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الذكاء الإصطناعي
الذكاء الإصطناعي
&
Expert systems
1423
-1
) Artificial intelligence (AI
- - artifact -
. - AI -
:
.
.
" " man-made
.[Bellman , 1978] .. ].[Chariak and MC Dermott, 1985 ]. [Kuzweil 1990 ]. [Winston 1992 ].[Rich and Knight 1991 - ].[Luger & Stubblefield, 1993
.
:
1956
John McCarthy MIT 400.
AI mind
thought .
2
.
psychologists
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AI.
:
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AI : Expert Systems
Neural Network Natural Languages
Computer Vision Robotic Fuzzy logic
Computer games .. Agent .
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3
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: Deep Blue
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IBM Super Computer Gary 1997
/ Kasparov 200 ( .
: Computational Entity )
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Usenet .
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- 2
.
:
-1 . End User Interface
-2 ) Knowledge Base .(..
-3 . Inference Engine
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types of queries
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Degree of Certainty .
:
Grammar Checker " "Wizard )
( Spreadsheet and Graphic Packages
) ( Credit Cards ...
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:
. . .
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: Common-sense .
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Update
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Bugs
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- .
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-3
Optical Character Recognition OCR )
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OCR 3 :
-1 .
-2 ) Hardware .(Software
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OCR
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.
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Feature Extraction .
Classification : Template Matching .Pixel-based
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Discriminant Function .
Contextual Processing
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Bibliography:
1-
John McCarthy,
What is artificial Intelligence?
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatsai/whatisai.html
2-
3-
4-
Aaron Sloman
What is Artificial Intelligence?
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/%7Eaxs/misc/aiforschools.html
5-
Alexander Romiszwoski
Artificial intelligence and expert systems in education: Progress,
promise and problem.
Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 1987, 3(1), 6-24
http://wwwasu.murdoch.edu.au/gen/aset/ajet/ajets/wi87p6.html
6-
Denies Susac
Artificial Intelligence
http://www.ai.about.com/library/weekly/aa051899.html
7-
Aaron Sloman
Artificial Intelligence, An illustrative overview
http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/%7Eaxs/courses.ai.html
8-
David B.Leake
Artificial Intelligence
http://www.cs.indiana.edu/%7Eleake/papers/p-01-07.html
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