Mutation 2 Types Point mutations- result from a single base change. Chromosome-level mutations- Larger in scale.

e. Result from addition or deletion of chromosomal regions Point mutation Missense (replacement) mutation Silent mutation Nonsense mutation ^^^^^ (all 3)change of base pair Frameshift mutation ^^^^^ ( just this)addition or loss of base pair

Chromosome-level mutation

Change in chromosome #
Polyploidy- may happen by the daughter cells not dividing Aneuploidy

Structural change
Inversions Translocations

Mutations have varying effects on organisms 3 categories: 1. 2. 3. REVIEW Transcription Slide 8~ are review. 9: Essentials of genes ** A gene is a sequence of DNA in a chromosome. Usually, it encodes a protein. Genes tend to be contiguous (back to back) in prokaryotic (bacteria) chromosomes. In eukaryotes, genes tend to be fragmented (separated by introns, or 'junk' DNA) and surrounded by more junk DNA. Many eukarotic chromosomes consist of 90%+ junk DNA. A locus is the same thing but with a subtle difference in meaning. In classical genetics, a locus was regarded as a unit of inheritance that could not be separated or divided. This was long before we knew that genes were made of DNA and chromosomes. A gene or locus can be separated or divided by the processes of mutation or meiosis. Beneficial mutations- increases the fitness of the organism Neutral mutations- no effect. Silent mutations are usually neutral. Deleterious mutations- decreases the fitness. *Most are neutral or deleterious.

An allele is a specific copy of a gene. Every organism usually has a given gene, but sometimes the copies are different in their exact sequence of DNA. Humans, as well as virtually all vertebrates and most animals, are diploid, meaning that there are two copies of every chromosome and two copies of every gene. The two copies can be different in their exact sequence. DNA-RNA-Protein Transcription Translation +1 is start of transcription