Chemical For Consumers

Soap
sodium salt or potassium salt of longchain fatty acids General formula RCOONA+
or

RCOOK+

**R: containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. It can be saturated or unsaturated. (please refer to fatty acids in carbon compound)

Soaps can be prepared through saponification.

The saponification process involves boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and the sodium salts of fatty acids or soaps.

The saponification process is the process of hydroliyzing fats or oil under alkaline conditions.

Fats/oils + concentrated alkalis soap + glycerol

FAT!!!!
Fats/oils are natural ester that produce by

combination of fatty acid with glycerol. What happen to the fat during saponification??? Fats/oils undergoes hydrolysis in alkali condition and then break up to fatty acid and glycerol. Then, fatty acid will react with alkali to form sodium salts of fatty acid (soap).

Alkaline hydrolysis Consider this reaction; Fats/oil in concentrated sodium hydroxide Fatty acid + glycerol
Fatty acid + alkali/sodium ion sodium salt fatty

acid/soap + water
Overall: Fats/oil + alkali/sodium ion soap + glycerol

saponification
STEP 1: Palm oil and

procedure
1. 10 cm3 of palm oil is measured with measuring cylinder 10ml and poured into a beaker 250ml. 2. 50 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution 5 mol dm-3 measured with measuring cylinder 50ml and poured in the beaker. 3. The mixture is heated and stirred with glass rod until its boiling for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. 4. 50 cm3 water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added to the mixture and boiled again for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool.[white precipitate is formed and floats]. 5.The mixture is filtered with filter paper, and the residue (soap) is washed by distilled water.

examples
Palm oil + sodium hydroxide sodium

palmitate + glycerol Patah Seribu Salah Gue(akronim)