Uoc Luong Va Can Bang Thich Nghi Cho Kenh Truyen Trong Hthong OFDM

Chng 1: Gii thiu v k thut iu ch OFDM
Chng 1 GII THIU V K THUT IU CH OFDM

1.1 Lch s pht trin
FDM l mt phng php truyn kh phc tp trn knh vt l, nguyn l c bn ca phng php l s dng k thut a sng mang truyn mt lng ln k t ti cng mt thi im. S dng k thut OFDM c rt nhiu u im, l hiu qu s dng ph rt cao, kh nng chng giao thoa a ng tt (c bit trong h thng khng dy) v rt d lc b nhiu (nu mt knh tn s b nhiu, cc tn s ln cn s b b qua, khng s dng). Ngoi ra, tc truyn Uplink v Downlink c th thay i d dng bng vic thay i s lng sng mang s dng. Mt u im quan trng ca h thng s dng a sng mang l cc sng mang ring c th hot ng tc bit nh dn n chu k ca k t tng ng s c ko di . V d, nu mun truyn vi tc l hng triu bit trn giy bng mt knh n, chu k ca mt bit phi nh hn 1 micro giy. iu ny s gy ra kh khn cho vic ng b v loi b giao thoa a ng. Nu cng lng thng tin trn c tri ra cho N sng mang, chu k ca mi bit s c tng ln N ln, lc vic x l vn nh thi, a ng s n gin hn. K thut OFDM do R.W Chang pht minh nm 1966 M. Trong nhng thp k va qua nhiu cng trnh khoa hc v k thut ny c thc hin khp ni trn th gii. c bit l cng trnh khoa hc ca Weistein v Ebert chng minh rng php iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c thng qua cc php bin i IDFT v php gii iu ch OFDM c th thc hin c bng php bin i DFT. Vo u nhng nm 80, i ng k s phng th nghim CCETT (Centre Commun d'Etudes en Tldiffusion et Tlcommunication) da vo cc l thuyt Wienstein v Ebert xut phng php iu ch s rt hiu qu trong lnh vc pht thanh truyn hnh s, l OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Divionsion Multiplex). Pht minh ny cng vi s pht trin ca k thut s lm cho k thut iu ch OFDM c s dng ngy cng tr nn rng ri. Thay v s dng IDFT v DFT ngi ta c th s dng php bin i nhanh IFFT cho b iu ch OFDM, s dng FFT cho b gii iu ch OFDM. Ngy nay k thut OFDM cn kt hp vi cc phng php m knh s dng trong thng tin v tuyn. Cc h thng ny cn c gi vi khi nim l COFDM (Coded OFDM). Trong cc h thng ny tn hiu trc khi c iu ch OFDM s c m knh vi cc loi m khc nhau vi mc ch chng li cc li ng truyn. Do cht lng knh ( fading v t l tn hiu trn tp m) ca mi sng mang ph l khc
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nhau, ngi ta thc hin iu ch tn hiu trn mi sng mang vi cc mc iu ch khc nhau. H thng ny m ra khi nim v h thng truyn dn s dng k thut OFDM vi b iu ch tn hiu thch ng (adaptive modulation technique). K thut ny hin c s dng trong h thng thng tin my tnh bng rng HiperLAN/2 Chu u. Trn th gii h thng ny c chun ha theo tiu chun IEEE.802.11a.
1.2 Cc u v nhc im
Bn cnh nhng u im k trn ca k thut OFDM, cc h thng s dng k thut ny cn c nhiu u im c bn khc lit k sau y: * H thng OFDM c th loi b hon ton nhiu lin k t (Intersymbol Interference- ISI) nu di chui bo v (Guard interval length) ln hn tr truyn dn ln nht ca knh. * Ph hp cho vic thit k h thng truyn dn bng rng ( h thng c tc truyn dn cao), do nh hng ca s phn tp v tn s (frequency selectivity) i vi cht lng h thng c gim nhiu so vi h thng truyn dn n sng mang. * H thng c cu trc b thu n gin. Bn cnh , k thut OFDM cng c mt vi nhc im c bn l: * Mt trong nhng vn ca OFDM l n c cng sut nh cao hn so vi cng sut trung bnh. Khi tn hiu OFDM c iu ch RF, s thay i ny din ra tng t i vi bin sng mang, sau tn hiu c truyn i trn mi trng tuyn tnh, tuy nhin tuyn tnh rt kh gi khi iu ch cng sut cao, do vy mo dng tn hiu kiu ny hay din ra trn b khuych i cng sut ca b pht. B thu thit k khng tt c th gy mo dng trm trng hn. Mo dng gy ra hu ht cc vn nh tri ph, gy ra nhiu gia cc h thng khi truyn trn cc tn s RF k nhau. * Vic s dng chui bo v c th trnh c nhiu ISI nhng li lm gim i mt phn hiu sut ng truyn, do bn thn chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch. * Do yu cu v iu kin trc giao gia cc sng mang ph, h thng OFDM rt nhy cm vi hiu ng Doppler cng nh l s dch tn (frequency offset) v dch thi gian (time offset) do sai s ng b. - nh hng ca s sai lch thi gian ng b: OFDM c kh nng chu ng tt cc sai s v thi gian nh cc khong bo v gia cc symbol. Vi mt knh truyn khng c delay do hiu ng a ng, time offet c th bng khong bo
v m khng mt i tnh trc giao, ch gy ra s xoay pha ca cc sng mang con m thi. Nu li time offset ln hn khong bo v th hot ng ca h thng suy gim nhanh chng. Nguyn nhn l do cc symbol trc khi n b FFT s bao gm mt phn ni dung ca cc symbol khc, dn n ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference). - nh hng ca s sai lch ng b tn s: Mt trong nhng vn ln ca OFDM l n d b nh hng bi offset v tn s. Gii iu ch tn hiu OFDM c th gy ra sai v tc bit. iu ny lm cho tnh trc giao gia cc subcarrier b mt i (kt qu ca ICI v s xoay pha khng sa cha c b thu). Sai s v tn s din ra ch yu theo 2 ngun chnh: li ca b dao ng v hiu ng Doppler. Bt k mt s bt ng b no gia b pht v b thu u c th gy ra offset v tn s. Offset ny c th c b bng cch dng b bm tn s, tuy nhin ch khc phc m thi, hot ng ca h thng vn b nh hng. S di chuyn tng i gia b thu v b pht gy ra dch chuyn Doppler ca tn hiu. iu ny c th hiu l s offset tn s trong mi trng truyn t do, n c th khc phc bng mt b b ti b dao ng. Mt vn quan trng ca hiu ng Doppler l tri Doppler, n gy nn bi s di chuyn gia b pht v b thu trong mi trng a ng. Tri Doppler gy nn bi vn tc tng i gia cc thnh phn tn hiu phn x li, to ra qu trnh "iu ch tn s" cho tn hiu. Qu trnh ny din ra ngu nhin trn cc subcarrier do trong mi trng bnh thng, mt lng ln phn x a ng xy ra. Tri Doppler kh c b v lm suy gim cht lng tn hiu. Ngy nay OFDM c tiu chun ha l phng php iu ch cho cc h thng pht thanh s DAB v DRM, truyn hnh mt t DVB-T, mng my tnh khng dy tc cao HiperLAN/2...
1.3 S ng dng ca k thut OFDM Vit Nam

C th ni mng internet bng rng ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) rt quen thuc Vit Nam, nhng t ngi bit rng s nng cao tc ng truyn trong h thng ADSL chnh l nh cng ngh OFDM. Nh k thut iu ch a sng mang v s cho php chng ph gia cc sng mang m tc truyn dn trong h thng ADSL tng ln mt cch ng k so vi cc mng cung cp dch v internet thng thng. Bn cnh mng cung cp dch v ADSL hin ang c s dng rt rng ri Vit Nam hin nay, cc h thng thng tin v tuyn nh mng truyn hnh s mt t DVBT cng ang c khai thc s dng. Cc h thng pht thanh s nh DAB v DRM chc chn s c khai thc s dng trong mt tng lai khng xa. Cc mng v thng
tin my tnh khng dy nh HiperLAN/2, IEEE 802.11a, g cng s c khai thc mt cch rng ri Vit Nam.
1.4 Cc hng pht trin trong tng lai

K thut OFDM hin c c lm phng php iu ch s dng trong mng thng tin thnh th bng rng Wimax theo tiu chun IEEE 802.16a v h thng thng tin di ng th h th t. Trong h thng thng tin di ng th h th t, k thut OFDM cn c th kt hp vi cc k thut khc nh k thut a anten pht v thu (MIMO technique) nhm nng cao dung lng knh v tuyn v kt hp vi cng ngh CDMA nhm phc v dch v a truy cp ca mng. Mt vi hng nghin cu vi mc ch thay i php bin i FFT trong b iu ch OFDM bng php bin i Wavelet nhm ci thin s nhy cm ca h thng i vi hiu ng dch tn do mt ng b gy ra v gim di ti thiu ca chui bo v trong h thng OFDM. Tuy nhin kh nng ng dng ca cng ngh ny cn phi c kim chng c th hn na trong tng lai.
1.5 Cc ct mc v ng dng quan trng ca OFDM

1957: Kineplex, multi-carrier HF modem 1966: Chang, Bell Labs: thuyt trnh v a ra m hnh OFDM 1971: Weinstein & Ebert ngh s dng FFT v khong bo v 1985: Cimini m t ng dng ca OFDM trong thng tin di ng 1987: Alard & Lasalle: p dng OFDM cho digital broadcasting 1995: Chun ETSI DAB: chun OFDM c bn u tin 1997: Chun ETSI DVB-T 1998: D n Magic WAND trnh din OFDM modems cho mng WLAN 1999: Chun IEEE 802.11a v ETSI BRAN HiperLAN/2 cho Wireless LAN 2000: c dng trong truy cp v tuyn c nh (V-OFDM, Flash-OFDM) 2001: OFDM c c cho nhng chun mi 802.11 v 802.16 2002: c dng trong chun IEEE 802.11g chun cho WLAN 2003: OFDM c c cho UWB (802.15.3a) 2004: c dng trong chun IEEE 802.16-2004 chun cho mng WMAN (WiMAX) c dng trong chun Chun ETSI DVB-H c c cho chun IEEE 802.15.3a, mng WPAN (MB-OFDM) c c cho chun IEEE 802.11n, th h k tip ca mng WLAN 2005: c c cho chun di ng t bo 3.75G (3GPP & 3GPP2) c c cho chun 4G (CJK)
Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM
Chng 2 L THUYT V K THUT IU CH OFDM

2.1 Tnh trc giao trong OFDM
RTHOGONAL l thut ng cp n mt mi quan h ton hc chnh xc gia cc tn s ca cc sng mang trong h thng OFDM. Trong h thng FDM thng thng, nhiu sng mang c t cch nhau mt khong ph hp tn hiu thu c th nhn li bng cch s dng cc b lc v cc b gii iu ch thng thng. Trong cc h thng nh vy, cc khong bo v gia cc sng mang khc nhau cn c d liu trc v vic a vo cc khong bo v ny lm gim hiu qu s dng ph ca h thng . Tuy nhin c th sp xp cc sng mang trong OFDM sao cho cc di bin ca chng che ph ln nhau m cc tn hiu vn c th thu c chnh xc m khng c s can nhiu gia cc sng mang. Mun c nh vy cc sng mang phi trc giao v mt ton hc. My thu hot ng nh mt b gm cc b gii iu ch, dch tn mi sng mang xung mc DC, tn hiu nhn c ly tch phn trn mt chu k ca symbol phc hi d liu gc. Nu tt c cc sng mang khc u c dch xung tn s tch phn ca sng mang ny (trong mt chu k symbol ), th kt qu tnh tch phn cho cc sng mang khc s l zero. Do cc sng mang c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau (trc giao) nu khong cch gia cc sng l bi s ca 1/. Bt k s phi tuyn no gy ra bi can nhiu gia cc sng mang ICI (Inter-Carrierinterference) cng lm mt i tnh trc giao . Vic x l (iu ch v gii iu ch) tn hiu OFDM c thc hin trong min tn s, bng cch s dng cc thut ton x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing ). Nguyn tc ca tnh trc giao thng c s dng trong phm vi DSP. Trong ton hc, s hng trc giao c c t vic nghin cu cc vect. Theo nh ngha, hai vect c gi l trc giao vi nhau khi chng vung gc vi nhau hay l tch ca 2 vect l bng 0. im chnh y l tng nhn hai hm s vi nhau, tng hp cc tch v nhn c kt qu l 0.
Hnh 2.1 : Tch 2 vect trc giao bng 0

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u tin ta ch n hm s thng thng c gi tr trung bnh bng khng (v d gi tr trung bnh ca hm sin di y ). Nu cng bn k dng v bn k m ca dng sng sin nh di y chng ta s c kt qu l 0. Qu trnh tch phn c th c xem xt khi tm ra din tch di dng ng cong. Do din tch ca 1 sng sin c th c vit nh sau:
2 k
sin(t )dt = 0
0
(2.1)
Qu trnh tnh tch phn c th c xem nh l qu trnh tm ra din tch bn di ng cong tn hiu. Do , din tch ca mt sng sin c th c vit nh sau :
Hnh 2.2 : Gi tr trung bnh ca sng sin bng 0 Nu chng ta nhn v cng (tch phn) hai dng sng sin c tn s khc nhau.Ta nhn thy qu trnh ny cng bng 0.
Hnh 2.3 : Tch phn cc sng sin c cng tn s

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Nu hai sng sin c cng tn s nh nhau th dng sng hp thnh lun dng, gi tr trung bnh ca n lun khc khng (hnh trn). y l c cu rt quan trng cho qu trnh gii iu ch OFDM. Cc my thu OFDM bin i tn hiu thu c sang min tn s nh dng k thut x l tn hiu s gi l bin i nhanh Fourier (FFT). Vic gii iu ch cht ch c thc hin k tip trong min s (digital domain) bng cch nhn tng sng mang c truyn n my thu vi tng sng mang c to ra trong my thu c cng tn s v pha mt cch chnh xc. Sau php tch phn c thc hin, kt qu l tt c cc sng mang khc s v khng ngoi tr sng mang c nhn, n c dch ln trc x, c tch ra mt cch hiu qu v gi tr symbol ca n khi c xc nh. Ton b qu trnh ny c lp li kh nhanh chng cho mi sng mang, n khi tt c cc sng mang c gii iu ch. Nhiu l thuyt chuyn i c thc hin bng chui trc giao. 2.1.1 nu: Dng biu din ton hc ca s trc giao
Hai hm thc f(t) v g(t) c gi l trc giao (orthogonal) vi nhau trn on { t 0, t1 }

t1
t0
f (t)g(t)dt = 0
t1 *
(2.2)
Nu f(t) v g(t) l hai hm phc, tnh cht trn c nh ngha l :
t0
f (t)g (t)dt = f
* t0
t1
(t)g (t)dt = 0
(2.3)
Trong f*(t) l lng lin hp phc ca f(t) Nhn xt : t nh ngha c th chng minh rng: Tp hp cc hm (cosn 0 t ,sinm 0 t ) trc giao tng i mt trn on
t 0 t t 0 + k . 2
0 vi m, n 0 , m n v k nguyn dng, ngha l :

t 0 + k .2
t0
cos(n t ) cos(m t ) = 0
0 0
(2.4)
t 0 + k .2
t0
cos(n t ) sin( m t ) = 0
0 0
(2.5)
t 0 + k .2
t0
sin(n t ) sin(m t ) = 0
0 0
(2.6)
Hnh 2.4 : Cu trc ca tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian. Do vy ta c th dng tp hp trn nh mt tp hm vect c s trc giao. Sng mang con trong mt tn hiu OFDM c t chng lp ln nhau m vn duy tr tnh trc giao gia chng. Tn hiu OFDM c to thnh t tng cc tn hiu sin, vi mi tn hiu sin tng ng mt sng mang con. Tn s bng gc ca mi sng mang con c chn l s nguyn ln nghch o thi gian k t, kt qu l tt c cc sng mang u c mt s nguyn ln chu k trn mt k t OFDM. Vy cc sng mang con trc giao vi nhau. Hnh 2.4 th hin cu trc ca mt tn hiu OFDM vi 4 sng mang con. 2.1.2 Trc giao trong min tn s
Mt cch khc xem xt tnh trc giao ca tn hiu OFDM l xem xt trong min tn s ca n. Trong min tn s mi sng mang con c p ng tn s l sinc = sin( x) / x nh ta thy trong hnh 2.5. l kt qu ca thi gian k t tng ng vi nghch o khong cch sng mang. Xa hn b thu l lin quan n mi k t OFDM truyn trong mt khong thi gian c nh ( TFFT ) vi vic khng bp nhn ti u cui ca k t. Thi gian k t ny tng ng vi bin i ngc ca khong cch sng mang con ca 1/ TFFT Hz. Tn hiu c dng ch nht trong min thi gian th s c p ng tn s l sinc trong min tn s. Hnh dng sinc c mt bp chnh hp, vi nhiu bp cnh suy gim chm vi bin ca tn s khc nhau t trung tm. Mi sng
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mang con c nh ti tn s trung tm v khong cch rng vi l hng tn s bng khong cch sng mang. Bn cht trc giao ca vic truyn l kt qu ca nh sng mang con v p ng rng vi cc sng mang con cn li. Khi tn hiu c tch bng cch s dng DFT, ph khng phi lin tc nh hnh 2.5(a) m gm cc mu ri rc, im ly mu c k hiu o nh trong hnh. Nu DFT c ng b thi gian, tn s ly mu ca DFT tng ng ng vi nh ca sng mang con, v vy s chng lp trong min tn s gia cc sng mang con khng nh hng n b thu. Gi tr nh ca cc sng mang cn li tng ng vi p ng rng, dn n s trc giao gia cc sng mang con.
Hnh 2.5 : p ng tn s ca sng mang con trong tn hiu OFDM 5 tone a. ch ph ca mi sng mang con, v mu tn s ri rc xem xt bi b thu. Ch mi sng mang nh dng trong min tn s l sinc (sin(x)/x) b. ch s kt hp ton b p ng 5 sng mang con ( ng en dy)
2.2 Biu thc ca tn hiu OFDM

Nh bit, mt sng mang l mt dao ng iu ha c th c m t bi :
S c (t ) = Re Ac (t ).e j [ct + c ( t ) ]
(2.7)
vi Ac(t) v c(t) l bin v pha ca sng mang trong tng symbol. Chng hn nh vi iu ch QPSK, symbol th p trong khong thi gian (p-1) < t < p, c(t) s nhn mt trong 4 gi tr 00, 900, 1800, 2700. Trong OFDM c nhiu sng mang, v d N sng mang, tn hiu s c dng :
S s (t ) = Re An (t ).e j [ nt + n ( t ) ]
n =0
N 1
(2.8)
trong : n = 0 + n.
Tn hiu pht ra cho mi symbol OFDM t thi im t = n thi im t = Ts l :

k ( K j 2 j 2 f t K S (t ) = Re e Ck e k =K
max c min max K min
) 2
Tu
( t )
(2.9)
: h s biu din cho sng mang.
Kmax : ch s sng mang ln nht, Kmax = Ncarrier - 1. Kmin : ch s sng mang nh nht, Kmin = 0. fc Tu Ck : tn s trung tm ca tn hiu RF. : thi gian symbol tch cc. : khong thi gian bo v. : biu thc ca sng mang th k dng phc.
=
Ae
k
.
k
2.3 To tn hiu OFDM

Nhng chm sao phc cho mi sng mang v cho bc iu ch c cung cp bi b tin x l LCA (Logic Cell Array) to cc sng mang iu ch. Cc symbol iu ch c xc nh theo phn thc v phn o (t hp ca phn thc v o ny chnh l symbol iu ch theo m Gray). Cc sng mang c tp hp trong thanh ghi ng vo ca chip IFFT, khi c N sng mang th IFFT hot ng, bin i cc sng mang t min tn s sang min thi gian. Cc tn hiu I/Q qua b bin i D/A, theo sau l b iu ch I/Q a tn hiu OFDM vo bng thng knh truyn. B iu ch I/Q gm c hai b iu ch Double-Sideband AM (DSB AM) vi sng mang dch pha 900, cc tn hiu ng ra c t hp to ra tn hiu OFDM dng analog, b iu ch I/Q ch to ra mt ph duy nht mc d s dng hai b iu ch DSB. B pht OFDM to ra N dng ph trong bng tn hp, mi dng ph tng ng c xc nh trong thi gian tng chu k symbol, nhm to ra tn hiu OFDM c N sng mang vi iu ch la chn. Trong sut chu k symbol, quan h bin v pha l c nh. Nh cng ngh x l tn hiu s thc hin php bin i Fourier nhanh IFFT, tnh ton cc mu tn hiu thi gian l thnh phn thc v o, sau cung cp li dng nh phn ti ng ra. Cc h s Fourier phc c thit lp bng gi tr phc ca cc sng mang ph iu ch, ch c mt s ca N gi tr ng vo tng ng vi s sng mang OFDM c s dng, v th c th s dng cc b lc thng thp c dc gii hn pha sau b bin i D/A.
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DSB AM Gross I D/A LPF data I Re rate Pre-proc Re F 0 IF Clock 90 BPF + (LCA) Im F Q T D/A LPF
Im
1 BPF
N RF
12-16 bit
fZF
fRF - fIF
REF
Synthesizer
Hnh 2.6 : iu ch OFDM.
2.4 M hnh h thng
Hnh 2.7: M hnh h thng OFDM 2.4.1 M ho knh truyn
K thut m ho kim sot li c th tch v sa li xy ra khi thng ip c truyn trn h thng thng tin s. thc hin iu ny, m ho khng ch truyn k t thng tin m n cn truyn mt hoc nhiu k t d. B gii m s dng k t d tch v chnh sa li xut hin trong khi truyn. M ha FEC (forward error control: kim sot li tin) trong h thng thng tin s gm : M ho khi : m ho khi bao gm m ho Reed-Solomon, BCH, vng, Hamming, v m ho khi tuyn tnh generic.
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M ho chp : M ho chp v gii m Viterbi. Vi h thng OFDM sa sai bit khi sng mang con ca h thng b nh hng ca fading chn lc tn s v ICI gy ra bi fading nhanh thng s dng FEC l m ha khi Reed-Solomon v m ha chp. 2.4.2 K thut phn tn d liu
Do fading chn lc tn s ca cc knh truyn v tuyn in hnh, cc sng mang con OFDM nhn chung c bin rt khc nhau. Suy hao nhiu trong ph tn s c th lm cho sng mang con t tin cy hn sng mang khc. V vy chng thng hay to ra chm li lin tip hn l li phn tn ngu nhin (nh di tc ng ca nhiu Gaussian). Hu ht cc m tin sa li FEC khng c thit k gii quyt li chm. V vy vic phn tn k t nhm ngu nhin ho s xut hin ca nhng bit li trc khi gii m. Ti my pht bng cch no ngi ta s hon v cc bit sau khi m ho sao cho mi bit k cn cch nhau nhiu bit sau khi interleaving. Ti my thu, vic hon v ngc li s c thc hin trc khi gii m. K thut interleaving thng thng l k thut phn tn theo khi (block interleaving), hay cng c th l phn tn dng chp (convolution interleaving). Nhn chung th mc ch cui cng ca vic thc hin Interleaving l m bo cho xc sut xut hin bit 1 v bit 0 l u nhau. 2.4.2.1 K thut phn tn khi ( Block Interleaving)
Hnh 2.8 : Thut ton block interleaving/ deinterleaving. Lung bit sau khi m ho c c vo theo tng dng ca ma trn c kch thc p m v c ra theo ct, trong p l chu k ca b interleaver v m=N/p. ng tc ny s thay th p-1 k t vo gia mi 2 k t s ban u. Nt tinh t ca k thut ny l cc k t m ta thc hin ng tc xen chnh l cc bin ca cc sng mang c iu ch. V vy, k thut phn tn d liu c tc ng phn tn trong min tn s. Khi
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k t OFDM thu v, qu trnh deinterleaving c thc hin, kt qu cc li chm c chia thnh nhng li bit ring l, iu ny nng cao ng k hiu qu sa li ca b gii m h thng FEC. 2.4.2.2 K thut phn tn dng chp ( convolution interleaving)
Hnh 2.9 : S khi b convolutional interleaver/ Deinterleaver Hnh 2.9 m t s khi b convolution interleaver c Ramsey v Forney gii thiu ln u tin. Cc k t m ha c dch vo mt b N thanh ghi, mi thanh ghi tip theo cho php lu nhiu hn thanh ghi trc ti J k t. Thanh ghi s 0 xem nh khng c chc nng ghi dch (k t c i thng vo). Vi mi k t m ho mi, b chuyn mch s chuyn sang mt thanh ghi mi, v k t mi ny s c dch vo. Trong khi k t trc ca thanh ghi trc, s dch chuyn ra b iu ch hay my pht. Sau (N-1) thanh ghi, b chuyn mch li quay v thanh ghi 0 v qu trnh c thc hin lp li. B gii phn tn thc hin ng tc ngc li, v c hai b chuyn mch ti u pht v thu cn phi c hot ng ng b. B phn tn k t dng ny c cht lng tng ng vi dng khi nhng u im c bit l n gy tr u pht ti u thu ch bng M(N-1) k t. Trong , M=NJ v s phn t nh trong cc thanh ghi dch l M(N-1)/2 ti c 2 u knh. Bi vy b phn tn dng chp gim c mt na b nh cng nh tr cho h thng so vi dng khi.
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2.4.3
Chuyn i Serial/Parallel v Parallel/Serial
Hnh 2.10: a) H thng n sng mang b) OFDM vi f =
1 3TB
Theo Shanon tc d liu cao nht cho mt knh truyn ch c nhiu trng AWGN (khng c fading) l:
S Cmax = B log 2 1 + [bps ] N

B l bng thng ca knh truyn [Hz]. S/N l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca knh truyn.
(2.10)
V vy mun truyn d liu vi tc cao hn Cmax ta phi chia nh lung d liu tc cao thnh cc lung d liu tc thp hn Cmax bng cch s dng b Serial/Parallel (ni tip sang song song). Tc l chia lung d liu vo thnh tng frame nh c chiu di k x b bit k <= N, vi b l s bit trong m hnh iu ch s, N s sng mang. k, N s c chn sao cho cc
14
lung d liu song song c tc thp, bng thng tng ng hp, sao cho hm truyn trong khong bng thng c th xem l phng. Bng cch s dng b S/P ta chuyn knh truyn t frequency selective fading thnh knh truyn flat fading. Ngc li vi pha pht, pha thu s dng b Parallel/Serial ghp N lung d liu tc thp thnh mt lung d liu tc cao duy nht. 2.4.4 iu ch cc sng mang con
Hnh 2.11: Cho ta thy quan h gia tc symbol v tc bit ph thuc vo s bit trong mt symbol. Mi mt symbol b bit trong mt frame s c a vo b mapping, mc ch l nng cao dung lng knh truyn. Mt symbol b bit s tng ng mt trong M= 2 trng thi hay mt v tr trong constellation (gin chm sao).
0 b
* BPSK s dng 1 symbol c 1 bit 0 hoc 1 s xc nh trng thi pha 0 hoc
180O , tc Baud hay tc symbol s bng tc bit Rsymbol = Rb

* QPSK s dng 1 symbol 2 bit (Dibit), Rsymbol = Rb / 2 * 8-PSK hay 8-QAM s dng 1 symbol 3 bit (Tribit), Rsymbol = Rb / 3 * 16-PSK hay 16-QAM s dng 1 symbol 4 bit (Quabit), Rsymbol = Rb / 4
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S bit c truyn trong mt symbol tng ln (M tng ln), th hiu qu bng thng
Befficiency =
ln.
Rb = log 2 M = b [bps / Hz ] tng ln, tuy nhin sai s BER cng s tng BT
Nyquist a ra cng thc dung lng knh ti a trong mi trng khng nhiu:
C = 2 B log 2 M trong B l bng thng ca knh truyn. Do ta khng th tng

M ln tu c, cng thc trn cho php ta xc nh M ln nht, s bit ln nht c th truyn trong mt symbol. Mt s phng thc iu ch s thng dng trong b Mapping: * M-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) * M-DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) * M-QAM (Quarature Amplitude Modulation) 2.4.4.1 M-PSK (M-Phase shitf keying) Sng mang ch thay i v pha ph thuc bit vo, m khng thay i bin , nn cng sut ca tn hiu khng i. Mt s dng PSK thng gp: * BPSK c 2 trng thi pha ph thuc 1 bit vo. * QPSK c 4 trng thi pha ph thuc 2 bit (Dibit) vo. * 8-PSK c 8 trng thi pha ph thuc 3 bit (Tribit) vo. * 16-PSK c 16 trng thi pha ph thuc 4 bit (Quadbit) vo. Phng php ny i hi pha thu phi khi phc c chnh xc sng mang. M-PSK c biu thc tng qut nh sau:
si (t ) =
2 Es 2 i cos 2 f c t + Ts M
(2.11)
0 t Ts , i = 0,1,...., M 1
Es : nng lng 1 symbol Ts : rng mt symbol f c : tn s sng mang

i : gi tr tng ng vi b bit
16
Hnh 2.12: Gin chm sao M-PSK Vit theo dng IQ: si (t ) = xI I (t ) + xQQ (t ) Vi: (2.12)
I (t ) = Q (t ) =
2 cos(2 f c t ) T 2 sin(2 f c t ) T
0t T 0t T
2 i xI = E cos M 2 i xQ = E sin M
17
Pha ca sng mang c gi tr l 1 trong M gc pha:
i =
2.4.4.2 M-QAM
2 i M
i = 0,1,..., M 1
M-QAM l dng iu ch s, sng mang b iu ch c v bin v pha, phng php ny c s dng rt ph bin trong cc ng truyn v tuyn s tc cao.
Hnh 2.13: Gin chm sao QAM Sau y l biu thc tng qut ca tn hiu M-QAM:
si (t ) = ai11 (t ) + ai 22 (t )
i = 1,..., M
(2.13)
1 (t ) =
2E cos(2 f c t ) Ts
2 (t ) =
2E sin(2 f c t ) Ts
vi 0 t Ts
ai1 v ai 2 l mt trong cc mc ca symbol c iu ch PAM ai1 , ai 2 = a, 3a, 5a,... ( log 2 M -1)a Ts l rng mt symbol f c l tn s sng mang
2.4.4.3 DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) y l mt dng ca M-PSK, trc khi i vo b M-PSK tn hiu s c x l sai bit, k t ra khi b ny cha ng thng tin v s khc nhau gia hai k t lin tip.
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B gii iu ch s so snh s khc bit v pha gia 2 k t lin tip xc nh k t thu c. Thng thng nhiu tc ng ln 2 k t lin tip gn nh nhau, sai bit gia 2 k t lin tip s ging nhau trong trng hp c nhiu v khng c nhiu. u im ca phng php ny l khng cn khi phc sng mang. Tuy nhin c sai s nh PSK, tn hiu DPSK vo b gii iu ch cn c t s tn hiu trn nhiu S/N ln hn t 1 n 3dB so vi PSK. Hnh 2.14, 2.15 v 2.16 cho ta thy cch thc iu ch v gii iu DBPSK.
Hnh 2.14 : S iu ch DBPSK
Hnh 2.15: Chui bit vo v pha ca sng mang tng ng
Hnh 2.16: S gii iu ch DBPSK
2.4.5 B IFFT v FFT ( Inverse Fast Fourier Transform, Fast Fourier Transform) Php bin i IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) cho php ta to tn hiu OFDM d dng, tc l iu ch N lung tn hiu song song ln N tn s trc giao mt cch chnh xc v n gin. Php bin i DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) cho php ta gii iu ch ly li thng tin t tn hiu OFDM. Nh s dng php bin i IDFT
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v DFT m ta tinh gin c b tng hp tn s phc tp pha pht v pha thu. Nu khng s dng IDFT v DFT b tng hp tn s phi to ra mt tp tn s cch u nhau chnh xc v ng pha, nhm to ra tp tn s trc giao hon ho, iu ny khng h n gin mt cht no. Bin i DFT phc c th c xem nh l cch xc nh bin v pha ca nhng thnh phn sng sin v cosin cu thnh nn tn hiu phn tch.
X [k ] = 1 N 1 kn kn x[n] cos 2 j sin 2 N n =0 N N
(2.14)
Trong mng X[k] cha N gi tr bin ca cc thnh phn tn s, mng x[n] cha N mu ca tn hiu min thi gian. kn/N biu th tn s ca sng sin/cosin ng vi k [0,N-1], n thay i gia 0 v tng s mu min thi gian. Thng s k nh ngha s chu k sng sin/cosin hon chnh xy ra qua N im tn hiu min thi gian c lu tr trong mng x[n]. Thng s n biu th cho s mu min thi gian thu c. Cng thc (2.14) nh ngha bin i Fourier phc nn c hai mng min thi gian v min tn s u lu tr nhng gi tr phc. Mng X[k] bao gm c tn s dng v m, trong ch s k=0,..,N/2 biu th cho tn s dng v k=N/2+1,..., N-1 biu th cho tn s m.
Hnh 2.17: V d v ph phc thay th cho tn hiu min thi gian hon ton thc. C hai cch chnh ng dng bin i DFT phc vo h thng in t:
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* Tn hiu min thi gian c gi s l tt c u l s thc: Phn thc ca tn hiu min tn s c i xng chn v phn o c i xng l. * Tn hiu min thi gian c gi s l hon ton phc: tn s dng v m c lp vi nhau.
Hnh 2.18: Gii thut DFT v IDFT phc. ng nt t tng trng cho DFT v ng nt m tng trng cho IDFT. Mng tn s cha cc gi tr tn s dng v m. Tn s dng chy t 0 n N/2 Cng ngh ADSL (Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line) s dng tn hiu min thi gian hon ton thc. Tn hiu min thi gian phc c dng trong chun ng dng W-LAN 802.11a IEEE. iu cui cng cn ch i vi DFT l khong cch tn s gia mi mu trong min tn s (thng gi l phn gii - the resolution) ph thuc vo tn s ly mu f s v chiu di N ca b bin i FFT:
F =
fs N
(2.15)
2.4.5.1 Php bin i ngc Fourier ri rc IDFT Php bin i Fourier ri rc DFT s phn tch tn hiu thnh nhng thnh phn sng sin c khong cch u nhau trong khong tn s. Ngc li php bin i ngc Fourier ri rc IDFT s tng hp tt c cc sng sin v cos c bin lu tr trong mng X[k] ti to tr li tn hiu pht min thi gian:
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N 1 kn kn + j sin(2 x [ n ] = X [ k ] cos(2 k =0 N N
(2.16) (2.17)
X[k]= Re X[k] + j Im X[k] Th (2.17) vo (2.16):
Trong cng thc trn nu thay Re{X[k]}+ jIm{X[k]} bng X[k] v em ra ngoi php tnh th ta s rt ra c kt lun sau: * Mi gi tr ca phn thc trong min tn s gp 1 phn to ra tn hiu min thi gian: phn thc l sng cos, phn o l sng sin. * Mi gi tr ca phn o trong min tn s cng gp mt phn vo tn hiu min thi gian: phn thc l sng sin, phn o l sng cos. Ni cch khc, mi gi tr min tn s u to ra c tn hiu sin thc v tn hiu sin o trong min thi gian. Cng tt c cc tn hiu sin li vi nhau s ti to li c tn hiu pht. Dng sng cos v sin trong (2.14) v (2.16) c th c hiu nh l nhng tn hiu thc c pht ra bi cc mch vt l.
2.4.5.2 Php bin i Fourier nhanh
Vic tnh ton DFT mt cch trc tip trong trng hp N ln s tiu tn rt nhiu thi gian. Thi gian tnh ton cn thit tng theo N . Tuy nhin nu ta s dng s sng mang N l ly tha ca 2 th c cch tnh hiu qu hn nhiu l FFT.
2
2.4.6 Chn khong bo v (Guard Interval Insertion v Guard Interval Removal)
Gi thit mt mu tn hiu OFDM c di l TS . Chui bo v l mt chui tn hiu c di l TG pha sau sao chp ln phn pha trc ca tn hiu ny. S sao chp
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ny c tc dng chng li nhiu ISI gy ra bi hiu ng a ng. Nguyn tc ny c gii thch nh sau: Gi thit my pht pht i 1 khong tn hiu hnh sin c chiu di l TS . Sau khi chn chui bo v tn hiu ny c chu k l T= TS + TG . Do hiu ng a ng tn hiu ny s n my thu qua nhiu tuyn ng truyn vi tr truyn dn khc nhau. n gin cho vic gii thch nguyn l ny, hnh 2.19 ch m t tn hiu thu c t hai tuyn truyn dn, trong mt tuyn truyn dn khng c tr, tuyn cn li tr so vi tuyn u tin l max . tuyn u tin ta nhn thy mu tn hiu th (k-1) khng chng ln ln mu tn hiu th k. iu ny l do ta gi s rng tuyn u tin khng c tr truyn dn. Tuy nhin tuyn 2, mu tn hiu th (k-1) b dch sang mu tn hiu th k mt khong l max do tr truyn dn. Tng t nh vy mu tn hiu th k b dch sang tn hiu th (k+1) mt khong cng l max . Tn hiu thu c my thu s l tng ca tn hiu tt c cc tuyn. S dch tn hiu do tr truyn dn trong cc phng php iu ch thng thng s gy ra nhiu ISI. Tuy nhin trong h thng OFDM c s dng chui bo v s loi b c nhiu ny. Trong trng hp
TG max nh m t hnh 2.19, th phn b chng ln tn hiu gy nhiu ISI ch nm

trong khong ca chui bo v. Khong tn hiu c ch c di TS khng b chng ln bi cc mu tn hiu khc. pha thu, chui bo v s b gt b trc khi gi n b gii iu ch OFDM. iu kin quyt nh m bo h thng OFDM khng b nh hng bi nhiu ISI l:
TG max
(2.18)
Hnh 2.19: M t ng dng ca chui bo v trong vic chng nhiu ISI
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Vic s dng chui bo v s m bo c tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang ph, do vy n gin ha cu trc b c lng knh truyn, b cn bng tn hiu pha my thu. Tuy nhin chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch nn ph tn hiu ca h thng b gim i mt h s l :
=
TG
TS TS + TG
TFFT
(2.19)
Direct Delay Sampling period
Hnh 2.20 : Tri tr nh hn khong bo v s khng gy ra ISI v ICI.
Hnh 2.21 : Tn hiu thu b dch pha do nh hng ca tn hiu a ng. Nh trn hnh 2.20, ta c th thy rng nu tri tr nh hn khong bo v s khng c hin tng giao thoa gia k t trc v k t hin ti, do s khng gy ra ISI v ICI. Tuy nhin, do tn hiu nhn c ti my thu l tng ca nhiu thnh phn a ng nn s gy ra s dch pha cho cc sng mang nh hnh 2.21. Vic c lng knh my thu s khc phc s dch pha ny.
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Hnh 2.22: Cc thnh phn ca k t OFDM thu c sau khi truyn qua knh truyn multipath: a) khng c khong bo v; b) c khong bo v
25
Hnh 2.23: Nhng k t OFDM thu c sau khi truyn qua knh truyn multipath: a) khng c khong bo v b) c chn khong bo v Hnh 2.22 minh ha khi nim chn khong thi gian bo v trong h thng OFDM v hnh 2.23 minh ha tng dng khong bo v loi b khong ISI gia nhng k t OFDM, hnh 2.23 (a) th k t OFDM thu c b can nhiu bi k t OFDM trc n, hnh 2.23 (b) th k t OFDM thu c khng cn b nh hng ca k t OFDM trc . Trong khong thi gian bo v, my thu b qua tt c cc tn hiu, nh vy c ngha l khong bo v l khong v ch, n khng mang d liu c ch. La chn khong bo v lin quan n thi gian tr ca echo, ng thi cng lin quan mt thit n s lng sng mang. Trong thc t khong thi gian bo v c to ra bng cch lp li mt t l ca dng bit tch cc trong chu k trc , khong bo v c chn da vo khong thi gian tch cc ca symbol, c th l 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 thi gian symbol tch cc.
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Tht ra tng ca phng php ny c t gia nhng nm 1980. Nhng do lc cn hn ch v mt cng ngh (kh to ra cc b iu ch v gii iu ch a sng mang gi thnh thp theo bin i nhanh Fourier (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform IFFT) nn cho ti nay da trn nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh mch tch hp, phng php ny mi c a vo thc tin .
2.4.7 B bin i D/A v A/D
Chui symbol ri rc s[n] sau khi c chn khong bo v G, s c a vo b bin i t s sang tng t D/A v b lc thng thp (low pass filter) to ra tn hiu lin tc s(t) c th a ra knh truyn v tuyn. pha thu, b A/D lm ng tc ngc li b D/A, b A/D s ly mu tn hiu OFDM thu c s(t), lng t v m ha cho ra tn hiu s ri rc, sau tn hiu ri rc ny s i qua b Guard Interval Removal loi b khong bo v.
2.4.8 Ca s
Trong bt k h thng truyn dn v tuyn no, tn hiu trc khi c truyn i u c nhn vi xung c bn. Mc ch ca php nhn ny l gii hn ph ca tn hiu pht sao cho ph hp vi b rng cho php ca knh truyn. Trong trng hp b rng ph ca tn hiu pht ln hn b rng knh truyn cho php th tn hiu pht ny s gy ra nhiu xuyn knh i vi cc h thng khc. Trong h thng OFDM, tn hiu trc khi pht i c nhn vi xung c bn s(t). Xung c bn c b rng ng bng b rng ca mt mu tn hiu OFDM. Sau khi chn chui bo v th xung c bn k hiu l s(t) c rng l TS + TG . Dng xung c bn n gin nht l xung vung m t nh hnh sau:
Hnh 2.24: Xung c s
S s (t ) = 0 0
, TG t TS , other
(2.20)
Trong thc t xung c s thng c s dng l b lc cos nng (raised-cosine).
27
Dng xung vung c bng thng rt ln v ph ca n c dng hm sinc nn cc bp ph ph s chim bng thng rt nhiu. Ca s l mt k thut ph bin lm suy gim mc bin ca cc bp ph ph ny v do s gim cng sut pht ra ngoi di bng thng. Dng xung ca s ca b pht c dng hm cos nng (raised-cosine) c th c xem nh l tch chp ca dng xung vung m rng c di l T vi mt tn hiu sin na sng nh hnh minh ha sau y:
Hnh 2.25: a) Dng v ph ca b lc thu OFDM; b)Xung vung c chiu di T v ph ca n; c) Sng sin na sng c dng nh dng xung v ph ca n; d) Dng xung nguyn mu pha pht w(t) v ph ca n; e) Ph ca (b)-(d) trn thang logarithm.
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Khi chuyn qua min tn s th php tnh tch chp ny tng ng vi php nhn gia ph ca xung vung c dng sinc vi ph ca tn hiu hnh sin na sng. Theo hnh minh ha trn ta thy kt qu ca php nhn ny s lm gim cc bp ph ph ca dng xung ca b pht.
2.4.9 Tiu chun IEEE 802.11a (cu to khung min tn s)
Tiu chun IEEE 802.11a ngh ng dng b bin i IFFT 64 im vo tin trnh x l iu ch sng mang. y cng cp s khc nhau gia l thuyt v thc t l khng ng k nhng li v cng quan trng. C mt kt lun c rt ra t l thuyt l nu mt h thng truyn dn OFDM s dng tt c 64 sng mang th c th s dng ht tt c 64 sng mang ny truyn d liu. iu ny l khng ng! L do a ra l gii cho iu ny l ranh gii tri ngc gia l thuyt v thc t. Khng c g ni v vic truyn dn dng tt c 64 sng mang c iu ch bng b IFFT. Nhng vn rc ri s bt gp khi tin hnh thu nhn tn hiu. Da theo l thuyt ly mu Nyquist, tn hiu ch c th c ly mu ng nu n khng bao gm nhng thnh phn tn s ln hn
1 f s ( trong f s l tc ly 2
mu). Nu nhng yu cu ny khng tha mn th min tn s s xy ra hin tng chng ln (aliasing). V vy rt cn thit phi lc mt phn ph tn hiu c kh nng ph hy thng tin sau khi xy ra aliasing ( ngha l cn phi lc tt c nhng thnh phn tn s trn
1 f s ). 2
lm c iu ny ngi ta dng mt b lc tng t (analog) chng aliasing (antialias filter). Antialias filter l mt mch thng thp c thit k sao cho n ch cho nhng thnh phn tn s no nh hn tn s ct (cutoff frequency) i qua v khng cho nhng thnh phn tn s ln hn tn s ct i qua. Nhng thng s quan trng ca mch ny l: suy hao di dng (stopband attenuation) v h s roll-off ca b lc. Nhng mch tt nht th h s roll-off c gi tr khong 0.1 f s v c suy hao di dng khong vi trm dB. Nhng gi tr ny so vi trng hp l tng vn cn mt khong cch kh xa. iu ny a n hu qu tt yu l: di tn s khong gia 0.4 f s v 0.5 f s s b ph phm v h s roll-off ca b lc chm (the filters slow rolloff) v suy hao di dng khng l tng.
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Xem xt tt c cc trng hp ny th trong khung tn s nhng mu nh ngha bin ca tn hiu gia 0.4 f s v 0.5 f s s khng c truyn bt k d liu no v d c truyn nh th no i na th n cng mt. Do vy tiu chun 802.11a xut ch s dng 52 trn tng s 64 sng mang truyn d liu. Bn cnh Chun 802.11a cng ngh khng dng thnh phn DC trnh lm suy yu tn hiu t hin tng r sng mang (carrier leakage) v dch DC (DC offset) gy ra bi cc mch tng t (analog circuit).
2.4.10 Ly mu v ph tn hiu
Hnh 2.26: L thuyt ly mu. Nhn tn hiu trong min thi gian tng ng vi ly tch chp trong min tn s. f s =1/T T l thuyt ly mu, vic chuyn i tn hiu t tng t sang s c th c thc hin bng cch ly tn hiu nhn vi chui xung delta thng c gi l chui xung bin n v (hnh 2.26). Kt qu cho ra tn hiu s c dng l mt chui xung
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(impulse train). Mc d trong thc t rt kh t c tn hiu delta c rng hp. Thay vo , b ADCs (Analog to Digital Converters) s gi li gi tr cui cho n khi mu k tip c thu. Qu trnh x l ny gi l zero-order hold. Nh ni trn, tn hiu ri rc trong min ny s l tun hon trong min kia. Hn na, ngay c khi tn hiu gc min thi gian c chiu di v hn th cng cn phi ct ra thnh nhng khung (frame) hu hn. Mi khung c xem nh l mt chu k n ( ca mt tn hiu tun hon v hn) ca tn hiu DFT ng vo. Do , c hai phng php ly mu: vi chui xung v gi bc zero, u tun hon nhng c ph khng ng nht. Ph tn s ca chui xung n v cng chnh l chui xung bin n v vi nh xung xy ra ti cc v tr c tn s bng s nguyn ln tn s ly mu f s , 2 f s , 3 f s , 4 f s ...(xem hnh 2.26). Do tn hiu min thi gian l tch ca d liu v chui xung nn trong min tn s ph ca n c phn b ti cc v tr
f s ,2 f s ,3 f s ,... ng vi mi v tr l bn sao ca ph trung tm. Trong trng hp tn

hiu dng bc thang th ph ca n s c nhn thm hm sinc:
f sin fS = sin cf H( f ) = f fS
(2.21)
Hnh 2.27: So snh ph tn hiu c ly mu theo chui xung v gi bc zero

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Phng trnh trn m t s suy gim bin nhng tn s cao v thc hin gi bc zero (zero-order hold). f s l tn s ly mu. Khi f = 0 th H(f) = 1 ( xem hnh 2.27 ).
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Chng 3: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
Chng 3 MI TRNG TRUYN DN V TUYN

hng ny cp n nhng vn chnh ca vic truyn sng v tuyn v nhng kh khn m chng gy ra trong h thng truyn dn thng tin s. Nhng nh hng ca truyn sng v tuyn nh suy hao ng truyn, fading phng, fading chn lc tn s, tri Doppler, tri tr a ng (multipath) lm gii hn hiu qu ca truyn thng v tuyn. Do , vic thit lp m hnh knh truyn v xc nh cc nh hng b gy ra trong mt knh truyn c th l vn rt quan trng.
3.1 Suy hao ng truyn v s suy gim tn hiu (Path loss and Attenuation)
Trong sut qu trnh truyn, tn hiu v tuyn b yu dn theo khong cch, bi v sng ca tn hiu v tuyn lan truyn s b lan ta ra v do mt cng sut s b suy gim. Trong khng gian t do, sng truyn s b lan ta ra c dng hnh cu v dn n mt cng sut s gim t l vi din tch b mt ca hnh cu ny. Din tch ca hnh cu l 4 R , t l vi bnh phng bn knh R ca hnh cu, do trong khng gian t do, cng trng RF s b suy gim t l vi bnh phng khong cch. Phng trnh (3.1) biu din cng sut thu c theo cng sut pht trong khng gian t do.
2
PR = PT GT G R 4R
(3.1)
Vi PR l cng sut thu c (W), PT l cng sut pht (W), GR l li ca anten thu (ch l anten ng hng), GT l li ca anten pht, l bc sng ca sng mang RF (m), v R l khong cch truyn (m). Nu truyn trong khng gian t do th c th d on c, c th c s dng trong m hnh ca thng tin v tinh v nhng hng ni kt khng b vt cn, nh l nhng ni kt im-im ca viba tm ngn. Tuy nhin, hu ht nhng m hnh truyn thng mt t nh l in thoi di ng, h thng LAN khng dy, mi trng c s phc tp hn nhiu dn n m hnh truyn s b kh khn hn.
3.2 nh ngha Fading

Nu ng truyn v tuyn t pha pht n pha thu c chng ngi vt th ta s gp hiu ng fading. Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu s n ni thu t nhiu ng khc nhau, mi ng l mt bn sao ca tn hiu gc. Tn hiu trn mi ng ny c
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tri tr khc nhau khng ng k v li cng khc nhau khng ng k. S tri tr ny lm cho tn hiu t mi ng b dch pha so vi tn hiu gc v pha thu s tng hp cc tn hiu t cc ng ny dn n tn hiu thu c tng cng b suy bin (degraded).
k : li ng th k. 0 : tr truyn dn c chun ha tng ng vi ng truyn thng

LOS (Light of sight).
k = k 0 : lch thi gian gia ng th k so vi ng LOS.

Hnh 3.1: Fading l mt vn ln nh hng n tn hiu v lm mt tn hiu. ng thi n cng l mt vn in hnh khi ng truyn c s thay i nh khi di chuyn bng xe hi hay ang bn trong mt ta nh hay trong mt th ng c vi nhng ta nh cao tng. Trong fading, nhng tn hiu phn x b tr c cng vo tn hiu chnh v gy ra hoc l tng cng mnh ca tn hiu hoc l fading su (deep fades). Khi xy ra fading su th gn nh tn hiu b mt, mc tn hiu qu nh b thu c th nhn bit d liu thu c l g.
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Hnh 3.2: Tn hiu phn x n pha thu b tr v gy can nhiu n tn hiu chnh LOS. Trong trng hp knh truyn Rayleigh fading th s khng c tn hiu chnh (LOS), tt c cc thnh phn u l tn hiu phn x. tri tr cc i c xem nh l tri tr ca tn hiu trong mi trng. tri tr ny c th nh hn hoc ln hn thi gian k t. Trong c hai trng hp u gy ra nhng loi suy bin (degradation) tn hiu khc nhau. tri tr ca tn hiu thay i khi mi trng thay i.
Hnh 3.3 - (a) flat fading (b) fading chn lc tn s (c) Vi truyn dn OFDM th d liu c truyn trong nhiu sng mang con, nn ti tn s b fading th ch mt tp hp nh d liu pht b mt. Hnh 3.2 cho ta thy ph ca tn hiu, ng en m l p ng knh truyn. C th tng tng p ng knh truyn nh mt cnh ca cho tn hiu c th truyn qua. Nu cnh ca ln th tn hiu truyn qua m khng h b un cong hay mo dng. p ng knh truyn fading c m t nh hnh 3.3b, ta ch rng ti mt vi tn s trong di tn th knh truyn s khng cho php truyn thng tin i qua, v th nhng tn s ny c gi l tn s fading su (deep fades frequency). Dng p ng tn s knh truyn ny c gi l fading chn lc tn s (frequency selective fading) bi v
35
n khng xy ra u trn ton di tn m ch xy ra ti mt vi tn s m knh truyn chn lc. Nu knh truyn thay i th p ng ca n cng thay i theo. Rayleigh fading l mt thut ng c dng khi khng c thnh phn tn hiu truyn thng t ni pht n ni thu ( Light of sight) v tt c cc tn hiu n u l tn hiu phn x. Loi mi trng ny c gi l Rayleigh fading. Nhn chung khi thi gian tri tr nh hn thi gian mt k t, ta c knh truyn fading phng (flat fading). Khi thi gian tri tr ln hn thi gian mt k t th knh truyn ny gi l knh truyn chn lc tn s. Tn hiu OFDM c thun li khi truyn trong knh truyn chn lc tn s. Khi gp fading th ch mt vi sng mang con b nh hng cn cc sng mang khc th hon ton khng b nh hng g. Thay v mt ton k t th s ch mt mt tp hp nh ca (1/N) bit. Nu ta s dng m ha chui bit pht th ti b thu c th sa c cc bit sai.
3.3 Hin tng Multipath

Tn hiu RF truyn qua knh truyn v tuyn s lan ta trong khng gian, va chm vo cc vt cn phn tn ri rc trn ng truyn nh xe c, nh ca, sng, ni gy ra cc hin tng sau y: * Phn x (reflection): khi sng p vo cc b mt bng phng. (hnh 3.4)
Hnh 3.4: Hin tng phn x
* Tn x (scaterring): khi sng p vo cc vt c b mt khng bng phng v cc vt ny c chiu di so snh c vi chiu di bc sng.(Hnh 3.5)
Hnh 3.5: Hin tng tn x * Nhiu x (diffraction): khi sng va chm vi cc vt c kch thc ln hn
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nhiu chiu di bc sng.(Hnh 3.6 )
Hnh 3.6: Hin tng nhiu x
Hnh 3.7: Cc hin tng xy ra trong knh truyn v tuyn Khi sng va chm vo cc vt cn s to ra v s bn sao tn hiu, mt s bn sao ny s ti c my thu. Do cc bn sao ny phn x, tn x, nhiu x trn cc vt khc nhau v theo cc ng di ngn khc nhau nn: * Thi im cc bn sao ny ti my thu cng khc nhau, tc l tr pha gia cc thnh phn ny l khc nhau. * Cc bn sao s suy hao khc nhau, tc l bin gia cc thnh phn ny l khc nhau. Tn hiu ti my thu l tng ca tt c cc bn sao ny, ty thuc vo bin v pha ca cc bn sao: * Tn hiu thu c tng cng hay cng tch cc (constructive addition) khi cc bn sao ng pha. * Tn hiu thu b trit tiu hay cng tiu cc (destructive addition) khi cc bn sao ngc pha.
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Hnh 3.8:Tn hiu gc v 2 thnh phn multipath
Hnh 3.9: Knh truyn chn lc tn s v bin i theo thi gian. Ty theo p ng tn s ca mi knh truyn m ta c knh truyn chn lc tn s (frequency selective fading channel) hay knh truyn phng (frequency nonselective fading channel), knh truyn bin i nhanh (fast fading channel) hay bin i chm (slow fading channel). Tu theo ng bao ca tn hiu sau khi qua knh truyn c phn b xc sut theo hm phn b Rayleigh hay Rice m ta c knh truyn Rayleigh hay Ricean. Hnh 3.9 m t p ng ca knh truyn chn lc tn s v bin i theo thi gian, khi ta ln lt pht cc xung vung ra knh truyn ti nhng thi im khc nhau, tn hiu thu c c hnh dng khc xung ban u v khc nhau khi thi im kch xung khc nhau.
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3.4 Knh truyn chn lc tn s v knh truyn phng (Frequency Selective & Frequency Nonselective Fading Channels) do tri tr a ng gy ra
Knh truyn chn lc tn s l knh truyn c p ng tn s khc nhau trn mt di tn s, tc p ng tn s khng bng phng trong ton b di tn , do tn hiu ti cc tn s khc nhau khi qua knh truyn s c s suy hao v xoay pha khc nhau. Mt knh truyn c b xem l chn lc tn s hay khng cn ty thuc vo bng thng ca tn hiu truyn i. Nu trong ton khong bng thng ca tn hiu p ng tn s l bng phng, ta ni knh truyn khng chn lc tn s (frequency nonselective fading channel), hay knh truyn phng (flat fading channel), ngc li nu p ng tn s ca knh truyn khng phng, khng ging nhau trong bng thng tn hiu, ta ni knh truyn l knh truyn chn lc tn s (frequency selective fading channel). Mi knh truyn v tuyn u khng th c p ng bng phng trong c di tn v tuyn, tuy nhin knh truyn c th xem l phng trong mt khong nh tn s no . Hnh 3.10a cho ta thy knh truyn s l chn lc tn s i vi tn hiu truyn c bng thng ln nm t 32 MHz n 96 MHz. Hnh 3.10b cho ta thy nu tn hiu c bng thng nh khong 2 MHz th knh truyn s l knh truyn fading phng.
Hnh 3.10 (a): p ng tn s ca knh truyn chn lc tn s.
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Hnh 3.10 (b): p ng tn s ca knh truyn phng. Va ri ta mi m t nh tnh knh truyn, by gi ta s xt nh lng cc thng s ca knh truyn.
Hnh 3.11: Tn hiu ti pha thu theo L ng Tn hiu ti my thu l tng cc thnh phn tn hiu n t L ng nh hnh 3.11 (cha tnh n nhiu) c dng :
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y (t ) = i x(t i )
i =1
(3.2)
i = i i (t ) : H s suy hao c gi tr phc (suy hao bin v xoay pha). i = i (t ) : Thi gian tr c gi tr thc.
y (t ) = x(t ).h(t , )d = x(t ) * h(t , )

(3.3) (3.4)
Vi
h(t , ) = i (t ). [ i (t )]
i =1
h(t , ) l p ng xung thay i theo thi gian ca knh truyn.

T (3.4) ta c p ng hm truyn thay i theo thi gian:
H (t , f ) = h(t , )e j 2 f d
(3.5)
Mi knh truyn u c mt p ng xung, do mi knh truyn c th c trng bng hm t tng quan ACF (AutoCorrelation Function):
Rh (t1 , t2 , 1 , 2 ) = E [ h * (t1 , 1 ).h(t2 , 2 ) ] = E [ h * (t1 , 1 ).h(t1 + t , 1 + ) ]

(3.6) ( E [ f ( x)] =
f ( x). p ( x).dx )
X
Hm t tng quan ACF qu phc tp (theo 4 bin t1 , t2 , 1 , 2 ) nn n gin trong phn tch ta gi s cc thnh phn phn x l dng theo ngha rng v khng tng quan WSSUS (Wide Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scatter). WSS: qu trnh dng theo ngha rng tc l ACF ch ph thuc vo
t = t2 t1
US: cc thnh phn phn x l c lp nhau Khi qu trnh l WSSUS ta c hm t tng quan ACF:
Rh (t1 , t1 + t , 1 , 1 + ) = Rh (t , ) = Ph (t , 1 ). ( 1 2 ) Ph (t , 1 ) l mt ph cng sut cho tr (Delay Cross PDF)
(3.7)
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Khi t =0, Ph (, ) = Ph ( t , ) c gi l profile tr cng sut (Power Delay Profile hay Multipath Delay Profile hay Multipath Intensity Profile), m t cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu sau khi qua knh truyn. Do cng sut ra ca tn hiu c tnh theo cng thc:
P = PH ( )d
(3.8)
Ly bin i Fourier (3.7) ta c:
RH (t , f ) = Rh (t , )e j 2f d
(3.9)
Ta s dng cng thc ny phn loi knh truyn chn lc tn s (Frequency Selective fading) hay knh truyn phng (Frequency Nonselective Fading), knh truyn bin i nhanh (fast fading) hay bin i chm (slow fading). Nu t = 0 ta c hm tng quan ACF phn tn theo tn s, m t tng quan gia cc khong tn s f ca knh truyn.
RH (f ) = RH (0, f ) = Rh ( )e j 2f d
(3.10)
Mi knh truyn u c mt khong tn s ( f ) c , ti t s
RH (f ) xp x 1. Tc RH (0)
l p ng ca knh truyn c xem l bng phng trong khong ( f ) c . Khong tn s ny gi l Coherence bandwith. * Nu knh truyn c ( f ) c nh hn nhiu so vi bng thng ca tn hiu c truyn, th knh truyn c gi l knh truyn chn lc tn s (frequency selective channel). Tn hiu truyn qua knh truyn ny s b mo nghim trng. * Nu knh truyn c ( f ) c ln hn nhiu so vi bng thng ca tn hiu c truyn, th knh truyn c gi l knh truyn khng chn lc tn s (frequency nonselective channel) hay knh truyn phng (flat channel). Nhng knh fading phng cng c xem l knh truyn thay i bin v i khi c cp nh l nhng knh bng hp (narrowband) v bng thng tn hiu
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nh hn bng thng knh truyn. Nhng knh fading phng gy ra hin tng fading su, do yu cu cng sut truyn ln hn 20 hoc 30 dB t c tc li bit thp trong sut thi gian fading su so vi nhng h thng hot ng trn knh truyn non-fading. S phn b li tc thi ca knh fading phng th quan trng cho vic thit k kt ni v tuyn, v hu ht s phn b bin l phn b Rayleigh. M hnh knh truyn fading Rayleigh phng c gi s l nhng knh truyn m gy ra bin thay i theo thi gian da trn s phn b Rayleigh. Tng t nh Coherence bandwith, hai thng s quan trng thng c dng khi xt knh truyn c chn lc tn s hay khng ngi ta thng xt ti thi gian tr gii hn trung bnh TAEX (Average Excess delay) v thi gian tri tr hiu dng RMS (RMS delay spread) ca knh truyn:
TAEX =
.P
k =1 k
P
k =1
L k =1
(3.11)
RMS =
( T ) .P
2 k AEX
P
k =1
(3.12)
k thi gian tr ca bn sao th k

Pk l cng sut ca bn sao th k
Thng thng knh truyn l chn lc tn s nu RMS so snh c vi Tsymbol .
3.5 Knh truyn bin i nhanh v knh truyn bin i chm (Fast fading & slow fading channels) do s tri Doppler gy ra
Knh truyn v tuyn s c p ng tn s khng i theo thi gian nu nh cu trc ca knh truyn khng i theo thi gian. Tuy nhin mi knh truyn u bin i theo thi gian, do cc vt th to nn knh truyn lun lun bin i, lun c vt th mi xut hin v vt th c mt i, xe c lun thay i vn tc, nh ca, cng vin, c th c xy dng thm hay b ph hy i, sng, ni, bin c th m rng hoc b thu hp liHnh 3.12 cho thy cng sut tn hiu thu c thay i theo thi gian d tn hiu pht i c cng sut khng i tc l knh truyn thay i theo thi gian.
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Hnh 3.12 Knh truyn thay i theo thi gian. Khi nim knh truyn chn lc thi gian hay khng chn lc thi gian ch mang tnh tng i, nu knh truyn khng thay i trong khong thi gian truyn mt k t
Tsymbol th knh truyn c gi l knh truyn khng chn lc thi gian (time
nonselective fading channel) hay knh truyn bin i chm (slow fading channel), ngc li nu knh truyn bin i trong khong thi gian Tsymbol , th knh truyn c gi l knh truyn chn lc thi gian (time selective fading channel), hay knh truyn bin i nhanh (fast fading channel). Mi trng trong nh (indoor) t thay i nn c th xem l slow fading, mi trng ngoi tri thng xuyn thay i nn c xem l fast fading. Trong cc cell di ng, khi thu bao MS (mobile staion) di chuyn, s lin tc lm thay i v tr gia MS v trm gc BS (base station) theo thi gian, tc l lin tc lm thay i a hnh, cu trc ca knh truyn theo thi gian. iu ny c ngha l knh truyn ca ta lin tc thay i theo thi gian gy ra hiu ng Doppler lm dch tn sng mang ca my pht ti my thu mt lng tn s :
f = f 0
f 0 : tn s ti my pht
v: vn tc ca thu bao MS c: vn tc nh sng
v c
(3.13)
MS di chuyn cng nhanh th f cng ln v ngc li. Sau y ta s xt k hn cc thng s xc nh knh truyn l slow fading hay fast fading. phn 3.3 ta c cng thc (3.9):
RH (t , f ) = Rh (t , )e j 2f d
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Nu f = 0 ta c hm tng quan ACF phn tn theo thi gian, m t tng quan gia cc khong thi gian t ca knh truyn.
+
RH (t ) = Rh (t , )dt
(3.14)
Ph cng sut Doppler c nh ngha l bin i Fourier ca RH ( t ) :
DH ( f ) = RH (t )e
j 2 f t
d t RH (t ) = DH ( f )e + j 2 f t df
(3.15)
Mi knh truyn u c mt khong thi gian ( t ) c , ti
RH (t ) xp x 1. Tc l RH (0)
p ng ca knh truyn c xem l bin i khng ng k trong khong ( t ) c Khong thi gian c gi Coherence time. * Nu knh truyn c ( t ) c nh hn nhiu so vi chiu di ca mt k t
Tsymbol ca tn hiu c truyn, th knh truyn c gi l knh truyn

chn lc thi gian (time selective channel) hay knh truyn nhanh (fast channel). * Nu knh truyn c ( t ) c ln hn nhiu so vi chiu di ca mt k t
Tsymbol ca tn hiu c truyn, th knh truyn c gi l knh truyn

khng chn lc thi gian (time nonselective channel) hay knh truyn chm (slow channel).
3.6 Knh truyn Rayleigh v knh truyn Ricean

Tu theo a hnh knh truyn m gia my pht v my thu c th tn ti hoc khng tn ti ng truyn thng LOS (Light Of Sight, ng LOS l ng m nh sng c th truyn trc tip t my pht ti my thu m khng b cn tr). Nu knh truyn khng tn ti LOS, bng thc nghim v l thuyt ngi ta chng minh c ng bao tn hiu truyn qua knh truyn c phn b Rayleight nn knh truyn c gi l knh truyn Rayleigh fading. Khi ny tn hiu nhn c ti my thu ch l tng hp ca cc thnh phn phn x, nhiu x v khc x. Nu knh truyn tn ti LOS, th y l thnh phn chnh ca tn hiu ti my thu, cc thnh phn khng truyn thng NLOS (Non Light Of Sight) khng ng vai tr quan trng, tc l khng c nh
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hng qu xu n tn hiu thu, khi ny ng bao tn hiu truyn qua knh truyn c phn b Rice nn knh truyn c gi l knh truyn Ricean fading. Ta bit tn hiu ti my thu c dng:
y (t ) = i x(t i )
i =1
(3.16)
cc h s suy hao i l cc h s phc nn c th vit di dng:
= r (t ) + j i (t ) = a(t )e ( t )
Bin a (t ) = Gc pha
(3.17) (3.18) (3.19)
r2 (t ) + i2 (t )
(t ) = tg 1
i (t ) r (t )
Nu c rt nhiu bn sao tn hiu n t rt nhiu ng khc nhau ti my thu, th ta c th p dng thuyt gii hn trung tm (central limit theorem), lc ny c th xem cc h s r (t ) v i (t ) l cc qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss. Nu
r (t ) v i (t ) l cc qu trnh Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng 0 th:

* a(t) s c c tnh thng k theo hm phn b xc sut PDF Rayleigh
p(a) =
a2
.e
2 2
0a
(3.20)
2 = var( r (t )) = var( i (t )) l phng sai ca qu trnh Gauss

*
(t ) = tg 1
i (t ) c phn b u trong khong [ 0, 2 ] r (t )
Ta ni knh truyn l Rayleigh fading. Nu
r (t ) v i (t ) l cc qu trnh Gauss c gi tr trung bnh khc 0 th:

* a(t) s c c tnh thng k theo hm phn b xc sut PDF Rice:
+A A 2 p ( ) = 2 .I 0 2 .e
2 2 2
0
1 2 x cos e d 2 0
(3.21)
I 0 ( x) l hm Bessel loi 1 bc 0: I 0 ( x) =
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A2 l cng sut ca ng LOS ca knh truyn.

Ta ni knh truyn l Ricean fading.
A2 t K = , K c gi l h s Ricean. K=0 tng ng A=0 hm phn b Ricean 2 2

tr thnh hm phn b Rayleigh. Hnh 3.13 biu din hm phn b xc sut PDF Rayleigh ( K = 0 hay k = [dB]) v Ricean vi h s K = 3 [dB] v K = 9 [dB].
Hnh 3.13: Hm mt xc sut Rayleigh v Ricean.
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Chng 4 :c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM
Chng 4 C LNG V CN BNG THCH NGHI CHO KNH TRUYNTRONG H THNG OFDM
4.1 Gii thiu
thut iu ch c th c phn lm hai loi l iu ch vi sai (differential) v iu ch kt hp (coherent). Khi dng k thut iu ch vi sai th khng cn phi c lng knh truyn v khi thng tin c m ha sao cho c s sai bit nhau gia hai k t lin tip nhau. y l mt k thut c dng ph bin trong h thng thng tin v tuyn v khi khng yu cu phi c lng knh truyn th phc tp pha thu s gim i. iu ch vi sai c dng trong chun DAB (Digital Audio Broadcast) ca Chu u. iu gy tr ngi khi dng k thut iu ch ny l n s lm gia tng nhiu thm 3dB v ta cng khng th s dng nhng k thut iu ch chm sao a bin mt cch hiu qu c (efficient multiamplitude constellations). Mt trong s cc k thut DPSK c quan tm l iu ch kha dch pha bin vi sai (differential amplitude phase shift keying), khi ta s c c hiu qu ph tt hn DPSK nu s dng tt m ha bin vi sai. Hin nhin iu ny yu cu s phn phi bin khng ng u (non uniform amplitude distribution). Tuy nhin trong h thng thng tin c dy th knh truyn s khng thay i theo thi gian nn k thut iu ch kt hp l s la chn hin nhin. Nhng trong h thng khng dy, hiu qu ca k thut iu ch kt hp gip n tr thnh s lu chn l tng khi h thng yu cu t l li bit BER (Bit Error Rate) cao nh trong h thng DVB. c lng knh truyn trong h thng c dy th khng phc tp, knh truyn c c lng ngay ti thi im bt u v k t thi gian knh truyn l nh nhau, do vy khng cn phi lin tc c lng knh truyn. Tuy nhin trong khun kh ca lun vn ny ch cp c lng knh truyn trong h thng OFDM v tuyn. C hai vn chnh trong vic thit k b c lng knh truyn cho h thng v tuyn. Vn th nht lin quan n vic chn la pilot thng tin s c truyn nh th no. K t pilot cng vi k t d liu c th c truyn trong mt s cch khc nhau v mi cch s cho mt hiu qu khc nhau. Vn th hai l vic thit k b lc ni suy vi hai yu cu km theo l phi c phc tp thp v hiu sut tt. Hai vn ny c mi lin h vi nhau, do vy hiu sut ca b ni suy ph thuc vo vic Pilot thng tin c truyn i nh th no.
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4.1.1
Cn bng
Mc d thi gian bo v (Guard time) c khong thi gian di hn tri tr ca knh truyn a ng c th loi b nhiu lin k t (ISI) do k t trc gy ra, nhng vn cn c mt vi nhiu lin k t gy ra bi s chn lc tn s ca knh truyn. b vo s mo dng ny, ta cn n b cn bng knh truyn one-tap (one-tap channel equalizer). Ti ng ra ca b chuyn i FFT pha thu, nhng mu c ly ti mi sng mang con c nhn cho h s ca b cn bng knh truyn tng ng. H s ca b cn bng c tnh ton da trn tiu chun zero-forcing (ZF) hay tiu chun cc tiu trung bnh bnh phng li (Minimum mean square error MMSE). Tiu chun ZF tc ng ln nhiu lin k t bt buc chng phi bng khng ti thi im ly mu ca mi sng mang. H s ca mt b cn bng one-tap ZF c tnh nh sau:
Cn = 1 Hn
(4.1)
Trong H n l p ng tn s knh truyn trong khong bng thng ca sng mang con th n (n-th subcarrier). Bt li ca tiu chun ZF l n ch ci tin nhiu ti sng mang con th n nu nh H n nh, iu ny tng ng vi ph null (spectral nulls).
4.1.2 c lng knh truyn
Phng trnh 4.1 cho thy cn phi thc hin c lng knh truyn t c trng s cho b cn bng trn mi sng mang con. Chui k t hun luyn (Training symbols) c bit n nh l chui k t Pilot (Pilot symbols), thng c dng thc hin c lng knh truyn. Trong OFDM, v b cn bng c thc hin min tn s nn p ng tn s ca knh truyn phi c c lng. Trong mi trng a ng , k t c iu ch X n trn sng mang th n ti ng ra ca b FFT khng c ISI v ICI (Intercarrier interference) c th c biu din bi phng trnh 4.2 :
2 nl j GI 1 Yn = H l (0)e N X n + N n l =0
(4.2)
Trong GI l s phn t a ng (multipath components), N n l bin i FFT ca AGWN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) ti sng mang con th n v H l (0) l p ng tn s knh truyn ca phn t a ng th l ti tn s th zero (zero-th frequency). c lng p ng tn s knh truyn, chui hun luyn pilot c chn vo cc sng mang con trong min tn s, ngha l chng c chn vo trc khi tin hnh bin i IFFT ti pha pht. t H n l p ng tn s knh truyn ng vi k t iu ch X n trn sng mang th n, ngha l :
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Yn =
GI 1 l =0
H l (0)e
2 nl N
(4.3)
p ng tn s knh truyn c tri qua bi k t hun luyn Pilot Pn trn sng mang con th n c th c c lng nh sau :
= H + Nn H n n Pn
(4.4)
V nhng k t pilot thng ch chim mt lng nh ca bng thng i vi hiu qu ph, nn php ni suy qua min tn s c s dng c lng p ng tn s knh truyn nhng ni khng c t k t pilot. p ng tn s knh truyn ti sng
c th c ni suy tuyn tnh nh sau : mang con th m H m
m = 1 m H H m N p1 + N H p 2,
p1 m p2
(4.5)
v H l nhng p ng tn s knh truyn c c lng bi nhng Trong : H p1 p2
k t pilot trn sng mang con th p1 v p2 . Hn na, nu knh truyn a ng thay i theo thi gian, khi php ni suy qua min thi gian cng c th cn n bm theo knh truyn.
4.2 c lng knh truyn

Tng quan mt h thng OFDM c trnh by hnh 4.1. Ngun tn hiu l mt lung bit c iu ch bng tn c s thng qua cc phng php iu ch nh QPSK, Mary-QAM. Tn hiu dn ng (Pilot symbols) c chn vo ngun tn hiu, sau c iu ch thnh tn hiu OFDM thng qua b bin i IFFT v chn chui bo v. Lung tn hiu s c chuyn thnh lung tn hiu tng t qua b chuyn i s/tng t trc khi truyn trn knh truyn v tuyn qua anten pht. Tn hiu truyn qua knh v tuyn b nh hng bi nhiu fading v nhiu trng AWGN. Tn hiu dn ng pilot l mu tn hiu c bit trc c pha pht v pha thu, v c pht cng vi ngun tn hiu c ch vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh vic khi phc knh truyn v ng b h thng. My thu thc hin cc chc nng ngc li nh thc hin my pht. Tuy nhin khi phc c tn hiu pht th hm truyn ca knh v tuyn cng phi c khi phc. Vic thc hin khi phc hm truyn knh v tuyn c thc hin thng qua pilot nhn c pha thu. Tn hiu nhn c sau khi gii iu ch OFDM c chia lm hai lung tn hiu. Lung tn hiu th nht l tn hiu c ch c a n b cn
50
bng knh. Lung tn hiu th hai l pilot c a vo b khi phc knh truyn. Knh truyn sau khi c khi phc cng s c a vo b cn bng knh khi phc li tn hiu ban u.
Hnh 4.1 : Tng quan mt h thng OFDM Trong phn tip theo, nguyn l ca vic thc hin khi phc knh truyn thng qua mu tin dn ng s c trnh by.
4.2.1 iu ch k t pilot thm vo (Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation)
c lng knh truyn thng thng cn mt s loi pilot thng tin nh mt im tham kho. c lng knh truyn thng t c bng cch ghp nhng k t bit, c gi l k t pilot vo trong chui d liu, v k thut ny c gi l iu ch thm vo k t pilot (Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation - PSAM). Phng php ny tin hnh chn nhng phn bit vo lung k t thng tin c ch vi mc ch thm d knh truyn. Nhng k t pilot ny cho php b thu rt ra c suy hao ca knh truyn v xoay pha c lng cho mi k t thu c, gip cho vic b fading ng bao v pha. Mt knh truyn fading yu cu vic bm (tracking) knh truyn khng ngng, v vy m pilot thng tin t nhiu g cng phi c truyn lin tc. Pilot thng tin c truyn c th dng pilot ri rc hoc phn tn hoc c hai. Nhn chung th knh truyn fading c th c xem nh l mt tn hiu 2-D (thi gian v tn s), knh truyn fading ny c ly mu ti nhng v tr c pilot v suy hao knh truyn nhng v tr nm gia nhng pilot ny c c lng bng ni suy.
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Hnh 4.2: V d v vic truyn pilot lin tc v phn tn nhng v tr sng mang bit trc.
4.2.2 S sp xp cc pilot (Pilot Arrangements)
Vic s dng nhng k t pilot c lng knh truyn nh gii thiu trn v trong khi s dng th iu mong mun l phi t c s k t pilot cng t cng tt. Vn phi quyt l phi chn pilot u v chn nh th no. Khong cch gia cc pilot phi nh sao cho qu trnh c lng knh truyn t c tin cy. Vic c lng knh truyn c th c thc hin bng cch hoc l chn pilot vo tt c cc sng mang ca k t OFDM theo chu k min thi gian hoc l chn pilot vo mi sng mang ca k t OFDM min tn s hoc chn pilot c min tn s v min thi gian.
4.2.2.1 Sp xp Pilot dng khi
Dng th nht c gi l c lng knh truyn theo pilot dng khi v thng c s dng i vi knh truyn fading chm, cch sp xp pilot ny cho kt qu tt khi hm truyn ca knh truyn khng c s thay i qu nhanh. Nu p ng ca knh truyn bin i nhanh th vic c lng knh truyn s khng cn ng na v s dn n gii m sai chui bit nhn c. Khi ngi ta s dng mt b cn bng hi tip quyt nh cp nhp li cc gi tr c lng cho mi sng mang con mang d liu gia cc k t pilot dng khi.
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Hnh 4.3 : Kiu chn pilot dng khi. Tuy nhin, nu knh truyn l fading nhanh th b cn bng hi tip quyt nh s ch lm gim n mc ti thiu s thiu ht thng tin trng thi ca knh truyn. Cho nn bt buc phi tng chu k cp nhp ca sng mang pilot, v iu ny s dn n lm gim bng thng c ch dng truyn d liu hoc phi chuyn qua dng cch sp xp pilot dng lc. kiu sp xp pilot dng khi th knh truyn c c lng bng k thut bnh phng nh nht (Least Square - LS) hoc cc tiu trung bnh bnh phng li (Minimum Mean Square Error - MMSE).
4.2.2.2 Sp xp Pilot dng lc
Hnh 4.4: Kiu chn pilot dng lc. Dng th hai l cch sp xp pilot dng lc, dng ny c th c s dng bm knh truyn bin i nhanh, thm ch trong trng hp s bin i ny xy ra bn trong mt chu k thi gian ca mt k t OFDM n. Nhng k t pilot c sp xp tun hon ti mt vi v tr sng mang trong mi k t OFDM nn pha thu s lin tc c c thng tin v trng thi knh truyn. Tuy nhin nhng thng tin v trng thi knh truyn c c t nhng pilot ny vn cha hon chnh. Vic c lng knh truyn ti v tr cc sng mang pilot c th c tnh ton bng k thut LS hoc MMSE, trong khi knh truyn ti v tr cc sng mang con mang d liu c c
53
lng bng cch thc hin ni suy t p ng gia nhng sng mang pilot. Nhiu k thut ni suy c th c s dng bao gm ni suy tuyn tnh, ni suy bng a thc, ni suy spline, v nhiu k thut khc vi chnh xc v hiu qu khc nhau. Hnh nh sp xp ca pilot dng khi v dng lc c minh ha nh hnh (4.3), (4.4).
4.2.2.3 Nguyn tc chn pilot min tn s v min thi gian
Hnh 4.5 : S sp xp pilot v mu tin c ch min tn s v min thi gian
Hnh 4.6: Mi lin h gia hiu ng Doppler v tr knh truyn trong s la chn s sp xp cc pilot ( hnh trn : CIR l p ng xung ca knh truyn - Channel Impulse Response). Pilot c th chn cng vi mu tin c ch c min tn s v min thi gian nh trnh by hnh 4.3 v hnh 4.4. Tuy nhin khong cch gia hai pilot lin tip nhau phi tun theo qui lut ly mu c min tn s v min thi gian. min tn s, s bin i ca knh v tuyn ph thuc vo thi gian tr truyn dn ln nht ca knh max (maximum propagation delay). Vi k hiu rf l t s ly mu (oversampling rate) min tn s, f s l khong cch lin tip gia hai sng mang ph, khong cch gia hai pilot min tn s D f phi tha mn iu kin sau y:
rf = 1 1 D f f s max
(4.6)
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T s ly mu ti thiu min tn s rf phi l 1. T s ny c th ln hn 1, khi s pilot nhiu hn cn thit v knh truyn c ly mu vt mc (oversampling). Trong trng hp khong cch gia hai pilot khng tha mn iu kin ly mu nh phng trnh (4.6), c ngha l rf <1 th knh truyn khng th c khi phc li c hon ton thng qua pilot. Tng t nh min tn s, khong cch min thi gian ca hai pilot lin tip Dt cng phi tha mn tiu chun ly mu min thi gian. S bin i ca hm truyn v tuyn min thi gian ph thuc vo tn s Doppler f D ,max . Theo tiu chun ly mu min tn s, khong cch Dt phi tha mn iu kin :
rt = 1 1 2 f D ,max Dt (TS + TG )
(4.7)
T s rt c gi l t s ly mu min thi gian. Trong trng hp iu kin phng trnh (4.7) khng tha mn th hm truyn knh v tuyn cng khng th khi phc hon ton c my thu.
4.2.3 c lng theo kiu sp xp pilot dng khi
Kiu sp xp pilot dng khi gip cho vic tnh p ng knh truyn khng phc tp bi v X(k) ti mi sng mang con u c bit. Ng ra ca b thu c th c vit dng ma trn nh sau: Y=XFh + W = XH + W Trong : X = diag{X(0), X(1), . . . ,X(N-1) }
Y = [Y(0) Y(1) . . . Y(N-1)]T W = [W(0) W(1) . . . W(N-1)]T H = [H(0) H(1) . . . H(N-1)]T = DFTN{h}
00 0 ( N 1) WN K WN F= M O M ( N 1) 0 ( N 1)( N 1) W N K WN
WNnk =
1 j 2 ( n / N ) k e N
h : vect knh truyn trong min thi gian. W: nhiu knh truyn. F : ma trn DFT.
55
4.2.3.1
c lng bng tiu chun MMSE
Phng php MMSE s dng nhng thng k knh truyn bc hai v gi s rng p ng knh truyn h l Gauss v khng tng quan vi nhiu w. Vi gi thit ny th vic c lng h MSSE c xy dng t ma trn auto-covariance RYY v ma trn covariance cho RhY . Gi s rng ma trn auto-covariance ca knh truyn l Rhh v phng sai nhiu (noise variance) n2 c bit. Ta c :
RHH = E ( HH H ) = E{( Fh)( Fh) H }=FR hh F H

R hY = E (hY H ) = E{h( XFh + W) H }=R hh F H X H
2 R YY = E (YY H ) = XFRhh F H X H + N I
(4.8) (4.9) (4.10)
Ngi ta tm ra c cng thc tnh c lng MMSE nh sau :
h MSSE = RhY RYY 1Y

Ly bin i DFT c c p ng tn s, ta c:
2 H MMSE = FhMMSE = RHH [R HH + N ( XX H ) 1 ]-1 H LS
(4.11)
(4.12)
Trong H LS l c lng bnh phng cc tiu LS. K thut c lng MMSE c hiu qu tt hn so vi c lng LS c bit di iu kin SNR thp. Tuy nhin, MMSE c phc tp tnh ton cao hn do yu cu phi ly ma trn nghch o mi ln X thay i.
4.2.3.2 c lng theo tiu chun LS
B c lng bnh phng nh nht s thc hin cc tiu gi tr bnh phng ca li
(Y XFh) h (Y XFh) . c lng LS c biu din bi:

H LS = X 1Y
(4.13)
c lng LS c dng rt n gin v thch hp vi nhng ng dng yu cu tnh ton nhanh vi s php tnh ti thiu. Tuy nhin, b c lng MMSE nu trn cng c th c thay i bng b c lng MMSE ci tin.
4.2.3.3 B c lng MMSE ci tin (Modifided MMSE Estimator)
B c lng MMSE thc hin n gin ha 3 vn gim phc tp tnh ton ca b c lng MMSE thng thng. B c lng MMSE ci tin ny cn c gi l c lng MMSE hng thp ti u (optimal low-rank MMSE (ORL-MMSE)). Ba vn cn n gin ha l:
56
1. Thay th tha s ( XX H ) trong phng trnh (4.12) vi gi tr k vng gi

1
thit l nhng tn hiu nh x ca tt c cc pilot u ging nhau v c xc sut bng nhau cho tt c cc im trn gin chm sao.
E ( XX
2 1 = E X (k )
(4.14)
SNR trung bnh v hng s c nh ngha ch ph thuc vo nhng thuc tnh ca chm sao nh x:
SNR= E X(k)
2 N
},
E X(k)
E 1/ X (k )
}
2
(4.15)
Do :
2 N ( XX H ) 1
I SNR
(4.16)
2. S n gin ha th hai l s dng gi thit rng hu ht nng lng tn hiu trong h u tp trung (L+1) tap u tin trong L=( Th /T)M. Th l tng tri tr v M l chiu di ca b bin i DFT hay l kch thc ca X. T l thi gian ly mu. Mt khc, phn ln nng lng tn hiu s tp trung vo trong s t nhng ln phn x u tin trong knh truyn a ng h. Tn hiu n ti thi im tc thi sau c gi s rng c mc nng lng thp hn do s hp th v nhiu x v c th b qua mt cch an ton . Vi vic s dng gi thit ny ta c th ch dng gc trn bn tri ca ma trn Rhh . y c gi l xp x cp thp v n gin ha hng ca Rhh (the rank of Rhh ) . Do phc tp tnh ton s gim. 3. S n gin ha th ba l s dng SVD ( Singular value decomposition). SVD l k thut lm n gin ha mt ma trn thnh ba ma trn con. p dng k thut SVD tch ma trn RHH thnh tch ca ba ma trn con nh sau: singular value k ) trn ng cho.
RHH = UAU H , trong A l ma trn ng cho vi gi tr n k (the
Kt hp c ba s n gin ha ny, b c lng MMSE ci tin chn hng (rank) p ca b c lng n khng nh hn L+1 theo tiu chun n gin ha th 2. Sau tnh ton , SNR, U v gi tr k . p dng s n gin ha trn vo phng trnh (4.12) phn thnh ma trn NxN:
k , p = diag k + SNR 0 ,
k = 0,..., p 1 k = 0,..., N 1
(4.17)
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Do , phng trnh (4.12) tr thnh:

H ORL-MMSE = U pU H H LS
(4.18)
4.2.4
c lng theo kiu sp xp pilot dng lc
Vic c lng p ng knh truyn ti mi pilot c th c tnh bng cch dng gii thut LS, MMSE hoc bt k dng ci tin no ca chng. Tuy nhin, p ng knh truyn ti cc sng mang d liu mi l ci m b thu tht s quan tm v nhng gi tr ny c ni suy t nhng p ng knh truyn c c lng ti nhng tn s sng mang pilot. C nhiu dng ni suy cho kt qu tt, nhng v phc tp trong tnh ton ca mt s phng php v hu ht h thng OFDM yu cu truyn d liu tc cao, cho nn ch mt vi phng php ni suy c xem xt, l ni suy s dng hm tuyn tnh (linear interpolation), ni suy bc hai, ni suy low-pass... (Mt s phng php ni suy sn c trong phn mm Matlab nh ni suy tuyn tnh, ni suy a thc hay ni suy spline thng qua li gi hm 'interp1' cho php ni suy mt chiu hoc 'interp2' cho php ni suy hai chiu). Gi s N p pilot c phn b u v c biu din nh sau:
X (k ) = X (mL + l )
x p (m), = inf .data
l =0 l = 1,KK, L 1
(4.19)
Trong : N p l s Pilot, L = (s sng mang con)/ N p , X p ( m) l gi tr ca sng mang con pilot th m. nh ngha { H p ( k ) , k = 0, 1, . . . , N p } l p ng tn s ca knh ti sng mang con pilot (gii thut LS)
4.2.4.1 Ni suy tuyn tnh ( Linear Interpolation)
php ni suy tuyn tnh, hm truyn ti v tr mu tin c ch c ni suy ch thng qua hai im k cn ca hai mu tin dn ng. Knh truyn ti sng mang con d liu th k nm gia hai pilot k cn mL<k<(m+1)L c nh ngha nh sau:
H e (k ) = H e (mL + l ) 0l <L
l + H p ( m) L
= ( H p (m + 1) H p (m))
(4.20)
58
Hnh 4.7: Ni suy tuyn tnh Hnh 4.7 minh ha phng php ni suy tuyn tnh. Phng php ny c li th l n gin, nhng phng php ni suy bc 2 s cho kt qu p ng knh truyn tt hn.
4.2.4.2 Ni suy bc 2 (Second-Oder Interpolation)
K thut ni suy bc 2 s dng ng cong c iu chnh cho va bng ba gi tr c lng pilot gn nht. K thut ny c nh ngha nh sau:
H e (k ) = H e (mL + l ) = c1 H p (m 1) + c0 H P (m) + c 1 H P (m + 1)
(4.21)
Vi
( 1) c1 = 2 l c0 = ( 1)( + 1) , = L ( + 1) c 1 = 2
Hnh 4.8 l mt v d v k thut ni suy bc 2. Tuy nhin php ni suy bc 2, hm truyn ca mu tin c ch c ni suy thng qua nhiu im khc nhau ca mu tin dn ng. Do vy ni suy bc 2 c cht lng tt hn so vi ni suy tuyn tnh nhng phc tp li cao hn. Ni suy bc 2 cho kt qu tt hn ni suy tuyn tnh, nhng k thut ni suy low-pass sau y li cho kt qu tt hn ni suy bc 2.
59
Hnh 4.8: Ni suy SI v ni suy a thc

4.2.4.3 Ni suy low-pass (ni suy SI)
K thut ny u tin s chn zero vo chui d liu gc v sau a qua b lc thng thp FIR cho d liu gc c th i qua b lc m khng b thay i v thc hin cc tiu ha trung bnh bnh phng li (MSE) gia nhng im c ni suy v nhng gi tr l tng ca chng. K thut ny c th c thc hin mt cch hiu qu bng cc b x l s tn hiu DSP v thng c la chn trong thc t v n c th cho kt qu tt di iu kin SNR thp. Nhng k thut c lng c nu trn thuc dng c lng 1 chiu (onedimension) hoc l trong min thi gian , hoc l trong min tn s. Sau y ta s cp n k thut c lng hai chiu (two-dimension). B c lng hai chiu c th c thit k nh b lc 2D, c th l b lc Wiener 2D. Tuy nhin phc tp ca k thut ny cng cao khi kch thc DFT cng tng. Hu ht cc h thng OFDM u dng kch thc b DFT ln hn 256.
60
Hnh 4.9 : S khi ca gii thut c lng knh truyn da trn kiu sp xp pilot dng lc dng b lc thng thp FIR.
Hnh 4.10: Ni suy bng b lc thng thp FIR

4.2.4.4 Ni suy s dng b lc ti u Wiener (Wiener filter)
Hnh 4.11: B lc Wiener B lc Wiener c ng dng rng ri trong cc k thut cn bng tn hiu hay c lng knh truyn. Trong nhiu ti liu khc th b lc ti u Wiener c gi l b
61
lc li bnh phng ti thiu (MMSE - Minimum mean square error). Cu trc b lc c m t nh hnh 4.11. u vo ca b lc l cc gi tr h s knh truyn H i ',n ' ti cc mu tin dn ng. Cc gi tr ca knh truyn c nhn vi cc h s ca b lc i ',n ',i ' n nh phng trnh di y:
i ,n = H
(
i ',n ',i 'n H i ',n ' i ',n ' P

{ }
(4.22)
phng trnh ny, tp P l tp tt c cc gi tr ca i',n'. C ngha l mt gi tr H i ,n
c ni suy t cc phn t H i ',n ' khc nhau c min tn s v min thi gian. Khi ngi ta gi php ni suy l ni suy hai chiu ( two dimentional Wiener interpolation - 2D Wiener interpolation). Php ni suy ny mang li tnh chnh xc cao tuy nhin li c phc tp cao. Peter Hoeher trong bi bo TCM on FrequencySelective Land-Mobile Fading Channels chng minh c rng b lc Wiener hai chiu c th tch thnh hai b lc Wiener mt chiu (mt b lc thc hin min thi gian v mt b lc thc hin min tn s). Nh m s phc tp khi thc hin b lc gim i nhiu, tuy nhin cht lng tn hiu lc khng gim ng k. Nu ta biu din cc gi tr u vo H i ',n ' dng vect ct nh sau:
( H 1,1 (1) . . . ( ( h= H i ',n ' (k ) . . . ( H (l 1) D +1,(l 1) D +1 ( Ntap ) t f f t
(
V cc h s b lc i ',n ',i ' n di dng vect dng :

Wi,Tn = 1,1,i,n ,..., i ',n ',i , n ,..., (lt 1) Dt +1,(l f 1) D f +1,i , n
Nh vy phng trnh (4.22) c biu din li nh sau:
i,n = WT h H i,n
(4.23)
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hnh 4.11, N tap l s cc h s ca b lc, tng ng vi s cc tn hiu u vo
( H i ', n ' s dng ni suy cho mt gi tr u ra. Nu cc h s ca b lc c thit k
i , n v gi tr l tng H i ,n mt cch ti u, th li bnh phng gia kt qu ni suy H

l ti thiu. S tnh ton cc h s ti u cho b lc da trn phng trnh ca Wiener-Hop nh c trnh by di y.
Phng trnh ca Wiener-Hop:
Phng trnh ca Wiener-Hop s dng tnh cc h s ca b lc. Mc ch ca b lc l ti thiu li bnh phng gia h s l tng ca knh v h s c c lng khi dng b lc. Ta bt u bng php biu din li gia h s l tng ca
i,n : knh H i ,n v h s c c lng khi dng b lc H

i,n i ,n = H i ,n - H
Tr trung bnh li bnh phng tng ng c vit li l:
* 2 )( H H ) Ji, n = E E H H = ( , , , , , i n i n i n i n i n
(4.24)
(4.25)
i , n nh phng trnh (4.23) vo phng trnh (4.25) ta Thay php biu din ca H
c:
* 2 Ji, n = E i , n = E ( H i , n H i , n )( H i , n H i , n )
( ( * T T = E H i , n Wi,n h H i , n Wi,n h ( ( * T * = E H i , n Wi,n h H i*, n h H Wi, n ( ( * 2 H * T = E Hi,n E H h E hH W W i,n i,n i,n i , n (( H * T +E hh W Wi, n i,n
( (
)( )(
(4.26)
2 Thnh phn th nht ca phng trnh trn : E H i , n = i2,n l phng sai ca
knh. * K vng ca php nhn h s knh H i , n vi vect h H cho ta vect tng quan
( (
cho (cross-correlation) ca gi tr l tng h s ca knh v cc gi tr u vo b lc h H . Vect tng quan cho do vy c biu din nh sau:
63
H PiT ,n = E H i, n h
(4.27)
Ta cng c th biu din nh sau:

H * T * E h H i , n = ( Pi , n ) = Pi , n
(4.28)
H * K vng ca php nhn E hh cho ta kt qu l mt ma trn t tng quan ca cc gi tr u vo ca b lc nh sau: H R= E hh =
((
((
(4.29)
( H 1,1 (1) . . . ( (* (* ( = E H i ',n ' (k ) H ,..., H ( k ),..., H ( N ) tap i ', n ' (lt 1) Dt +1,(l f 1) D f +1 1,1 . . . ( H (l 1) D +1,(l 1) D +1 ( Ntap ) t f f t
* Nu ta nh ngha r(k-m) = E H ( k ) H ( m) th ma trn R c vit li:
r (0) r (1) R= . r (1 N tap )
.. .. .. ..
r ( N tap 1) . . r (0)
(4.30)
Vi s biu din ca vect tng quan cho PiT , n nh phng trnh (4.27) v ma trn tng quan R ta c th vit li php biu din ca gi tr trung bnh li bnh phng nh sau :
* T * T * J i , n = i2, n PiT i , n + Wi,n RWi,n , n Wi, n Wi,n P
(4.31)
Ly o hm theo vect Wi,n ta c kt qu sau:
64
dJ (Wi,n ) dWi,n
T
T = 0 2 Pi , n 0 + 2 Wi, n R T = 2 Pi , n + 2 Wi,n R T
(4.32)
Hin nhin l gi tr trung bnh li bnh phng J i , n s t gi tr ti thiu khi m vect o hm l mt vect vi mi phn t ca n l 0. iu ny c ngha l :
Pi ,Tn = Wi,Tn R
Phng trnh trn cng tng ng vi :
1 T Wi,Tn = P i,n R
(4.33)
(4.34)
Phng trnh (4.34) c gi l phng trnh Wiener-Hop cho php tnh vect h s b lc Wi,Tn sao cho gi tr trung bnh li bnh phng l ti thiu. iu kin tnh c cc h s ca b lc l ma trn tng quan ca knh R v vect tng quan cho ca knh Pi ,Tn phi c bit trc. minh ha s ti thiu ca tr trung bnh li bnh phng thng qua s ti u cc h s ca b lc ta xem xt v d sau: V d: Gi thit ma trn R v vect Pi ,Tn c cho nh sau:
R=
1.0009 0.8465 0.6749 0.9602
0.8465 1.009
Pi , n =
Da vo phng trnh (4.5.17) ta c th tnh c gi tr h s ti u ca b lc nh sau:
Wi, n =
4.2.5
Wx 0.4806 = Wy 1.3675
Cn bng knh cho h thng OFDM
phn ny gi s knh truyn khng bin i (hoc gn nh khng bin i) trong mt khong thi gian ca mt mu tn hiu OFDM v trong mt khong tn s l b rng ca hai sng mang ph k tip nhau. iu c ngha l min thi gian:
H ( j; t ) = H ( j ; kT )
V min tn s:
vi
kT t (k + 1)T
(4.35)
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1 1 H ( j ; t ) = H ( jnS ; t ) vi n S n + S 2 2
(4.36)
Khi h s hm truyn tng ng vi sng mang ph th n v mu tin OFDM th k c biu din di dng :
kT t (k + 1)T H ( j ; t ) = H ( jnS ; kT ) vi 1 1 n n + S S 2 2
Tn hiu sau khi gii iu ch c vit li:
(4.37)
% = H ( jn ; kT )d d k ,n S k ,n
(4.38)
Tn hiu pht c khi phc li thng qua php chia ca tn hiu sau khi gii iu ch vi h s hm truyn nh sau:
d k ,n =
H ( jnS ; kT )
% d k ,n
(4.39)
Phng trnh trn chng t b cn bng knh cho h thng OFDM c thc hin mt cch rt n gin khi hm truyn knh v tuyn c khi phc. B cn bng knh c thc hin n gin bng php chia tn hiu nhn c cho h s hm truyn ca knh.
4.3 Cn bng
Nhiu giao thoa lin k t l mt loi nhiu ph bin trong cc h thng vin thng. Nhiu ny xut hin cc knh truyn phn tn theo thi gian. Chng hn trong mt mi trng tn x a ng, mt k hiu c th c truyn theo cc ng khc nhau, n my thu cc thi im khc nhau, do c th giao thoa vi cc k hiu khc. khc phc hin tng nhiu ISI v ci thin cht lng h thng, c nhiu phng php khc nhau nhng phng php c cp nhiu nht l s dng b cn bng b li c tnh tn x thi gian ca knh truyn. B cn bng v c bn l mt b lc hay tng qut hn l mt h thng cc b lc vi mc ch l loi b nhng nh hng khng mong mun ca knh truyn. Trong h thng thng tin s, vn phi i mt thng xuyn chnh l nhiu lin k t (Intersymbol Interference ISI). ISI xy ra l do knh truyn c s phn tn v bin v pha. S phn tn ny gy ra hin tng tn hiu b can nhiu vi nhng phn khc ca n. nh hng ny gy ra ISI. Tn hiu xung mang d liu c thit k
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sao cho t cc tiu nh hng ca ISI. Tiu chun Nyquist c yu cu cho dng xung ny nh sau:
1 k = 0 p (kT ) = pk = 0 k 0
(4.40)
Trong p(t) l mt hm c dng xung nhng do nh hng ca knh truyn nn dng xung ny b lm mo i. Do vy, gii quyt vn ny ti b thu th phi thit k mt b cn bng. B cn bng tng qut s c dng sao cho nh hng ca n nghch o li vi hot ng ca knh truyn. Nhng trong qu trnh thc hin th nhng kt qu khng mong mun c th xy ra ti nhng im m b cn bng khuych i tn hiu loi b ISI. S khuych i ny khng ch khuych i tn hiu m cn khuych i lun c nhiu. V vy, vic thit k cu trc v li ca b cn bng va loi b ISI trong khi vn cc tiu cc nhiu khc l mt yu cu quan trng. B cn bng n gin nht l b cn bng tuyn tnh c thc thi nh mt b lc c p ng xung hu hn (FIR). L do dng b lc ny l v phc tp thp v gi thnh r nhng v hiu qu ca n khng p ng nhng mong i cao hn . B cn bng tuyn tnh c u im l n gin nhng hiu qu trit nhiu khng c tt. Do vy mt s loi cn bng phi tuyn c nghin cu. B cn bng phi tuyn ph bin nht l b cn bng hi tip quyt nh (Decision Feedback Equalizer DFE). B cn bng ny c trung bnh bnh phng li (MSE) thp hn so vi b cn bng tuyn tnh, nhng n li gp s bt li ca vic lan truyn li (error propagation) trong vng lp hi tip ca n. Trong thc t hu nh hm truyn ca h thng v knh truyn l khng c bit trc v p ng xung ca knh truyn c th thay i theo thi gian v suy gim dn, kt qu l b cn bng thng thng khng th thit k c. Do vy ngi ta thng l khai thc b cn bng thch nghi. B cn bng thch nghi thng dng gii thut thch nghi hi t nhng h s ca n v gi tr ng v iu li l n c th bm (tracking) c s thay i p ng xung ca knh truyn. Bn cnh t c iu ny th cu trc b thu phi phc tp hn. Ngoi ra thut ton thch nghi ng vai tr quan trng i vi hiu qu ca b cn bng. Thut ton ph bin nht v phng din hiu qu v phc tp l thut ton trung bnh bnh phng nh nht (Least Mean Square LMS). Thut ton ny c phc tp thp v hiu qu tt. N hi t hon ton nu nhng gi tr mong mun cho l ng. iu gy cn tr ca gii thut LMS i vi b cn bng nu nhng k t mong mun khng ng l n khng hi t. V vy b cn bng dng gii thut LMS yu cu mt s suy din k t bit trong trng hp quyt nh ca b cn bng l sai. Gii thut tt hn l gii thut bnh phng cc tiu hi quy ( Recursive Least
67
Squares- LMS). Gii thut ny c c tnh hi t tt hn gii thut LMS nhng n cng i hi phc tp tnh ton cao hn. Nhn chung phc tp ca gii thut RLS tng theo bnh phng ca s h s b cn bng. Cng c gii thut RLS c phc tp tnh ton tng tuyn tnh vi h s ca b cn bng, nhng gii thut ny gi l thut ton RLS nhanh (fast RLS). t c kt qu va t b cn bng thch nghi, b cn bng phi c thc hin thch nghi vi mt chui k t bit trc c bit l ngay ti thi im bt u thng tin. Giai on cn bng ny c th lm cho b cn bng t n im hot ng gn vi mc ti u, nhng hu ht khong thi gian ny l hao ph. L do l chui hun luyn khng hin din hay khng th gi trong hu ht thi gian. Khi chui hun luyn khng hin din, b cn bng s hot ng kh khn. B cn bng tuyn tnh thng thng cn phi bit c tnh khi u ca knh truyn. Nu khng bit nhng c tnh ca knh truyn th b cn bng khng th hi t. Cch gii quyt vn ny l dng b cn bng m. B cn bng m dng gii thut thch nghi khc, gii thut thch nghi ny khai thc nhng c tnh thng k bc cao hn. i vi b cn bng m, gii thut ph bin nht v c chp nhn rng ri l gii thut modul khng i (Constant Modulus Algorithm CMA). Cc b cn bng c th c phn loi thnh ba lp: - Cc b cn bng tuyn tnh - Cc b cn bng hi tip quyt nh - Cc b cn bng MLSE (Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation) Cc b cn bng MLSE s dng gii thut Viterbi, cn cc b cn bng tuyn tnh v cn bng hi tip quyt nh l cc b cn bng thch nghi. C s hot ng ca n da trn cc gii thut thch nghi, bao gm : - Gii thut bnh phng trung bnh cc tiu (LMS Least Mean Square) - Gii thut LMS c du ( Signed LMS) - Gii thut LMS chun ha ( Normalized LMS) - Gii thut LMS c kch thc bc nhy thay i (Variable-step-size LMS) - Gii thut bnh phng cc tiu quy ( RLS-Recursive Least Square ) - Gii thut module khng i (CMA Constant Modulus Algorithm)
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Hnh 4.12 : S khi h thng thng tin s dng b cn bng thch ng my thu B cn bng thng thc hin ti bng tn gc hoc ti IF ca my thu. V biu thc ng bao phc bng gc c th s dng biu din dng sng bng thng, p ng knh truyn, tn hiu gii iu ch v thut ton b cn bng thch ng thng m phng v thc hin bng tn gc. Hnh trn m t s khi ca mt h thng thng tin s dng b cn bng thch ng ti my thu. Nu x(t) l tn hiu thng tin gc, f(t) l p ng xung bng tn kt hp ca my pht, knh truyn, v b phn RF/IF ca my thu, tn hiu nhn c ti b cn bng c th biu din l :
y (t ) = x(t ) f * (t ) + nb (t )
(4.41)
vi f*(t) l lin hp phc ca f(t), nb(t) l nhiu bng gc ti ng vo b cn bng, v l php tch chp. Nu p ng xung ca b cn bng l heq(t), th ng ra ca b cn bng l:
(t ) = x(t ) f * (t ) h (t ) + n (t ) h (t ) d eq b eq
= x(t ) g (t ) + nb (t ) heq (t )
(4.42)
vi g(t) l p ng xung kt hp ca my pht, knh truyn, b phn RF/IF ca my thu v b cn bng. p ng xung bng gc phc ca b cn bng lc ngang cho bi :
heq (t ) = cn (t nT )
n
(4.43)
vi cn l cc h s b lc phc ca b cn bng. Ng ra mong mun ca b cn bng l x(t), d liu ngun gc. Gi s nb(t) = 0. d(t) = x(t) trong phng trnh (4.42), g(t) phi bng :
g (t ) = f * (t ) heq (t ) = (t )
(4.44)
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Mc ch cn bng l tha mn phng trnh (4.44). Trong min tn s, phng trnh (4.44) c biu din l :
H eq ( f ) F * ( f ) = 1
(4.45)
vi Heq(f) v F(f) l bin i Fourier ca heq(t) v f(t). Phng trnh (4.45) cho thy b cn bng thc s l b lc nghch o ca knh truyn. Nu knh truyn chn lc tn s, b cn bng nng cao nhng thnh phn tn s c bin nh v lm gim nhng thnh phn tn s c bin mnh trong ph tn s nhn c cho p ng tn s nhn c bng phng phc hp v p ng pha tuyn tnh. i vi knh truyn thay i theo thi gian, b cn bng thch ng c thit k ln theo s thay i knh truyn sao cho tha mn gn chnh xc phng trnh (4.45).
4.3.1 B cn bng thch nghi tng qut
B cn bng thch nghi l mt b lc thay i theo thi gian phi lun lun c t iu chnh. Cu trc c bn ca mt b cn bng thch nghi cho hnh di vi k l ch s ri rc thi gian. B cn bng thch nghi l b lc c kh nng t iu chnh hm truyn ca n da vo mt thut ton ti u. Bi v s phc tp ca thut ton ti u nn hu ht b cn bng u l nhng b lc s .
Hnh 4.13: S b cn bng thch nghi tng ca s khi ny l b lc thay i (Variable Filter) s to ra mt s c lng i vi tn hiu mong mun. Tn hiu vo x(n) bng tng ca tn hiu mong mun d(n) v can nhiu v(n) x (n) = d(n) + v(n) (4.46)
B lc bin i l b lc FIR (c p ng xung hu hn). Theo s khi trn th p ng xung bng vi h s ca b lc. i vi b lc bc p th h s b lc c xc nh bi :
w n = [ w n (0) , w n (1) ,..., w n ( p) ]
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T
(4.47)
Tn hiu li hay l hm tr gi (cost function) chnh l s khc bit gia tn hiu mong mun d(n) v tn hiu c lng d (n) :
e( n ) = d ( n ) d ( n )

(4.48)
B lc bin i s c lng tn hiu mong mun bng cch chp tn hiu ng vo vi p ng xung :
d ( n) = w T n X ( n)
(4.49)
T
Trong : X (n) = [ x(n), x(n 1),..., x(n p)] l vect tn hiu ng vo. Hn na h s ca b lc s c cp nhp nh sau :
w n+1 = w n + w n
(4.50)
Vi w n l nhn t sa sai cho h s ca b lc . Thut ton thch nghi to ra nhn t ny da trn tn hiu vo v tn hiu li . in hnh cho thut ton cp nhp h s l LMS (Least Mean Square) v RLS ( Recursive Least Square ) Tng qut, cu trc c bn ca mt b cn bng thch nghi cho hnh 4.14 vi k l ch s ri rc thi gian. Ch hnh 4.14 c mt ng vo ti mt thi im. Gi tr yk ph thuc trng thi tc thi ca knh truyn v tuyn v gi tr c th ca nhiu.V th yk l ngu nhin. Cu trc b cn bng thch nghi cho trn gi l b lc ngang, v trong trng hp ny c N thnh phn tr, c N+1 nhnh v N+1 iu chnh a phn, gi l trng s (weights). Trng s ca b lc c m t bng v tr vt l ca n trong cu trc ng tr v c mt ch s th hai, k, ch s thay i ca chng theo thi gian. Nhng trng s ny c cp nht lin tc bng thut ton thch nghi. Tn hiu li ek iu khin b cn bng thch nghi. Tn hiu li ny rt ra t so snh gia ng ra ca b cn bng, d k , vi tn hiu dk l tn hiu ng vi tn hiu pht xk, hoc c tnh cht bit trc ca tn hiu pht. Thut ton thch nghi s dng ek gim thiu hm tr gi (cost function) v cp nht trng s b cn bng bng cch gim hm tr gi. V d thut ton trung bnh bnh phng nh nht (least mean squares_LMS) tm cc trng s b lc ti u hoc gn ti u bng cch thc hin cc bc lp li sau: Cc trng s mi = cc trng s trc+(hng s)*(li trc)*(vector vo hin ti) Vi: li trc = ng ra mong mun trc ng ra thc trc
v hng s c th iu chnh bng thut ton iu khin thay i cc trng s b lc gia cc ln lin tip. Chng trnh lp cc bc trn hi t v nhiu k thut
71
khc nhau (nh cc thut ton gradient hay steepest decent) c th s dng gim thiu li. Khi t c hi t, thut ton thch nghi cht cc trng s b lc cho n khi tn hiu li vt qu mc cho php hoc cho n khi chui hun luyn mi gi i.
Hnh 4.14 : B cn bng tuyn tnh c bn Da trn l thuyt cn bng, hm tr gi thng thng nht l trung bnh bnh phng sai s (MSE) gia tn hiu mong mun v tn hiu ng ra ca b cn bng. MSE biu th bi E[e(k)e*(k)] v khi bn sao tn hiu pht c yu cu c ng ra ca b cn bng (ngha l khi dk c gn bng xk), chui hun luyn bit trc phi c pht tun hon. Khi pht hin ra chui hun luyn, thut ton thch ng my thu c th tnh v gim thiu hm tr gi bng cch thay i trng s. nghin cu b cn bng thch ng hnh trn, chng ta thng s dng vector v ma trn i s. nh ngha tn hiu vo b cn bng l vector yk vi:
yk = [ yk yk 1 yk 2 ... yk N ]
T
(4.51)
D thy rng ng ra ca b cn bng thch ng l mt v hng nh sau:

= y d nk k n k
n =0 N
(4.52)
T phng trnh (6), vector trng s l:

wk = [0 k 1k 2 k
... Nk ]
(4.53)
S dng phng trnh (4.51) v (4.52), phng trnh (4.53) c vit li nh sau:
72
= y T = T y d k k k k k
(4.54)
Nu ng ra b cn bng mong mun bit (ngha l dk=xk) th tn hiu li l:

= x d ek = d k d k k k
(4.55)
V t (4.54):
T ek = xk yk k = xk T k yk
(4.56)
tnh trung bnh bnh phng sai s |ek|2 ti thi im k, bnh phng phng trnh (4.56) ta c :
T T ek = xk2 + T k y k y k k 2 xk y k k
(4.57)
Ly gi tr k vng ca |ek |2 trn min k (thc t l php tnh trung bnh thi gian)
E ek
[ ] = E[x ]+ E[y y ] 2E[x y ]

2 2 k
T k
T k
T k
(4.58)
Ch rng cc trng s b lc k khng tnh trung bnh thi gian, v th, thun tin, chng ta gi s rng chng hi t v gi tr ti u v khng thay i theo thi gian. Phng trnh (4.58) s n gin nu xk v yk c lp. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng thc s tng qut ng v vector vo tng quan vi ng ra mong mun ca b cn bng (ni cch khc, b cn bng rt kh ly ra tn hiu mong mun theo thi gian). Thay v th, vector tng quan cho p gia p ng mong mun v tn hiu vo c nh ngha nh sau:
p = E [xk yk ] = E [xk yk xk yk 1 xk yk 2 ... xk yk N ]
T
(4.59)
v ma trn tng quan ng vo c nh ngha l ma trn vung R cp (N+1)x(N+1) vi :

yk2 y y * R = E yk yk = E k 1 k ... yk N yk
yk yk 1 yk21 ... yk N yk 1
yk yk 2 yk 1 yk 2 .... yk N yk 2
... yk yk N ... yk 1 yk N ... ... 2 ... yk N
(4.60)
Ma trn R i khi gi l ma trn sai bit ng vo (input covariance matrix). ng cho chnh ca R cha gi tr trung bnh bnh phng mi mu ng vo, v khi nim cho ch ra khi nim t tng quan c c t tn hiu vo ly mu b tr. Nu xk v yk l c nh th cc phn t trong R v p l cch thng k th hai khng i theo thi gian. S dng phng trnh (4.59) v (4.60), phng trnh (4.58) c th vit li nh sau:
73
Trung bnh bnh phng sai s = E xk + R 2 p

2
T
(4.61)
Bng cch cc tiu ha phng trnh (4.61) theo vector trng s k, phng trnh (4.61) dng chnh b cn bng thch nghi c c p ng ph bng phng (cc tiu ISI ) tn hiu thu c. iu ny c c khi tn hiu vo yk v p ng mong mun xk l c nh, trung bnh bnh phng sai s (MSE) l phng trnh bc hai theo k , v cc tiu ha MSE dn n gii php ti u cho k.
4.3.2 Cc gii thut cn bng thch nghi
Cc k thut cn bng truyn thng s dng mt khe thi gian dng cung cp tn hiu hun luyn, tn hiu ny c bit ti my thu, da vo mi quan h gia tn hiu hun luyn thu c v tn hiu hun luyn c c my thu. My thu s hiu chnh b cn bng c c cht lng knh truyn ti u. Nhng g b cn bng thch nghi thc hin l tin hnh cp nhp c bn nhng h s ca n vi k t ang n b cn bng. Nhng ti liu truyn thng v OFDM cha bao gi tht s cp vic s dng b cn bng thch nghi mt cch chnh thc bi v n tht s khng khai thc c nhng mt thun li ca k thut OFDM. Hai b cn bng thch nghi c tm hiu sau y hot ng trn min thi gian trn nhng k t di nn. Hu ht cc ti liu v OFDM u dng b cn bng hi tip quyt nh (Decision Feedback Equalizer_DFE) bao gm mt b lc ngang tin v mt b lc ngang hi tip (forward and backward transversal filter) nhng trong khun kh cun lun vn ny s khng cp n b cn bng DFE. y s quyt nh i su vo tm hiu hai gii thut cn bng thch nghi ni ting l LMS v RLS v tm ra nhng im thun li v bt li ca chng khi p dng vo cn bng cho knh truyn trong h thng OFDM. Gii thut th nht da vo phng php steepest descent. Gii thut th hai hnh thnh trn c s b lc Kalman.
4.3.2.1 Phng php Steepest descent
Phng php Steepest descent l mt k thut thch nghi da trn c s Gradient. hiu tng c bn, ta nh ngha mt hm tr gi (cost function) J kt hp vi trung bnh bnh phng li nh sau:
2 J = E [ e[n] e *[n]] = E e [ n ]
(4.62)
Trong e[n] l vector li. Thng th J l hm ca nhng h s ca b cn bng w, ngha l J(w). Ta c th biu din h s phc th k nh sau:
wk = ak + jbk ,
k=0,1,2.
(4.63)
iu ny cho php ta nh ngha ton t gradient nh sau:

74
k =
, +j ak bk
k=0,1,2
(4.64)
p dng ton t gradient vo hm tr gi J, ta c c vector gradient J cho phn t th k nh sau:
k J =
J J +j ak bk
k=0,1,2
(4.65)
By gi ta c th m t gii thut steepest descent nh sau:
1 w(n + 1) = w(n) J ( w) 2
Trong
(4.66)
l kch thc bc, w(n) l vector trng s ca b cn bng ti thi im
th n. Phng trnh (4.66) cho thy th tc quy trong vic cp nhp trng s ca b cn bng. Cu hi c t ra l lm th no tm J ( w) v thng s kch thc bc
dng lm g?
Ta c vector gradient c th biu din theo hm ca vector tng quan cho p v ma trn t tng quan R nh cc phng trnh sau:
J ( w) = 2 p + 2 Rw(n)
Trong :
H R = E x ( n) x ( n)
(4.67) (4.68)
Vi x(n) l vector ng vo b lc ti thi im th n. Ta c th thy rng R l ma trn tng quan c kch thc MxM ca x(n) vi chiu M. V:
p = E [ x ( n) d * ( n) ]
(4.69)
P l vector tng quan cho gm m phn t gia ng vo b lc v p ng mong mun d(n). Sau y ta s i vo tm hiu gii thut LMS
4.3.2.2 Gii thut LMS
Nh ta thy trong trng hp b lc Wiener, ta ph thuc rt nhiu vo hm tng quan cho RYX [ m] v hm t tng quan RXX [ m] v phi bit trc cc ma trn ny. Nhng trong nhiu trng hp ta khng th on u c lng chng c th c nh nhng trng s ca b lc. Hn na, nhng gi tr thng k thay i chm theo thi gian nn t ta c th xp x th v c nh gi tr trng s mt cch dn dn.
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Gii thut trung bnh bnh phng cc tiu LMS khng yu cu ta phi bm gi nhng ng ra ca b cn bng thc hin c lng thng k nhng vn c mt nhc im l vic thch nghi din ra chm. Gii thut LMS m ta thc hin yu cu phi c phc ha v nhng k t thu c trong min tn s pha thu (frequency downconverted symbols) c gi tr phc. Dng phc ca gii thut LMS c xut bi Widrow-McCool-Ball vo nm 1975. c th tm c gi tr ca vector gradient J ( w) ti thi im n mt cch chnh xc th yu cu phi bit trc ma trn tng quan R v vector tng quan cho p. V vy nhng g cn phi lm trong gii thut LMS l s dng nhng gi tr c lng tc thi ca R v p ri thay th chng vo phng trnh (4.67). Gi tr c lng tc thi ca R v p c nh ngha nh sau:
= x ( n) x H ( n) R
V
(4.70) (4.71)
= x(n)d *(n) p
Thay th (4.70) v (4.71) vo phng trnh (4.67) ta c:
( n) J ( w) = 2 x(n)d *(n) + 2 x(n) x H (n) w

K tip thay th ngc tr li phng trnh (4.66), ta c:
H ( n + 1) = w ( n) x ( n) ( n) w d *(n) x ( n) w
(4.72)
(4.73)
T nhng kt qu trn ta rt ra c 3 bc thc hin gii thut LMS: 1. Tnh ng ra b lc 2. Tnh ton li 3. Cp nhp trng s
H ( n) x ( n) y ( n) = w
e( n ) = d ( n ) y ( n )
(4.74) (4.75) (4.76)
( n + 1) = w ( n) + x (n)e *(n) w
y y(n) l ng ra ca b lc cn bng v e(n) l vector li th hin s khc nhau gia tn hiu mong mun v tn hiu c lc.
(n) thay v ly k vng thng k V ta thc hin php nhn tc thi gia e*(n) v x
nn gi tr xp x ca ta hu nh khng chnh xc. Nhng nu ta ch iu chnh mt lng nh h s ca b lc ti mi bc thi gian, ngha l nhn vi h s bc <1, khi c th t c gi tr trung bnh ca cc li xp x tc thi v cui cng h s ca b lc s dch chuyn chm dn hng n gi tr ti u. C nhiu bi bo vit v cch chn gi tr ca tr
nhng nhn chung th nu chn gi
ln th s tng tc hi t nhng cng s dn n xu hng dao ng xung

76
quanh nhng gi tr h s ti u. Thng thng khi mi bt u ta s chn gi tr ca ln v sau khi thut ton hi t th ta s chuyn qua dng gi tr nh hn. Thng s
c th c thit lp nh sau:
0< < 2 MS max
(4.77)
Trong : S max l gi tr mt ph cng sut cc i ca ng vo b lc x(n) v M l chiu di ca b lc.

4.3.2.3 Gii thut quy bnh phng nh nht RLS
Tc hi t ca thut ton LMS da trn gradient rt chm, c bit khi eigenvalue ca ma trn sai bit ng vo RNN tri rt ln, ngha l maz / min >>1. t c hi t nhanh hn, cc gii thut phc tp i hi thm nhng thng s khc. Cc gii thut c hi t nhanh hn da trn k thut bnh phng nh nht, i lp vi k thut thng k s dng trong gii thut LMS. l, hi t nhanh da trn php o sai s biu din trung bnh thi gian tn hiu thu c thc t thay v trung bnh thng k. Gii thut quy bnh phng nh nht (RLS) gip ci thin hi t ca b cn bng thch ng. Sai s bnh phng nh nht da trn trung bnh thi gian c nh ngha l:
J (n ) = n i e* (i, n )e(i, n )
i =1 n
(4.78)
vi l h s trng s gn bng 1, nhng nh hn 1, e*(i,n) l lin hp phc ca e(i,n), v sai s e(i,n) l: e( i,n) = x(i) yTN(i)N(n) v yN(i) = [y(i),y(i-1),,y(i-N+1)]T (4.79) (4.80)
vi yN(i) l vector d liu vo ti thi im i, v N(n) l vector li mi ti thi im n. Do , e(i,n) l sai s s dng li mi ti thi im n kim tra d liu c ti thi im i, v J(n) l sai s bnh phng ly tch ca nhng li mi trn tt c d liu c. Cch gii RLS l cn tm vector li ca b cn bng N(n) sai s bnh phng ly tch J(n) c cc tiu ha. N s dng tt c d liu trc kim tra nhng li mi. Thng s l h s gn trng s d liu, o tnh ca d liu mi trong vic tnh ton, v th J(n) c khuynh hng b qua d liu c trong mi trng khng n nh. Nu knh truyn tnh, c th gn bng 1.
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t c cc tiu sai s bnh phng nh nht J(n), gradien ca J(n) trong phng trnh (4.78) bng zero.
J (n ) = 0 N
(4.81)
S dng phng trnh (4.79) (4.81), rt ra RNN(n)N(n) = pN(n) vi N l vector li ti u ca b cn bng RLS.
T RNN (n ) = n i y * N (i ) y N (i ) i =1 n
(4.82)
(4.83) (4.84)
p N (n ) = n i x* (i ) y N (i )
i =1
Ma trn RNN(n) trong phng trnh (4.83) l ma trn tng quan quyt nh theo d liu vo ca b cn bng yN(i), v pN(i) trong phng trnh (4.84) l vector tng quan cho quyt nh gia cc ng vo ca b cn bng yN(i) v ng ra mong mun d(i), vi d(i) = x(i). tnh ton vector trng s b cn bng N s dng phng trnh (4.82), cn phi tnh R-1NN(n). T nh ngha RNN(n) trong phng trnh (4.83), chng ta c th thu c mt phng trnh quy biu din RNN(n) theo RNN(n-1) :
RNN (n ) = RNN (n 1) + y N (n ) y T N (n )
(4.85)
Ba bin trong phng trnh (4.85) u l nhng ma trn NxN, mt b nghch o ma trn c s dng rt ra vic cp nht quy cho R-1NN theo nghch o trc , R-1NN(n -1).
1 (n ) = RNN 1 1 (n 1) y N (n ) y T RNN 1 1 N (n ) RNN (n 1) ( ) 1 R n NN + (n )
(4.86) (4.87)
vi:
1 (n ) = y T N (n ) RNN (n 1) y N (n )
Da trn nhng phng trnh quy ny, cc tiu ha RLS dn n cc phng trnh cp nht trng s sau : N(n) = N(n-1) + kN(n) e*(n,n-1) vi
k N (n ) =
1 (n 1) y N (n ) R NN + (n )
(4.88)
(4.89)
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Gii thut RLS c th c tm tt nh sau :
u tin cho (0) = k(0) = x(0) = 0 , R-1(0)= INN, vi INN l ma trn ng nht NxN, v l hng s dng ln. Tnh c th tm tt qu trnh cp nhp trng s cho gii thut RLS thnh 5 bc: 1. Tnh ton ng ra ca b lc 2. Tnh ton li 3. Tnh vector li
(n ) = T (n 1) y (n ) d (n ) e(n ) = x(n ) d
k (n ) = R 1 (n 1) y (n ) + y T (n )R 1 (n 1) y (n )
(4.90) (4.91) (4.92)
4. Cp nhp ma trn tng quan ngc

R 1 (n ) = 1 1 R (n 1) k (n ) y T (n )R 1 (n 1) (n ) = (n 1) + k (n )e* (n )
(4.93) (4.94)
5. Cp nhp trng s
Trong phng trnh (4.93), l h s gn trng s c th thay i hiu sut ca b cn bng. Nu knh truyn khng thay i theo thi gian, c th cho bng 1. Thng cho 0,8<<1. Gi tr ca khng lm nh hng n tc hi t, nhng c tc dng xc nh kh nng ln theo ca b cn bng RLS. cng nh, kh nng ca b cn bng cng tt. Tuy nhin, nu qu nh, b cn bng s khng n nh. Gii thut RLS nh ni trn, gi l gii thut Kalman, s dng (2,5N2 + 4,5N) php ton s hc mi vng lp.
Tm li:
C mt s bin th ca cc thut ton RLS v LMS thch ng b cn bng. Ch rng cc gii thut RLS c hi t v c tnh ln theo tng t nhau, nhng tt hn nhiu so vi gii thut LMS. Tuy nhin, cc gii thut RLS ny thng yu cu tnh ton cao v cu trc chng trnh phc tp. Cng vy, mt vi gii thut RLS c khuynh hng mt n nh. Thut ton b lc ngang nhanh cn s php tnh t nht trong cc gii thut RLS, v c th s dng mt bin cu nguy trnh mt n nh.
4.3.3 Cc tiu chun dng nh gi hiu qu b cn bng
Hiu sut ca gii thut c nh gi theo cc chun sau :

* Tc hi t: l s ln lp li cn thit ca gii thut, vi ng vo khng hay i, hi t n gn ng gii php ti u. Tc hi t nhanh cho php gii thut thch ng nhanh mi trng tnh cha c thng k. Hn na, n cho
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php gii thut ln theo thay i c tnh thng k khi hot ng trong mi trng khng n nh.
* mt iu chnh: thng s ny cung cp php o nh lng tng s gi tr cui cng ca trung bnh bnh phng sai s, trung bnh ton b cc b lc thch ng, phng sai ca trung bnh bnh phng sai s nh nht ti u. * phc tp tnh ton : l s php tnh cn thit hon thnh vng lp ca gii thut. * Cc c tnh s : Khi mt gii thut thc hin bng s, sai s s xut hin v lm trn nhiu, v sai s c trng trong my tnh.Cc loi sai s ny nh hng n tnh n nh ca gii thut.
Trong thc t, gi phi tr cho vic tnh ton, cng sut budget, v c tnh truyn v tuyn chi phi vic la chn cu trc b cn bng v gii thut cho n. Trong cc ng dng v tuyn cm tay, cng sut pin ti thu bao c xem xt hn c, nh thi gian m thoi cn phi t ti a. Cc b cn bng ch c thc hin nu chng c th cho php tng mi lin kt ng thi m bo nng lng v gi c. Cc c tnh knh truyn v tuyn v thit b thu bao s dng cng l vn then cht. Tc di chuyn ca di ng xc nh tc fading knh truyn v tri Doppler, nh hng trc tip n thi gian ph hp ca knh truyn. Vic la chn gii thut v tc hi t tng ng ca n, ph thuc vo tc d liu knh truyn v thi gian ph hp. tri tr thi gian k vng ti a ca knh truyn quyt nh s khi s dng trong vic thit k b cn bng. B cn bng ch c th cn bng trn khong tr nh hn hoc bng tr ti a trong cu trc b lc. V d, nu mi thnh phn tr trong b cn bng cho php tr 10s, v b cn bng s dng bn thnh phn tr to thnh b cn bng nm khi, do tri tr ti a c th cn bng thnh cng l 4x10s = 40s. Truyn tri tr a ng vt qu 40s khng th cn bng. V phc tp mch in v thi gian x l tng theo s khi v cc thnh phn tr, do bit c s ti a cc thnh phn tr l rt quan trng trc khi la chn mt cu trc b cn bng v gii thut ca n.
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Chng 5 : ng dng ca k thut OFDM
Chng 5 NG DNG CA K THUT OFDM

5.1 H thng DRM
l h thng pht thanh s thay th cho h thng pht thanh iu tn truyn DRM thng AM. Tn s sng mang cho h thng DRM tng i thp, c th l nh hn 30 MHz, ph hp cho vic truyn sng khong cch ln. Mi trng truyn sng ca h thng l knh truyn a ng c s tham gia phn x ca mt t v tng in li nh m t hnh 8.1. Phm vi ph sng ca DRM do vy rt ln, c th l a quc gia hoc lin lc a. Do s dng k thut s v cng ngh OFDM, cht lng tn hiu ca h thng DRM tng i tt.
Hnh 5.1: Mi trng truyn sng ca h thng DRM Hnh 5.2 m t s khi ca h thng DRM, trong h thng c th truyn ti c d liu v m thanh v cc dch v khc. Vic s dng m ha knh cho php sa li pha thu. Cc tham s c bn ca h thng: - B rng bng tn B=9.328 kHz - di FFT N FFT =256 - di chui bo v TG = 5.3ms - S sng mang s dng truyn tin N C =198
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Hnh 5.2: S khi h thng DRM
T m hnh knh truyn dn ta thy knh truyn dn c tr truyn dn ln, c ngha l knh tng i ph thuc vo tn s. Tn s Doppler tng i nh so vi khong cch gia hai sng mang. H thng DRM c thit k ch cho cc my thu tnh hoc xch tay. iu ny khc hn so vi h thng DAB, h thng ny c thit k cho c cc my thu c tc chuyn ng tng i ln nh t, tu ha, v.v
5.2 Pht thanh s DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting)

DAB l h thng s dng thng mi u tin ca k thut OFDM. S pht trin ca DAB bt u vo nm 1987 v a vo s dng dch v U.K v Thy in vo nm 1995. DAB l mt s thay th cho pht thanh qung b FM, bng vic cung cp m thanh s cht lng cao v nhng dch v thng tin. DAB s dng k thut OFDM bi v kh nng chng c truyn a ng. Nhng h thng qung b hot ng vi mt khong cch truyn rt di (20-100 km), dn n multipath l vn chnh xy ra trong ng truyn, v hiu ng multipath ny l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra ISI. DAB c 4 mode truyn s dng cc thng s OFDM khc nhau c lit k trong bng 5.1.
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Bng 5.1 : Thng s truyn DAB cho mi Mode.
Thng s
Mode truyn I II 1.536 MHz DQPSK 1.5 GHz 384 250 s 62 s 312 s 24 km III 1.536 MHz DQPSK 3 GHz 192 125 s 31 s 156 s 12 km IV 1.536 MHz DQPSK 1.5 GHz 768 500 s 123 s 623 s 48 km
Bng thng iu ch Tn s sng mang S sng mang ph Khong k hiu Khong bo v Thi gian tng k hiu
1.536 MHz DQPSK 375 MHz 1536 1000 s 246 s 1246 s
Khong cch ti a gia 96 km cc trm pht trong mng SFN
Kh nng chng li multipath ca k thut OFDM cho php s dng mng n tn SFN (Single Frequency Network), mng ny s dng nhng trm lp ph sng mt vng rng ln hn m vn t c hiu qu ph. Trong phng php qung b FM truyn thng, nhng thnh ph cnh nhau phi s dng nhng tn s RF khc nhau cho cng mt trm v tuyn, trnh multipath gy ra bi nhng tn hiu qung b lp li ti cng mt tn s. Tuy nhin, vi DAB, n c th s dng cng tn hiu qung b ti mi vng yu cu c bao ph, loi b vic phi s dng nhng tn s khc nhau ti nhng vng ln cn. Trong mng n tn SFN, mt my thu nhn cng mt tn hiu t mt vi trm khc nhau, do gi tr tri tr trong mng SFN l rt ln. i vi cc h thng n sng mang th kh lng m gii quyt c vn ny. Tuy nhin i vi OFDM th vn ny c th c gii quyt bng cch chn khong bo v ln hn gi tr tri tr cc i ca mng SFN. Trong DAB, tn hiu audio c m ha vi tn s 48 kHz (so vi a CD l 44.1 kHz) v phn gii 22bit/mu. Lung s sau c nn xung cn 32 n 384 kbps ph thuc vo cht lng mong mun. Tn hiu c chia thnh cc khung 24
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ms. Bt u mi khung l cc k hiu Null vi thi khong ln hn mt cht so vi thi khong ca k hiu OFDM. Sau mt k hiu OFDM tham kho c gi i phc v cho vic gii iu ch DQPSK my thu. D liu ng vo c m ha vi b m chp tc 1/4, chiu di hu hn bng 7 v c phn tn nh b phn tn khi (block interleaver) trnh nh hng ca li chm, sau c iu ch OFDM pht qua knh truyn.
Bng 5.2 : Cc chun truyn dn khng dy s dng OFDM.
Chun DAB
ngha
Di tn
Tc (Mbps) 0.008 0.384
ng dng Pht thanh qung b Truyn hnh s qung b Mng v tuyn Truy nhp thoi/Internet
Pht thanh s FM qung b Truyn hnh s UHF qung b LAN v tuyn 5.2 GHz
DVB-T
3.7 32
IEEE 802.11a IEEE 802.16.3
6 54 0.5 12
Truy nhp v 21 GHz tuyn c nh
5.3 Truyn hnh s mt t DVBT (Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial)

5.3.1 Truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T
Chu u, da vo s thnh cng ca DAB, Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) a ra tiu chun v truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T vo nm 1996. Bng 5.3 biu din 2 mode c nh ngha trong DVB-T. Nm 1998, DVB-T c s dng u tin UK (United Kingdom) vi vic s dng mng li a tn MFN (multifrequency network), mode 2K, phng php iu ch 64 QAM, khong bo v 7 s, m chp Rc = 2/3, v tc truyn 24.13 Mbps. Trong DVB-T, vic thc hin mode 8K phc tp hn, khin chi ph my thu t tin hn. Nhng thi khong k t di (896 s) v khong bo v ln cho kh nng thu tn hiu rt tt, ngay c khi c sng phn x t rt xa. iu ny khng ch cho php thu di ng, m cn to iu kin cho vic xy dng mng n tn SFN trong mt phm vi rng. Vic thc hin mode 2K n gin hn, cho php gim gi thnh ca my thu.
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Nhng khong bo v nh s lm gim cht lng ca tn hiu thu c khi c sng phn x t xa. V vy khng ph hp vi mng n tn.
Bng 5.3 : Cc thng s ca DVB-T.
Mode truyn Bng thng S lng sng mang iu ch Khong k hiu c ch (ts)
2k 7.61 MHz 1705 QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM 224 s
8k 7.61 MHz 6817
896 s 1.116 kHz
Khong cch gia cc 4.464 kHz sng mang ph (f) Khong bo v (TG) ts/4 ts/8 ts/16 ts/32 56s 28s 14s 7s FEC (m trong) FEC (m ngoi) Interleaving(phn tn) Tc truyn C/N
ts/4 ts/8 ts/16 ts/32 224s 112s 56s 28s
M chp R = 1/2, 2/3,3/4, 5/6, 7/8 M Reed-Solomon (204,188) Phn tn bit trong min thi gian - tn s 4.98 31.67 Mbps 3.1 dB 20.1 dB
M hnh m phng h thng truyn hnh s mt t bng Simulink trong matlab :
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Hnh 5.3 : M hnh m phng h thng DVB-T trong matlab.

5.3.2 in thoi di ng trong h thng truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T
Song song vi s pht trin ca cc loi hnh dch v nh GSM, CDMA, th dch v truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T v ang pht trin rt mnh m, phn no p ng c nhu cu ca ngi s dng hin ti v trong tng lai. Gn y c nhng tp on ln hot ng trong lnh vc thng tin cho ra i loi in thoi di ng c th thu c truyn hnh s mt t. C s hot ng ca loi in thoi di ng ny l: Th nht l gii m tun theo nguyn tc ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) nh chip vi x l mRD61530 LSI cho php thu phn on tng phn. y l mt trong nhng phng php iu ch m Vit Nam, Nht Bn, v cc nc Chu u ang p dng trong truyn hnh s mt t. Th hai l v bng tn : ch yu bng tn nm trong di tn UHF t knh 13 n knh 62. Th ba l h thng ghp knh : h thng ghp knh MPEG-2. Th t l m ha hnh tun theo chun MPEG-4 (vn cn ang trong thi gian th nghim), cn m ha ting tun theo chun MPEG-2. in thoi di ng DVB-T s dng ng xung (downlink) nh h thng DVB-T. in thoi di ng dng trong truyn hnh s mt t s dng OFDM c nhng u im ni bt l : nhy cao, kh nng thu di ng tt, trnh c nhiu sang cc
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knh bn cnh, loi b c hin tng fading a ng, cho php thu c hnh nh; m thanh cng nh truy cp Internet tc cao. Tc d liu c th ln ti 15 Mbps nu nh s dng bng tn 8 MHz v iu ch 64-QAM. Loi in thoi di ng ny c th cho php thu c c mng n tn (SFN) cng nh mng a tn (MFN). lm c iu ny, my di ng c th la chn da trn 3 thng s c bn sau : kiu iu ch, t l m ha v khong bo v. Trong thng tin di ng, v d nh h thng GSM hay CDMA ngi ta thng n hiu ng dch tn Doppler cng nh fading, nhng trong h thng DVB-T th vn ny ngi ta c th khc phc d dng nh khong bo v trong h thng OFDM. Bng 5.3 th hin cc chun truyn dn khng dy s dng OFDM . Bng vic chn cc khong bo v trc tn hiu OFDM cho php my di ng c th loi b c ting vang v kh nng thu k c khi c hin tng Doppler cng s tt hn. Cn khi ni n li, in thoi di ng tnh n hai kiu li l li sau gii m Viterbi v li im. Trong h thng DVB-T cho php li sau gii m Viterbi l 2.10-4 v sau gii m RS l 2.10-11, iu ny c ngha l s c mt bit li trong khong 5 gi vi tc d liu 5 Mbps. i vi li im, n cho php nh gi c cht lng hnh nh v thng da vo thng s SFP (subjective failure point). Mt iu cng cn phi ni ti y l mi my thu di ng s dng mt sng mang dn ng (c gi l k t pilot). S lng ca cc pilot ty thuc vo kiu pilot trong h thng OFDM. Tm li, in thoi di ng trong DVB-T s lm thay i ln trong cuc sng hng ngy ca chng ta. Trong tng lai khng xa, bn c th ngi trn xe t cng c th xem c truyn hnh s, c th nhn tin bng in thoi di ng qua mng DVB-T trong khi xe ca bn chy vi tc 360 km/h. in thoi DVB-T cng s cung cp nhiu dch v i hi tc cao nh hnh nh, m thanh v truy cp Internet hay cc h thng a phng tin tc cao. Hn na, bn cng c th ngi nh ch vi mt chic in thoi di ng cng c th t v my bay, v tu hay chi game qua mng DVB-T.
Bng 5.4 : Cc thng s chnh trong chip vi x l mRD61530 LSI.
Tc ly mu Chu k chip S lng im FFT S lng sng mang ph
20 MHz 50 ns 64 52
87
S lng sng mang d liu ph S lng sng mang pilot ph Chu k k t OFDM Tin s vng Chu k k t FFT Kiu m ha Tc d liu (Mbps)
48 4 4 s (80 chip) 0.8 s (16 chip) 3.2 s (64 chip) BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54
5.4 Dch v qung b s mt t ISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting- Terrestrial)

Nht, Hip hi cng nghip v thng mi v tuyn ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses) a ra tiu chun v dch v qung b s mt t ISDBT vo thnh 6 nm 2000. Bng 5.5 biu din 3 mode c nh ngha trong ISDB-T cho truyn hnh v bng 5.6 cho truyn thanh. Dch v ny c a vo s dng thng mi vo nm 2003. So snh bng 5.3 (tiu chun truyn hnh s mt t Chu u DVB-T) v bng 5.5 (tiu chun truyn hnh s mt t Nht ISDB-T) : s lng sng mang ph trong DVB-T hi t hn ISDB-T so vi bng thng ln hn. DVB-T ch s dng phng php iu ch kt hp (coherent), cn ISDB-T khng nhng s dng phng php iu ch kt hp m cn s dng phng php iu ch vi sai. Trong ISDB-T, bng thng s dng hp hn v s dng nhng b tch vi sai c thit k cho thu di ng bi v chng c th chng li tt fading chn lc tn s vi SNR thp. Tm li, ISDB-T c kh nhiu im ging vi DVB-T, cng s dng k thut OFDM, ISDB-T thc cht l mt bin th ca DVB-T.
Bng 5.5 : Cc thng s ca ISDB-T (truyn hnh).
Mode truyn Bng thng (MHz) S sng mang ph
Mode 1 5.575 1405
Mode 2 5.573 2809
Mode 3 5.572 5617
88
iu ch Khong k t c ch (ts)
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, DQPSK 252s 504s 1.984 kHz 1008s 0.992kHz
Khong cch sng mang 3.968 kHz ph (f) Khong bo v (TG) ts/4 (63s) ts/8 (31.5s) ts/16 (15.75s) ts/32 (7.875s) FEC (m trong) FEC (m ngoi) Interleaving(phn tn) Tc truyn C/N
ts/4 (126s) ts/8 (63s) ts/16 (31.5s) ts/32 (15.75s)
ts/4 (252s) ts/8 (126s) ts/16 (63s) ts/32 (31.5s)
M chp R = 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 M Reed-Solomon (204,188) Phn tn bit trong min thi gian - tn s 3.65 23.2 Mbps 3.1 dB 20.1 dB
Bng 5.6 : Cc thng s ISDB-T (truyn thanh).
Mode truyn Bng thng
Mode 1 429 kHz* 1.27 MHz**
Mode 2
Mode 3
S sng mang ph
109* 325**
217* 649**
433* 1297**
iu ch Khong k t c ch(ts)
QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, DQPSK 252s 504s 1.984 kHz 1008s 0.992kHz
Khong cch sng mang 3.968 kHz ph(f)
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Khong bo v(TG)
ts/4 (63s) ts/8 (31.5s) ts/16 (15.75s) ts/32 (7.875s)
ts/4 (126s) ts/8 (63s) ts/16 (31.5s) ts/32 (15.75s)
ts/4 (252s) ts/8 (126s) ts/16 (63s) ts/32 (31.5s)
FEC(m trong) FEC(m ngoi) Interleaving(phn tn) Tc truyn
M chp R = 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 M Reed-Solomon (204,188) Phn tn bit trong min thi gian - tn s 280.8 840 Kbps
( * 1-segment transmission, ** 3-segment transmission ).
5.5 H thng HiperLAN/2 (IEEE802.11a)

H thng HiperLAN/2 tng ng vi tiu chun IEEE802.11a c thit k cho mng my tnh khng dy WLAN. Tc truyn dn ln nht h thng c th cung cp c vo khong 54 Mbits/s ty thuc vo mi trng truyn dn. B rng bng tn s dng l 20 MHz v c khai thc vng tn s khong 5 GHz. Mi trng trng truyn dn l trong nh v gia cc ta nh. Khong cch truyn dn tng i nh khong vi mt n vi trm mt. Cc tham s c bn ca h thng c lit k nh sau: - B rng bng tn: B=20 MHz - di FFT: N FFT =64 - Chu k ly mu ta =
1 =50ns B
- di chui bo v TG = 0.4 s i vi mi trng truyn dn trong nh v khong 0.8 s i vi mi trng truyn dn ngoi tri.
5.6 H thng WiMax (IEEE 802.16 a, e)

WiMax[IEEE-1] ra i nhm cung cp mt phng tin truy cp Internet khng dy tng hp c th thay th cho ADSL v WLAN. H thng WiMax c kh nng cung cp ng truyn vi tc ln n 70 Mbps v vi bn knh ca mt trm anten pht
90
ln n 50 km. M hnh ph sng ca mng WiMax tng t nh mng in thoi t bo. Mt h thng WiMax nh m t hnh 5.4 gm 2 phn: - Trm pht: ging nh cc trm BTS trong mng thng tin di ng vi cng sut ln c th ph sng mt vng rng ti 8000 km .
2
- Trm thu: c th l cc anten nh nh cc Card mng cm vo hoc c thit lp sn trn Mainboard bn trong cc my tnh, theo cch m WLAN vn dng.
Hnh 5.4: M hnh truyn thng ca WiMax Cc trm pht BTS c kt ni ti mng Internet thng qua cc ng truyn tc cao ring hoc c th c ni n mt BTS khc nh mt trm trung chuyn bng ng truyn thng (line of sight), v chnh v vy WiMax c th ph sng n nhng vng rt xa Cc anten thu/pht c th trao i thng tin vi nhau qua cc tia sng truyn thng hoc cc tia phn x. Trong trng hp truyn thng LOS (line of sight), cc anten c t c nh trn cc im cao, tn hiu trong trng hp ny n nh v tc truyn c th t ti a. Bng tn s dng c th dng tn s cao n 66 GHz v tn s ny tn hiu t b giao thoa vi cc knh tn hiu khc v bng thng s dng cng ln hn. i vi trng hp c vt chn NLOS (Non line of sight), WiMax s
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dng bng tn thp hn, 2-11 GHz, tng t nh WLAN, tn hiu c th vt qua cc vt cn thng qua phn x, nhiu x, un cong, vng qua cc vt th n ch. H thng WiMax c cc c im chnh sau: - Khong cch gia cc trm thu v pht c th ln n 50 km. - Tc truyn c th thay i, ti a 70 Mbps. - Hot ng trong c hai mi trng truyn dn: ng truyn tm nhn thng LOS v ng truyn che khut NLOS. Di tn lm vic 2-11 GHz v t 10-66 GHz hin v ang c tiu chun ha.
- Trong WiMax hng truyn tin c chia thnh hai ng ln v xung. ng ln c tn s thp hn ng xung v u s dng cng ngh OFDM truyn. OFDM trong WiMax s dng ti a 2048 sng mang, trong c 1536 sng mang dnh cho thng tin c chia thnh 32 knh con mi knh con tng ng vi 48 sng mang. WiMax s dng iu ch nhiu mc thch ng t BPSK, QPSK n 256-QAM kt hp cc phng php sa li d liu nh ngu nhin ha, vi m sa li Reed Solomon, m xon t l t 1/2 n 7/8 . - rng bng tn ca WiMax t 5 MHz n trn 20 MHz c chia thnh nhiu bng tn con 1.75 MHz. Mi bng con ny c chia nh hn na nh cng ngh OFDM, cho php nhiu thu bao c th truy cp ng thi mt hay nhiu knh mt cc linh hot m bo ti u hiu qu s dng bng tn. Cng ngh ny gi l cng ngh a truy cp OFDMA (OFDM access). Cho php s dng c hai cng ngh TDD (Time Division Duplexing) v FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) cho vic phn chia truyn dn ca hng ln (uplink) v hng xung (Downlink).
- V cu trc phn lp, h thng WiMax c phn chia thnh 4 lp: Lp con tip ng (Convergence) lm nhim v giao din gia lp a truy nhp v cc lp trn, lp a truy nhp (MAC layer), lp truyn dn (Transmission) v lp vt l (Physical). Cc lp ny tng ng vi hai lp di ca m hnh OSI v c tiu chun ha c th giao tip vi nhiu ng dng lp trn.
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5.7 Th h thng tin di ng 4G

So snh vi cc th h di ng 2G, 3G th 4G ni tri hn v bng tn (2-8 GHz) v tc d liu trn 20 Mbps. Chun 4G s dng phng php iu ch a sng mang, c 2 loi khc nhau ca MCM dng cho 4G l MC-CDMA v OFDM dng TDMA. MC-CDMA l s kt hp ca OFDM v CDMA, cc user c ghp knh vi m trc giao phn bit vi nhau. Trong MC-CDMA, mi thu bao c th dng vi m, ni d liu c tri rng trn min thi gian hay min tn s. Trong OFDM vi TDMA, thu bao dng cc khe thi gian truyn ti d liu. S khc nhau gia hai phng php ny c th c nhn thy trong phng php iu ch c s dng trn sng mang ph. MC-CDMA dng QPSK, trong khi OFDM s dng TDMA c th dng phng php iu ch a mc cao nh M-QAM (M t 4 ti 256).
5.8 Nhng ng dng khc

5.8.1 IEEE802.11g
Chun IEEE 802.11b c kh nng truyn d liu vi tc 11 Mbps trong bng tn 2.4 GHz, c gi l bng tn ISM thuc lnh vc cng nghip, khoa hc v y t. nng cao tc trong bng tn ISM ny, nm 2002 IEEE a ra tiu chun IEEE 802.11g h tr truyn tc ln ti 56 Mbps, v lp vt l ca chun ny cng tng t nh 802.11a.
5.8.2 IEEE 802.11h
Chu u, bng tn 5.15 5.35 GHz v 5.45 5.725 GHz c s dng cho HIPERLANs, mt s bng tn yu cu cho vic truyn cng sut iu khin TCP (transmission power control) v s chn la tn s dynamic DFS (dynamic frequency selection) tn ti cng vi nhng h thng rada. Do , chun IEEE 802.11a khng th p dng trc tip c. to ra h thng LAN khng dn da trn IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11 a ra mt chun mi gi l IEEE 802.11h c p dng trong TCP v DFS.
5.8.3 IEEE 802.16a
IEEE 802.16a l chun c p dng cho nhng mng li trong trung tm MANs (metropolitan area network), chun ny s dng truy cp khng dy bng thng rng, c a ra thay th cho nhng h thng truy cp bng dy nh cable modem v ng thu bao s (DSL). Tiu chun IEEE 802.16a hon thnh vo cui nm 2002, s dng bng tn 2 ti 11 GHz. IEEE 802.16a c 3 dng c bit sau :
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WirelessMAN-SC2 : s dng phng php iu ch n sng mang. WirelessMAN-OFDM : s dng k thut OFDM c 256 sng mang ph, phng php truy cp TDMA. WirelessMAN-OFDMA : s dng phng php truy cp OFDM (OFDMA) vi 2048 sng mang ph. H thng ny thc hin a truy cp bng cch dng a sng mang ph trn mi my thu c nhn. H thng cng s dng kiu tri ph nhy tn trnh giao thoa.
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Chng 6 M PHNG
hn mm m phng Matlab 7.0 dng m phng k thut iu ch OFDM v cc phng php c lng v cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn c tm hiu trong phn thc tp tt nghip. Tn hiu pht l file vn bn, file m thanh v file hnh nh (khi chn Pushbutton Truyn file) hoc c th l chui bit ngu nhin ( khi chn Pushbutton Cn bng hoc Pushbutton c lng).
Hnh 6.1 : S khi tng qut m phng h thng OFDM.

Pushbutton Truyn file : D liu l file vn bn (*.txt), m thanh (*.wav), hnh nh (*.bmp) c c t mt file ty , sau c chuyn thnh chui d liu nh phn, chui d liu nh phn c cho qua khi pht OFDM, tn hiu nhn c l tn hiu OFDM bng gc dng phc. Sau , cho tn hiu qua knh truyn v cng nhiu AWGN. pha thu tn hiu thc hin ngc li so vi pha pht v kt qu c ghi vo file result (c phn m rng l ui .txt hoc .wav hoc .bmp). Pushbutton Cn bng hoc Pushbutton c lng : D liu vo l chui bit ngu nhin, chui d liu nh phn c cho qua khi pht OFDM, tn hiu nhn c l tn hiu OFDM bng gc dng phc. Sau cho tn hiu qua knh truyn v cng nhiu AWGN. Bn thu, tn hiu thc hin ngc li so vi bn pht. Tn hiu b nhiu qua knh truyn v tn hiu sau khi p dng gii thut c lng hoc cn bng thch nghi s c v ln trn biu chm sao thy c s phn tn ca tn hiu khi b fading v s hi t khi c cn bng.
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6.1 Gii thiu cc khi

6.1.1 Khi c d liu v chuyn thnh chui nh phn
Khi ny c nhim v c file (vn bn, m thanh, hnh nh), sau chuyn d liu thnh chui nh phn ni tip. Cc tn hiu ny c m ha 8 bit. File *.txt : Xt chui LVTN gm 4 k t, m ha 8 bit s to thnh chui nh phn 32 bit ni tip. LVTN M ASCII: 76 86 84 78 M nh phn: A = [ 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0] File *.wav : s dng hm wavread(filename) c d liu t mt file *.wav (d liu m thanh ny c gi tr thuc khong [-1,1]), sau d liu ny c chuyn thnh gi tr thp phn c gi tr trong khong [0,255] v c m ha 8 bit. Nh vy, mi mu thuc [-1,1] c m ha thnh gi tr nh phn 8 bit. File *.bmp : s dng hm imread(filename). Nu file nh c dng grayscale, d liu l ma trn 2 chiu (s hng, s ct). Nu l dng nh mu, d liu nhn c l ma trn 3 chiu (s hng, s ct, 3). Sau , d liu s c m ha 8 bit thnh chui nh phn ni tip.
6.1.2 Khi pht OFDM
D liu vo l chui bit nh phn ni tip, d liu ra l tn hiu OFDM bng gc (dng phc). D liu OFDM bng gc sau c a n knh truyn.
Hnh 6.2 : S khi pht OFDM. Khi S/P : c nhim v chuyn d liu nh phn t ni tip sang song song, s dng hm reshape(bits, n, 1), n l vect hng: biu din s bit trong Bits input. Khi QAM mapping : khi ny c nhim v iu ch tn hiu QAM bng gc. S dng hm dmodce(symbols,1,1,qam, M_ary), vi symbols l ma trn tn hiu nh phn (s hng : s symbol QAM, s ct : s bit trong mt symbol QAM), M_ary : dng iu ch QAM.
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V d : vi chui d liu trn, sau khi qua khi S/P v QAM mapping (16QAM) c dng :
3.0000 3.0000 - 3.0000 3.0000 B= - 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 + 1.0000i + 3.0000i + 1.0000i - 1.0000i + 1.0000i + 1.0000i + 1.0000i - 3.0000i
Khi Insert pilot: nu bn thu c s dng c lng hoc cn bng thch nghi knh truyn th khi ny c s dng. C 2 dng insert pilot, pilot dng khi v pilot dng lc ( khi dng cc gii thut c lng ), chn chui hun luyn ( khi dng cc gii thut cn bng thch nghi) . Pilot dng khi : tn hiu pilot c insert c dng :
X [n] = A e jn
2
/N
vi n = 0, 1, , N-1
Vi N : s sng mang con, A : bin ca symbol hun luyn. Chui hun luyn ny c mt c tnh quan trng l bin i IFFT ca n s to thnh chui c bin l hng s. Do , tn hiu pilot truyn c t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh bng 1 trong min thi gian. Cc pilot c insert trn tt c cc sng mang con ca mt symbol OFDM. Trong phn m phng, chu k ca khi pilot l Dt = 4. Pilot dng lc : cc pilot c insert ng nht vi d liu, s pilot c insert ty thuc vo t s gia pilot v s sng mang con. Chu k k t pilot trong mi k t OFDM : Df = 4. Chui hun luyn : n c chn ln mi sng mang con , n l chui bit thng thng v c bit trc ti ni thu, s lng k t hun luyn c nhp t Training Symbol v khong t 5 n 10 k t Khi IFFT : s dng hm ifft(X,n). Vi X : tn hiu sau iu ch QAM, mi symbol QAM s c gn vo mt sng mang con (tng ng vi mt mu IFFT), trng hp s sng mang con nh hn s im IFFT th nhng mu IFFT khng c s dng s c thit lp bng zero; n l kch thc khi IFFT.
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Khi P/S : chuyn i d liu t song song sang ni tip. S dng hm: reshape (X,1,n). Khi Add Cyclic Prefix : c nhim v chn khong bo v. Thi khong bo v l Tguard . Nh vy, d liu sau khi qua b P/S v cng thm khong bo v s to thnh tn hiu OFDM bng gc. Thi khong ca mt k t OFDM l : TSymbol = TFFT + Tguard.
6.1.3 Khi knh truyn
Phn m phng c tin hnh thc hin trong 3 mi trng truyn sng: indoor (vmax = 3 km/h), pedestrian (vmax = 30 km/h), vehicular (vmax = 250 km/h). Nhng thng s lin quan ca tng mi trng c lit k trong phn ph lc. Knh truyn chu nh hng ca multipath Rayleigh fading, s dng hm rayleighchan(ts, fd, tau, pdb) trong matlab (ts : thi gian ly mu [s], fd : dch Doppler max [Hz], tau : vect thi gian tr [s], pdb : vect li cng sut (dB)). Sau khi chu nh hng ca multipath Rayleigh fading, tn hiu chu thm nh hng ca nhiu AWGN. Nhiu AWGN c thc hin bng hm awgn(outsignal, snr, 'measured','dB'). Vi outsignal l tn hiu sau khi qua knh truyn multipath Rayleigh fading, snr t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut nhiu sau khi b suy hao do khong bo v (mc suy hao : 10log10((NFFT+G)/NFFT), NFFT : s im FFT, G: s khong bo v).
6.1.4 Khi thu OFDM
Hnh 6.3 : S khi thu OFDM khi s dng c lng Tn hiu vo l tn hiu t knh truyn, tn hiu ra l chui bit nh phn ni tip. Tn hiu nh phn ny sau c a n khi chuyn bit nh phn thnh dng d liu pht. Khi Remove Cyclic Prefix : c nhim v loi b khong bo v. Khi FFT : s dng hm fft(X) chuyn tn hiu min thi gian sang min tn s vi X l tn hiu sau khi c loi b khong bo v.
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Khi Channel estimation : ty theo dng pilot c insert bn pha pht l dng lc hay khi, t bn thu s dng gii thut tng ng c lng. Nu bn pht khng insert pilot th bn thu khng s dng khi ny. c lng dng khi : gm 2 gii thut c lng : - LS. - MMSE. c lng dng lc: p ng knh truyn ti nhng tn s pilot s c c lng theo gii thut LS. Sau , p ng knh truyn ti nhng tn s mang d liu c ch s c xc nh bng cc phng php ni suy t nhng gi tr p ng knh truyn c c lng ti nhng sng mang pilot. Trong chng trnh m phng ny s thc hin m phng 4 phng php ni suy sau: - Linear. - Second order. - Lowpass : s dng hm interp(H_pilot,Pilot_Distance), H_pilot: p ng knh truyn ti nhng tn s pilot, Pilot_Distance : chu k pilot. - Spline cubic : s dng hm spline(x,H_pilot,xx), x: ch s pilot, H_pilot : p ng knh truyn ti nhng tn s pilot, xx : ch s ca p ng knh truyn.
X k,l
Tx Data Serial to Parallel . . . . IFFT . . . . Parallel to Serial xn,l D/A Up conversion Channel Down conversion Serial yn,l to Parallel A/D x ( t)
e j (2 fct )
Transmitter
Rx Data
Y k,l
Parallel to Serial . . . . OneTap EQ . . . . FFT . . . .
e j[2 ( fc + f )t ]
Receiver
Hnh 6.4 : S khi pht thu OFDM khi s dng cn bng thch nghi One-Tap
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Khi One-Tap EQ: Khi ny s dng cc gii thut cn bng thch nghi RLS, LMS cn bng tn hiu da vo chui k t hun luyn c chn t bn pht. Khi De-QAM mapping : c nhim v gii iu ch QAM bng gc, c thc hin bng hm ddemodce(d,1,1,QAM, M_ary), vi d l tn hiu sau khi c c lng knh truyn.
6.1.5 Khi chuyn i nh phn thnh d liu v hin th kt qu
Chui nh phn t khi thu OFDM c chuyn thnh dng d liu u vo (vn bn, m thanh, hnh nh). File *.txt : d liu nh phn ni tip c chuyn thnh dng m ASCII v c lu vo file result.txt. File *.wav : s dng hm wavwrite(input,11025,8,filename), d liu c ly mu vi tn s Fs = 11025 Hz, m ha 8 bit. filename : file m kt qu c lu vo (file result.wav). File *.bmp : s dng hm imwrite(output, filename), vi output l tn hiu nh phn, filename : tn file kt qu c lu vo (result.bmp).
6.2 Lu gii thut

6.2.1 Bn pht
Trong chng trnh m phng cc lu ch khc nhau gii thut s dng c lng hoc cn bng v mc ch hin th tn hiu ln biu chm sao hay truyn file m cc khi cui ca mi lu c th khc nhau. Hnh 6.5 : Lu gii thut bn pht khi chn c tin hnh thc hin c lng hoc cn bng bn thu.
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Begin Load d liu Chuyn d liu thnh chui nh phn Bin i chui nh phn t ni tip sang song song
Ly cc thng s nhp vo: * S im FFT * S sng mang con * M-QAM * Khong bo v
iu ch M-QAM
No
Cn bng Yes Chn k t hun luyn
Bin i IFFT
To khong bo v
Parallel To Serial End
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6.2.2
Knh truyn
Hnh 6.6: Lu gii thut knh truyn
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6.2.3
Bn thu
Begin (tn hieu t kenh truyen) Remove khoang bao ve
Chuyen d lieu t noi tiep sang song song Bien oi FFT
No
c lng ? Yes Extract pilot
Giai ieu che M-QAM Chuyen d lieu nh phan t song song sang noi tiep
Chuyen chuoi bit nh phan thanh dang d lieu ban au
Lu ket qua
End
Hnh 6.7 : Lu gii thut bn thu khi c lng
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Begin
Remove khong bo v
Chuyn d liu t ni tip sang song song Bin i FFT No
Cn bng Yes Tch k t hun luyn
Gii iu ch M-QAM
Chuyn d liu nh phn t song song sang ni tip
Chuyn d liu nh phn thnh dng d liu ban u
End
Hnh 6.8 : Lu gii thut bn thu khi dng cn bng
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6.3 Giao din chng trnh
Pushbutton Cn bng: s m ra giao din CN BNG c th nhp cc thng s m phng v gii thut cn bng. Pushbutton c lng : s m ra giao din C LNG c th nhp cc thng s m phng v gii thut c lng. Pushbutton Truyn file: s m ra giao din TRUYN FILE c th nhp cc thng s m phng v truyn file qua knh truyn.
Ba giao din khi click vo ba nt trn s c ln lt trnh by di y.
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Pushbutton Thot : khi c click, chng trnh s hin th thng bo :
Nu click yes th s thot khi giao din GIAO DIN CHNH. Click no th chng trnh tr li bnh thng.
Gii thch hot ng :
Panel Input :(Ch c trong giao din TRUYN FILE, cc giao din khc khng c v d liu vo khi l bit ngu nhin). C 3 radiobutton (Text, Sound, Image) chn loi tn hiu m phng. Pushbutton () chn file, ng dn ca file c chn s hin th trong pop-up menu file.
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Panel Settings : Edit Fc : gi tr tn s RF, n c nh hng ti dch Doppler. Gi tr mc nh l 5 GHz, nu mun thay i th nhp gi tr vo . Khi gi tr nhp khng phi l s dng s hin th thng bo li :
Edit Bandwidth : gi tr bng thng tng, n c nh hng ti chu k ly mu tn hiu. Gi tr mc nh l 20 MHz, nu mun thay i th nhp gi tr vo . Khi gi tr nhp khng phi l s dng s hin th thng bo li :
Edit NFFT : s im FFT mc nh l 64, nu mun thay i s im FFT th nhp gi tr vo . Khi ni dung nhp khng phi l s nguyn dng s hin th thng bo li :
Edit numcarr : s sng mang ph mc nh l 52, nu mun thay i th nhp gi tr vo . Khi ni dung nhp khng phi l s nguyn dng s hin th thng bo li :
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Edit M-QAM : biu din phng php iu ch. Phng php mc nh l 4QAM. Nu mun thay i (16-QAM, 64-QAM, ) th nhp gi tr vo . Khi gi tr nhp khng hp l s hin th thng bo li :
Edit Guard : biu din khong bo v, gi tr mc nh l 0, khi mun thay i th nhp gi tr vo . Nu gi tr nhp khng phi l s nguyn dng s hin th thng bo li :
Panel Channel : Checkbox AWGN Noise : nu chng trnh m phng c xt n nh hng ca nhiu AWGN th tick vo , khi edit SNR s enable v c th nhp gi tr SNR cn m phng vo . Checkbox Multipath : nu c tick, knh truyn s chu nh hng ca multipath Rayleigh fading. Khi , edit Velocity, 3 radiobutton (indoor, pedestrian, vehicular) s enable. Edit Velocity biu din vn tc di chuyn ca mobile. Nu chn radiobutton Indoor: mi trng m phng l indoor; radiobutton Pedestrian : mi trng thuc v i b (tng t nh mi trng thnh th); radiobutton Vehicular : mi trng vehicular.
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Panel Equalizer : Khi checkbox ny c chn, chng trnh m phng s dng cc gii thut cn bng thch nghi. Trong c pop-up menu Aglorithm cho php chn gii thut LMS hoc RLS, hai editbox Training Symbol v Stepsize cho php nhp cc gi tr bng tay. S Training Symbol l s k t hun luyn, gi tr step size l h s trong gii thut LMS, hoc l gi tr
(h s qun) trong gii thut RLS.
Panel Estimation : Nu checkbox Estimation khng c chn, m phng khng s dng c lng knh truyn. Ngc li, m phng s s dng c lng knh truyn. Khi s dng c lng knh truyn, 2 radiobutton (Block, Comb) s trng thi enable. Nu radiobutton Block c chn, pop-up menu Block s enable v c th chn mt trong 2 gii thut c lng dng khi (LS, MMSE) m phng. Nu radiobutton Comb c chn, pop-up menu Comb s tch cc v c th chn mt trong 4 phng php ni suy (Linear, Second Order, Lowpass, Spline Cubic) c lng. Panel Execution : Pushbutton Pause : khi click, chng trnh ang chy s tm ngng v ch cho n khi mt nt (hoc phm) bt k c click. Pushbutton Reset : nu click, cc thng s v giao din tr v trng thi ban u nh phn giao din m phng trn. Pushbutton Ber : s hin th th Ber theo SNR ca tn hiu bit tng ng vi file v cc thng s c thit lp trn giao din. SNRmin = 0 dB v SNRmax = 25 dB. Pushbutton Close : nu c click, n s hin th thng bo :
Nu click yes, chng trnh s thot giao din m phng. Click No hoc Cancel, chng trnh s tr li bnh thng. Pushbutton RUN :Nu c click , chng trnh s bt u thc hin m phng h thng OFDM , kt qu hin th gm c:
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- Biu chm sao tn hiu OFDM qua knh truyn b nhiu tn x v tn hiu sau khi c cn bng hoc c lng. - Tng s bit pht, bit li. Pushbutton OFDM : nu c click, chng trnh s thc hin m phng h thng OFDM. Cc kt qu c hin th bn phn Results gm : - Dng ph tn hiu OFDM trc v sau khi qua knh truyn. - Tng s bit pht, bit li. - Nu truyn file vn bn : hin th 2 pushbutton Open lin kt ti tn hiu pht v thu. - Nu truyn file m thanh: hin th dng sng m thanh pht v thu, 2 pushbutton Play nghe m thanh tn hiu pht v thu. - Nu truyn file hnh nh : hin th hnh nh gc v hnh nh thu c sau c truyn qua h thng OFDM. Text thi gian: hin th thi gian thc hin qu trnh m phng. Text Ready: khi hin th Ready!, chng trnh ang trong trng thi chun b v ch c m phng. Nu chng trnh ang chy m phng, text ny s hin th Running!, v khi hon thnh m phng s hin th Complete!.
6.4 Kt qu m phng vi cc gii thut cn bng (giao din CN BNG)

6.4.1 Cn bng thch nghi dng gii thut RLS * Nhn xt ( cho ba hnh di v gii thut RLS)
- Khi tc ca thit b di ng tng ln , tn s doppler tng t l li tng ln (t 0 bit li ln 115) - trong cng mt iu kin v=3km/h gii thut RLS hot ng kh n nh khi h s thay i, nhng vi v=15km/h th =0.9 cho kt qu tt hn v trong gii thut RLS th cng ln cng tt ( nh hn 1).
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6.4.2
Cn bng thch nghi dng gii thut LMS
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Chng 6 : M phng
* Nhn xt ( cho ba hnh trn v gii thut LMS):
- Vi gii thut LMS h s Step size kh quan trng, n quyt nh b cn bng hot ng c hiu qu hay khng, vi LMS ngi ta thng chn gi tr step size nh. Trong 3 hnh trn gi tr step size tng t 0.2; 0,25; 0,4 khi s bit li ln lt l 0 ; 3761 ;17431. - Trong cng iu kin gii thut LMS thng c tc thc thi nhanh hn gii thut RLS do phc tp trong tnh ton thp hn, nhng v cht lng th b RLS cho t l li thp hn. - Hnh di y thc hin vi vn tc v=15 km/h khi s bit li l 135 vi gii thut LMS , v s bit li l 115 vi gii thut RLS
6.5 Kt qu m phng vi cc gii thut c lng knh truyn ( giao din

C LNG) Khi thc hin m phng vi cng iu kin khi m phng cc gii thut cn bng thch nghi ta c nhng nhn xt sau gia cn bng v c lng:
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Chng 6 : M phng
- Cc gii thut c lng chy vi thi gian lu hn (khong 15 giy) so vi cc gii thut cn bng (khong 7 giy), iu ny hp l v cc gii thut c lng phi tnh ton nhiu hn, tnh ton trn tng symbol OFDM (vi c lng dng lc) hoc theo block chu k Dt =4 (vi c lng dng khi ). Trong khi gii thut cn bng ch cn cc h s cn bng, c c khi ang ch hun luyn, v s dng cc h s cho chui d liu theo sau. - Cc gii thut cn bng cho s bit li thp hn (khong 100 bit li) , c lng khong trn 500 bit li vn tc v= 15 km/h. Nh vy i vi knh truyn bin i nhanh theo thi gian th dng khi dng b cn bng thch nghi s tt hn l dng c lng knh truyn. Cc nhn xt ny c rt ra t hai hnh di y :
117
Chng 6 : M phng
6.5.1
So snh kt qu c lng khi dng cc mc iu ch khc nhau
118
Chng 6 : M phng
119
Chng 6 : M phng
Nhn xt :
- Trn cc hnh trn thc hin vi gi tr M-QAM khc nhau, khi s mc M-QAM tng th s bit li tng v khi cc im trn biu chm sao gn nhau hn, c t l li chp nhn c ta phi tng SNR. Nhng b li thi gian m phng nhanh hn v s symbol d liu t li (mi symbol khi l 3 hoc 4 bit thay v 2 bit nh trong trng hp 4-QAM). - Trong mi trng knh truyn bin i chm th trong cng iu kin m phng nh nhau th cc gii thut c lng dng khi (LS , MMSE) cho t l li thp hn cc gii thut c lng dng lc.
6.5.2 nh hng ca khong bo v
Vi cc khong bo v , h thng c th chng li ISI. V khi tri tr ca knh truyn ch nh hng ln khong bo v m thi. Thng thng th khong bo v cng nhiu cng tt, nhng phi ph hp tr cc i ca knh truyn v khng lm mt mt qu nhiu SNR ca h thng. Hai hnh di y cho thy nh hng ca khong bo v , vi G=5 s bit li l 388 nhng khi tng G=10 th s bit li l 92.
120
Chng 6 : M phng
6.6 Kt qu m phng truyn cc file (giao din TRUYN FILE)

6.6.1 Truyn file vn bn Trng hp 1 : knh truyn l tng (khng c nhiu AWGN v multipath)
121
Chng 6 : M phng
Trng hp 2 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, khng c lng
Trng hp 3 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, c lng dng khi (gii thut LS)
Trng hp 4 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, c lng dng lc (ni suy Lowpass)
122
Chng 6 : M phng
Trong c 4 trng hp trn, tn hiu pht c ly t file transmit.txt, nu mun hin th ni dung th click vo pushbutton Open bn phn tn hiu pht, chng trnh s lin kt v m file c chn. Tn hiu thu c lu trong file result.txt, mun xem ni dung vn bn thu c th click vo pushbutton Open bn phn tn hiu thu v file ny s c m. OFDM Spectrum biu din th ph tn hiu OFDM trc khi qua knh truyn (bn phn Transmit) v sau khi qua knh truyn (bn Receive), trc honh biu din tn s ca sng mang con (c chun ha theo s im FFT), trc tung biu din bin ca tn hiu OFDM (dB).
Nhn xt :
Trng hp 1 : tn hiu c truyn trn knh truyn l tng, khng b nhiu AWGN, multipath v Doppler. Do , tn hiu thu ging vi tn hiu pht, ph trc khi qua knh truyn v sau khi qua knh truyn hon ton ging nhau. Trng hp 2 : knh truyn c nhiu AWGN, multipath v bn thu khng c c lng : NFFT = 64, numcarr = 52, iu ch 4-QAM, khong bo v G = 10, t s cng sut tn hiu trn nhiu SNR = 20 dB. Vy mc suy hao SNR do khong bo v gy ra : SNRloss = 10 log10
NFFT + G 0.63 (dB) NFFT
123
Chng 6 : M phng
v = 3 (km/h), f = 5 (GHz), c = 3 10 8 (m/s). Suy ra tn s Doppler cc i : fdmax =

v
v f 3(km / h) 5(GHz ) = 13.9 (Hz) c 3 10 8 (m / s )
Mi trng truyn l Indoor (knh truyn B trong bng 1 phn ph lc): Do b nh hng ca nhiu AWGN, multipath, dch Doppler, bn thu khng c c lng nn tn hiu nhn c b sai nhiu (tng bit pht : 304, s bit li : 140), dng ph ca tn hiu OFDM trc v sau khi qua knh truyn c s khc nhau. Trng hp 3 : tng t nh trng hp 2. Tuy nhin, bn thu s dng gii thut LS trong c lng dng khi c lng knh truyn. Khi s dng c lng knh truyn, t l li bit gim (trong trng hp ny s bit li l 0). Trng hp 4 : tng t nh trng hp 3, nhng bn thu s dng phng php ni suy Lowpass trong c lng dng lc c lng knh truyn.
6.6.2
Truyn file m thanh
Trng hp 1 : knh truyn l tng (khng c nhiu AWGN v multipath)
124
Chng 6 : M phng
Trng hp 3 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, c lng dng khi (gii thut MMSE)
Trng hp 4 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, c lng dng lc (ni suy Second order)
125
Chng 6 : M phng
Trong c 4 trng hp, tn hiu pht c ly t file Hello.wav, nu mun nghe m thanh ca file ny th click vo pushbutton Play (bn Transmit). Tn hiu thu c lu trong file result.wav, nu mun nghe m thanh kt qu th click vo pushbutton Play (bn Receive). 2 th ph cng tng t nh file vn bn. th Transmit : v dng sng m thanh ca tn hiu pht (trc honh biu din th t mu, trc tung biu din bin ). th Receive : v dng sng m thanh ca tn hiu thu c. Nu qu trnh truyn khng b li, th dng sng tng t vi bn Transmit. Ngc li, nu c hin tng li xy ra, dng sng s khc vi bn Transmit.
Nhn xt :
Trng hp 1, 2 : tng t vi tn hiu vn bn. Trng hp 3, 4 : c hin tng bit li (do s bit truyn nhiu hn file vn bn, nn kt qu nh gi chnh xc hn).
6.6.3 Truyn file hnh nh
Trng hp 1 : knh truyn l tng (khng c nhiu AWGN v multipath)
126
Chng 6 : M phng
127
Chng 6 : M phng
Trng hp 3: knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, c lng dng khi (gii thut LS)
Trng hp 4 : knh truyn c nhiu, multipath, v = 0 (km/h) c lng dng khi (LS)
128
Chng 6 : M phng
Nhn xt :
Trng hp 1 : tng t nh truyn file vn bn. Trng hp 2 : knh truyn c nhiu AWGN, multipath, v = 10 (km/h), Fd =46,3 Hz v bn thu khng c c lng : do khng c c lng nn tn hiu thu b li rt nhiu (S bit pht : 517920, s bit li : 221927). Trng hp 3 : cc thng s tng t nh trng hp 2. Tuy nhin, bn thu s dng gii thut LS trong c lng dng khi c lng knh truyn. S bit li gim ng k so vi trng hp 2 (s bit li : 14940). Tuy s bit li trong trng hp ny ln nhng t hnh thu c ta thy cht lng vn chp nhn c , c th li ri vo tn s cao ca nh, n khng cha nhiu thng tin quan trng ca nh. Trng hp 4 : knh truyn khng b nh hng bi s dch Doppler (fdmax = 0) nn s lng bit li gim ng k so vi trng hp 3 (s bit li : 1616).
6.7 Xem xt nh hng ca cc loi nhiu ln h thng

Trong chng trnh m phng s dng ba loi nhiu : nhiu trng, multipath v Doppler, cc hnh m phng di y s cho thy cc loi nhiu s nh hng nh th no n biu chm sao ca tn hiu.
129
Chng 6 : M phng
Trong hnh trn ta xt h thng ch c nhiu trng, d dng nhn thy rng nhiu trng s lm cho tn hiu b nhe ti v tr ng ca n, nhng t lm xoay pha tn hiu, nhiu trng c th loi b bng cch tng t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR). Khi m phng ta thy rng cc gii thut cn bng v c lng ch hot ng hiu qu vi hin tng multipath v doppler, hin tng lm xoay pha tn hiu rt ln v bin thin bin . Nu gi s rng trn knh truyn khng c nhiu trng, cc gii thut cn bng c th hot ng tt vi vn tc doppler ln. Cc nhn xt trn c rt ra t hai hnh di y. * Nu ch c multipath v doppler, tn hiu d dng c cn bng :
* Gii thut RLS hoc LMS hot ng rt hiu qu vi doppler ln.
130
Chng 6 : M phng
6.8 Kt qu m phng BER theo SNR ca cc gii thut v cc yu t khc

6.8.1 nh hng ca khong bo v
Thng s m phng : Bng thng : B = 20 MHz. Suy ra thi gian ly mu : ts = 1/B = 50 (ns). Tn s sng mang : fc = 5 GHz. S im FFT : NFFT = 64. S sng mang con : numcarr = 52. Vn tc mobile: v = 3 (km/h). Tn s dch Doppler cc i : fdmax = Mi trng : Indoor (knh truyn B). iu ch : 16-QAM. Gii thut c lng : LS(dng khi).
vf 14 c
131
Chng 6 : M phng
Hnh 6.9 : th BER vi khong bo v khc nhau. Nhn xt: Knh truyn m phng c tri tr cc i max = 700 (ns) (tng ng vi 14 mu). Khi khong bo v nh hn max th tn hiu b ISI, do t l li bit cao (G = 0, 4, 8). Khong bo v ln hn max th loi b hon ton ISI nn gim t l li bit (G = 16, 20). Tuy nhin, nu khong bo v qu ln (G = 20) s lm suy hao SNR ca h thng, dn n t s BER li tng. Nh vy, vic chn khong bo v ph hp vi tri tr knh truyn cc i l cn thit.
6.8.2 nh hng ca phng php iu ch
Thng s m phng : Bng thng : B = 20 MHz. Tn s sng mang : fc = 5 GHz. S im FFT : NFFT = 64. S sng mang con : numcarr = 52. Vn tc mobile: v = 3 (km/h). Mi trng : Indoor (knh truyn B). Khong bo v : G = 16. Gii thut c lng : LS(dng khi).
132
Chng 6 : M phng
Hnh 6.10 : th BER vi phng php iu ch khc nhau Nhn xt : ng vi nguyn l iu ch QAM, M-ary cng ln th xc sut li i vi tn hiu thu cng cao, iu ny do khng gian gc pha gia cc im IQ s cng nh khi M tng. Do , khi ng dng nguyn l iu ch c M-ary ln th i hi SNR phi cao c t s BER chp nhn c.
6.8.3 nh hng ca s sng mang con mang d liu
Thng s m phng : Bng thng : B = 20 MHz. Tn s sng mang : fc = 5 GHz. S im FFT : NFFT = 64. iu ch : 16-QAM. Vn tc mobile: v = 3 (km/h). Mi trng : Indoor (knh truyn B). Khong bo v : G = 16.
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Chng 6 : M phng
Gii thut c lng : LS(dng khi).
Hnh 6.11 : th BER vi s sng mang con mang d liu khc nhau. Nhn xt : S sng mang con mang d liu cng ln th t l li bit cng tng, iu ny ph hp vi l thuyt. Tuy nhin, nu s dng s sng mang t so vi s im FFT th s gim hiu sut truyn.
6.8.4 Xem xt cc gii thut c lng trong cc mi trng
Chng trnh m phng theo thng s ang nghin cu ca IEEE 802.16e, xem xt h thng c nh v di ng trong OFDM (256 im FFT). Thng s m phng : Bng thng : B = 5 MHz. Tn s sng mang : fc = 2.6 GHz. S im FFT : NFFT =256. S sng mang con : numcarr = 256.
134
Chng 6 : M phng
iu ch : 16-QAM. Khong bo v : G = 26. Suy ra, thi gian ly mu ts = 1/B = 0.2 (s).
Mi trng Indoor : Xt knh truyn B trong bng 1 phn ph lc, tri tr cc i max = 700 (ns), vn tc dch chuyn cc i vmax = 3 (km/h). Vn tc m phng v = 3 (km/h). Suy ra, fdmax 7.2 (Hz).
Hnh 6.12 : th BER theo SNR vi cc gii thut c lng khc nhau trong mi trng Indoor.
Mi trng Pedestrian : Xt knh truyn B trong bng 2 phn ph lc, tri tr cc i max = 3.7 (s), vn tc dch chuyn cc i vmax = 30 (km/h). Vn tc m phng v = 30 (km/h). Suy ra, fdmax 72.2 (Hz).
135
Chng 6 : M phng
Hnh 6.13 : th BER theo SNR vi cc gii thut c lng khc nhau trong mi trng Pedestrian.
Mi trng Vehicular : Xt knh truyn B trong bng 3 phn ph lc, tri tr cc i max = 5.2 (s), vn tc dch chuyn cc i vmax = 250 (km/h). Vn tc m phng v = 100 (km/h). Suy ra, fdmax 240.7 (Hz).
136
Chng 6 : M phng
Hnh 6.14 : th BER theo SNR vi cc gii thut c lng khc nhau trong mi trng Vehicular. Nhn xt : Trong 3 trng hp trn, nu bn thu s dng c lng knh truyn s cho kt qu tt hn nhiu so vi khng c lng. Bao gm 2 phng php c lng c m phng : dng khi v dng lc. Dng khi : gm 2 gii thut : LS v MMSE. Kt qu cho thy t s BER ca gii thut MMSE thp hn. Dng lc : s dng gii thut LS c lng ti nhng tn s pilot, sau dng cc phng php ni suy c lng p ng knh ti tn s sng mang d liu. Gm 4 phng php ni suy : linear (tuyn tnh), second order (bc 2), lowpass, spline cubic. Trong , ni suy lowpass cho kt qu tt nht. Ni suy spline cubic so vi ni suy linear v second order, trong mi trng pedestrian v vehicular, spline cubic cho kt qu ni suy tt hn. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng indoor, n cho kt qu ni suy km hn. V : mi trng indoor c p ng knh truyn thay i chm theo thi gian (so vi pedestrian v vehicular), nn i vi ni suy spline cubic (ni suy smooth gia hai im) s gy ra li nhiu hn.
137
Chng 6 : M phng
6.8.5
Nhn xt chung
Thng qua l thuyt v m phng, knh truyn s gy ra nhiu nh hng ln tn hiu truyn nh : ISI, ICI, fading, . . . Vic chn mt khong bo v ph hp gip cho h thng chng c ISI hon ton v hn ch s suy hao SNR b gy ra bi khong bo v. Thng thng khong bo v c chn khng vt qu 1/4 s im FFT suy hao do n gy ra nh hn 1 (dB). Kt qu cho thy bn thu s dng c lng cn bng knh truyn s thu c kt qu tt hn nhiu so vi khng s dng c lng hoc cn bng. Do , vic c lng knh b cho nhng suy hao do nhiu, Doppler, fading . . . gy ra trong knh truyn lm suy hao bin v s mt trc giao sng mang con l rt quan trng, nu c lng knh hoc cn bng thch nghi knh tt s gip ci thin c cht lng ca h thng. Vic c lng v cn bng knh truyn cho kt qu tng i tt (nh m phng), h thng thc t cn s dng cc phng php m ha knh( v d nh m chp v gii m bng Viterbi) ; phn tp tn hiu (inter-leaving) s gip ci thin t l li bit tt hn na. Trong 2 phng php m phng dng pilot trong c lng dng khi v lc, i vi nhng knh truyn thay i nhanh, phng php c lng dng lc cho kt qu tt hn nhiu so vi dng khi, iu ny do kh nng bm theo knh truyn ca phng php dng lc tt hn.
i vi c lng dng khi, gii thut MMSE cho kt qu tt hn so vi gii thut LS. V MMSE s dng s tng quan gia p ng knh truyn vi tn hiu thu, s tng quan ca tn hiu thu. Tuy nhin, vic p dng n s phc tp hn so vi LS. i vi c lng dng lc, ni suy lowpass cho kt qu tt hn cc ni suy cn li, v n ni suy gia nhng gi tr gc (p ng knh c lng ti tn s pilot) MSE gia nhng im ni suy v nhng gi tr gc tng ng l nh nht. Ni suy bc 2 cho kt qu tt hn ni suy tuyn tnh, do ni suy bc 2 s dng ti 3 tn hiu chun thc hin ni suy, trong khi ni suy tuyn tnh ch s dng 2 tn hiu chun. i vi nhng knh truyn thay i rt chm th spline cubic cho kt qu khng tt (do c tnh gii thut ca spline cubic), khi knh truyn thay i nhanh hn th n cho kt qu tt hn so vi ni suy tuyn tnh; bc 2. Tuy nhin, nhng gii thut c kt qu tt th li phc tp hn trong thit k v thi cng, do , vic ng dng ni suy lowpass s c s phc tp hn nhiu so vi nhng phng php ni suy khc (nh tuyn tnh, bc 2).
Vic nghin cu cc phng php c lng khc nhau i vi knh truyn thay i chm hay nhanh (thay i ngay trong mt k t OFDM) cho php chng ta a ra nhng gii php tt hn cho vic cn bng gia tnh hiu qu v phc tp ca cc gii thut c lng.
138
Chng 6 : M phng
Nh vy, ty theo tng ng dng (nh WLAN, truyn hnh s, pht thanh s, di ng . . .), mi trng (nhiu, fading nhanh hay chm) c th s c nhng phng php, nhng thng s (nh khong bo v, s im FFT, s sng mang con, nguyn l iu ch . . .) v gii thut c lng ph hp gip cho cht lng thu chp nhn c m vn m bo s ng dng trong thc tin.
139
Chng 7 : Kt lun v hng pht trin ti
Chng 7 KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI

7.1 Kt lun
hng qua ton b cun lun vn ny, chng em trnh by vn tt lch s pht trin, u v nhc im chnh, l thuyt c bn ca k thut iu ch OFDM, bn cnh l m hnh knh truyn trong thng tin v tuyn v nhng nh hng m n gy ra cho nhng tn hiu truyn qua. ng thi trong phn chnh ca lun vn chng em trnh by cc phng php c lng knh truyn da vo cc kiu sp xp Pilot khc nhau v phng php cn bng thch nghi cho knh truyn OFDM dng gii thut LMS v RLS. Trong phn m phng, chng em tin hnh truyn cc dng tn hiu nh hnh nh, vn bn qua tng mi trng knh truyn Indoor, Pedestrian v Vehicular sau pha thu s ln lt dng tng phng php c lng v cn bng khi phc li knh truyn, cn bng tn hiu thu c. Cui cng rt ra nhn xt v tin hnh so snh hiu qu cc phng php ny vi nhau.
7.2 Hn ch ca ti
Trong phn l thuyt c th cn mt s ni dung trnh by cha r rng, hp l. Trong phn m phng, i vi phng php cn bng thch nghi, chng em ch mi thc hin cn bng 1-tap cho tng gii thut LMS v RLS. Cn khi nng ln cn bng bng nhiu tap th chng trnh vn cha cho c kt qu hp l. Bn cnh phn m phng vn cha thc hin c khi m ha v xo trn d liu c th ci thin c th BER pha thu.
7.3 Hng pht trin ca ti
Tin hnh khc phc nhng hn ch m trong khun kh cun lun vn ny cha thc hin c. ng thi c th i su vo nghin cu b cn bng ng dng cho mt s h thng thc t s dng k thut OFDM: H thng truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T, WiMax Tm li, vi nhng c im ni tri nh tit kim bng thng, kh nng chng nhiu ISI, dch tn s, truyn d liu tc cao OFDM v ang chng t c nhng u im ca mnh trong cc h thng vin thng trn thc t, c bit l trong pht thanh, truyn hnh s v c trong thng tin di ng.
140
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Kamran Arshad, Channel estimation in OFDM systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Master Thesis, August 2002 [2] Eric Lawrey Be, Adaptive Techniques for Multiuser OFDM, Ph.D Thesis, 2001. [3] Cheng-Xiang Wang, Nguyn Vn c.(2006). B sch k thut thng tin s (Tp 1), Cc bi tp Matlab v thng tin v tuyn. Nh Xut Bn Khoa Hc v K Thut. [4] Nguyn Vn c. (2006). B sch k thut thng tin s (Tp 2), L thuyt v cc ng dng ca k thut OFDM. Nh Xut Bn Khoa Hc v K Thut . [5] Sinem Coleri, Mustafa Ergen, Anuj Puri, Ahmad Bahai. A Study of Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems. [6] Ben Fellows, Channel Estimation Techniques for OFDM, University of California, Riverside, March, 2007 [7] Alan C. Brooks, Stephen J. Hoelzer.(2001). Design and Simulation of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Signaling. Final Report. [8] Ramjee Prasad. (2004). OFDM for Wireless Communications Systems. Universal personal communications, Artech House, Boston, London.
[9] Shinsuke Hara, Ramjee Prasad. (2003). Multicarrier Techniques for 4G Mobile Communications. Universal personal communications, Artech House, Boston, London.
[10] Ahmad R. S. Bahai, Burton. R. Saltzberg. Multi-Carrier Digital Communications Theory and Applications of OFDM. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. [11] Alfonso Luis Troya Chinchilla. Synchronization and Channel Estimation in OFDM: Algorithms for Efficient Implementation of WLAN Systems. Ph.D Thesis, Faculty of Informatics at the Brandenburgische Technische Universitat (BTU) Cottbus. [12] Sebastian Prot, Kent Palmkvist. TSTE91 System Design, Communications System Simulation Using Simulink, Part V OFDM by IFFT Modulation. Electronic Systems, Department of Electrical Electronic, LiTH
141
Ti liu tham kho
[13] T Hng H. Tm hiu k thut ghp knh theo tn s trc giao. n mn hc 1. Khoa in-in T, i hc Bch khoa Tp.H Ch Minh. http://www-mtl.mit.edu/~perrott http://www.skydsp.com/publications http://www.matworks.com
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Uoc Luong Va Can Bang Thich Nghi Cho Kenh Truyen Trong Hthong OFDM

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Chng 1: Gii thiu v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chng 1 GII THIU V K THUT IU CH OFDM

Chng 1: Gii thiu v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chng 1: Gii thiu v k thut iu ch OFDM

1.3 S ng dng ca k thut OFDM Vit Nam

Chng 1: Gii thiu v k thut iu ch OFDM

1.4 Cc hng pht trin trong tng lai

1.5 Cc ct mc v ng dng quan trng ca OFDM

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chng 2 L THUYT V K THUT IU CH OFDM

Hnh 2.1 : Tch 2 vect trc giao bng 0

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Hnh 2.3 : Tch phn cc sng sin c cng tn s

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Hai hm thc f(t) v g(t) c gi l trc giao (orthogonal) vi nhau trn on { t 0, t1 }

Nu f(t) v g(t) l hai hm phc, tnh cht trn c nh ngha l :

0 vi m, n 0 , m n v k nguyn dng, ngha l :

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

2.2 Biu thc ca tn hiu OFDM

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Tn hiu pht ra cho mi symbol OFDM t thi im t = n thi im t = Ts l :

: h s biu din cho sng mang.

2.3 To tn hiu OFDM

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Hnh 2.6 : iu ch OFDM.

2.4 M hnh h thng

Hnh 2.7: M hnh h thng OFDM 2.4.1 M ho knh truyn

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chuyn i Serial/Parallel v Parallel/Serial

Hnh 2.10: a) H thng n sng mang b) OFDM vi f =

S Cmax = B log 2 1 + [bps ] N

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

* BPSK s dng 1 symbol c 1 bit 0 hoc 1 s xc nh trng thi pha 0 hoc

180O , tc Baud hay tc symbol s bng tc bit Rsymbol = Rb

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

C = 2 B log 2 M trong B l bng thng ca knh truyn. Do ta khng th tng

Es : nng lng 1 symbol Ts : rng mt symbol f c : tn s sng mang

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Pha ca sng mang c gi tr l 1 trong M gc pha:

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Hnh 2.14 : S iu ch DBPSK

Hnh 2.15: Chui bit vo v pha ca sng mang tng ng

Hnh 2.16: S gii iu ch DBPSK

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

X[k]= Re X[k] + j Im X[k] Th (2.17) vo (2.16):

2.4.6 Chn khong bo v (Guard Interval Insertion v Guard Interval Removal)

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

TG max nh m t hnh 2.19, th phn b chng ln tn hiu gy nhiu ISI ch nm

Hnh 2.19: M t ng dng ca chui bo v trong vic chng nhiu ISI

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM

Direct Delay Sampling period

Hnh 2.20 : Tri tr nh hn khong bo v s khng gy ra ISI v ICI.

Chng 2: L thuyt v k thut iu ch OFDM