Bi ging: X l s tn hiu

Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC
Ni dung:
3.1 Tn hiu ri rc
3.1.1 Cc cch biu din tn hiu ri rc
3.1.2 Mt s tn hiu ri rc c bn
3.1.3 Phn loi tn hiu ri rc
3.1.4 Cc php x l trn tn hiu ri rc
3.2 H thng ri rc ri rc
3.2.1 M t h thng ri rc
3.2.2 Phn loi h thng ri rc
Bi tp

5/22/2010

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC

3.1 Tn hiu ri rc:

x(n): mu th n ca tn hiu x ; -h< n <h.
3.1.1 Cc cch biu din tn hiu ri rc:
Dng hm:
Dng bng:
n
x(n)

-2 -1 0

1 2 3 4 5 .

0 1 4 1 0 0 .

Dng chui s:
Dng th:

5/22/2010

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.1 Tn hiu ri rc (tt):

(n)

3.1.2 Mt s tn hiu ri rc c bn:

Tn hiu xung n v:

1; n = 0
x(n) = (n) =
0; n 0

-1

5/22/2010

u(n)

-1

r(n)
1

Tn hiu dc:

n; n 0
x(n) = r (n) =
0; n < 0

Tn hiu bc:

1; n 0
x(n) = u (n) =
0; n < 0

-1

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.1 Tn hiu ri rc (tt):

3.1.2 Mt s tn hiu ri rc c bn (tt):
Tn hiu hm m thc:

5/22/2010

x ( n ) = a n , n

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.1 Tn hiu ri rc (tt):

3.1.3 Phn loi tn hiu ri rc:
a.Tn hiu nng lng v tn hiu cng sut:
Nng lng ca mt tn hiu:

0 < Ex <

Nu

Ex =

x(n)

n =

: x(t) l tn hiu nng lng

V d 1: Hy cho bit tn hiu sau c phi l tn hiu nng lng khng?

1 n
; n 0
x(n ) = 3
n
2 ; n < 0

Li gii:
Ex =
=

n =

x(n )

n =

n =

5/22/2010

x(n )

2n

n=0

1

3

x(n )

n=0

2n

35
< x(n):tn hiu nng lng
24

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.1.3 Phn loi tn hiu ri rc:

a.Tn hiu nng lng v tn hiu cng sut (tt):
Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu:
+N
1
2
(
)
Px = lim
x
n

N 2 N + 1
n= N

Nu

0 < Px <

: x(t) l tn hiu cng sut

V d 2: Hy cho bit tn hiu sau c phi l tn hiu cng sut khng?

x(n ) = A e
Li gii:

j 0 n

+N
1
Px = lim
Ae j 0 n

N 2 N + 1
n= N
+N
1
= lim
A

N 2 N + 1
n= N

2N +1
= A lim
= A2 <
N 2 N + 1
2

x(n):tn hiu cng sut

5/22/2010

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

a.Tn hiu nng lng v tn hiu cng sut (tt):

Cng sut v nng lng ca mt s tn hiu c bn:
Tn hiu

Ex

Px

Loi tn hiu

(n)
u(n)
Aejn

1
h
h

A2

Nng lng
Cng sut
Cng sut

Mt s cng thc v chui thng gp:

1 aN
n
a =

1 a
n=0
N 1

a
na
=
, | a |< 1

2
(1 a )
n=0
n

1
; | a |< 1
a =

1 a
n=0
n

N 1

n=0

n=

1
N ( N 1)
2

N 1

1
n = N ( N 1)(2 N 1)

6
n=0
2

5/22/2010

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.1.3 Phn loi tn hiu ri rc (tt):

b.Tn hiu tun hon v tn hiu khng tun hon:
Tn hiu x(n) c gi l tun hon vi chu k N, nu:

x(n) = x(n + N ); n

Tn hiu x(n)
s lp li sau
mi N mu

Nu khng tn ti s nguyn N tha mn iu kin trn th x(n) khng phi l

tn hiu tun hon.
V d 3: Hy cho bit tn hiu sau c phi l tn hiu tun hon khng?
n
a. x( n) = cos(0.125 n)
b. x ( n ) = a u ( n )
Li gii:
a.

x(n) = cos(0.125 n) = cos ( n / 8) = cos ( n / 8 + 2 ) = cos( (n + 16) / 8)

N = 16: x(n) tn hiu tun hon

b. x(n) khng phi l tn hiu tun hon
c.Tn hiu chn v tn hiu l:
Tn hiu x(n) c gi l i xng (chn) nu:

x(n) = x( n); n

Tn hiu x(n) c gi l phn i xng (l) nu:

x(n) = x( n); n

5/22/2010

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.1.4 Cc php x l trn tn hiu ri rc:

a. Cc php bin i trn bin c lp n:
Php dch:

y(n) = x(n-n0)

x(n)
1

-3 -2 -1

0 1

x(n - 2)

1
-3 -2 -1

0 1

2
2

Php o ngc(gp): y(n) = x(-n)

x(n)
1
-3 -2 -1
5/22/2010

0 1

x(-n)
3

-3 -2 -1

0 1

n
2

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

a. Cc php bin i trn bin c lp n (tt):

Php lp t l thi gian:

x(n)
1
-3 -2 -1

0 1

y(n) = x(Mn)

x(n/2)

2
2

-3 -2 -1

x(2n)

5/22/2010

-2

-1

0 1

0 1

1
-3

n
4

9
10

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.1 Tn hiu ri rc (tt):

3.1.4 Cc php x l trn tn hiu ri rc (tt):
b. Php cng hai tn hiu:

x(n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n)

Cng tng
ng tng mu
ca hai tn hiu

V d 4: x1(n) = [1,2,0,4,6,0,5]; x2(n) = [3,2,1,1,3,1,0].

Khi : x(n) = x1(n)+ x2(n) = [1,4,2,5,7,3,6,0];
c. Php nhn hai tn hiu:

x(n) = x1 (n) x2 (n)

Nhn tng
ng tng mu
ca hai tn hiu

V d 5: x1(n) = [1,2,0,4,6,0,5]; x2(n) = [3,2,1,1,3,1,0].

Khi : x(n) = x1(n).x2(n) = [1,6,0,4,6,0,5,0];
c. Php nhn hai tn hiu:

x(n) = A x1 (n)

Nhn A vi tng
mu ca tn
hiu

V d 6: x1(n) = [1,2,0,4,6,0,5];
Khi : x(n) = 2.x1(n) = [2,4,0,8,12,0,10];
5/22/2010

11

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.2 H thng ri rc:

mt php bin i H tc ng ln tn hiu ng vo x(n) to ra tn hiu ng ra
c th c thc hin bng phn cng, phn mm hay kt hp c hai.
S khi tng qut:
H thng
Tn hiu vo

x(n)

ri rc

Tn hiu ra

Kch thch ng vo

K hiu:
hay:

5/22/2010

y(n)
p ng ng ra

x(n)
y ( n)
H

y ( n) = H [ x ( n) ]
12

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.2 H thng ri rc:

3.2.1 M t h thng ri rc:
a. Dng phng trnh tn hiu ng vo ng ra (phng trnh I/O):
biu thc ton hc m t quan h gia tn hiu ng vo v tn hiu ng ra.
khng quan tm n cu trc vt l bn trong ca h thng.
V d 7: y(n) = x2(n);
y(n) = [x(n) + x(n-1) + x(n+1)]/3;
y(n) = 0.5y(n-1) + x(n) x(n-1);vv.
V d 8: x(n) = [0, 0, 1, 3, 5,.];
y(n) = x2(n). Xc nh ng ra?
Ta c:

y(0) = x2(0) = 0;

y(3) = x2(3) = 32 = 9;

y(1) = x2(1) = 0;

y(4) = x2(4) = 52 = 25;

y(2) = x2(2) = 12 = 1;
5/22/2010

suy ra:

y(n) = [0, 0, 1, 9, 25,.];

13

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.2.1 M t h thng ri rc:

b. M t dng s khi:
gip thy c cu trc bn trong ca h thng
c xy dng t cc khi c bn: b cng, b nhn, b tr,vv.
K hiu ca cc khi c bn:

x1(n)

B cng:

y(n) = x1(n) + x2(n)

x2(n)

B nhn:

x1(n)

x(n)

5/22/2010

X
x2(n)

B tr:
B khuych i:

y(n) = x1(n). x2(n)

x(n)

Z-D
A

y(n) = x(n-D)

y(n) = Ax(n)

14

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

b. M t dng s khi (tt):

V d 8: H thng c s x (n)
1
nh hnh bn tng ng
phng trnh I/O:
x2(n)

2
3

y (n) = 2 x1 (n) 3x2 (n)

+ 5 x1 (n) x2 (n)

y(n)

V d 9: V s khi thc hin h thng sau:

y ( n ) = 5 x ( n ) + 2 x ( n 2) 0.8 y ( n 1) + 3 y ( n 2)
x(n)

Z-2

0.8

y(n)

5/22/2010

Z-1

Z-2
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Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

3.2.2 Phn loi h thng ri rc:

a. H thng tnh/ ng:
H thng tnh (static) hay cn gi l h thng khng nh (memoryless) nu
p ng y(n) ti n0 ch ph thuc vo gi tr ca x(n) ti n0. Ngc li l h
thng ng (dynamic) hay c nh.
V d 10:

y(n) = 2x(n) 3x2(n) h thng tnh

y(n) = x(n) + x(n-2) h thng ng

b. H thng nhn qu/ khng nhn qu:

H thng nhn qu (causal) nu p ng ca n to thi im n0, y(n0), ch
ph thuc vo x(n), n O n0. Ngc li l h thng khng nhn qu (noncausal).

V d 11:

5/22/2010

y(n) = x(n) + 3x(n + 4)

y(n) = x(n) - x(n -1)
y(n) = x(n2)

h thng khng nhn qu

h thng nhn qu
h thng khng nhn qu
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Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

c. H thng bt bin/ kh bin:

h thng c gi l bt bin theo thi gian (time invariant) nu c tnh vo ra khng thay i theo thi gian, ngha l:
Nu:
Th:

H
x(n)
y ( n)
H
x(n k )
y (n k ), k

Cch kim tra tnh cht bt bin:

a tn hiu vo h thng, sau lm tr y(n) i k mu thu c: y(n-k).

x(n)

Z-k

y (n-k)

Lm tr x(n) i k mu, sau a vo h thng ng ra thu c: yk(n).

x(n)

H
Z-k

yk(n)

So snh y(n-k) v yk(n). Nu bng nhau h bt bin v ngc li.

V d 12:

y(n) = x(n) - x(n -1) h bt bin

y(n) = x(n).cos(0n) h kh bin

5/22/2010

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Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

d. H thng tuyn tnh/ phi tuyn:

h thng c gi l tuyn tnh (linear) nu c tnh vo - ra tha mn nguyn
l chng chp, ngha l:

H [a1 x1 (n) + a2 x2 ( n)] = a1 H [ x1 ( n)] + a2 H [ x2 (n)],

x1 (n), x2 ( n), a1 , a2
Cch kim tra tnh cht tuyn tnh:
Thc hin theo hai s sau

x1(n)

y1(n)

a1

a1y1(n)

x1(n)

a1

a1x1(n)

+
x2(n)

5/22/2010

y2(n)

a2

a2y2(n)

a1y1(n) + a2y2(n)
x2(n)

a2

x(n)

y(n)

a2x2(n)

So snh hai ng ra, nu bng nhau h tuyn tnh v ngc li.

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Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3
V d 9:

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

y(n) = 3x(n) + 3
y(n) = nx(n)
y(n) = ex(n)

h phi tuyn
h tuyn tnh
h phi tuyn

e. H thng quy/ khng quy:

h thng c gi l quy (recursive) nu p ng ng ra ti thi im n0 ,
y(n0) , ch ph thuc vo gi tr no ca p ng ng ra trong qu kh .
Ngc li, ta gi l h thng khng quy.
V d 13:
y(n) = 3x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 5x(n+2)
khng quy.
y(n) = 0.25y(n-2) + x(n) + 2x(n-1) h quy.
e. H thng n nh/ khng n nh:
h thng c gi l n nh (stable) nu n lun c p ng b chn vi mi
kch thch b chn. Ngha l:
Nu:

5/22/2010

| x(n) | M x

th:

| y (n) | M y , n

19

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
Chng 3

TN HIU V H THNG RI RC (tt)

Bi tp:
3.1 (bi 4.1.3 trang 126)
3.2 (bi 4.1.5 trang 126)
3.3 (bi 4.3.1 trang 127)
3.4 (bi 4.3.2 trang 127)
3.5 (bi 4.4.1 trang 127)
3.6 (bi 4.4.4 trang 127)
3.7 (bi 4.4.5 trang 128)
3.8 (bi 4.5.1 trang 128)

5/22/2010

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