Appendix C

Mathematical Formulas
This appendixby no means exhaustiveserves as a handy reference. It does contain all the formulas needed to solve circuit problems in this book.

C.1

Quadratic Formula
x1, x2 b 2b2 4ac 2a

The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 bx c 0 are

C.2

Trigonometric Identities
sin (x) sin x cos(x) cos x 1 , sec x cos x tan x sin x , cos x

1 sin x 1 cot x tan x csc x

sin(x 90) cos x cos(x 90) sin x sin(x 180) sin x cos(x 180) cos x cos2 x sin2 x 1 a b c sin A sin B sin C a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A tan 1 2 (A tan 1 2 (A B) B) ab ab (law of sines) (law of cosines) (law of tangents)

sin(x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y cos(x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y tan x tan y tan(x y) 1 tan x tan y 2 sin x sin y cos(x y) cos(x y) 2 sin x cos y sin(x y) sin(x y) 2 cos x cos y cos(x y) cos(x y) sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
A-16

Appendix C

Mathematical Formulas

A-17

cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x 2 cos2 x 1 1 2 sin2 x 2 tan x tan 2x 1 tan2 x 1 sin2 x (1 cos 2x) 2 1 cos2 x (1 cos 2x) 2
2 1 K1 cos x K2 sin x 2K 2 1 K 2 cos a x tan

e jx cos x j sin x e jx ejx cos x 2 e jx ejx sin x 2j 1 rad 57.296

K2 b K1 (Eulers formula)

C.3

Hyperbolic Functions
1 sinh x (ex ex) 2 1 cosh x (ex ex) 2 sinh x tanh x cosh x 1 coth x tanh x 1 sinh x 1 sech x cosh x sinh(x y) sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y cosh(x y) cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y csch x

C.4

Derivatives
d dU (aU ) a dx dx dV dU d (UV ) U V dx dx dx

If U U(x), V V(x), and a constant,

A-18

Appendix C

Mathematical Formulas

d U a b dx V

dU dV U dx dx V2

d (aU n) naU n1 dx d U dU (a ) aU ln a dx dx d U dU (e ) eU dx dx d dU (sin U ) cos U dx dx d dU (cos U ) sin U dx dx

C.5

Indenite Integrals

If U U(x), V V(x), and a constant,

a dx ax C U dV UV V dU
U n dU U n1 C, n1 n (integration by parts) 1

dU ln U C U aU C, ln a
ax

a 7 0, a 1 1 e dx a e C e xe dx a (ax 1) C e x e dx a (a x 2ax 2) C ln x dx x ln x x C 1 sin ax dx a cos ax C 1 cos ax dx a sin ax C sin 2ax x sin ax dx 2 4a C sin 2ax x cos ax dx 2 4a C aU dU
ax ax 2 ax ax 3 2 ax 2 2 2 2

Appendix C

Mathematical Formulas

A-19

x sin ax dx a (sin ax ax cos ax) C 1 x cos ax dx a (cos ax ax sin ax) C

1
2 2

x sin ax dx a (2ax sin ax 2 cos ax a x

2

2 2

cos ax) C

cos ax dx

1 (2ax cos ax 2 sin ax a2x2 sin ax) C a3 eax (a sin bx b cos bx) C a2 b2 eax (a cos bx b sin bx) C a2 b2 sin(a b)x sin(a b)x C, 2(a b) 2(a b) cos(a b)x cos(a b)x C, 2(a b) 2(a b) a2 a2 a2 b2 b2 b2

eax sin bx dx eax cos bx dx

sin ax sin bx dx cos ax cos bx dx a (a

C.6
2 2

sin ax cos bx dx

sin(a b)x sin(a b)x C, 2(a b) 2(a b)

dx 1 x tan1 C 2 a a x

x2 dx x x a tan1 C a a2 x2 dx 1 x 1 x 2a 2 tan1 b C 2 2 2 a a x) 2a x a

Denite Integrals

If m and n are integers,

0 0 2p p 0

2p

sin ax dx 0 cos ax dx 0
p

0 2p

0 p

sin2 ax dx

cos2 ax dx
p

p 2 m n

sin mx sin nx dx

cos mx cos nx dx 0, m n even m n odd 0, p,

0, sin mx cos nx dx c 2m , m2 n2
p

sin mx sin nx dx

sin mx sin nx dx b

m n mn

A-20

Appendix C

Mathematical Formulas

p , 2 sin ax dx e 0, x p , 2

a 7 0 a0 a 6 0

C.7

LHopitals Rule
f (x) f (x) lim x S 0 h(x) h (x)

If f (0) 0 h(0), then lim

xS0

where the prime indicates differentiation.