I.TNG QUAN V TRC LI BO HIM V TRC LI BO HIM HNG HA XUT NHP KHU VN CHUYN BNG NG BIN: I.1.

Khi nim trc li bo him: Hin nay, khi th trng bo him ang c xu hng pht trin mnh m, hin tng trc li bo him ngy cng tr nn ph bin. C kh nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v trc li bo him. Quy nh ti thng t s 31/2004/TTC-BTC ca B Ti Chnh hng dn thc hin ngh nh 118 v x pht hnh chnh trong lnh vc kinh doanh bo him cho rng: Trc li bo him l hnh vi c gng la di ca t chc, c nhn nhm thu li bt chnh khi tham gia bo him, bi thng bo him, tr tin bo him v gii quyt khiu ni bo him. Theo Hip Hi Bo him Canada th: Trc li bo him l mt hnh vi c tnh gian di, la o c th c ch ngay t khi tham gia bo him hoc pht sinh khi xy ra ri ro cho i tng bo him nhm chim ot mt s tin t Doanh nghip Bo him m chnh ra h khng c hng. Nhn chung, trc li bo him, hiu theo mt cch n gin, l tm cch kim li bt hp php ca cc ch th tham gia bo him. Trc y, hin tng trc li bo him phn ln ch xy ra lnh vc bo him xe c gii v bo him nhn th. Tuy nhin hin nay, vi s pht trin mnh m ca thng mi quc t, s lng v trc li bo him hng ha xut nhp khu, c bit l bo him hng ha xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng ng bin ngy cng gia tng. Trc li bo him hng ha xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng ng bin l vic cc bn tham gia vo quan h bo him hng ha xut nhp khu bng ng bin thc hin hnh vi la di c hng quyn li ti chnh m ng l ra mnh khng c hng hoc hng li ln hn quyn li ti chnh m mnh c hng. Hnh vi ny c th xut pht t pha khch hng hoc t pha cng ty Bo him, c th xy ra ngay t khi bt u tham gia bo him hoc sau khi ri ro xy ra vi i tng bo him v s dn n hu qu khng h nh vi doanh nghip bo him, nhng ngi mua bo him v c x hi.
1

I.2. Cc hnh thc trc li bo him hng ha xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng ng bin ph bin: Trc li bo him hng ha xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng ng bin tn ti di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau v vn khng ngng bin i. Di y l mt s dng trc li bo him thng thy nht: I.2.1. Trc li hon ton t pha ngi mua bo him: + Khai bo khng trung thc khi khiu ni i bi thng: Vic bn mua bo him khng trung thc khi mua bo him trng cho cng mt li ch bo him l mt v d in hnh nht ca hnh thc trc li ny. Khi xy ra tn tht vi hng ha, bn mua li i bi thng t nhiu cng ty bo him cng mt lc, vi tng s tin c bi thng ln hn c tng thit hi ca hng ha, t , kim thm li t khon c bo him trng . Trong mt s trng hp, ngi mua li c tnh khai bo tng gi tr tn tht nhm thu c khon tin bi thng ln hn. + C gy tn tht cho hng ha c bo him: y, ngi mua bo him lin kt vi ngi chuyn ch hay ch tu c tnh hy hoi hng ha trong mt hin trng gi. V d nh: C tnh lm tu b m va vo cng trnh ni trn bin, lm hng ha b ri xung bin. Khi cc ri ro nm ngoi trng hp loi tr trch nhim bo him trong hp ng th tt nhin bn mua bo him s nhn c tin bi thng. I.2.2. Trc li hon ton t pha nhn vin bo him: + Tr hon vic tr bi thng cho khch hng: l hnh vi nhn vin bo him chim dng vn ca ngi c bo him bng cch c tnh tr hon vic tr tin cho ngi c bo him. I.2.3. Trc li c s cu kt ca ngi mua bo him v nhn vin bo him: + Lp b h s gi: Tuy khng h c tn tht thc t vi hng ha, nhng vn c y chng th gim nh tn tht vi y ch k, con du do c s lin kt gia ngi mua bo him vi nhn vin bo him v ng dy gim nh tn tht.
2

+ Xy ra tn tht mi mua bo him: Theo nguyn tc bo him mt ri ro ch khng bo him mt s chc chn, ngi mua khng th mua bo him cho hng ha sau khi bit hng ha c tn tht. Tuy nhin thc t, khi s kin bo him xy ra m cng ty bo him khng bit, mt s ngi mi k kt hp ng bo him nhm c c khon bi thng. I.2.4. Trc li t cc trung gian bo him: y l trng hp cc i l hay cng ty mi gii bo him k hp ng bo him vi khch hng m li khng np khon ph bo him cho cng ty bo him. Hnh vi ny gy nh hng nghim trng n uy tn ca doanh nghip bo him v tt nhin cng dn n tn hi n quyn li ca ngi c bo him. I.3. Nguyn nhn dn n hnh vi trc li bo him hng ha xut nhp khu chuyn ch bng ng bin: I.3.1. Nguyn nhn pht sinh t pha doanh nghip bo him: + o c ngh nghip yu km ca cn b nhn vin bo him: Trong thc t, c khng t trng hp cc nhn vin bo him v li ch c nhn m thng ng vi khch hng cng thc hin hnh vi trc li bo him, phn bi li chnh cng ty ca mnh. Cng c trng hp nhn vin bo him c tnh t vn sai nhm li ko khch hng mua bo him. + S khim khuyt trong nghip v ca cn b, nhn vin bo him: Qu trnh khai thc bo him i hi nhn vin bo him khng nhng c trnh chuyn mn m cn phi c lng kin thc nht nh v cc lnh vc khc. i vi nhng ngi cn thiu kinh nghim v cc lnh vc khc, vic pht hin v i ph vi cc hnh vi trc li tinh vi v c ch ch l rt kh khn. I.3.2. Nguyn nhn pht sinh t pha bn mua bo him: + Nhn thc ca ngi dn cn hn ch: Nhiu ngi vn cha hiu bit nhiu v hu qu nghim trng m trc li bo him mang li cho doanh nghip bo him v
3

ngnh bo him ni chung, cng nh nhng ch ti x pht hnh vi ny. Do , khi thy c li ch trc mt th h s khng ngn ngi c hnh vi trc li. + Kh c th kim sot c mi hnh vi ca khch hng: D dng thy rng, ngi ca cng ty bo him khng h c mt trong hnh trnh vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin. Do , khi hng ha xy ra tn tht, vic hng ha c tn tht hay khng hay vic thng bo tn tht c chnh xc hay khng ph thuc phn ln vo tnh trung thc ca khch hng. Vic ny to c hi cho mt s k c hnh vi gian di nhm mc ch kim thm li cho mnh.

I.3.3. Cc nguyn nhn khc: + Cc ch ti x pht hnh vi trc li cha sc rn e nhng i tng c hnh vi trc li: Theo Lut Kinh doanh Bo him 2010 mi y, cc c nhn, t chc c hnh vi trc li bo him s b x pht t 60 n 70 triu ng. Tuy nhin, c nh chuyn gia trong lnh vc bo him, mc pht ny vn cn qu nh so vi s tin cc i tng ny c th trc li c t bo him.

II. THC TRNG TRC LI BO HIM HNG HA XUT NHP KHU BNG NG BIN II.1. Thc trng trc li hng ha xut nhp khu bng ng bin trn th gii v Vit Nam Ti Hi ngh quc t ln th 4 v bo him v vn ti ng bin (din ra ngy 14 15/04/2013), Markus Spielmann Gim c iu hnh cp cao ca cc hng hi ca c, Chu Thi Bnh Dng v Chu Phi khng nh: vic xc nh chnh xc mc thit hi ca trc li bo him l rt kh khn; tuy nhin, theo c tnh ca vin thng tin bo him ti M (American Insurance Information Institute), trc li bo him hng hi gy ra khong 10% thua l cho ngnh cng nghip ny. Ti 1 s quc gia pht trin trn th gii, trc li bo him khng thng xuyn xy ra trng hp khi c tn tht xy
4

ra ri mi thc hin hnh vi trc li do cc cng ty bo him cc nc pht trin thng l cc tp on ln, vi i ng nhn vin c o to kin thc chuyn su v ngun ti chnh vng mnh c th thu cc cng ty gim nh ln, c uy tn. Hn na vic qun l nhn vin c thc hin cht ch hn so vi mt s quc gia c ngnh bo him mi pht trin. Bn cnh , vn ti hng ha XNK bng container rt pht trin nn phn no gim thiu c ri ro mt hng. V vy mun thc hin trc li thnh cng th bn trc li phi c s chun b k cng. Trn thc t, cc v trc li bo him hng ha XNK bng ng bin thng xy ra giai on u k kt, hay ngi mua bo him c gy tn tht cho hng ha t trc. Ni cch khc, trc li bo him hng ha XNK bng ng bin trn th gii thng tn ti di nhng hnh thc trc li t pha ngi tham gia bo him. Ti Vit Nam, hnh vi trc li bo him hng ha XNK bng ng bin c mt s im khc vi trn th gii. a s cc hnh vi trc li c tin hng sau khi c tn tht hn l c s chun b khi bt u k kt hp ng bo him. Ngi trc li thng li dng quan h hp tc lu nm thng ng vi nhn vin trong cng ty bo him hay vi c quan gim nh tn tht thc hin hnh vi trc li ca mnh. Vi s tr gip ca cn b bo him, thi im giao kt hp ng s c li v trc khi s kin bo him xy ra, t vic gii quyt bi thng s theo ng kch bn dng sn, m phn tn hi ri v pha cng ty bo him nu cng ty bo him khng iu tra ra. Mt hnh thc trc li khc tinh vi hn, i hi ngi trc li phi c kin thc su v lnh vc bo him, chun b k lng v gi tr trc li ln, l ngi mua bo him c gy tn tht cho i tng bo him v to hin trng gi nh: gi v b mt cp hng ha, t mnh ph kha ca kho, m nim phong hm hng, d mi kho,... Thm ch, ngi mua bo him cn to lp hin trng gi bng cch t tri, t nht gi vo mm c cng ty bo him bi thng ri ro mt cp. (Hi Anh, Bo Lao ng online s 287). Nh vy, im mu cht ca hin tng trc li bo him ti Vit Nam l hnh vi cu kt gia ngi mua bo him v nhn vin cng ty bo him v mt s i tng lin quan nh c quan gim nh.
5

Nhn chung, nhng hnh thc k trn u c c nh bin php thng k da trn kinh nghim v h s nhng v trc li b pht hin ca cng ty bo him. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, cc cng ty bo him thng khng mun cng khai hnh vi trc li bo v danh ting ca mnh. Theo thi gian, cc hnh thc trc li cng tr nn tinh vi, phc tp hn, v gy thit hi nghim trng hn... Nhm chng ti xin tip cn nhng hnh thc trc li bo him hng ha XNK bng ng bin thng qua cc case study c th, qua c nhng phn tch chi tit hn v thc trng trc li hng ha XNK bng ng bin II.1.1. Trc li hon ton t pha ngi tham gia bo him II.1.1.a. Khai bo khng trung thc khi khiu ni i bi thng V vic: Ngi bo him: Ngi c bo him: Cng ty bo him Liberty Mutual, M; Cng ty quc t Clanport, Vng quc Anh;

23/05/2005 Cng ty Quc t Clanport (Clanport International) tr s ti Randolph, London k kt mt hp ng bo him cho l hng xut khu khoai ty bng ng bin vi s lng 15.000 tn cho i tc ca mnh l Cng ty ch bin hng nng sn Farmers ti Chile ti Cng ty bo him Liberty Mutual, M vi s tin bo him l 30.000 USD. Tuy nhin, thc t cng ty cn bo him tng t cho l hng trn ti 2 doanh nghip bo him khc l Zurich Finacial v AIG, US. L hng b tn tht ton b thuc ri ro c bo him khi ti Chile. Cng ty trn yu cu c bi thng c ba cng ty bo him. V vy, nu thc hin thnh cng ny, s tin bi thng Cng ty nhn c s ln ti 90.000 USD trong khi l ra h ch c nhn 30.000 USD tin bi thng Gii quyt Khi iu tra c hnh vi trc li trn, Liberty Mutual t chi bi thng s tin l 30.000 USD, m ch bi thng 10.000 USD Nhn xt

Trong lut php khng cm bo him trng. Bo him trng thng do 4 nguyn nhn: th nht, ch hng nghi ng v kh nng thanh ton bo him ca cng ty bo him u tin. Th hai, ch hng v tnh k kt bo him trng do thng tin bt cn xng (V d: mt ngi mua nhn c in ca ngi bn bo hng c gi i, nhng qua bc in ny, khng th bit c ngi bn mua bo him cho mnh hay cha, v vy phi k hp ng bo him. n khi chng t giao hng n ni, ngi mua mi bit ngi bn mua bo him cho mnh). Th ba, mua bo him trng t c li ch khc (v d: ngi mua bo him theo yu cu ca ngn hng c cp tn dng XNK). Cui cng, chnh l trc li nh trng hp ca cng ty Clanport. Cng ty vi phm nguyn tc trung thc tuyt i ca bo him. Vn t ra: Cc cng ty bo him phi iu tra k khch hng trc khi k kt hp ng bo him Nn c s h tr ca nhng t chc chuyn nghip trong vic iu tra, pht hin hnh vi trc li khi c tn tht xy ra. Vic chia s thng tin gia cc cng ty bo him l bin php hn ch trc li dng ny. Thc t cho thy, gia cc doanh nghip bo him phi nhn th ni chung v bo him hng ha XNK bng ng bin ni ring vn tn ti tm l lo ngi v vic l thng tin khch hng, s mt khch hng. Thay v iu ny, kinh nghim ca cc cng ty bo him nhn th cho thy h thng qun l i l "en" v khch hng "xu" gia cc cng ty ny t lu em n hiu qu tch cc, gp phn gim thiu kh nhiu ri ro cho cc doanh nghip.

II.1.1.b. Khai tng s tin bo him v c gy tn tht cho hng ha bo him V vic 1: Ngi bo him: Ngi c bo him: Cng ty bo him AZ Cng ty XNK UNTB

Cui nm 1997, Cng ty XNK UNTB mua bo him ton b ri ro cho l hng xut khu go vi khi lng 20.000 tn cho XETS a Trung Hi theo iu kin CFR. Thc cht l hng ch c khi lng l 10.000 tn. UNTB thu tu ARS ca Make mt cng ty chuyn ch Singapore mi thnh lp vn chuyn v tha thun vi h rng trc khi n ni Make s tu tn hng. S hng c d ra v bn b mt ti mt nc gn a Trung Hi, ni m lut php khng qun l cht ch vic mua bn nhng l hng bt hp php. Gii quyt Ngi bo him buc phi bi thng cho UNTB v khng th tm thy Make v bng chng cho s thng ng gia hai bn. Nhn xt Trm hng thng thng t pha ngi chuyn ch, hay ti cng i, cng n... nhm thu c tin t vic bn hng khng phi l hnh vi trc li bo him, m ch c hnh ng trm hng, hay tu tn hng gy thiu hng... m c s thng ng vi bn tham gia bo him mi c coi l hnh ng trc li bo him. V thng thng nu tn tht do li ca ngi chuyn ch, ch hng vn s khiu ni cng ty bo him nhn bi thng cho hng ha thay v ngi chuyn ch do ch hng ch c 1 b chng t duy nht khiu kin 1 trong 2 bn. Hn na, vic khiu ni ngi chuyn ch thng kh khn v trng hp min trch li hng vn. Sau khi khiu ni cng ty bo him, cng ty bo him c th thay mt ch hng khiu ni ngoi chuyn ch theo nguyn tc th quyn. Trong trng hp ny, UNTB thng ng vi ngi chuyn ch khin cho qu trnh iu tra cng gp kh khn bi ngoi iu kin min trch, ch hng s khng sn sng cung cp bng chng cho cng ty bo him khiu kin ngi chuyn ch. y l hnh thc trc li ph bin trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam. Vic bo qun hng ha thuc trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch. Khi lin kt vi ngi chuyn ch v nhn vin cng thng th c hi trc li thnh cng cao hn. Vn t ra: Ngi bo him cn cnh gic vi nhng con tu i qua nhng cng nghi vn: Hnh vi trc li nh cng ty UNTB thng tin hnh theo cch cho tu ch hng i lch
8

hng v li mt cng thun tin cho vic bun bn bt hp php nh: Tripoli, Beitut, Almina, Jouneih, Ras Salaata v nhng cng khc dc b bin ca Hy Lp, Libng v Syria. Hng ha c d v bn ti cng hoc bng nhiu cch thc tinh vi khc. Sau , tu s c i tn hoc b nh m che y du vt ca k trm hng Ngi bo him cn iu tra k ngi chuyn ch v ch tu trc khi k kt hp ng bo him. Ch nhng con tu c hnh vi thng ng vi ch hng thng l cc cng ty ma c thnh lp trc giao dch vi ngy. V vic 2: Ngi bo him: Cng ty Bo him ca Singapore; Ngi c bo him: Cng ty Stradeline, Singapore. Mt hp ng bo him cho ton b l hng than nhp khu t Nga sang Singapore c k kt gia Stradeline v mt cng ty bo him ca Singapore. Trn ng i tu b m. Thuyn vin c cu sng ni rng tu va phi vt rn v b thng bung my, nc trn vo nhanh v b m mc d thi tit vng ny vo thi gian l bnh thng. Thc cht y l l hng ch si c ph mt lp than ln trn, vi mc ch khi xy ra tn tht, l hng than s c bi thng nhiu hn l hng si. Ti cng Nga, theo tp qun giao nhn ti cng, giy t theo k khai ca khch hng thay v kim tra thc t, v vy hng c nim phng kp ch v ch i. Trong thi hn bo him, con tu ch hng than b m. Khi iu tra ti ni b m pht hin ra tu ch hng qu gi v l hng trn l si. Ngi bo him truy i trch nhim ngi chuyn ch nhng do ti cng i c giy chng nhn cht lng hng ha v giy t chng minh nim phong kp ch ng. Do vy ngi chuyn ch khng chu trch nhim. Cng ty Stradeline cng nm gi cc giy t chng minh tnh hp l ca hng ha. Vic gim nh thc t cng khng cung cp bng chng xc ng v hin trng b t nhin (tu chm di bin) lm bin i nhiu. Gii quyt

Cng ty bo him do khng thu thp c bng chng c tnh thuyt phc, sau khi tnh ton cc chi ph chp nhn bi thng. Nhn xt Chm m l 1 trong 4 ri ro thng thng c bo him. V vy, ngi c bo him thng li dng iu ny trc li. Trong trng hp ny, m tu th hin ch gy thit hi v tu v hng ha chuyn ch ch khng phi l ri ro, c chng minh thng qua hnh vi thu 1 con tu qu gi v ngy to hng ha bng 1 lp than trn b mt do tp qun cng lng lo ca ch hng. Vic thng ng trc li bo him khng ch em li li ch cho ngi mua bo him m cn cho ngi m ngi mua cu kt. Theo , ngoi s tha thun v vic phn chia phn bi thng bo him trc li c, nu ch tu mua bo him thn tu cho con tu khng tiu chun i bin ca mnh cng s nhn c mt khon bi thng bo him ring. Tng t trng hp trn, do c rt t mi lin h gia cng ty bo him cho hng ha chuyn ch v ngi chuyn ch, qu trnh iu tra cng gp kh khn bi ch hng s khng sn sng cung cp bng chng cho cng ty bo him khiu kin ngi chuyn ch. Vn t ra: Ngi bo him cn nm vng tp qun giao nhn ti cng: mt s cng nh Nga, Trung Quc... thng ly li k khai ca khch hng thay v kim tra thc t. Hiu r cch ng gi hng, ng thi phi c quy nh rng buc ngi chuyn ch Kim tra tu Cnh gic i vi nhng con tu nhiu tui v hnh trnh qua nhng cng c tp qun c bit Thc hin gim nh ngay khi c nghi ng K trc li thng thu nhng con tu c nhng c im sau: Tu treo c phng tin Tu trn 15 hoc 20 tui
10

 Tu c trng ti nh, thng ch ch c 7000 n 10.000T Tu thng c chuyn tn v ngi s hu c vi thng trc hnh trnh. V vic 3: Ngi bo him: Ngi c bo him: Cng ty bo him Vit Nam Nh nhp khu Vit Nam

Bo him mt l hng phn bn ch vi s lng ln (carriage in bulk) t cng Maconacon (Isabela) n cng Ci Ln, Vit Nam. Ti cng i l hng c o bng phng php o mn nc vi khi lng l 10.000 MT. V n cng Ci Ln, khi o mn nc th khi lng l hng vn . L hng c ng vo tng bao bng phu. Trong qu trnh ng bao do hao ht t nhin v c hnh vi gian ln, nn b thiu ht hng. Gii quyt Ngi bo him phi bi thng v khng chng c chng minh c gian ln. Nhn xt Trong trng hp ny, nhng chng c chng minh hnh vi trc li bo him kh m nht, nhng cng rt ng lu i vi cng ty bo him. Hnh vi trc li bo him khng ch din ra trn hnh trnh chuyn ch hng ha m cn xy ra rt nhiu khu nh l khc. Qu trnh ng gi cng l qu trnh thng xy ra tn tht. Doanh nghip nhp hng ri chp nhn hao ht trong qu trnh bc d v ng gi. Nhng nhn vin cng l ngi c trch nhim nhn hng phi m bo hao ht mt mc nht nh chp nhn c theo quy nh trong hp ng. Nu vt qu tnh phi bi thng. Nhng hin nay, trong hp ng cng khng h chu trch nhim v vn ny. Thm ch c th c tnh trng lm sai lch cn khi cn li hng ti cng ch hay cng chuyn ti. Vn t ra: Ngi bo him cn nm vng lch tu v cng nhanh chng gim st qu trnh ng bao.

11

 Quy nh thng nht: trong trng hp trn nn quy nh ch bo him theo mn nc Nn p dng mt mc khu tr nht nh i vi mi mt hng i vi bn dch v ng bao cn quy nh tng mc ph ng vi tng mc hao ht: hao ht t s c tr cng cao hn, iu ny rng buc trch nhim ca h. Nhng quy nh ny nn a vo iu khong hp ng trc.

II.1.2. Trc li khi c s cu kt ca ngi tham gia bo him v nhn vin bo him Thc trng trc li bo him hng ha xut nhp khu bng ng bin dng ny thng xy ra Vit Nam cng nh nhng nc m ngnh bo him mi pht trin. Dng trc li ny thng din ra khi ngi mua bo him bit c thng tin s kin xy ra ri mi i mua bo him cc cng ty bo him, do c s cu kt vi nhn vin bo him. H s ng ph bo him cao hn nhng li mang v c khon bi thng cn ln hn ph bo him phi ng nhiu ln. II.1.2.a. Lp h s gim nh gi V vic Ngi bo him: Cng ty bo him IM Vit Nam Ngi c bo him: Cng ty XNK CN ca Vit Nam Cng ty XNK CN ca Vit Nam nhp mt l hng thc n gia sc (bt tht xng ln) ca Cng ty Maintain ca Ty Ban Nha tr gi 50.000USD, l hng c bo him ton b. Giy chng nhn bo him hng thc n gia sc c cp bi Cng ty bo him IM Vit Nam c ghi thi hn bo him: 2 thng, t 10 gi ngy 18/12/2003 n 10h ngy 18/2/2004 . Thi im bo him ht hiu lc, tu vn cha th v n cng ch. Ngy 20/2/2004 tu b m. Theo quy nh trong hp ng bo him l hng trn s khng c bi thng v xy ra khi hp ng bo him ht hiu lc. Tuy nhin, ngi mua bo him cu kt vi nhn vin gim inh ca doanh nghip bo him khai ngy xy ra tai nn trc 10h ngy 18/02/2004, c th l vo ngy 17/02/2004.
12

Gii quyt Ngi bo him bi thng v h s gim nh ph hp. Nhn xt Hp ng bo him c thi hn bo him, tc l nu trong khong thi gian c s kin bo him xy ra th doanh nghip bo him phi tr tin bo him cho ngi th hng hoc bi thng cho ngi c bo him. Khai ngy xy ra s kin bo him trc thi hn ca hp ng l dng trc li bo him tinh vi. Trong khi trc li t pha ngi tham gia bo him thng kh nng thnh cng thp hn, th dng trc li bo him ny thng c kh nng thnh cng cao hn rt nhiu. V s kin bo him xy ra, hn na h li c s gip ca nhn vin bo him trong vic hnh thnh cc h s cn thit c nhn s tin bi thng. Vn t ra C c ch qun l nhn vin bo him mt cch hiu qu: nh cng tc gim st, kim sot cht ch... Nng cao thc trch nhim ca nhn vin bo him i vi cng vic Cng tc gim nh: chuyn vin gim nh bo him phi cng minh, cn thn v hiu bit mt cch thu o v tng nghip v bo him m mnh ph trch.

II.1.2.b. xy ra tn tht cho hng ha mi i mua bo him V vic Ngi bo him: Cng ty C phn bo him PJICO, Vit Nam Ngi c bo him: Cng ty TNHH Vit Thi Phong V vic c pht hin Cng ty C phn bo him PJICO thuc hnh thc trc li bo him ny. Ch ca l hng tm cch thng ng vi cng ty bo him ghi li ngy bn bo him tr v trc so vi ngy thc t n mua. Trong v trc li ti PJICO, l ra trc ngy 1/11/2002 (thi im tu Hanjin ri cng Si Gn i Hamburg) th ch hng phi mua bo him cho l hng tm ca mnh. Nhng mi n ngy 11/11/2002 khi
13

tu b ha hon ti Srilanka lm cho ton b l hng tm ch trn tu b thit hi, i din cho ch hng mi n PJICO mua bo him cho l hng. y l nguyn nhn to nn vic mt s ngi c chc v ca Cng ty chim ot t doanh nghim bo him PJICO 3,8 t ng v chia nhau. Gii quyt Ch hng b pht t 12 nm, 2 lnh o ca Cng ty bo him PJICO b pht t 5 nm vi ti danh l li dng chc v quyn hn, pht tin 5 triu ng vi cc i tng lin quan. Nhn xt Theo Vietbao.vn, v trc li bo him ti PJICO l v vic u tin b pht hin ti Vit Nam. Vi kin thc sn c v nghip v bo him, nghip v thanh ton ti chnh, cc b can che y nhng hnh vi sai tri ca mnh mt cch kh k lng. i vi trng hp ny, Cng ty PJICO l ra khng c php k kt hp ng bo him, bi v theo iu 22 ca Lut Kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam th hp ng ny l v hiu. (Hp ng bo him c quy l v hiu khi: Ti thi im giao kt hp ng, bn mua bo him bit s kin bo him xy ra hoc ti thi im giao kt hp ng i tng bo him khng tn ti...). Thc t, vi trnh nghip v thm nin, ngay t u, Tng gim c cng nh Ph tng gim c PJICO nhn ra du hiu trc li bo him ca cng ty TNHH Vit Thi Phong nhng v li ch c nhn chp nhn bi thng. Hnh thc trc li bo him ngy cng tinh vi, kh lng do s tip tay ca nhng ngi c chuyn mn trnh cao, a v quan trng trong cng ty bo him.V lu di s to thnh ng dy trc li chuyn nghip, gy kh khn cho c quan iu tra v gy tn hi ln n uy tn cng ty bo him ni ring v uy tn ca ngnh bo him Vit Nam ni chung. Ngoi n pht dnh cho i din cng ty Vit Thi Phong ngi tham gia bo him, lnh o ca Cng ty PJICO tham gia vo hnh vi trc li b x v ti li dng chc v quyn hn theo B lut Hnh s Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, mc n pht trn hon ton khng sc rn e vi ngi tham gia bo him ln ngi bo him. Hin nay,
14

Vit Nam cc quy nh v phng chng trc li trong bo him cn nhiu bt cp v khng theo kp tnh hnh thc tin th trng. Theo Ngh nh v x pht hnh chnh, hnh vi trc li bo him ch b cnh co hoc pht ti a l 20 triu ng. B lut Hnh s cng cha c iu lut no quy nh c th v ti trc li bo him, nn trc li bo him cha c iu tra v xt x nghim khc v cng chnh v vy khng c tnh rn e. (Theo VNeconomy cp nht: 03/05/2006) Vn t ra T chc, qun l, kim sot cht ch cn b nhn vin, i l bo him. Cn b sung hnh vi phm ti trc li bo him vo quy nh ca Php lut (B lut Hnh s Vit Nam ni ring) Mc x pht cn nghim khc v c tnh rn e cao hn 1. nh hng ca hnh vi trc li bo him hng ha xut nhp khu bng ng bin. Theo ng Peter Lee, nh phn tch kinh k ca Cng ty t vn qun tr nhn lc Tower Watson, ti Malaysia, c ti 20% s tin bi thng bo him c lin quan n yu t trc li, ti New Zealand l trn 15%, ti Nam Phi l 8 35 % tng ng khong 300 420 triu USD. Hay ti mt thnh ph ca Hn Quc, gi tr trc li bo him trong 1 nm ln ti 12 triu USD. Ti Anh, theo s liu Hip hi Cc nh bo him a ra, trong nm 2010, c 130.000 trng hp gian ln bo him b pht hin, vi tng gi tr ln ti 1,42 t USD. S lng hnh vi gian ln tng gp 2 ln so vi nm trc v 1/3 trong s ny c iu tra l c s tip tay ca nhn vin bo him. Ti M, s tin trc li pht hin c khon 96 t USD/nm. Ti Vit Nam, nm 2012, Bo him hng ha vn chuyn t doanh thu 1.927 t ng, tng trng 6,2%.. T l bi thng chim 27% tng ng 516 t ng. Doanh thu bo him hng ha vn chuyn ch chim khong 8,5% doanh thu th trng bo him phi nhn th v t l bi thng khong 6%. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh giao dch thng mi quc t, xem xt da trn kh nng ti chnh v uy tn ca cc cn g ty
15

bo him Vit Nam, th con s 8,5% y vn c ngha nht nh bi kh nng dnh c quyn k kt hp ng bo him ca cc ch hng Vit Nam l khng ln. Trong giai on 2007 2011, tnh chung v th trng bo him phi nhn th, Bo Vit l doanh nghip bo him xy ra nhiu v trc li nht, vi tng s 3.440 v, tng s tin trc li bo him l 18,7 t ng. Th hai l PVI vi 227 v trc li, tng s tin l 4,9 t ng. PJICO l doanh nghip bo him c s v trc li bo him ng th ba (184 v), tuy nhin s tin trc li bo him li rt ln 103,7 t ng. Da trn con s t l bi thng 6% so vi ton th trng, ta c th tnh trung bnh giai oan 2007 2011, Bo Vit c khong 206 v trc li bo him hng ha xut nhp khu bng ng bin, PVI 14 v v PJICO 11 v nhng s tin trc li ln n 6,2 t ng. Nh vy, trung bnh mi thng Bo Vit xy ra 3 v trc li bo him cn PJICO mt 10 triu tin trc li bo him. Trc li bo him tr nn ph bin v din ra hu ht cc nghip v bo him. Trong , trc li trong bo him hng hi chim mt lng khng nh vi mc nghim trng, khng nhng lm gim li nhun v uy tn ca doanh nghip bo him m cn nh hng ti s pht trin bn vng ca ngnh bo him. Nhm phng trnh trc li bo him mt cch c hiu qu, cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc bo him cho rng cn tin hnh nhiu gii php ng b t pha doanh nghip bo him v c quan chc nng qun l Nh nc.

III. GII PHP CHO TRC LI BO HIM Trn th gii, vic phng chng trc li bo him c cc doanh nghip bo him ht sc coi trng. Nhiu doanh nghip bo him thnh lp cc i, cc ban phng chng trc li bo him ca ring mnh v nhiu nc p dng mt cch kh hiu qu cc bin php sau : + Khng ngng hon thin h thng php lut v bo him. i vi nhng nghip v bo him m php lut quy nh bt buc khch hng phi tham gia cn c s phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng kim tra theo di v a ra nhng mc tin pht thch
16

ng cao hn mc ph bo him m h phi np. Ngoi ra, cc b lut nh B lut hnh s, cc vn bn php lut quy nh v bo him cng cn c sa i. Cc quy nh hin hnh v phng chng trc li trong bo him Vit Nam cn qu bt cp v khng theo kp thc tin th trng. Bin php ch ti x l cc hnh vi trc li bo him cn qu thiu. + Theo Ngh nh v x pht hnh chnh, hnh vi trc li bo him ch b cnh co hoc pht ti a l 20 triu ng. B lut hnh s cha c iu lut no quy nh c th v ti trc li bo him. i tng trc li bo him ch b x vi cc ti danh lin quan nh tham , hi l, chim ot ti sn... Chnh v hnh lang php l cha y nn nhiu v trc li bo him cha c iu tra v xt x nghim khc, v cng chnh v vy khng c tnh rn e. Nhm phng trnh trc li bo him mt cch c hiu qu, cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc bo him cho rng cn tin hnh nhiu gii php ng b. + Lp ban chuyn trch chng trc li bo him ca hip hi bo him vit nam (so snh lin tng ti nht bn). Trng hp bo him y t. Hip hi Bo Him Vit Nam ang xut la chn gim nh bo him y t ca BHXHVN nh mt t chc gim nh c lp gim nh nhng h s nghi vn lm dng hoc trc li bo him. Kt lun ca gim nh bo him y t c uy tn v gi tr vi c c s khm cha bnh cng nh vi khch hng. Hin nay, h thng gim nh vin bo him y t ca BHXHVN c hn 2600 ngi ph khp hn 2000 c s khm cha bnh trn c nc, mi nm gim nh trn 140 triu b h s thanh ton ch bo him y t. + Xy dng c s d liu bt buc ca ch xe c gii: Theo Cc Qun l gim st bo him (B Ti Chnh), nm nay, Cc s hon tt vic trin khai thc hin c s d liu v bo him bt buc trch nhim dn s ch xe c gii, bt u khi ng t u nm 2012, ti nay, qua giai on kim th v o to cho cc doanh nghip trong ngnh, v d kin bn giao vo u nm nay. y l n c cc doanh nghip trong ngnh, cng nh c quan qun l nh nc, Hip hi bo him Vit Nam k vng s to ra s thay i v c cht v lng cho nghip v bo him xe c gii khi i vo thc thi. Theo
17

, Hip hi Bo him Vit Nam s ng ra xy dng mt phn mm chung cho cc cng ty bo him phi nhn th nhp d liu khch hng ca mnh, v cng khai thc thng tin lch s tn tht ca khch hng. C th, nu cng ty bo him B c khch hng ng k mua bo him xe c gii, cng ty ny s nhp thng tin v khch hng vo c s d liu ny. Nu lch s tham gia bo him ca khch hng ny tt th cng ty s chp nhn bo him, cn nu tng xy ra tn tht th phi tnh ph cch khc. Thm ch, nu khch hng thuc danh sch en tng trc li bo him th cng ty s nhanh chng loi b khch hng ny. C s d liu ny ging nh mt mng lc gip doanh nghip bo him ngn chn c ri ro. thc hin c c s d liu ny, cc cng ty bo him cn c trang thit b hin i ng b. iu ny dn ti mt tn ti kh khn, l nhiu cng ty bo him, vic nhp thng tin v khch hng cn kh s si + Nng cao nng lc chuyn mn ca doanh nghip: V pha doanh nghip bo him, cn nng cao nng lc chuyn mn, qun l, u t pht trin h thng cng ngh thng tin, theo di, qun l v gim st cng tc cn b, hot ng ca i l v mi gii bo him, kim tra, gim st v nng cao kh nng nh gi ri ro trc v sau khi nhn bo him. p dng phng thc thanh ton in t qua ngn hng, gim bt thu chi tin mt, p dng h thng cnh bo ri ro i vi th trng bo him v th trng ti chnh nh h thng cnh bo sm EWS (Early Warning System)..., ng thi duy tr cht ch mi quan h vi khch hng, lm tt cng tc tuyn truyn ngi dn v cc t chc khng tham gia trc li bo him. V qun l, Doanh nghip bo him phi t chc cc u mi qun l, theo di kim tra cht ch cc cn b, cc i l v cng tc vin bo him. Mt mt phi nhc nh h thc hin ng chc nng quyn hn nhim v. Mt khc phi ra nhng c ch qun l ph hp: ph bo him thu c trong ngy, cui ngy phi np; giy chng nhn bo him cp trong ngy phi thng bo cho doanh nghip bo him vo cui ngy; khi khch hng tham gia bo him vi s tin ln l bao nhiu th phi bo co v doanh nghip bo him kim tra theo di Ngoi ra, doanh nghip cn quan tm gio dc thc, trch nhim, tnh k lut trong tt c cc khu cng vic do cn b nhn vin k c i l v cng tc vin trong doanh nghip. Bn cnh

18

phi c chnh sch i ng tho ng vi h, thng pht phi ht sc nghim tc v c n np. Tuy vy, vic theo di phng chng gian ln bo him khng c lm nh hng n cc cng vic khc trong hot ng kinh doanh. Nht l khng c chm tr trong qu trnh thanh ton bo him cho khch hng v tuyt i a s khch hng l nhng ngi trung thc. + Qu trnh gim nh v bi thng, chi tr bo him phi thc hin ng nguyn tc v trnh t mi khu: nu thy nghi ng mt loi giy t no hoc khng r thi gian, khng gian trong cc v tn tht cn xc minh li ngay. Nu thy cn thit phi bo ngay doanh nghip bo him t chc xc minh, iu tra cho r. Ngoi phng n iu tra c lp, cn tranh th s gip ca cc bn c lin quan nh: chnh quyn a phng, cng an, y bc s v nhng ngi lm chng... + Nu pht hin c s gian ln cn phi theo di cht ch i tng, t chc iu tra xc minh chnh xc v nh cc c quan chc nng can thip. Kinh nghim ca nhiu nc cho thy cn tp trung iu tra nhng i tng sau: Nhng ngi tham gia bo him vi nhiu loi hnh khc nhau v nhiu doanh nghip bo him khc nhau. Tai nn xy ra gn vi ngy k hp ng hoc tai nn xy ra ngay sau khi khch hng mua bo him vi s tin bo him ln. S v tai nn tng cng mt a im. S v tai nn xy ra do cng mt nguyn nhn. Giy yu cu bo him khng phi do chnh ngi c bo him hoc ngi th hng bo him ngh.

V d:
19

Ngy 25/02/2013, Tng Cng ty Bo him Bo Vit ban hnh cng vn s 0609/BHBV/BL&CTVP/ 2013 thng bo ti ng o khch hng v cch thc x l ca Bo him Bo Vit i vi cc trng hp c du hiu thc hin hnh vi trc li bo him sc khe v tai nn con ngi. c kt t thc t, cc trng hp trc li bo him thng biu hin nhng hnh vi sau:

Khng n khm cha bnh nhng gi mo chng t y t c hng tin bo him Cu kt vi c nhn/t chc y t nh bc s, c s khm cha bnh, c s kinh doanh dc phm,... pht hnh chng t y t khng ng vi thng tt, bnh tt, tnh trng sc khe thc t Khi pht hin nhng du hiu ni trn, cn c vo cc vn bn nh Lut kinh doanh bo him, Quy tc bo him v cc vn bn Php lut lin quan, Bo him Bo Vit s trin khai cc bc sau:

1. Thng bo v phi hp vi Ngi c bo him (NBH)/ Ch hp ng bo him (CH) tin hnh xc minh h s ti c quan chc nng lin quan 2. Thng bo kt qu xc minh/gim nh cho NBH/ CH. Nu kt qu ny th hin NBH trc li bo him hoc khng n gim nh theo thng bo, Bo him Bo Vit s t chi bi thng, ng thi xa tn NBH ra khi danh sch Bo him, khng hon ph bo him cho thi gian cn li ca Hp ng bo him.

3. c bit, vi nhng trng hp trc li bo him c tnh cht nghim trng hoc lp li nhiu ln, bn cnh vic t chi bi thng, Bo him Bo Vit s chuyn v vic ti c quan chc nng x l theo Php lut. Ba c s y t sau c hnh vi cu kt vi NBH trc li bo him v khng c Bo him Bo Vit chp nhn bi thng:
20

Nha khoa Cali - s 303 Cch mng Thng Tm, P. 12, Q.10, Tp. H Ch Minh Nha khoa Nht M 2 - s 9 Vnh Hi, P.4, Q.4, TP. H Ch Minh Nha khoa Happy - 26 Hm Nghi, Tp. Nng Vi ng thi k trn, Bo him Bo Vit l doanh nghip bo him phi nhn th

u tin p dng bin php mnh i vi cc hnh vi trc li bo him ca khch hng, trong bi cnh trc li bo him ang c din bin phc tp khn lng, lan rng di nhiu hnh thc. Trc , nhng thng bo kiu nh th ny ch c cc doanh nghip bo him ban hnh di dng lu hnh ni b ch khng cng khai. Nhng nm qua, do lm tt cng tc nh gi ri ro nn Bo him Bo Vit lun t hiu qu kinh doanh kh quan, l doanh nghip bo him c tim lc ti chnh vng mnh v tnh minh bch cao. Mc tiu qun l tt ri ro, u tranh vi cc hnh vi trc li bo him con ngi ni ring v tt c cc nghip v bo him ni chung c Ban Lnh o Tng Cng ty v Lnh o cc Cng ty thnh vin trong h thng Bo him Bo Vit cam kt thc hin mnh m trong nm 2013.

21

TI LIU THAM KHO:

1. Diu Minh (2013). Trc li bo him, DN ang sng chung vi l. Truy cp ti : http://tinnhanhchungkhoan.vn/GL/N/DJEGAE/truc-loi-bao-hiemdn-dang--song-chung-voi-lu.html (14/12/2013) 2. Hi Anh (2013). Nhc nhi trc li bo him hng hi Bo lao ng online s 287. Truy cp ti : http://laodong.com.vn/thoi-su-dau-tu/nhucnhoi-truc-loi-bao-hiem-hang-hai-164063.bld (14/12/2013) 3. Hip hi Bo him Vit Nam (2013). Tng quan th trng bo him Vit Nam nm 2012 . Truy cp ti: http://www.tapchitaichinh.vn/Bao-cao-vathong-ke-tai-chinh/Tong-quan-thi-truong-bao-hiem-Viet-Nam-nam2012/24493.tctc (14/12/2014) 4. Hong Vn Chu (2006). Gio trnh bo him trong kinh doanh NXB Lao ng X Hi. 5. Khuyt danh. Gian ln bo him trn lan v lut cha nghim?. tinnhanhchungkhoan.vn. Truy cp ti: http://www.vass.com.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id= 803%3Agian-ln-bo-him-tran-lan-vi-lut-cha-nghiem&catid=18%3Atin-tc-bohim&Itemid=30&lang=vi (14/12/2013) 6. Mai Bnh (2006). i mt vi hnh vi trc li bo him Vneconomy. Truy cp ti: http://www.pvi.com.vn/vn/news.aspx?arId=40&grpid=3&cms_action=3 (14/12/2013) 7. Markus Spielmann (2013). Fraud in trade and ocean marine insurance, Aqaba Conference 2013.

22