Trends in Buddhist Studies Amongst Western Scholars 1980-1999 VOL. 12 Compiled by Michael S. Drummond[WHAT IS THE DHARMAS CATURBHADRAH? ‘This question aes when we rend in Nigro’ Raa 239 eee rates aes “At Se wt eo er of ites pr pisses nis ae ee Seneca cess et Ss So acu erent iran ohne ad eintas erent er ng Satna heer ti, se basen Serie yan he ue Ro Mam nn nin inicio taxa whoa reign erat pC spt phn re ‘earn tft ables a pe meine hatter ant ee Cis rd het ba geen Parse Uesdteatplenelc ett ns Sahietpe fetes ans Gn 9 Siac Se See ISS Se Sse ‘osu for an answer 1 our guery we may fist ok loser athe context, and thes, if posible, at paral passage clewhee in works ye same aut, of ee in works With which our aude ~ Nagujns la taowa to have bees fain, ‘The cone is clear cough Nigsuna is ofesing hs advice 03 ing He a ost extol he four ites of ane O4-39, niga ‘paione (37) ad prj (38s, es, a dat ease tate ng ee eeewf ada, 1 the extent ta He be ia possesion ofthe four vies of sing alan) sma and pra Thee sting specie Budhit Inthscatgue of wm, Simle it re oun in many ek 00 hormaitare. The Mohbivaa ao wes vos Us of cana Shin Kt dat, sana Bole aharma, hana. vive nvr o dara, otha ma sad baa. Se Baaingk a io SanctiNartrbach 2 Bhatre Mote 08 Oi ae. iewie adh sigan = aja te preceding verses ssctascmaogy tis oe spetealy Buds He fet alas 0 ‘ooh nd sir, make pot (8) hat dharma vs par tir 1 ns aun dora ahaha pereredint anarhaida ‘eae 29-30, Tough be paste ofthe four sgrohavasi! the ne tow rctiseotomgrata and dharasamgraha, 268s 3) oN an vous alsin oe Bhagavadgod @29 and 25) where the eon llega Be ecat(fobr onanes ae © Be eli on for Before we some hick he pre dharma canvbhady. thera 2 ew thingy oe Kap min it of alt te sete i which he author wses dlamma in the snglr ta iusto ere (The sein of dharma nthe Pua an ently ferent mater ~ but arly o be accounted Toei he meaning f te word ne lagu sat propel nde So) By ay of edict, be speak of one hare ht ads (Gh ins Sadlirmbjaa (0.2). Ti Single dharma has 80 Sos’, tuba 6th, aA naires, o& mo ‘Tho dharma can be bovg sot by add td proj = the to {Este sdthenesnaepo of sharma (3). The dhama = sl inthe Sieur =n fe Consiered fo en (9), of fom six aspects Uy Nagin hore shows Row ymeeite Mabiyiag can be. inte ah the elated words of Haase 112 ato ‘hvudaventrevsatiddhih sa Daraah T be sue = soul is sent m e fnir with Vaile terminology Be gloss the {ota am by sath ad moby, reece Wen Be en mines nt ate that fet dada. hen pro re, Boe, he omnes aging aout ah hough dharma be coul a ein act desi it Surrey (ed. Basen Pasi, pp. = TS rfer to the aay of evel canonical Mahlon sepeies 00 Sraitnsurahana Ot be cod efen~ had it 6 bee Bal is — ve ele pon the Bhagovdgta 439 ar 8 OHARA ex? ee scat meen eis ‘items ‘Bt fe ef de arm wi scrote Soh Se ‘ety a cn owns Pes ravi adr Soom a ney el towor (Os paiel ocameay ‘lta shoal Sn a re tna ae ee ete Satie wat ens aoa eS (8G 33: mayen seer a i eit Rn pine nt toil te aa te Ser ere cage nee moran moate see solders snd pe Nh rman ph DDhana, hen, as he doable charter of theory and pace, Once we become ame of his we Want o ask how weal and ow fname is non of he doble dora ws ia act an Postal o eligi, ert we fr inset os lena autho sch as Harbsdast, vente, inthe Uneaten 1 hi Strevdrdsamarcya at be espposs the coron docine of double dharma tn verse 23 fe Sone dame prin Seba meee Dhara cn eer ea o bho in ara, ot a, seinajoga Gy nd oa te Sasi evi is oppose sexton fom seat es is ole fon darn sexed ne of and fae, hb ones. Hats ato menor: te tology cue td tuthrease. Atte ret pole ne om Hare “iz Sina, ons hs Ttncomgroha 36a ee Cf be doable sharma wa sae ya oa ate Modnanypnt 0 wkenne coy comer unoren hal Cofing oar oh Bodhi es we an yt om ‘beets od sth a acer f Dharma aed Top nytarntonpona “i fil peso of twig ad ove behav Hoo words ebinet of dtc ‘Damas les hin Bagot ply Dum, uy Sve 0 peurtana thing wha est ‘ur bck w Nigujna Ox intl queso halt do wit be ming of dha int epetion dhamal coadah While ‘Seay see hang ye Sadr y bang, oy esi the eras fnew ony a har Bs frees he ites of ape ‘Since webs jos sec dharma consists nr an intl acinn.o vue (sna ono mae of be conrad ‘nye dha eco Badr oh he a of or hocr testo i ape ‘Sueur nerrnae a fly stcioy. Sne pesopoitns wt ave ER Bena aStuning, st cones rly do, Bhadr az nor oes soonest hep eal ut Negjn dese ‘Dormo eats (1.2) Ts obsevaton can ing ferrets wt pt pct dharma wa id 0 be nares, ‘emt teu Row a tan a (fom wh weve ‘ye ad eo, elon) say een mening. Tey ‘oe aos tpi shin goo to eu Eck rm bat ita nor tong ox ck fo Ve tines ~ and ood dese of ts per Even a Bugis rs bade wed a SSoay of suman born (4 Abana 810. $8). Wait masse y oe ped bg a (os wh pecs fe aren, jt woul be meg {Sey lama sped ec ir ond and bel. What ‘kc ham god oe eau en, wos ek ocnton Wik ‘aoa. ee "Kd et dharma sa» eon A pon may be wos, bt tow st iter el be ver” A pean brome ita ans {os pon we A les Gtcon betwee dame nd ‘hmm sy be de “Tne an i anol yng cen her fom he out ct be Bedi dhon soto Jae tain site va dane ‘bisomparge ca ee Asponana 9,0, Kon Mes) Scns ed sf te homo sopping seeing Sbvu 9 beng ste acl, ence gry etl oll ha ay fo understand I uggest someting ie this: Dharm 1, of ou, best (nos eau such aman (em of vires es ove) Chi) me tara ha en ene yin or by sch a un, a: pee ie) an a (geseaty resea ife) and ate So what ho adage seems be sugetng i tt dharma somehow ‘mut be presen a htman being ine ei 1 be god. Virus hg tis ot possessed ox paced. The best dts, the word tht man paces dharma, When paced in copie vr Spinal sense, chama is adobe "sen Ute pas) Ths ‘ea makes eee anda Clee vr olan pose Ts slmply anther way of ying Bat dharma sng ot ais fate. Ink words: Dharmas Something that ne ist pase No wondet te, that charma ison costs he Bruni! het oa ve of action (sch at Karo ec). Dharma tear to smply good karma oF pope acon ‘Bat aot any sot of race Wild. To be 8 dhdrmia one mus in genera, be honest and decent Toe io commen my 0 express ‘hss speak of te daflalokamepatha, epi nd word ‘and acon Mats mason, thse the goat ao pe we of cu is recognized by vn ll casi Sank exe on dar, “Tis o, wat ley eeognied at an ey dat in In, 1 nt ed 0 rcll te clebated passage the ld BU suggesting bow ‘lovely elated dharma and sa eo 0 dharmoh tae vel {i tamatstyom vadariam dhur dharma vod | dharam va ‘edantom stam vada Bradarenatopaniad|14) Not ee ‘ha sane nee oni dened assaf) And te two se nt 'ahutnct penile, Bey must be preset int man of vine ajom thamah sarvejan hatin mah! ays dharma srs Dit Imadha yal ciyem asmin dharme tjonayo ramaych pari a ‘jem adipimam dharma wjomayo mrtamayoh pura yom esa 20m dnd dam anion Som broken sero (BU 25 1) “dar sya saver bhatanam mah! ay sanjaya sn Dh ‘madha! yal ety aon sae eomeyo ‘mpamayok pus yal ears ‘hymn sas tama mrtanayah purge yn ees yo yom ‘tnd ida atom dam bratnede san I (BU 23.12), “This is a lar and slple metae: Dharma ad ane we lost ‘emia They sould be preset mas, apd mun sould Be pee In tem, Tas everthing becomes Dean If we canst he Dhammapada 393, is was a0 theo Buss, seefe ut cc a 0 A 1 btn Sofa then. we have sen tha it wate old 2 common ie at aya nd dharma = rd Singh fom one ster ~ shuld be veut in man, at he ould be isos, nd ery alse Rappy Ae passin of sth Te shoul eer ot uprieu ears, fon he verse quoted ave. at dha en he pean ho bad chara) is closely a+ ‘ned with the vine of "ut we til hive aenan fo the number four in canbhadr ule ens x nor ae elt wit ss of goups of fous. I we shove nen finance. he ist of $0 ferent groups "oun Inthe Kesupeprana, oes etewedt by Nigizuny, ‘hee a emer ef oe and ikem fa many ober Sinan The Buds in shoe ha acerain pene fo the unter fur But wo be ofc oso dca this by seating your a's "bly number When we speak of fur elements four ‘ora, rama. tthe rumbe i ot mee “oly Beles 0 ‘Sl ci fod in he experience of tbe word around ‘a reve. a at hee speaking dharma in the sense at “het isn old and commen indian (reve lado europea) ston ltucdhorma tobe complete mast have fur et Th ede fale sek Ma 8 ‘Sian ae oer Pl ae And mt only 0. When ome the lao lattes of dharma sh too oul (26 aed 1, vie Vad e: And ts one rh menGonng Mer, however biti au the aatip between dhoma athe nga, and harman he pur evel undrod inten of fossa ar as Madhya WS concemes In Acpesove 22, Napijuna res 0 dara‘ {sang enadlyonrmlish. AS oppore his dona = te Faramuirta ee) eae he empire pl. They ‘Sc consetnaumuth (id 33). Ths ges bat chore somehow ‘espenenced (on te eve of omrttane) in ems of ot ae zt tc) So, hee agin fom a angle, we hve te mtn dharma 5 somehow beg, 0 appeating a foe Sohn ne casa by sping hat was «common ee ue 1 Dak EMBED i snd saya closely rete, an, moreover, tht they ae, a ures ‘ays sociated with te aumbe four So clo infact tte ‘igure four alow comes meta ‘ope ‘There are metas examples of tis i Mandya ex also For Instance passage fom the Gaganagaiapervara,o atch lens Brarvig (in his ediion ofthe Alsovamatinindsaraire Up. xvi) calls or atenton sys "That Great Cut (mehr swe mae ‘with four wheels (ata) because of te four means 9f acon (Gomerohovast (ands) propelled by the power of undesading the for tuts (Conlsanaperfabaliemata) Here the Spare {our alto inceates someting a const, something hat works ‘Thi ss spgeted bythe welnown image th dhamacabe (fe, we ma admit we al to ark he moe simple Qerton. One such inp ad ave qotion tat Suche stoas should have Asked dense log ago, is it Why the Boca (ceding to acon teas preach our Aryan Tras? Why oo to ee fre, for insunce? Tithe answer ths question no aes evident does Besome evden once we ak otelver antes even oe singe question ‘When we spek of tt, hic the bet talston of sate =e rasta ated abou wha. wh make sme, mat be he ‘eu eb something, sul. And since the defond of te Bua 0 ‘ub wat» dharani follows ht he he spoke about ‘ere uke abot dharma dharmah. And swe hae ee, ince, ‘harma 3s well as sara somehow haf e fou tobe compete, we ‘ae have the most simple explanation why the Budde va aion tals as = prsched Four Aryan Trt, In his sen ic kes sense ‘then te Dhar sss ob eldrakhdna~ aogetber best (Gi prays, nal foe miso fom al or anes). "Which brings us back our sang oun the chara catrbhadrh ‘Tee Buds ght Dba ht wae sna, Bhan the sens ht compres the fut tuts tat make compte. wat an deo obios wo need explicit eatin this conemporaes. OF ours i thon, by extension te fut gon igs cold sg refer 0 ‘ny postive vits but ect tht go nd men a sido fave red the Dhara ~as hey praise the king he dhermaraia~ makes {Cos ely at dharma catrbhadok simply means ~ Budism the aching about Dhara interns of he Foe Asn Tats aot ext waned ous under the oun of NEghuns we rum into a lated problem of tenenion Ths the Pandata, ‘ed aod wazsated by Michael Hab. Hunde Sopher von der8 costes ho Lebenbluphts NdanasPrajitaa: etch nd deseh, Bons 190. The vere th bre tents i 18 whch res Sra cu Saher SEL EIEhac Toe rr bn mos ne: So ena eet crate Han os oe Someone -— Tr weal tt pattie et cy See 39 ol eo ee we Sera ante PPh ds cht Seton ves hap se Saar spanish fies iin of ee en ee cSetaeet a a Se a ap lh paper cert se ag Te hterer anette eee tans td ct e eae eon ee Sein enter evar Sites aon eats ac ete Peete rrer erry eas fd Bea nts Saat te frroneaiped peer openly meeega aid eens acter tne bates ec aamrpganee eae SEROUS Sie meaeeariaearsbatincs rr Se She aoe nro SESE ete necttonrn er temate eeat anee Soot aares inte ieee aera eae tocar Poaae Te winnaar aumeotot BEE Fp teeter hg ers | | | | ess fla wih the KP. Oterize, bviouly, i reader would be thle undetsan he weaning of he erm caurdhorms (Nig reader would have bees a mach be same stnton ar Mice Hho toa ysl ite fae been) ‘Cen we pertap oat far a 0 arume that KP wat mre os 5 fara to Naguyurs and is wader ya, te New Tesest 'S(orshould be) a Cetin priest and is Hk? Lee percance say oter erdene for such an sumption? "Tere sist ofall here is Nga’ manu sp the Milanadhjomatchvt nis work tere evr ssi KP. Most inpoaat is MK 138: ng pat re non a / en Wy spn As already recognizes lng 2g0by ancien ommenatrs (Candin 1p. 248) end modem scholar (8 Fong 20 (978), 38, Nigupos Dee refs wa pate found in KP f6-65. Th one of hs oer wos, the “Bodhionbharas, Nepsun fers exeasivly he Kaipepparvari, a {have aeay pod ot In my walton of tt iteestng text. Tus, sana (23-145 se Cle sped by the auto's sty of the KP We ean slot ei Siting with etext in one hand nt With Be pn 10 ps. wks, 2 RA 3.38; Abayomatnideta, p47) with bch be we own his verison nthe ote Whee weed hs Sublet, is alo the versieatr Nagarjuna at We hear sealing 1 ws acess the cents To some ete the sme goes fore Rar, sms pasoges of which ae but vesicaton of sone enon et. To 1 yey lange exo ls he vere of ramero canon {eu ho composed te Canvah. Here nina, ses {entewhen Candia fer tothe Pour yen athe sane the ‘omplete colton of Hymns ~ sam beng ales synonyms ‘wih cata swe bare seen of also ero ‘complet wok sch 1S Catkdtota te) [AS ald the Scanrdharmain PS refer to KP S61-2.So doves 123 12S ole ste suber’s *Bodhsambhdrlr ‘Soe met be eye Oe ee aa ul Shas ‘pen eon sien" ny compen eh {Sect apt ms Be ae ype mug ca ‘muy eae rd Bot aad wd ha po (sr rp ps ere)fe The Kepepparvrn tas been ania in sever recension, and sted canes by eich Welle and ae. 1 wl be an seeing oy dteme we rceaton may ave Ben Iona agus However auch an cog falls ootide Be ope I known leu communi io Mahan tht Ppa ithe Matera he Bodin ana 0h in he ed oe ‘ithe the Rae cl ward Cone hy Yer of uae She, Oxfor 1957. 23-268, Ts common notion of Buchs, ‘then sees in sever ene fe “Bochoonbhrata TIES nw en. Nepipmas magma ope ao ened Pra nea cee it prection nlite of Ph tars an nse for ring stot na oh wich Thom, the does the charcteie Mahtyn conception of pritpdranid asthe Mote of he bolts, eit magne mater, Ear win be concept of pra fod in wks sch Ge Frail rote se, found aed in he bho ander Upansats T plys acoder fot il eine Bhan Ad aun pra nde Pent -th ta tng pradhinan, a RA 1S woul tae = eat (tert to he Four Aryan Tah do arma? Te ag splot, me can mate an port oberon Astra suas, our tens pes of dhamajan, maja. fining een my Rear, . 270) a oh exes theo of ade is nthe sgl Tare far oe dBarm, Sn iss mh te sane a the Boh 2 Buda, Quite ile ith ra an mere tra of “harmapraa eof aap ether wos prea a jet a chan sng ba dharma ne pla els ‘Rikinanold pono terre aes eae when ou txt {Sha poi ts dharmdnd proven esi a harman. Pa oes oreard t mst have Oe conep, © ork 8. ‘opened 0 ina ther te eed one pra as “Scola i Ofen ou tes tha peak of advan ‘Told accordingly eel to speak af adhyopra Ta Bet, prod discursive scent hing, aaj, where dn Frutivespow' bo stems bated nigh Ligh io ‘lo he sei of raj ‘rs scene owes, sew. A ach tis ut ata sot pa, when ter Sil of ele research an ue 1 THAR CURACY a Dodds dogmas, eg. © anhatsra, becomes practi wisdom, or prado Iis bef he atractve fentucs fteenighenment ted of Busthism = foe hi is what eal Intian Many lgely ‘as at emphases ee fn dad pons none Very tegen the dsincion betwen de kinds, of degsees pra i rata prj. cine radar hdvandinayt raj e SameisuraTL38). Agni Madhya, tee a ‘eo kids of proj: when pra is based anacamiana ‘Sempincalo practical when is Sted on paramtharaya i inv, or hoe ibe Grek sense of te wed). mt alnays Sart out with samrisaa in ocr rech prumdrthasane, Tas isthe oly way rele the dharma for, sid by Nigigna (MK 2103 ‘Satan mom ee puss 1 npn nat vag menor Sa ‘Coan Sn one oan) don ‘orem wigan nina hoes The rlatonsip betwen sanaiveya and dharmadefana is bse clea enough Homer, sana ia isl is rot knowledge. bet ret someting kaown tai spoken of. and he insuest by means of leh sabia is known stds expressed by Nagaenn, From the cones of hs SK however =the Pat ~ the answers lea the isiuent tha, based on the wo Kinds of ith gradally ‘udesands te dharmahanalyicaly, and then Sally cults in ‘armana (= cainajana = rvarshirana, eof souse, Proj scenic uadestandng thea s something hat must te evelopei someting tht at exercised to become mate, And, ‘sauce mas 0 do wih general ducaon, wih pede Ft the stents to ler ough sty, hea eas 0 understand wt ‘bas leased doh reasoning, an Bal he personaly reales, through bhvand To become a ered usa being an of ale geneman he us goth al he ape of pra This isthe pace wo compare Bed (ed nce nan) es of education with hoe ofthe atietCreks sd Romans Sil he theme is of get inet ~ especialy ody when the old misc ideals of education ae beng replsced by mae vulgare ‘Geocrae™ ices shut informationm coma tek ut In parila, it would be fascinating to compare the Mahayana curiam wh th scott curculum usa im medieval ediaion {a Europe, in Pain the tieanth enuf itance,ebsestion began withthe seven bel re the vam (gamma, eto, eg) andthe guadrvr att, geometry, mse stony) [then advanced we plosopy ad culminated fn theology. ln eras of inuence i probably te tray tat no estan of hgher ‘stucton sine Ansa ald tht of Pa. The Paran masters Sere dvd no for fc: theolgy stan, medicine, a “ara Themeteral name los univer uniig diese ales was studam geerale. The univers generals compe helo, aris Prudent medina an pilesopia. But the rot ae of couse Greco-Roman. Aisle was, fo all see kom te fat speak of the fe tcences (Pol 1337 13), te branches of knowledge rote fra freeman; ey iced suonony, eomeey.widheti, mse and granu The Greek course tf ereylopaeic ming wa ken oer yeaigenedRoans. Varo (116-27 B.C) wre aneneycopuedi. te Discipline, in ebooks on ronnie dalecica,Porica, gamer ribet olga, Imuiea meicina archectar: The st serenboks provided te ‘main forte seven ae eres, enum and gua. lave ith centr the sven bea are were once more weedy “Marans Capella and hey were as said sll resrbed in the Mile ‘Ages He work wae widely sted, a indeed by he luge aber of manos, comments, sd published eas. ‘Allie nothing nem, bts erin worth Keping in mind shea forsing on nan Maya ie of edueon From auerous ei lea hat he Mahayana freeman, he techie ws expected 0 culate the Bodhi counterpart he les liberals, May diferent ae given Some is give Ave ‘idyshdnas, vi tabdavidya, hei adytmamdy, city td slpahamashanavidy An expanded lst of eighteen tastes tf knowledge also common (ex fr ntsc, Sighnde Dit, Die buddhsisoheBrfterau ntns,Wesbden 984, p 382 fe ee Uns a Mohorupan 4953-4970. few other sures ay bere be sd: The Atayumarindesasia (ed Brevi, pis), andes te beating prajnaele asa pao the prayogandra), 2) tat srvaspalarmaviyamantabaathans appear to a bods doughou his cient bts, The commentary (iid, p $3403) Iss the our daar 8 pa, cid he, id dabdoida. The Sarangamaranddhara (Laon, p15, ‘i ANAS caTRBIADRAY 1 1973), uodervngparami, bas his 0 say abou he abate semble nes ies mers fpathana), ls mene akan Ui magle (marrarida) eerie ip) a wanton aml ‘deal (anand) e les ars anus (larmarhina), me a0 coon paratement tout ein” The Buddhanoameatir, gs [Nigra Strasomuceaya ed. Blah Passi, 203) ents Ine don bro dan yur da pags hams oad ‘Bey, the eebed Maya, mesons four) ichnas in is Madhyematabrdaya algo sown as Tata ad. V8), i. ‘aa, hee cts andadbyaomaviya. The ist oct ag I nee wort, he Madiyamataramapradpa I, with adhomard being elaced by tpaviy ce Indolopca Tourneni 2 1983), e606) nis cometary wo MEK (ILS) there ante st ‘rng summa, palnisay, enumeration, lem, ve, ait ‘home, pls "Te fe ipso (va adhydmaviy es above eis by the Bodhsrmabhims (ed. N. Dut p. 166, 16) when dacs ‘he lk and te tomar pra of bobs segs dd and pai ac ore Fle yon. This sil Suse ‘for in Bods canis ge ya pre inde eds ‘sch An examples piven te Dharmaclopraurtanasrs ce ‘ana pot rija-aloka Toe Sans ofthe Consporgaars Wald p45), mas cats jnad)-buddi and bud |S also a common sytoye a Many text for pra igh sums tis up it is *BodhzambAtrate 79 (Napa mana p23) "A Bocas shold) popes and extbch a ‘ares cages, sacs ad a (Elpatnartl) fr te ‘ee and beet of mankind Toe comment, aenong tess ‘e, mahematis, mally, elie, exorcism, btn. inery. ‘onan. oneeomancy and asaoay id) “Te vam ~ gram, etic ad lg covers roughly te sre pound he oar or five vaya. "We must ao forget juispreeace, 10 which, in his Rambo [Nigajua bs sumeoutsluion th dharmatsra the close sl ‘ionhip between dharma and vaya, 0 wich have say rele ‘slo fundamental The fst sane of te Neradaom, fo ue. eran pat yd mit ‘Sere pele Sal Se i me wen me fn the old ays] were oly concemed with charms (aed ony] spoke the th, hen ere Was no (ed any] wotaa (woven, 90 Rate, 90 enmity” Ad eflering 1 he awit it comes (18) wt as four Feet (sahara, ata, care snd joven (1D has out means. vz conelinion ee. (12), Snes po or the Far lesan sages cine see. espe our ins persons, feuding he King nd it produces a gy rma ura eat okeat (Thus esi inland nly a odo wth dha and sa, Abd ‘refurb The king ithe grin of dharma ‘ie haga a ing is esonsbl for dharmagipe A awa 0 he complet, muithave fou Tet The king is deserbed i terms so caters o gd posophe: be mus be fai atv, ‘encom, and leo dingih hat ight and wt Won TTinue maker good sone nen Népiquna chose an example fom Funapadence fo liste the dharma carted of Boast 3s tho. Ts hus lear hat he bos ean ike te eet Ero pean choir existed w ake Rinse fiir with the aris Ueraler st ste Euopesn hla ad ery Bow teres elt cone a convicnay i Lat ths the fin pant ad {slam bow to express unt seta in coment Sans. Thuan Suh wring in ans would ave peed wih be words x Pn stout he purpose say Sansa: leech ma hana Ir adhsevan spikarnam (c€ Wiel Huss Inda and Europe ‘Osh. 178, Marea excell Sats rarhavamasor {1 aie Jes Une Hartmann, paling te Yonge ~ lingua of the Sm nde! Sy “ean de Gein Sarasa ipendsine pee Form aah, shina dre ex wb see salle Gilder taelose Grose (Zane) ‘ein te moe pois all wibout Sask “Ie stay of anguage and oli let alt piloogy~ was sot ssn tan end intel we conceived at 8 necessary means hd asa tp othe le 9 pilosphy and telogy. The ulimate purpose at wisdom, salvation. os feedoa. “The achievement knowledge of eer, of Wisdom, then, was een 2 gal schievmet twas 1 question of eGteton and peor aug A sod ad road Sankt eran was Fenda ma ms oR suc 1-8 ANAS CxTRBIADRAY ns Nar te scieaces were at invented by he Bains 1 ot here have to speak of be si vedanga te. Famous i Kata’ lst of foe since: avs ray rtd dando ca i lydh Only “vl poses a problem of enueaton mam Jog okyatan, a= iy vig ‘Te esting of envi this pasage hs oe ben dacs by previous sctolus ee most ecety W. Halas, nda ond Europe, TOES, 273, Khas, bowever, aso ben overlooked at vg ajecive qoafying vida. Thus, be expression simply meas eal levi ors exemple by mye ope Kauiia quae i ere! ‘rate mannan rah rveamann | ‘hens Satan ser Hels que ear when saying tht tig dy cod in sah by meas fio esos ont Vaya hs onmmenty or apa alo gute h vee whe ana tenn ad: nave pati Hs qutien ada by oe ‘olan sym dnt romans pada ibang ha Sacha amp. hea yy (or ‘majdare ani ore wee mre one gins Op fo tat peal eso & wos be ae aan “is sino cel corespors athe Bs soa ne lat for an ve aha) teen eth denna ‘Theme dition between fi and vege’ ins epson inthe common Bohn datnton wee una dat Again, the dtecon sex a he ppecve of pro tee in he fue icf pr mertoned stave: Stmay and ‘van Thovee debe is evelopment of proj adn Buds invouced thrown pel etaloy tral of Abate, Pra noma dead ss dharsint provcaye is wo tie sit sept, denne, oo ate re better itt pecs pre ees rave examples Kepig i ad nt uh ma te oral sed Spy Tey sow ow praia (use) trent binging tho atom ten gute is Lantavacrasr L198 hee be et pe ys uaa vveandnam Of is ett pie ctw Ipeyatra 4226 ud viecan For obese i se Dates Teta Son neh Laer i, Kyo 198 ‘nde proce pravicyebud sea, a nd econYa 16 cama unonen Sowing Bodhi intuence, Bharata is Valapadva ba tbe caleba ine (28530 privat Str geri heyy, in MK 37 has the expresion bhsdnhapravvet and, ‘winging is he stone ofthe wo tubs, wes, 313 ram smsapns rani Se! A stout obtains ea, be renders his inteligence pave, by te exe of prj (bua mat et). Te imporan gi Jeu wo make dtoctons. Ti, ata fundamental © mn Kind of eu chlarsp. ‘When 2 schol analyses specif or general dhamah wit te aly of his pray or bude nan iligent wa, be conducts {sien ivegabon, «poi. All empial dharma can, a fp, be cone (rom four Pons of view A qos Rom {be Laniviia(p 122) informative: ara. praveaybudahir ‘na yd ta yd buddy Dvasabhvalatzanon praicayaninon (ed hs) constontirahvam nopalablyate 38 preiesjabusdih lara canst yd watkandmatobhaySrinastnaniarahin naka vodand ety canoe ahh Sereadharnd iy acter sarvadharmaparsayan prota “A bods sou in oer word, unerake apart of all hamah wing is meligence nts te camo, o tag, ‘a he end his ind bees as emp asthe dharmah invests, acho 2 ches of Nahum’ magn opus ical a ports sch chapter investigates ceran dharma od ara whole et ‘8 ~ mont being ~ called Pr, “The term pods es, corespods to dv vidya. Any May ‘maka shunted byt employment of yl num, ark ‘va, eto topo the staeents of hedge open which ie ‘landed, Tas seo eseuch pesiposes testy of Be faculy of paid In he sease dat adyamavihd mas bus be sapped by esd. we ean concde ut loge Serves a an anil elope 1 eoigia we mean dharma), One could even at Aas Celebrated pas to describe hs: fds qures inlet Iwasa ‘own, a fndanenal pnp of medieval schlascism tha the ight freon ad hat of evelon was ne Size any Mya re epared to inte he od noon of Braman ines of Dhara (Gf deneUwe Harman, opp 216) we ani hs Suse, speak (of "Bodit heology Indian Maiyina i ely “oan sa nad eaMBEADRA w he sense hat he masild dharma of samizana cnet ely be ioe fom he ogial Dhara of paromarhany ‘On is background sat oly satu bu reno Be expec, ‘tat Mabiytna seblas sould also be palmate We soul ot be surprised find hem wag about medica, ogi, gmat top enbing the bocusata to develop hs prod would be eleva {ors pisinal deveopmest inte expanded Uist of eigen vihasthins the bods reguied to be lad aa chr lg, Hen oth fan tte nothing Senge in Nigh componng woh hr ‘hic is what is Praja, acodiag to sume wort (2. (00a cos lags, 98) i all about The sy of rar ike Tao he oer sel seiences inode to pepe the sens Ila for more seus mates. The same, of cours, goes fr te ‘otha’ dy of ay ter el science tach as edie ee wen kinadsre 1 Buddhism ~ any Kind ~ can be defied ia tons of camteana anupartar, eta Hindus’ ~ he Hinds coaesion~ ike tees is to éetains interns of gations such as cars ‘atrame, cotrtrans coturarg ce. lis never theese at dan ‘Baddhiss etre reject the practi realiy Wein hse lsc ‘They rater ead silat temo rer thom ina moe spi, ‘A pos example of how the Budde Hinds eas cold appear ‘is provided by averse in Manu TV80- is rin tn racine tron / 1 noel eran hae a ar eas do wih dharmadefand. Some Buddhists we more oped tothe case system, cis aus, han ters (6 JW de Jong in Er Budahion and Madhyamata ein 1990p 8, who ft denod tls verse in Avaoktava's company oe Prajprad). Some Budd sted tbe view of Mana th you canot ech anyone snyting oan tine, Cocunstaocs, matty et. hve 1 be akon ino consieron. Ober Bushs may have been +b more bers, fg, Uohapsiddasvarin, who in his *Wsastoe (ed. Johanen thier. 68) ao refers to he said ves from Manu: fe oe a a pag dat i pes pare ma | als tp moe or lca ed140} bs omer tsomen “The reer of dharma (such as Manu et} ey that one mast et poi insight ito dharma ee} fades. You (Be Buda. owever fave, out of compassion. aight the Sadhana evento Candas "= The he common Bud ate: Whee one to ecevedharmadetand depends on o's penal qualifications. 0% fon one's arya, ost sas ean hai imapine hoop, at 7 Inuan Buh would wart to abandon the eat sytem in 80. The Bodh matally tok objeston to enadalpa ae Dama ‘icly pase tina memorable ete nis Pramonevara 1340. To ‘hs ete treo ntoduce a canpariat. Anoter wood emphasize te four soil views, the smgrakavar (Negara, p24) "When the Gi tar speaks of lotaomgraistaet on cenmvers, is Bodhi cts in reply emphasize dharmasomgrahe based on the fou smraharast (ey pope “Lakasgraa, Bch ad ‘Busthyiyopain the Gn SP Naan et, Modern Bveution the Malabhareve, Deb. 195, 9p. 199-220, Some modern auoes ‘hn tht the Boda maine ht al humane were cated ep, Sn therefore ejected he caste sytem as sted, Nong coud be ‘aber rom histor th = and rom cei fact” Nataly, hey ‘sre peep enough nt oredock it buan beings ese ‘thet comes Yo moral a wll lect shivemente: Some tre me Bharata ober. Common i, for tan, the incon oon tee kinds of pesos (ee kita 8S: Conhatata 8.1, Soapuiaiaka TS, Kasyepapervara S103, ndcheSpricke 216 But what aout be camrvarge? On this ise Napisuna is explicit in bs Praante5 “ee ua tba "via (opr she great source of dharma, ar, Hima sod mmotgo, Teor (oman of te] mst St wih devote, embrace the Geet Mother ~ Proj Her there cbvionl no question of fay weet the catararga seh, The bods Geeman ca uke at inter in dhama, i pKa, of couse, mote He can even wate Books aout {anh kamavasra, Bough hs main concern woul be dharme: ‘snd motanasra The decisive hing sth be approaches his top as (he so son of rat Mother ~ rat sv sn and CTURBEADRAAY bs We ean now sum ap te Madham postion. Dharma i funda meta tis shogeber hada. Noving is beter oc more beat Fomever, can ely be aprosted though fe manila manifestation ‘ dhamnth Al dharmdh we expressed in tems of Four Aryan eh ‘They can be rede! fo Cee. Paja must stat ct on he bass of arma ayes al chara 8 finaly reagnns ta hey ‘Mfhave he sue ate of dame. This the paromarhasana where raja besos tna witha an Objet oer wots, pra {Sat one knows sepa, ad by sane that Dara Is ealiaed. Manyara is aso known a be prapdramiayina = tbe method of binging raid wo peecion “Te highly nbuetelSlixambasara sin the main am expesiton fhe ol saying that by Scing or understanding. he principe of Prattyavamapida coe aso Ses the Buddha ad be Dra, To Cdetndprotatamaaped is 0 undetand the aniverl pape ‘of ental bse on the si aeeat Scene, cording Atal “te taerof moder scence’ hs to Go with he dcovery of toe and ate cases la ssc oe an sy tat aan Bhim ‘ent as med and is aes. "With i emp on prota Bodhi pilorophy ths doubly ‘ny an inporat contbtion to ak o ode stent iki. Is therefore a great py. hat even such an excelent histonan of Grek hilowophy, WA. Gute inh Hitory of Gree Pros, Yo 2 cambrge 1965, p53) cn wre: The motives and etd ‘of he can schot andthe thesogil and yaa! background ‘oftheir though reso ute erent from theo he Grek a thee ie prot the companion eter Volae,Fredenck te Great wrt 09 February 25, 1766 "De Fouche der menschiches Vern geen angen! ‘oes als nan dent wn mt ng, Coein Ema coe Sing litre ines Meh. agape fm 99, Boa Hr Sete Dey eee ‘SS Seton Niger ow mn Hue Sop on ee am, {uf Ue Du tenance (gm) Ee Uh, haar Ht Ege Mcp Ups Po dee Chet 8 apap Sm ne ng ol Paty ‘ei Comeaj i ‘Stim, Hans P1996, War Se xh co { (Poner references to Sasi sources ae prove inthe books lined above) i { Nerum + Denmark {API Vi “ODER AUCH J OR ALSO" - ODER WAS? ‘oo FEHLGRIFF BEI DER WAHL IN EINER ALTERNATIVE: [ERSTER VERSUCH (STUDIEN ZU DEN RETUELLEN SUTRAS I) 1 ARADVAIASRAUTASCTRA VU UND SEB PARALLELEN 1 Wes cn alindscer Opebe (jamin), der die ei helgen Fever angeles hae (aig, auf de Reise gehen wl, sate ce ene Fouee, ie snd enerbaen werden en, in Seine Rete mit deen er sin Feuer ro erugen gia cnem besondeea Rial “gtaaih mporsegen en,” Ex gab auch andere Magichketen das Fever seinem Wesen und seiterPotensnach ‘it sich 24 Biren, “The Bhadvja Seutasta (66.1), for exam ple, cal the depositing ofthe fies inte self "he next test le Ive. ee also That] Slama) 3.10." and ih ange ‘oe! Da eh ich singe Zt eat igen Aspen ses ‘meicrcges Rial beshiie. shine tr se Enape Not nd besoders di a Ubesetng apoutophiere Wordgung dock ‘eve Ubeegug wert Dae it ein Blick in is Sans gal tic una, Sene Kase Aurpbeverduen wir ©. Kear, ‘eons zope see Trazlaton fee? Das Sait apt yt ‘came oa ey doh ty smo sont, asa sb ai! he lei wai i wt ee ‘ocak ee Pote 2 oie wa Se en Ney» fsbo ck hy to Sextet drt 0 cin Ap Snr bom a Soe yom fe ashlar geht Ober seinen Text nas, ide er auch ier en dabei ‘ezdereaden Mas, in Tet nie bh ur durch en Aang (Graena gto, vlad wiedeph i ier Fudnot vere tant TS 6108: Tay Jrahmaa) 05.88. Eris ene A ae“Ye le rem Fj etiam pate eaduction "hinted, Dacor out ne grep drs get i done inne sds ance Ss de pseu aan Ene {concer Fear et Fo fa oie 830-10 en 90.1502 Ssitcinesce 1-8 BM: Dacor it un ao ls pa tiisation sone tax poate Tf om et ps para fat Si des ten hing en rasp aon come, pr exe 36ers sie mate psage dt tadecton Soaee 969 oe pee “dons Crese Monul ACT 310% aie 4. DE JONG or Sling. Moras: Great Dacre ofthe Baha! ole HPs 1 Sacre Boks of the Baas VoL XLVI. Toe Pal Tes Sit: Oslo 1997 0 673 pp ISBN 0460133204 Involume | 4, 271-278) Pete Sling snaoanced a second ‘ole coming a8 introduction ad commentiy Tee present volume Contains pars Ia tf ytume I. Pars I and IV (cammetany| and apenes) wil follow lar. Pa pp -220) comprises ve ‘topes. Massa pd ter So Lise: 2- Makin a Reka 3. “hen Mobs: Gene Remar 4 Tait end Translation, 5. Transmission fhe Manassa in Tet Pa (gp. 221-613). Pa i sens “trodueions India! Maha Selig points ‘tat he notation art be Fea with ke opal et nde ‘Commentary OF cour. comple view ofthe este wok wl oly ‘rai at he pate of be tesaton volume ‘When waytesohme one i eereled by es of ‘maton oat. Skiing seems ave ed on many Pall sod Sask es ut also euterous Tibet texts nt died ble In ote cholo Chie sources Sling ha hed extng teal in apslaton a hr bee ele by svt Kalpana Ihe had eramined Chinese materials 0 ne ses a he nian ‘ond Teta materials his votume woul probaly hve been ev are “olumaoos Te biography enumente great mumbe of cody beatin ta ees not compre al the stoned athe mses esis 2 Inhis capone aniston of te Matta in Te Sting poi ut ete Mahan wee oily ineoced Tet Pon for cya lsted ay uch ney nh cerry an ar ‘uyuc Late ony we ated bt were ranted by Bu on Sn itereowe be tam eau. in clog scion of MS Tis o Budi, Hower Tia ps Kanu et ont Sten Spee nvr ibe Re be ar ean {ee in ile volume (pp 19H 1 Tas snp at Shows {ow comp theta fet Tet ws Shing es port conclos fm tis soe ar of he rere Kaen "ote single Mass Singin ach xe ements Aiface: von Ptr Smt Pl nt Cee stations ttre tote en te nicnon of he ea ompuon of ‘cc concasons uohe spcans oe sad le a tans nr. Sling pyaar ten ech {nor ngunce nee of Mah | Mayans manta ‘ten to any tons emis sch mse bree wigs {cay efor panna. hfs ear ade scons tethes sesh vo pope smc fo inte et Pel 1 urws tenon the pelo elton feet eee ‘rblnown bhyan ee he tana, Saaiioccaa 2 “Svrmputhi Star noe pace Sting dase eho Aan of Argh (gp. 29519), sues he mote ahare ip. 30 13) and Ke Bimbo hi le 9 Bug ere {fp 3te326) On te Amardeep. 25.n 250) se now te nai sty by onan The Conpoion of te Gran ‘Nngsouo sng soe Budi an nn puss marae Tare owl of itn Ptophy 25 (1987p 181-256. ns Sody ocho Shillgexamnes he menog ar a dao itp eta) A ong encone dvd Smig be mening Fae rchacl ee son gp 47-480) On pp. 58-54 Sting Sissel deere ein he vlome ch an embra e fetes arene can mene ony few tems Hs 0 be hoped hat ‘Toone irl be ge ne of he oecoming volumes. ‘ep 36 Sling ss sd scan TB 9 eanion ct be Calusa si Mains 11) However bt 2 Send inh of sett 4 Janz Crem! 4. DE 1086. Monat ACT 263, Austm2 sovews Ue Hishen, Die Vrchrifn fir die budiitche Nomengencinde Im Vnay-Phake der Thro (Monogrphen st inichen Atchiolope. Kast und Phibloge, Band It Dieich Reimer Ver {op Bes, 197,319. DM 1480. ISBN 3496026324, Use Hiss’ book contin a comprehensive say ofthe rls for rine n the Vinayak a the Seanapssia. Al Patios ‘les for mae i he Babbage andthe commen inthe Sununtpsatia ae caretlly wanted. The sin Calva X “The ml fo ns were sea tamed by ine Hore solu I an Wot fer arlton of the Vita Pka, However, Histon. ok onuas mach ote an station She estat pares son i sia as preserbd or mosks snl exam the siferecesbawee the two we of es In many Ince she ale to tee te develpment ofthe ues fre mans do eich esta of tee Painoktha Fach ul Haken gives the tert scording oth eon of the Pal ‘Tea Sovey an Berweenpretess van reacings fom Orel ons nthe aes te gute and wales the apt omretry ‘podobjonira) nd te eer pase ofthe Samanta be ‘le othe sneseden vata). the est (antrpar and he Formula sence of tanec (ana) a much os neceaty odestnd here ln er own commentary she rel 1 he ues ‘nd Vigya et hat may Shed ligt on the ule suse. Aer having ‘ed there ns groop one by one Hisken compare the ls for ‘uns nd monk a 1 form and comet Inthe ate the Pity les the congo he conn subi aay sects (aah ket po fw that 38 pgs (p.293-328), A al chaper summarzes themes loeme an the comparison ofthe les fr make and mis The bok codon wi 8 detaed Biography. a inde acon dn inet vertu, she's bok a impressive achievement. He work supersedes au geceding ses ofthe Theva ls for ane whch shee testes ina chaper ented “Foschungsgechche”(p 3036) an ‘o hich she refers fen, One of he woke gute Buth tes by {ais van Gove: De buch nn (Leen, 113) Wich, being ‘eriten in ately fee In sever aces Hien ble Toone eviwn tnstiton aed meres, The Samana Proves fo be very sel or he inereation ofthe aes, altough Hsken rly pits out hat So spegeln anche dr zsitaichen renews 268 Eiuterngen des Kommentars wobl de 2 det Zeit pngge Pass der. ie ech die uprmglice Bedeutng eee Veroang em. isken tows ht he ight arudhanmar, mentioned in Calloags Xd. are oe subject oft osction fre ns pp. 452-288) ‘She tga hatte eM gordhanma orginally compnted he eh apes of te Bhishuvibtanga. Whe oes time women wee Smite 0 the somghs i war sted that Mahpaipat Gti {oaoiene te eight grulammar It sees fo met he Menton of the saruiamas bet clearly a anacvonism and Ges notice ‘ha they reer fo the eight ches ob Bhnkhibhang, Fer the Somos ofthe Callan tee eon rie ee uch porance ‘ha ihy sated they do be Served bytes wom dated (0 be somghe ‘Tere ae Fematably fw mispims oa work of sich comple. In areference toa Chinese text (p08 21) sad T1139 (23) aI foe T 83 (25) 30769711. 31 foe Meaich Ker Yad Hed Ker (cp 48 4 Jone Crescent 1, BELONG: Manat ACT 960, Auta Cosine Linde Hingdna. Dee ie nds hme Mahi, Den serre init hime, Sekar Pblshers. Cope. ten, 198. 228 pp: 255 pp. ISON 87.7651706 87.76)-73, In he sees Veresreliinernes Hovederer Chestisn Liner as publahd to volumes of tastes of ets boning the ‘inayara and Mayan, According tthe noun te vue fn hiya ii tefl of ore than wenty yen wok Lint hs pubedexersvely bot ip Englsh and Danish Ising {ote that Dash schlars conue fo publish inparant Works in their nave lnpunge whereas in ter oun for nance land) English has bear the wl language ed for seb plas "Fe fst vole coin el isodcton on Bun ad signin in wtich Linder characte canons Bodh 3 fer of Bhagat lion Bhagavacsre. Ose ors of Bhagaatsme tr Jn an the elipon grown around Koa snow fem te Bhapooden al te eligions te st cena concep 8 at of soa The Bhagwat prelims hee forms of vra:amo.armaMe | at reves sone baton. The ist igs al feta. The serond ‘ethno oa dae om as he ‘South at Al om of Bogvetane spe ba bere “Son! hat nd who wih bp of Bhar aby swovh ew mies pal ted fom sf. We ante wn hep oro aa ent ened y= fd ‘nets Linker he mere of Buoism Bape | Ce hoon ye ne sana fe Raa Ce, “he natn towed oy toto fe Capris, se eptnt be Mbit, ecto fom he i een sg atat, econ om e Usinavar h iiss, vans uboanosptar, bet or repose Ate Cautata UaBatn nr Ves sn awce Siraanse Liner ool ht ous) SSIES ons t air: eve lng et oat sap wetcnare see by ewe iyi alt ihe introduction to the Catusparisatsita Lindtner remarks phat the se Teaane smn emcee fe Cpr hich ones get lew ne expen of Bm in Cental As. "tty ro he See Tt suena ueee sae ese eh free Seapine pp 8-0 Linder dscns i mere seal be ‘oinsup of Cian an Buds, Puls or Sul had made ‘SE Ease pe fe Red J moral aman em ol lo hen mba “Snare me pete. The cnet of on Being "faa dnbe se palin a the fda ‘Essen grb ae, Ko Sun See oe doe ote o he Bhagee bs f 08 ee Vien fhe anand Oe which mans stain rama erty of wo te cue of ie chee or Beka as, wc ean snows a Brame a ar cuore Baha. Bus ed eso ‘ie none hb ae pe ean ‘Gyo the Ved swing nary be mpranes tached ‘fos especial ein aed ceoegoa.Lieiety ‘rin ene pat he xthaed ion pestoot nme sacs cern hs ome ese tse esi New ‘omeat Creo a coming ed Bram (dar resent Asie Aegan icons ey ot head mast be ed Aegatierwih sachs hye 1013 and 1050 ae ens 15 he Botts span ss pateman aan apes te srw put i dew dtp Thee Ce the penonied Dom Te loving secs 1050 bee eds dae of evn of he taney we ey "sp ehh a se The fed en sae {ee he Si te Dara a 539) He eh econ 22. Ths te defo fs Baga nd of Tobago Seda, Te Taga se pron ough ves ISS He thom to sown Onur ou ne aes hs ped Dar Acorn nes Satay anh compere y efron sow dt tunel New Tat ae Seng pi union js fro hone Kym a even, ofr 3 yet pa dete fom ind sae Fray sug ome ctr mde Bln seb abi toma eu © Abaarse epoe Chsenten ‘io cm Tn hs nz te ado of te Sisambss Lint pono speemenn wih he re Scae pspay e ‘nda tno arm wie Scere oar os "he tine o apna pws et chur e ‘nn ese of Mayan ip 8) ad th sop els The Micinanaaand the ogni ears a niyo tic compuin ceil The flowing es ae ned ‘olne. Uppers cape ie ot Samana Pajinceneanore he Paaae ncoiog tee oe fied Neue Phra, Ys ee Bisa Anon cp 23.3 an of Se Maihyantabya: Aus Suadrayvais nd Anos Hand ‘tala See! nas tc en free poet fy tie Fr nace be sone a Phan oe Spon is eo of te Tne race Slee eo #9 10-38 rahe Sayan eae" en: tesa tne To Tan tS four of dan Phos (itty pp. tts The pee wana ns vung ee tating fen chips oe Savane Ti nae bed ee scl oe atoms ‘tee Bye pe ese Son ea ae Sth chp of be Mahan The Liss ate266 revs 159199) pp 37-65 a the Sans ext ad an English tanto of. te in haterin Studs Indologene 4 (1997). 9-123. His as Taton of the seven chapter based upon is ot et peblsed ita con of argue Set mace From Tbe ahs inoducton Se summa th contents ofall elven ates (pp. 110-1. indie’ anlation seal doe foe the oa xs in Pl Sastre Tibetan ad Chae In seven instances is ntepretaion lenges wih revive alton, Rape Wi my ed Kowa ‘ot Danan so hive piven some isso the cotens of tees volumes ‘rich conaia may ong! des a radation fever xs Pot Found in other aloes Is 0 be hope at aa Eng version of is imgonan work wil be pubiabed oon Jone Crescent 4. DE JONG Manta ACT 2603, Aucratio Mask Allon, Soe and fn A sof th dorian sic feaures (fe prove portion of Pll canonical st es and her mean fincion Sata Pils Buda, Moog Series XID. The Iasmatonl Iie foe Bui Stes, Tokyo, 1997, (VIE +} sat [As he main features of Pali grammar apd vce vocabulary are ow uly wel Koen moe tenon tends 0 focus 0 he ssc ‘Sosycrss of he Bugis anosca ents expecially onthe we of ‘Sedu hates orpstages, wil view o deen the fron, ence thar eri ath ole ithe composition ad ansissoe oe caso Infact lise considerations hive not been ssa! rom be Pal rion: some of he most pring facts have been suniarize ‘Tmaserfl apis by Heiner Smith ne Sant La rommaie pated Aeravamea Lan, (9,1 Tables 9.120 in pare Geetone $51, 6413, 61.31) fnewces yeas oweve ime! ine spss hasbeen far eshaced Inthe wake flan Pury’ and is scone ree onthe Lng enon of the “orl” and oo "ie formule nate of the ol ad wie Tere tioning 03 cvene range of walon (moda ary the fc ha he peace of frmulas was ee 0 be ining ‘ter compsin, or atleast esiges os previous lation (OHA. ID). Th general problema se saring poo te pen investigation by MA, who, gen he nomads assumed “ini sts of Bais tex.) propeses a cough aay + compased Pr comes, with he 2m ofrmuine a any sane ‘of he most imponasereype of tis mel wublnha! int “Te preset book includes tee alo “Sta” the ition bang tee pominet sili fester othe pine pos Pa canonical eta p 7) i nesevaly reed tid (hugh repesencve) cos te Dubai), Lng Coe (eft clleton of te Supa), convesiny edited i the Pal Tee Soci Series (3 va, 1990, 1503, 191, gether covering 908 page). The Bt Sty ties imo ecco te wile ON (34 suas te second and the rd once oo oe state 25h the ‘Usunbar-shandde sa (PTS 9p. 36-5, te eons for techie rent sss). The fest Sty oaks athe ase of formulas andthe sandasaton ofthe ation. The second at amass of he eden fo poet sila word iets unis of meaning The hed “anayesepeion win desu of te Dighantaya and atempis 1 any th itera rept he mbarikasdanad ra epoauced with be eer adios 1, 276-86 of the present vole) One ingore paper ofthe book Sto amp wo deemiae wheter eny Dust fs mee stall) posed man poison mae weredeiged a ed tts ‘ich were w be memosed an tansmited vba (pty 2nd provide apractes tbe answer, sich result epee ftom be third monograph where tis epee tha cil See how te grou repetition qarifieg Stay 3 woul ction wi {ltnadcion of compsitonsnprormane th gos repition ms ‘re understood fo hve had at Inport neon func std ovis evidence tat these et wee designe fo be menor Varios ober fcr sou also be ken nto acum, coding te fac ht his eaoneal “tert was performed sory el a inialy and pot” 38 AAs mater of feu Study 3, “Repeton ina Pali Sua Tear (ep. 273-363) considers now large us and lok of ext — hat tony Tomals, but whole pasage ~ appe o be repeater ‘echt or wi vais SEB Gometines oe ipo) degree, fea: MA. ths dtingushes Be types of quate ‘epeoas eth Tables, p99 0). The Uda sna ‘waving been seamed int word pocessc ord cout ST 278). appears a 30% of us acon of asus pedSerhan. heres 8% nol repeion with minor modifeaions. Repeition of rst tpe ae sk then ni consierain x well ctsnen of abbeitons p31 1). Bally aig he conson tha repettionm andonbeily 3 emoni device and xa be eens {enon tbo “tht fee ex were dsgd be meme Sadana seb (p57 7, Condit a i hed Sta csi sn elinses na facing concn. Whee Ihe rimmed scepind ono nay ate wou be worth Imvesignng wht srr stint nl fhe ON bt a of oer kos are sam sich 3 high roperion of repented blk fe ‘Now ani Sindy nverteecleely cones with "Stay 2. The paieran oir won elements on wi f meaning ie seuensesce sega he poe portons of Pa Sua Tet the ‘Senet arange the uni iin sch neguencesacoing the Dunerot hes each the wing pale pple (WSP) and evn andrea semis nel ose races 191= S73 lh sero the Udnbria-honadeat's orwaely {nd exhaustively setinidThoog some pg! implesions ‘te itll ete here conse rom isi an itty Perpave, with view to determin he fico of tbe thea [Pater that re convncingly~sometes even shew ~ ‘soled Sd aan. Accring © MA. they pati fave meonic fet, at organ pricipl and hi stay dts ‘hth sie of wore an thei rangement as ea seed pte ft hl ee tes ere composed and ansmite oa {p-252) Showld be conc fom he ty tht a we ve the "Fambushanais composed in anventon or even ail Tonge? The doetion soe raed here and be gener agus laws hie ul exlan ow the prosoiepates hat are own tbe se promnent in ths Sat ase a oly aro relered 0 (p 192. 0 “Shh sold ed Waokemael etrinneAlindache Gramma Ie p 1654, Nacbirge p50 oil: H. Sith. Sadan 100 ost nd linge “Let dean prosaies du vets bosque Ul dea Societe ovale des Lees de Land 1989-195.9p.1-13. specallyp.9 £25 lle "Rhythmc effec a Pali merphoogy, Die Spruke 561.1984 9.70093), Nor ae the tonal Indian ews nied or whih see M.G. Dp, Sony collocation in the pot sud, Poa 1980, BORI, Goverment Ose Series Clas8. No. 12-0n fe ake hind MLA. sghly das aenon iets pares “a oe sed ype" (286) ta ar seen 0 ucur alse elsewhere in the canon, a the beginning of paragraph or % somes 9 porta sets of eas, “and ty beta ich neta eto funedoned wo exish cern shy fo he shaming He vee ‘Snsats some possible "ements tit would lp resre sch red’ sy (bt never ese ea oc gly with the common discrepancy beeen Onhop nd prosuaion ef pp. 205.257.) Fly, dawing aceon to Sa feats ae Sin Aedhagai enon MA. propoves "a aly a comparble Jain tea of pags of the “Aupopa stra (amg. vanes st) and of he dnatirovadiedans. ping» “sock desertion ‘tata’ Append 1p. 266-272 mca hat pely these Archamdgadan Mahi psp oe stl opr hes he at at he alee Jin patos are agogrpie pays But the suggestions mereing (cf A lee "Vedhas Lalita lund DinyaadinaBescveibunges de ckonen Korer in Sanskrit. tnd Paki’. W2KS. XVIL 1973. pp 2s ube i) Fate ‘Slee dhs ret devices ad rythm pte ae De found is bah he Pu and be Amp canon in prt “wings” Synonyms othe ye Ps pone Sha pp. 720.45 1) have counterparts inte many Amp. eqences of he pe pn hia ve vat ipa Puja! mua! print ee. (W. Seong, Dre Cedar des ana Kano, Hamburg 1565, ANISH Ip. 69¢) Movener i he hai” ple ss prominent 3s MLA. spect ould be eked eter oes tot eet = erage) ~ ap sue ingle tendency of he contemporary Mie Inde Aryan. Sacha cocsion ould een be deed fom foe (3 pze 268.08“ ll orm Tne fhe "drip Sura" MA points one edhe pat” and challenges he view of Schbrag wh ha lvl pote Sieve by cons wih he many aru verified sequences ‘hat eh deed and analse a ths et “het Sad. he longest ofthe ee ip. 9-190), 3 detailed alysis "tease of fomele or tnd phases in PS uta ‘eM approach formalism he Digna The monogragh vie mo eo pars: “Pa Ibe ors wed Sep someone Sspproaching th Bua. bith, othe person, ad bie {preaching te Budoha oF aot bh” pp 8-111, "Pat 2 the fomuls sre 0 dept he Bus approuhing someone and = ba prcching someone ethane Buch rater Bi (pp. 12-168). Ths ypolgilsdy i conducted with wmost eae, fh many ies wo summa and gusty the vanousoscmences tthe relevant orl Tat nope ofthe sure vations that ac analysed (ef. the ceferences pp. 168-190 appear that he