Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Politecnico Di Milano: From Pre-Planned To Self-Organizing and Green Wireless Networks
Politecnico Di Milano: From Pre-Planned To Self-Organizing and Green Wireless Networks
e
e e
e e
, 1 , 0
1
1
min
Objective function:
total network cost
Full coverage constraints
One configuration per site
Integrality constraints
Coverage Planning
Example: Cell overlap
{ }
{ } I h i z
S j y
y a a z
I i y a
z
ih
j
j hj ij ih
S j
j ij
I i
I h
ih
e e
e e
>
e >
e
e
e
, 1 , 0
1 , 0
1
1
min
Note that:
z
ih
= 1 if i and h are covered
by a same BS
Cell overlap may be required
for mobility management
Overlap can negatively affect
capacity (e.g. in WLANs)
16
Capacity planning
(aka frequency assignment)
After coverage planning,
capacity planning is in charge
of defining which radio
resources can be used by
each cell
The amount of resources
(frequencies) assigned to cells
determines system capacity
Frequencies can be reused,
but SINR (quality) constraints
must be enforced
F
1
F
2
F
7
F
3
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
1
F
2
F
7
F
3
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
1
F
2
F
7
F
3
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
1
F
2
F
7
F
3
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
1
F
2
F
7
F
3
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
1
F
2
F
7
F
3
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
1
F
2
F
7
F
3
F
6
F
5
F
4
17
Frequency assignment
Maximizing the simultaneous
transmission with SINR
constraints is a key problem is
all wireless networks
i
j
SINR
ij
>t
However, the most popular
models for frequency
assignment have been based
on compatibility graphs
Frequency assignment problems
are modeled as variants of the
graph coloring problems
i
j
c
ij
18
Frequency assignment
Since Graph based models do not consider
SINR constrains explicitly the cumulative effect
of interference is not accouter for
Compatible?
Minimum Interference
Frequency Assignment
Problem (MI-FAP) and
its variants models
directly interference
effect
19
3G Planning
3rd Generation Systems are based on W-CDMA
(UMTS)
Two-phases approach not suitable because:
Channels are shared and there is no frequency
planning for CDMA
Coverage depends on SINR values
Joint coverage and capacity planning
SINR constraints make the problem a
generalization of the capacitated facility
location problems
20
Network management &
control
21
Network configuration and optimization is becoming
far too complex for mobile operators
4G Long Term Evolution
The need to plan, configure, manage a new
wireless network from scratch
with up to 10 times more base stations
and many more parameters to set
simply worries mobile operators
22
4G Long Term Evolution
23
LTE architecture
24
eNB
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW
eNB
eNB
S
1
S
1
S
1
S
1
X2
X
2
X
2
E-UTRAN
The radio architecture
of LTE is more complex
Base stations (eNodeB)
are connected also
among them (mesh
topology)
and they have
computation capability
to perform advances
functions
The presence of
femto-cells can
make the network
management even
more complicated
LTE radio interface
25
More similar to 2G than to 3G
Self Organizing Network
(SON)
26
Self Planning
Self Configuration
Self Optimization
and Self Tuning
Self Testing and
Self Healing
Self Mantenance
Performance
Improvement
Cost reduction
self-organizing network is a cellular network in
which the tasks of configuring, operating, and
optimizing are largely automated.
Self Organizing Network
(SON)
27
Centralized
Architecture
Distributed
Architecture
Self Organizing Network
(SON)
Most of the SON features are aimed at simplifying
preoperational and operational procedures
HW configuration
SW installation and configuration
Radio basic parameters
Transport parameters
Etc.
However, the most interesting issues from our
perspective are related to the configuration and
management of radio resources
28
Automatic
carrier
selection
Fractional reuse
Load balancing
Dynamic assignment
The idea of self-configuring and self-optimizing
wireless network is not new!
Several Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA)
schemes have been proposed and analyzed for 2G
Channel/frequency assigned on demand based on
compatibility or interference constraints
but they have never been used in real networks
29
Resource assignment in LTE
LTE-advanced offers several instruments
to make configuration and dynamic
management of radio resources possible
eNBs can make measurements over the
radio interface before first resource
configuration
30
User terminals can provide
measurements to eNBs
during system operation
to dynamically select
resources
Resource assignment in LTE
Defining both centralized and distributed
self-configuration and self-optimization
models and algorithms for LTE is still an
open problem
31
Automatic carrier selection
Channel assignment based
on position in the cell
(fractional reuse)
Load balancing among cells
forcing handover
Etc.
Green Wireless Networks
In addition to configuration, energy
consumption of wireless network is another
issue that concerns of operators
The power consumption of cellular networks
infrastructure (base stations and core network)
doubles every 4-5 years - to 60 TWh in 2008
Energy consumption of mobile telephony
operators in Italy is 0,7% of total national
electric consumption, 55% of whole
communications sector, with bills of more than
300M per year
32
Energy consumption
33
Radio access
and core
network
Base
Stations
80%
Mobile
Stations
Network
90%
User
Terminals
10%
Mobile
Network
20%
Energy consumption
34
Traffic load
Wireless access networks are dimensioned for
estimated peak demand using dense layers of
cell coverage
Traffic varies during the day
Energy consumption is almost constant
35
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
L
o
a
d
Network capacity
Energy Savings
Significant energy savings can be achieved if
parts or all components of some wireless
network devices are powered off when traffic is
low, and powered on based on the volume and
location of user demand
36
Energy Savings
It is also possible to partially switch
off internal modules of base stations
37
Base Station
Cabinet
TRXs
Air
Conditioner
Green Network Management
Switching on and off network
elements based on traffic level
Re-planning of the network based on
different traffic scenarios
38
Green Network Management
Radio Planning models can be re-used
But some additional features need to be
modeled like:
Coverage and capacity constraints
Cost of network reconfiguration
Performance Energy trade off
Etc.
Energy saving is one of the issues that
is being considered as part of Self
Organizing Network by standardization
bodies and manufacturers
39
Conclusion
The need to plan and manage new
generation wireless network in a cost
effective way is even more acute now than
in the past
Network complexity is increasing
Network re-planning is required more
often also for energy saving
New design and management approaches
are required
Dont let engineers play alone with these
new challenging problems
40
Politecnico di Milano
Advanced Network Technologies Laboratory
From Pre-Planned to Self-Organizing
and Green Wireless Networks
Antonio Capone