineering necessitated the development of newer machining techniques. Conventional machining or finishing methods are not readily applicable to the materials like carbides; ceramics .Conventional machining processes when applied to these newer materials are uneconomical, Produce poor degree of surface finish and accuracy, Produce some stress, highly insufficient. Newer machining processes may be classified on the basis of nature of energy employed. Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is relatively new process among non-conventional machining processes. Low material removal rate happens to be one serious limitation of almost all processes. Magneto abrasive flow machining is a new development in AFM. With the use of magnetic field around the work piece in abrasive flow machining, we can increase the material removal rate as well as the surface finish. A set up has been developed for a composite process termed magneto abrasive flow machining (MAMF).The effect of parameters on the performance of the process has been studied. Experimental result indicates significantly improved performance of MAMF over AMF. Keywords : Magneto Abrasive Flow Machining(MAFM), Material Removal Rate, Surface Finish
1. INTRODUCTION
Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) is a new technique in machining. The orbital flow machining process has been recently claimed to be another improvement over AFM, which performs three-dimensional machining of complex components. These processes can be classified as hybrid machining processes (HMP)a recent concept in the advancement of non-conventional machining. The reasons for developing a hybrid machining process is to make use of combined or mutually enhanced advantages and to avoid or reduce some of
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Lecturer, 2Professor, 1,2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, INDIA. *Correspondence : pdk121180@yahoo.com
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the adverse effects the constituent processes produce when they are individually applied. In almost all nonconventional machining processes such as electric discharge machining, electrochemical machining, laser beam machining, etc., low material removal rate is considered a general problem and attempts are continuing to develop techniques to overcome it. The present paper reports the preliminary results of an on-going research project being conducted with the aim of exploring techniques for improving material removal (MR) in AFM. One such technique studied uses a magnetic field around the work piece. Magnetic fields have been successfully exploited in the past, such as machining force in magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF), used for micro machining and finishing of components, particularly circular tubes. The process under investigation is the combination of AFM and MAF, and is given the name Magneto Abrasive Flow Machining (MAFM).
2. PROBLEM DEFINITION
Magneto Abrasive flow machining (MAFM) is one of the latest non-conventional machining processes, which possesses excellent capabilities for finish-machining of inaccessible regions of a component. It has been successfully employed for deburring, radiusing, and removing recast layers of precision components. High levels of surface finish and sufficiently close tolerances have been achieved for a wide range of components .In MAFM, a semi-solid medium consisting of a polymer-based carrier and abrasives in a typical proportion is extruded under pressure through or across the surfaces to be machined. The medium acts as a deformable grinding tool whenever it is subjected to any restriction. A special fixture is generally required to create restrictive passage or to direct the medium to the desired locations in the work piece.
4. OVERVIEW
AFM was developed in 1960s as a method to deburr, machining. This provides improvement in surface roughness and material removal rate, polish intricate geometries. The process has found applications in a wide range of fields such as aerospace, defence, and surgical and tool manufacturing industries. Extrusion pressure, flow volume, grit size, number of cycles, media, and work piece configuration are the principal machining parameters that control the surface finish characteristics. Recently there has been a trend to create hybrid processes by merging the AFF process with other non-conventional processes. This has opened up new vistas for finishing difficult to machine materials with complicated shapes which would have been otherwise impossible. These processes are emerging as major technological infrastructure for precision, meso, micro, and nano scale engineering. This review provides an insight into the fundamental and applied research in the area and creates a better understanding of this finishing process, with the objective of helping in the selection of optimum
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machining parameters for the finishing of varied work pieces in practice.MAFM is a new non-conventional machining technique .It produces surface finishes ranging from rough to extremely fine. Here chips are formed by small cutting edges on abrasive particles.The use of magnetic field around the work piece. It deflects the path of abrasive flow. Here Microchipping of the surface is done. The various limitations of Abrasive Flow Machining are overcome like: 1. 2. 3. 4. Low finishing rate. Low MRR. Bad surface texture. Uneconomical.
5. NON-TRADITIONAL MACHINING
In present world of competition, product quality is main requirement of the customer. It is impossible to get required degree of accuracy and quality with conventional methods of machining. So it is required to move towards the application of non-traditional methods. The newer machining processes, so developed, are often called modern machining process or unconventional machining process. These are unconventional in the sense that the conventional tools are not employed for material removal. The energy in its direct or indirect form is utilized. Some of the non-traditional processes are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Electro Chemical Machining (ECM) Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) Ion Beam Machining (IBM) Laser Beam Machining (LBM) Plasma Arc Machining (PAM) Ultrasonic Machining (USM) Magnetic Abrasive Flow Machining (MAFM), etc.
These non-traditional methods cannot replace the conventional machining processes and a particular method, found suitable under the given conditions, may not be equally efficient under other conditions. A careful selection of the process for a given machining conditions is therefore essential. Furthermore, the machining process has to safely remove the material from work piece without inducing new sub-surface damages, the machining of work piece by means of magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) could be such a process. Unlike traditional grinding, lapping or honing processes with fixed tools, MAFM applies no such rigid tool with important advantage of subjecting the work piece to substantially lower stresses.
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Fig. 5.2: Schematic Illustration of the Magneto Abrasive Flow Machining (1.Cylinder containing medium, 2. Flange, 3.Nylon fixture, 4.Workpiece, 5.Eye bolt, 6.Hydraulic press, 7.Auxiliary cylinder, 8.Modular relief valve, 9.Piston of Hydraulic press, 10.Directional control valve, 11.Manifold blocks).
7. PROCESS PARAMETERS
Following process parameters were hypothesised to influence the performance of MAFM: 1. Flow rate (volume) of the medium,
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2. Magnetic flux density, 3. Number of cycles, 4. Extrusion pressure, 5. Viscosity of the medium, 6. Grain size and concentration of the abrasive, 7. Work piece material, 8. Flow volume of the medium, and 9. Reduction ratio. Table 5.1: Levels of Independent Parameters.
error, and X1, X2, X3 Xn are independent parameters. The mathematical form of f can be approximated by a polynomial. The dependent variable is viewed as a surface to which the mathematical model is fitted. Twenty experiments were conducted at stipulated conditions based upon response surface methodology (RSM). A central component rotatable design for three parameters was employed. The magnetic flux density, medium flow rate and number of cycles were selected as independent variables. The reason for choosing these variables for the model was that they could be easily varied up to five levels. MR and percentage improvement in surface roughness value (Rs) were taken as the response parameters. Cylindrical work pieces made of brass were chosen as the experimental specimen. An electronic balance (Metler, LC 0.1 mg) and a perthometer (Mahr, M2) were employed for the measurements of MR and surface roughness, respectively.
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The roughness was measured in the direction of flow of the medium. The experimental specimens were chosen from a large set of specimens in such a way that selected specimens had inherent variation in their initial surface roughness values in a narrow range. It was not possible to remove this variability completely; therefore percentage improvement in surface roughness (Rs) has been taken as the response parameter. The roughness values were taken by averaging the readings at several points on the surface.
8. PRINCIPLE
The volume of abrasive particles is carried by the abrasive fluid flow through the work piece. Abrasives are impinged on the work piece with a specified pressure which is provided by the piston and cylinder arrangement or with the help of an intensifier pump. The pressure energy of the fluid is converted into kinetic energy of the fluid in order to get high velocity. When a strong magnetic field is applied around the work piece, the flowing abrasive particles (which must essentially be magnetic in nature) experience a sideways pull that causes a deflection in their path of movement to get them to impinge on to the work surface with a small angle, thereby resulting in microchipping of the surface. The magnetic field is also expected to affect the abrasive distribution pattern at the machining surface of the work piece. The particles that otherwise would have passed without striking the surface now change their path and take an active part in the abrasion process, thus causing an enhancement in material removal. It is to be mentioned here that although the mechanical pull generated by the magnetic field is small, it is sufficient to deflect the abrasive particles, which are already moving at considerable speed. Therefore it appears that, by virtue of the application of the magnetic field, more abrasive particles strike the surface. Simultaneously, some of them impinge on the surface at small angles, resulting in an increased amount of cutting wear and thereby giving rise to an overall enhancement of material removal rate.
Fig. 6.1: (a) Off-State MR Fluid Particles (b) Aligning in an Applied Magnetic Field
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9. ABRASIVE MEDIUM
The mainly used abrasive media is a Silicon based polymer, hydrocarbon gel and the abrasive grains. The abrasive required is essentially magnetic in nature for the proper machining process to take place. An abrasive called Brown Super Emery (trade name), supplied by an Indian company is normally used. It contains 40% ferromagnetic constituents, 45% Al2O3 and 15% Si2O3. SiC with silicon gel is also used as an abrasive media. Also diamond coated magnetic abrasives can be used to finish ceramic bars.
10.1.
One-way machines
One way MAFM process apparatus is provided with a hydraulically actuated reciprocating piston and an extrusion medium chamber adapted to receive and extrude medium unidirectionally across the internal surfaces of a work piece having internal passages formed therein. Fixture directs the flow of the medium from the extrusion medium chamber into the internal passages of the work piece, while a medium collector collects the medium as it extrudes out from the internal passages. The extrusion medium chamber is provided with an access port to periodically receive medium from the collector into extrusion chamber. The hydraulically actuated piston intermittently withdraws from its extruding position to open the extrusion medium chamber access port to collect the medium in the extrusion medium chamber. When the extrusion medium chamber is charged with the working medium, the operation is resumed.
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10.2.
Two-Way Machines
Two-way machine has two hydraulic cylinders and two medium cylinders. The medium is extruded, hydraulically or mechanically, from the filled chamber to the empty chamber via the restricted passageway through or past the work piece surface to be abraded. Typically, the medium is extruded back and forth between the chambers for the desired fixed number of cycles. Counter bores, recessed areas and even blind cavities can be finished by using restrictors or mandrels to direct the medium flow along the surfaces to be finished.
10.3.
Orbital Machines
In orbital MAFM, the work piece is precisely oscillated in two or three dimensions within a slow flowing pad of compliant elastic/plastic MAFM medium. In orbital MAFM, surface and edge finishing are achieved by rapid, low-amplitude, oscillations of the work piece relative to a self-forming elastic plastic abrasive polishing tool. The tool is a pad or layer of abrasive-laden elastic plastic medium, but typically higher in viscosity and more in elastic. Orbital MAFM concept is to provide transitional motion to the work piece. When work piece with complex geometry translates, it compressively displaces and tangentially slides across the compressed elastic plastic selfformed pad which is positioned on the surface of a displacer which is roughly a mirror image of the work piece, plus or minus a gap accommodating the layer of medium and a clearance. A small orbital oscillation (0.5-5 mm) circular eccentric planar oscillation is applied to the work piece so that, at any point in its oscillation, a portion of its surface bumps into the medium pad, elastically compresses (5 to 20%) and slides across the medium as the work piece moves along its orbital oscillation path. As the circular eccentric oscillation continues, different
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portions of the work piece slide across the medium. Ultimately, the full circular oscillation engages each portion of the surface. To assure uniformity, the highly elastic abrasive medium must be somewhat plastic in order to be self-forming and to be continually presenting fresh medium to the polishing gap.
Fig. 8.3: Orbital MAFM Process (a) Before start of finishing (b) While Finishing
metal. Initially no material removal takes place. However, the surface atoms become more vulnerable to removal by subsequent abrasive grains. More abrasive particles attack the surface repeatedly, which causes the
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detachment of material often referred to as cutting wear. When a strong magnetic field is applied around the work piece, the flowing abrasive particles (which must essentially be magnetic in nature) experience a sideways pull that causes a deflection in their path of movement to get them to impinge on to the work surface with a small angle, thereby resulting in microchipping of the surface. The magnetic field is also expected to affect the abrasive distribution pattern at the machining surface of the work piece. The particles that otherwise would have passed without striking the surface now change their path and take an active part in the abrasion process, thus causing an enhancement in material removal. It is to be mentioned here that although the mechanical pull generated by the magnetic field is small, it is sufficient to deflect the abrasive particles, which are already moving at considerable speed. Therefore it appears that, by virtue of the application of the magnetic field, more abrasive particles strike the surface. Simultaneously, some of them impinge on the surface at small angles, resulting in an increased amount of cutting wear and thereby giving rise to an overall enhancement of material removal rate.
Graph 10.1: Effect of Magnetic Flux Density and Medium Flow Rate on MMR
Graph 10.2: Effect of Number of Cycles and Magnetic Flux Density on MRR
Graph 10.3: Effect of Medium Flow Rate and Number of Cycles on MRR
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Biing-Hwa Yanet.al., placed spiral fluted screw in the medium flowing path to improve surface quality. He rotated different shaped tiny rods at the centre of the medium flow path and used a low viscosity medium to finish. He concluded that the better surface finish is achieved due to centrifugal action caused by the rod on the abrasives and this process is called Centrifugal Force Assisted Abrasive Flow Machining (CFAAFM). Table 11.1Comparison between AFM and MAFM AFM 1. Surface irregularities such as scratch, bumps, out of roundness cannot be corrected. 2.Machined depth increases by a) Increase in particle size. b) Smaller working clearance. 3.Surface finish improved by a) Higher relative speed. b) Smaller working clearance. Surface finish-0.05-1.0 m MAFM 1. Surface irregularities such as scratch, bumps, out of roundness can be corrected easily. 2.Machined depth increases by a)Increase in magnetic flux density b) Increase in particle size. c) Smaller working clearance. 3.Surface finish improved by a) Increase in flux density. b) Increase in finishing time. c) Higher relative speed. d) Smaller working clearance. Surface finish- 3.0-5.0 m. 4. Less number of cycles is required for high material removal rate. 5. Material removal-0.020-0.030mm. 6. Magnetic field and medium flow rate interact with each other and combination leads to high material removal rate and small surface roughness.
4. More number of cycles is required for high material removal rate. 5.material removal-0.008-0.010mm 6. Medium flow rate is only factor Which yields material removal rate but surface roughness is high as compare to MAFM.
14. ADVANTAGES
(1) A very high volume of internal deburring is possible. (2) MAFM deburrs precision gears. (3) MAFM polishes internal and external features of various components. (4) MAFM removes recast layer from components. (5) Effective on all metallic materials. (6) Controllability, repeatability and cost effectiveness. (7) Less Time Consumption.
15. LIMITATIONS
(1) Abrasive materials tend to get embedded, if the work material is ductile. (2) Require closed environment. (3) Require start up hole. (4) Mostly Magnetic materials
16.2.
Since in the MAFM process, abrading medium conforms to the passage geometry, complex shapes can be finished with ease. Dies are ideal work pieces for the MAFM process as they provide the restriction for medium
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flow, typically eliminating fixturing requirements. The uniformity of stock removal by MAFM permits accurate sizing of undersized precision die passages. The original 2 micron Rs (EDM Finish) is improved to 0.2 micron with a stock removal of (EDM recast layer) 0.025 mm per surface. Laser Shops with materials as titanium, and steel (Thicker metal or composites). Prototype, R&D, Maintenance and Repair Shops. Controls Just-in-Time inventory requirements. Metal Fabricators: Offer "clean edge" plate work. Aerospace engine and control system components
Fig. 11.1: Surface Finish Improvement Before And After On (a) Internal Passages Within Turbine Engine Diffuser (b) Medical Implants (c) Complete Automotive Engine Parts
17. CONCLUSION
A magnetic field has been applied around a component being processed by abrasive flow machining and an enhanced rate of material removal has been achieved. Empirical modelling with the help of response surface has led to the following conclusions about the variation of response parameters in terms of independent parameters within the specified range. 1. Magnetic field significantly affects both MRR and surface roughness. The slope of the curve indicates that MRR increases with magnetic field more than does surface roughness. Therefore, more improvement in MRR is expected at still higher values of magnetic field. 2. For a given number of cycles, there is a discernible improvement in MRR and surface roughness.
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Fewer cycles are required for removing the same amount of material from the component, if processed in the magnetic field. 3. 4. Magnetic field and medium flow rate interact with each other .The combination of low flow rates and high magnetic flux density yields more MRR and smaller surface roughness. Medium flow rates do not have a significant effect on MRR and surface roughness in the presence of a magnetic field. 5. MRR and surface roughness both level off after a certain number of cycles.
MAFM is a well-established advanced finishing process capable of meeting the diverse finishing requirements from various sectors of applications like aerospace, medical and automobile. It is commonly applied to finish complex shapes for better surface roughness values and tight tolerances. But the major disadvantage of this process is low finishing rate. The better performance is achieved if the process is monitored online. So, acoustic emission technique is tried to monitor the surface finish and material removal .Various modelling techniques are also used to model the process and to correlate with experimental results. But experts believe that there is still room for a lot of improvements in the present MAFM status.
18. FUTURE SCOPE Initial cost of the machine is high; one can modify the machine by applying new techniques.
19. REFERENCES
[1] Singh S, Shan H. S, Development of magneto abrasive flow machining process, International Journal of machine tools and manufacture, Issue number 42 (2002), 953-959. [2] L.J Rhoades, Kohut T.A, Nokovich N.P, Unidirectional abrasive flow machining, US patent number 5, 367, 833, Nov 29th,1994. [3] Gorana V.K, Lal G.K, Forces prediction during material deformation in magneto abrasive flow machining, Journal of manufacturing systems, Issue number 260 (2006),128-139. [4] V.K Jain, R.K Jain, Modeling of material removal and surface roughness in magneto abrasive flow machining process, International Journal of Machine tool & manufacture, Issue 39 (1999), 1903-23. [5] R.E Williams, Stochastic modeling and analysis of abrasive flow machining, Journal of Engineering for Industry, Issue number 114 (1992), 74-81. [6] Jha S, Jain V.K, Design and development of the magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing process, International Journal of machine tool & manufacture, Issue number 44 (2004), 1019-1029. [7] Prof. Vijay Kumar Jain, Advanced machining processes, by Allied publisher, Page number-56.
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