HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Chuyn : Cng Ngh Kh Sinh Hc Biogas

GING VIN: Th.s Hunh Trng Tha SVTH: Nguyn Vn Thch Nguyn Hu Hip Hunh Vn Gio Nguyn Phi Hng Trn Anh Trnh LP : L12CQVT03-N

Phn 1 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH BIOGAS

1. Tng quan cng ngh biogas trong nng nghip 1.1 c tnh chung ca nguyn liu Biogas (kh sinh hc) l mt loi kh c sinh ra khi cht thi ng vt v cc cht hu c (ph phm nng nghip) b ln men trong iu kin k kh, vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht tng hp v kh c sinh ra. Biogas l mt hn hp bao gm metan, cacbon dioxit, nit, hydro sunfua Cht thi ca ng vt (phn, nc tiu) trong chn nui nng nghip l ngun nguyn liu ln, cha nhiu thnh phn hu c c kh nng chuyn ha sinh hc to biogas. Khi lng cht thi pht sinh c s khc nhau, ty theo tng loi gia sc, gia cm, iu kin chn nui, c im chung tri v c im ngnh ca tng quc gia.

ng vt Loi kh T l Heo CH4 CO2 H2S H2O N2 O2 Kh khc 60 75% 25 30% 1,1% 1% Rm 2% 1,5 1% C V u phng Bo ty B G Nga Cu

Kh c sn sinh(l/kg cht thi rn)

340 - 500 90 - 130 310 620 200 300 90 310 105 280 - 550 365 375

Bng 1: Thnh phn cc loi kh trong kh biogas

Ngun: http://skhcn.kontum.gov.vn/default.aspx?t=a&id=176

Bng 2: Lng kh biogas c sn sinh ra t cht thi ng vt v cc ph phm trong nng nghip

1.2 Nguyn l ca qu trnh chuyn ha.

V nguyn tc, khi mt lng sinh khi c lu gi trong hm kn vi ngy s chuyn ha v sn sinh ra kh sinh hc (biogas), c kh nng chy c vi thnh phn chnh l metan v cacbon dioxide, trong thnh phn metan chim khong trn 50%. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh ln men k kh hoc qu trnh sn xut kh metan sinh hc. Qu trnh phn hy k kh din ra qua 3 giai on chnh: Giai on thy phn. Giai on hnh thnh axit. Giai on ln men metan.

1.2 Nguyn l ca qu trnh chuyn ha.

Cc giai on ny c thc hin bi 2 loi vi khun l vi khun axit ha v vi khun metan ha. Chu trnh chuyn cht thi hu c thnh biogas qua cc phn ng phc tp, v c bn c th chia thnh 2 pha chnh: Pha 1-pha axit: Bao gm giai on thy phn v giai on to axit lin kt vi nhau, trong cc cht thi hu c s chuyn ha phn ln thnh acetate. Pha II-pha metan: L giai on kh CH4 v CO2 c to thnh.

1.3 Thnh phn, tnh cht biogas Biogas l mt hn hp kh nh hn khng kh, nhit bc la khong 7000C ( i vi du DO, khong 3500C; i vi xng gas v propane khong 500C). Nhit ngn la s dng biogas khong 8700C. Thnh phn biogas bao gm 50-70% CH4; 3550%CO2, hm lng hi nc khong 30-160 g/m3; hm lng H2S 4-6 g/m3.

1.4 Cc yu t ha l nh hng n qu trnh phn hy sinh hc Qu trnh chuyn ha cc thnh phn hu c to biogas c thc hin bi cc nhm VSV. Cc VSV ny s dng mt s enzym lm cht xc tc cho phn ng sinh hc. Hot ng ca cc enzym ny i hi cc iu kin ha l ring (hay cn gi l iu kin mi trng) nhm ti u ha qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. Cc yu t ha l quan trng nh hng n tc ca phn ng sinh khi bao gm nhit , pH, t l C/N, iu kin dinh dng, yu t gy c ca cc thnh phn dng vt, tc oxy ha kh ca c cht, thnh phn m, thi gian lu trong hm.

Phn 2 S CN THIT V VAI TR CA CNG NGH BIOGAS

Thp sng

Nu n

Biogas

Sn xut in

Cht thi GS-SC Cht thi ngi Sinh khi Thc vth

Hm (nc + cht thi hu c)

Cht thi hm

Phn bn

Thc n c

S : Cng ngh biogas v s dng sn phm

Li ch ca vic s dng cng ngh sn xut biogas

X l an ton cht thi trong chn nui, lm sch mi trng v phng nga cc bnh truyn nhim. To ngun kh t cho gia nh r tin, sch s, s dng tin li v gii phng sc lao ng ph n trong cng vic ni tr. c bit l cc khu vc min ni, Biogas gip cho vic gim bt cc nhu cu tiu th g ci, gim cht ph rng. S dng b thi t hm Biogas kt hp vi cc loi ph thi nng nghip sn xut phn hu c sinh hc phc v nui trng thy sn v trng trt cho nng sut cao v cho cc sn phm nng nghip sch. Gim pht thi kh nh knh.

3.1. Cc loi hm biogas

Phn 3 MT S KIU HM BIOGAS VIT NAM V CCH XY DNG

Ngn phi trn, lng ct: l ni m nc v phn ng vt c trn ln vi nhau trc khi vo ngn phn hu v l ni lng ct. Ngn phn hu, cha kh: l ni m phn v nc t ngn trn c ln men v sinh ra kh gas. Ngn ny phi chc chn v hon ton kn. Mt vm c nh thu thp lng kh gas c sinh ra trc khi s dng. Kh gas ny s y lp cn sang ngn p lc. Ngn p lc: thu cc lp cn lng t ngn phn hu. Khi s dng kh gas, cc cht cn lng dng lng trong ngn p lc s chy ngc li vo ngn phn hu y kh gas ra. Ngn p lc cng thu cc loi phn tha. Hm biogas c th hot ng hn 10 nm nu bo qun tt.

1. Hm biogas Hm xy KT1: Hm kiu KT1 c ng dng ti nhng vng c nn t tt, mc nc ngm thp, c th o su v din tch mt bng hp.

Hnh 1 Thit b kh sinh hc np c nh kiu KT.1

2. Hm xy KT2: Hm Kiu KT2 ph hp vi nhng vng c nn t yu, mc nc ngm cao, kh o su v din tch mt bng rng.

Hnh 2 Thit b kh sinh hc np c nh kiu KT.2

Cu to hm KT1 v KT2 B kn kh xy dng bng vt liu gch , betong, nh hm v y c dng bn cu, c lm kn, khng cho thm thot kh ra ngoi bng cch trt mt s lp va trn b mt pha trong ca hm. Hm ny thng c cung cp nguyn liu theo kiu bn lin tc mi ngy mt ln, kh sinh ra tng ln v c tch li phn vm pha trn. p sut kh ln vm c th t ti 1-1,5 m p lc nc. Cc cht liu cung cp cho cc loi hm sinh kh ny thng l cc loi phn v cht thi nng nghip. Sn lng kh sinh ra vo khong 0,1-0,2 dung tch trn mt khi lng dung tch tng ng trong ngy. Thi gian trong hm l 60 ngy nhit 250C.

u im v nhc im ca mu thit b KT1v KT2

u im: p ng c nhu cu lp t v thit b c th xy dng bng cc vt liu thng thng v c nhiu c h dn la chn; Thit b c dng hnh cu nn tit kim c vt liu hn so vi cc thit b khc hnh ch nht hoc hnh tr. c im ny gip ngi s dng tit kim c chi ph u t; Dng hnh vm cu c din tch xung quanh nh nhng kh nng chu lc tt;

Trong qu trnh vn hnh, b mt dch phn gii thay i do n chuyn ng ln-xung theo chiu cong ca tng b v lm gim kh nng hnh thnh vng ca nguyn liu np; p sut kh to ra trong thit b l cao iu ny gip kh c th ti c ni s dng c li xa m khng cn tc ng no t bn ngoi; Tng t nh cc thit b np c nh khc, mu KT c chn di mt t iu ny hn ch s trao i nhit ca thit b vi mi trng xung quanh v gip cho nhit lm vic ca n c n nh.

Nhc im: K thut xy dng thit b l kh phc tp, thng thng yu cu th xy phi qua hun luyn; Chim nhiu din tch mt bng hn loi thit b np c nh c b phn gii, bung cha kh, v b iu p nm trong cng mt khi.

Khi xy dng cn nhiu sc lao ng ti ch v khi lng t phi o l ln. Kh thm thu qua vm thng l vn chnh ng lo ngi ca hm sinh kh loi ny Loi ny thng d b nt sau mt thi gian s dng nu nh xy khng t yu cu.

3. Hm biogas dng np vm ca Trung Quc

Hinh 3.1: Cng trnh KSH in hnh ca Trung Quc

Ngun:Goole.com.vn

Nhng hn ch khi p dng vo iu kin Vit Nam:

Bn v thit k phc tp, Thi cng xy dng kh khn v i hi s chnh xc cao. Do vy vic ph cp, nhn rng m hnh rt kh khn. p lc ga trong hm ln, nu c mt vt nt nh ca hm xut hin trong qu trnh s dng c th lm cho ga b tht thot hon ton theo vt nt .Trong qu trnh s dng lp mng sinh hc c th xut hin v pht trin gy kh khn v tr ngi cho s phn hu v to kh sinh hc trong hm. Trong hm phn hu thng xy ra hin tng thiu nc nu B iu p xy khng ng quy cch. Gi thnh xy dng cao. Cng trnh cn chim nhiu din tch rt ln trong khu vc chn nui ca gia nh

4. Hm Vacvina ci tin

u im ca Hm VACVINA ci tin

B phn hu hnh khi hp ch nht (hoc c th c hnh dng bt k) gip cho vic xy dng n gin v d dng. Np hm c th tn dng lm nn chung tri chn nui gia sc, tn din tch. H x ca gia nh c th xy dng ngay trn np hm hoc bn cnh hm v cht thi t h x cng c a lun vo b ny. Do vy cc gia nh p dng loi hm ny khng cn phi u t thm vic xy h x t hoi.

p lc ga thp, ti d tr ga c th thu ton b ga t b phn hu tin li v ch ng cho vic s dng ga un nu hng ngy. Vic np phn gia sc vo hm cho php thc hin theo cch ri t do t mt h thng ng siphng vo hm, cng nh cht thi ca ngi c np vo hm thng qua b x bt hoc x xm vo hm d dng v lin tc hng ngy. Do Vng trong hm phn hu khng c iu kin pht trin, kh biogas sn xut trong iu kin n nh. Gi thnh xy dng r hn nhiu (= gn 55% gi thnh hm np vm c cng th tch).

S nguyn l hot ng hm biogas ci tin

Hinh: Vch ngn ci tin

3. 2. Nhng lu khi xy dng cng tr biogas.

1. La chn a im - m bo din tch mt bng xy dng thit b ng kch thc d kin. Tit kim din tch mt bng khng nh hng n cc cng trnh khc. - Cch xa ni t trng, h, ao, trnh b nc ngp, trnh nc ngm, thun tin khi thi cng v gi cho cng trnh bn vng lu di. - Trnh nhng ni t c cng km. Phi x l mng phc tp v tn km. - Trnh khng cho r cy tre v r cy to n xuyn vo cng trnh lm hng cng trnh v sau.

- Gn ni cung cp nguyn liu np tn cng sc vn chuyn nguyn liu. Nu thit b c kt hp vi nh x th cn ni thng nh x vi b phn hy phn chy thng vo b phn hy m bo yu cu v sinh. - Gn ni s dng kh tit kim ng ng, trnh tn tht p sut trn ng ng v hn ch nguy c tn tht kh do ng ng b r r.

t ni c nhiu nng, kn gi gi nhit cao, to iu kin cho qu trnh sinh kh. Cch xa ging nc t 10m tr ln ngn nga kh nng nc ging b nhim bn.Ngi dn mun xy dng hm biogas phi c chung tri c nn b tng chc chn vi cng thot c nghing l 10. Nu nn khng nghing, th phi c nng cao. Nu ng vt i n bn ngoi chung (b/tru), chng phi c nht trong chung qua m.

2. Tnh ton kch c chn thit b thch hp, ta cn c vo lng nguyn liu np c c hng ngy v thi gian lu thch hp vi a phng. Vi t l nc pha long l 1 lt nc: 1kg phn, th tch dch nguyn liu np hng ngy bng 2 ln phn (1kg phn c th tch xp x 1lt). Ly th tch dch nguyn liu nhn vi thi gian lu s c th tch phn hy cn chn. Sau khi xc nh c th tch phn hy, ta cn c vo loi phn v iu kin thi tit c tnh th tch kh thu c hng ngy. Theo yu cu tch kh, ta tnh th tch kh cn c. Thng thng thi gian tch kh di nht l mt m nn th tch kh ch cn bng 0,5 th tch kh sinh ra hng ngy. V d: Mt gia nh nui 5 con ln c 60kg/con. Mi ngy thu khong 30kg phn: Nh vy th tch b phn hy cn xy x l ht phn l: Vd = (30 x 2)lt/ngy 50 ngy = 3000 lt = 3m3 Lng kh thu c hng ngy: Lg = 50lt/kg x 30kg = 1500lt =1,5m3 Th tch kh cn c: Vg = 0,5 1,5m3 = 0,75m3 = 1/4Vd Nh vy ta chn thit b c 3,87m3

Nguyn liu

Hm lng Lng thi T l C/N cht hng kh ngy(k kh(%) g)

Sn lng kh Tng lng hng kh cho ngy(lit/kg) lit/ngy tnh trung bnh/con

Phn b Phn Tru Phn ln Phn gia cm Phn ngi Bo ty ti Rm r kh

18-20 16-18 24-33 25-50 20-34 4-6 80-85

15-20 18-25 1,2-4 0,02-0.05 0,18-0,34

24-25 24-25 12-13 5-15 2,9-10 12-25 48-117

15-32 15-32 40-60 50-60 60-70 0,3-0,5 1,5-2,0

470 470 130 1,925 16.9

c tnh v sn lng ca mt s nguyn liu

QUY TRNH XY DNG V LP T THIT B HM BIOGAS VACVINA CI TIN

1. Xy dng hm phn hu Xc nh v tr xy dng hm o h
Su ti a 3,0m; Rng t 1,5m 2m, Chiu di tu thuc vo th tch thit k.

Ch : Khi o h nhng ni mc nc ngm cao th phi to h thu nc ngm thi cng phn y.

 nn Sau khi o h vi kch thc xc nh, tin hnh thi cng phn nn y theo cc bc sau: Dng gch phng hoc (4 x 6cm) lt mt lp dy 15cm, m k. Tri 1 lp si hoc dm (2 x 3cm). mt lp va b tng (t l 1 xi mng : 2 ct vng : 3 ) dy 5cm
-

Hinh: nn hm

- Xy thnh b: Thnh b c xy theo quy phm tng 10. Tng c xy bng gch c loi A vi va xi mng ct vi t l pha trn 1:4 (1 xi mng : 4 ct)

Ch : Cha cc cc l k thut theo v tr thit k sau ny lp t cc h thng u vo, u ra + V tr lp thit b u vo nm ngay st mp trn ca b, c kch thc cao 30 cm rng 25 cm, c th t nhiu v tr khc nhau + V tr lp thit b u ra nm cch mp trn ca b 30cm, khi xy sm mt l c kch thc cao 30 cm rng 25 cm.

- Trt chng thm, nh mu:

- C ra sch mt tng trc khi trt, nu tng bn. - Sau khi trt lp va 1 cm v i cho lp va ny kh mt cht th dng bn xoa, xoa tht k. - Sau 1-2 gi ch cho lp va trn kh li trt tip lp th 2 tng t nh trn, ri nh mu bng xi-mng nguyn cht.
Ch : Khi trt cha li pha mp trn ca thnh b khong 5cm sau khi b tng mt hm s trt tip phn tip gip gia thnh b v mt b tng (trt bo gc trn ca thnh b) m bo kn kh cho cng trnh

- b tng ct thp cho np hm: V np b c nhim v y cho b kn kh ng thi cn s dng lm nn chung tri chn nui gia sc trn hm. Do lp b tng ct thp lm np hm c dy 10 cm, dng phng, lin khi ti ch (tuyt i khng dng cc cu kin b tng c sn). Do cng tc chun b cng nh tin v k thut thi cng cn c thc hin ging nh i vi vic b tng sn nh dn dng

Lp h thng cp-pha np hm

Khun g to ca thm

Chun b ct thp v but ct thp

2. Lp t thit b Lp t thit b u vo V ng si phng va l ni dn cht thi vo hm phn hu va ng vai tr l mt van nc khng cho kh thot ra ngoi, nn khi lp t cn ch v tr t ng ca ng. t ng si phng vo v tr lp t thit b u vo, nghing ng si phng khong 30 , nc vo cho n khi nc y ln ming ng, ng thi nuc bt u chy ra u kia ca ng ( v tr ny ng si phng c coi l v tr ng. sau tin hnh chn cht v trt kn. Tip theo ta tin hnh xy h lng. H lng c xy dng vi mc ch dn tt c cc loi cht thi ng vt v pha h trc khi np xung hm qua h thng si-phng. Ti y c th t mt li cn rc, khng cho rc vo hm.

Lp t thit b u ra V tr t ng x: ng x t v tr c ct thp hn u vo, cch mt di ca np sn b tng 40cm. ng x c t nghing 450, mt u ca ng x t chm su di mt nc tnh trong hm phn hu v c su bng 1/3 su ca dch phn hu. V d: nu phn cha dch phn hu c su l 1,65m th mt u ca ng x phi t chm 45cm.
-

Lp t Van an ton V tr lp t: Van an ton nn t v tr thng thong, d nhn thun li cho cng tc chm sc sau ny
-

Ch : Thung xuyn phi kim tra nc. Nu thy nc thp hn mc 5cm ( nh du) th phi b sung nc ngay vo van an ton ny. Trnh tnh trng nc trong chai cn lm gas b tht thot ra ngoi.

Van an ton c nhim v n nh p xut gas lun mc 5cm ct nc cho ton b h thng. Van an ton c cu to t mt chai nha trong c th tch t 1 - 1,5 lt, 1 ct ch T 21 v 1 ng nha tin phong 21. c 1 l ng knh t 1,5 - 2cm pha di c chai. To mt chi tit ni ch T bng vt liu PVC c phn ui di t 25 - 30cm cm su vo trong chai, hai u cn li c ni vi ng ng dn gas (Hnh 11) Vn hnh: nc vo trong chai sao cho ngp ng 5cm. nh du mc 5cm ng ngp trn thnh chai b sung nc khi cn. Khi p sut gas trong ton b h thng vt qu 5cm ct nc, kh s t sc nc thot ra ngoi qua l nh gn ming chai

Lp t h thng ti d tr gas Cch lp t: -Lng 2 lp ti vo vi nhau sao cho khng cn khng kh gia 2 lp ti. - K thut buc ti: ti cng u khi cha kh sau ny, hai u ti c gp theo hnh gi qut t hai mp ti vo gia (Phn ny s c hng dn k Phn thc hnh ngoi hin trng). Sau ly dy chun qun cht t trong ra ngoi cho tht kn. - Vi u ti thng vi ng ng dn kh, th trc khi gp ti, t 1 on ng nha 21 di 30cm vo gia ti v gia 2 lp nilong. Khi buc ch ng bn trong di ra khong 3 - 5cm. V tr lp t ti d tr: Yu cu phi c treo gn gng, khng cn tr v nh hng n cc hot ng khc, ng thi m bo tin li khi s dng. Thng thng ti c treo trn nc bp hoc nc chung tri v gn khu vc bp

Vn hnh: Mi ln s dng ga un nu c th dng mt si dy chun (dy sm t, xe my...) buc tht ngang qua ti nhm to cho gas c p xut n nh trong qu trnh s dng. Khi s dng xong li b dy xm ra kh sinh hc c th d tr tt hn ti y.

Lp t bp Biogas

Vic lp t bp gas l cng on cui cng sau khi hon thnh vic lp t cc thit b v h thng ng dn kh. Thng thng vic s dng gas c thun li th bp c lp t trn b bp c cao ph hp. Bp kh sinh hc Biogas c ni vi ng ng dn kh thng qua mt van bi bng ng m bo kn kh khi ng. m bo lp t bp m thut, nn t kho van pha di b bp nh hnh bn

3.Lp t xung quanh hm: Sau khi hon thnh vic lp t ton b cc thit b th vic san lp t quanh hm cn c tin hnh gn gng. Nn dng ct lp quanh hm, sau ti nc cho ct dn u xung ri m cht lp t quanh hm.

Nhng ch khi vn hnh s dngv bo dng hm Biogas VACVINA ci tin

1. Np nguyn liu: Hm Biogas VACVINA c thit k nhm mc tiu gii quyt tnh trng nhim mi trng do cht thi ng vt do chn nui gy ra, ng thi to ngun cht t di do phc v sinh hot hng ngy. Do ngun nguyn liu ch yu l phn gia sc, gia cm v phn ngi.

2. Np nguyn liu thng xuyn hng ngy: duy tr hot ng ca hm Biogas lu di n nh hng ngy cn phi np thm mt lng nguyn liu b sung vo hm. Nguyn liu b sung hng ngy trong qu trnh s dng chnh l lng phn t chung tri v t h x trc tip chy thng vo hm. Cng vi lng nguyn liu ni trn l lng nc cng c b sung sao cho t l gia phn v nc l 1 : 5 (ngha l 1 phn : 5 nc). Nu lng nc a vo hm qu t l ni trn th lng phn c mt trong hm cha kp phn hu ht b y ra ngoi. Nh vy hiu qu phn hu thp, lng gas sinh ra t v vic x l v mt mi trng cha trit , phn vn vn mi hi thi v vn cn tn ti cc loi k sinh trung gy bnh. Do trong trng hp dng nc tm cho gia sc vo nhng ngy h nng bc th lng nc ny khng c cho chy vo hm m phi thit k rnh thot ring ra khi chung tri chn nui.

II. Vn hnh s dng 1. Khi h thng ti d tr gas cng y th bt u s dng kh biogas un nu phc v sinh hot. Ln u tin s dng, nu gas khng chy tc l cht lng gas cha tt do c ln nhiu khng kh c sn trong hm, do phi x ht lng gas ny v i 1 ngy sau ti d tr cng y tr li th mi s dng. Phi thng xuyn ch kho van gas li khi khng s dng. chm la cho bp chy th vic trc tin l bt la trc ri a la sn sng vo b phn phn nhit trn bp, sau t t m kho van v iu chnh ngn la cho thch hp vi nhu cu. ngn la Biogas chy u, xoong ni lun sch s, ch thng xuyn v sinh c ra b phn phn nhit bng ng.

2. Khi s dng bp un nu, nu thy gas yu, dng mt si dy chun n hi buc ngang ti d tr gas to p sut n nh. Khi un nu xong phi nh tho dy chun ra gas sinh ra ti hm phn hu tip tc c thu v lu tr ti y.
3 Trong qu trnh s dng nu thy h thng ti d tr b xp xung th cn kim tra ngay h thng ng ng dn kh, h thng ti d tr, kho van... c th b x hoc thng, ung ng b gp khc, hoc nc van an ton, nc ng xi phng c th cn qu mc quy nh th phi khc phc ngay. 4. Tuyt i khng a vo hm phn hu tt c cc cht ho hc nh: x phng, thuc ty, nc ma... Cc cht ny s km hm s hot ng ca vi khun ym kh. S c mt ca cc cht ny trong hm s lm cho qu trnh phn hu s yu i hoc ngng hn.

http://www.vacvina.org.vn/Story/vn/home/ BaigiangVAC/2010/12/403.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0XwaVrvhm8